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© 1997-2009, Millennium Mathematics Project, University of Cambridge. Permission is granted to print and copy this page on paper for non-commercial use. For other uses, including electronic redistribution, please contact us. 22/07/2009 News Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence created by jets of material ejected from the Universe's largest black holes can stop stars from forming. Evan Scannapieco, of Arizona State University (ASU) and Marcus Brüggen of Jacobs University in Bremen, Germany, present a new model in a paper to be published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Artist's impression of the Milky Way, home of our solar system and part of the Virgo Supercluster. Image courtesy NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We live in a hierarchical Universe: the Earth is a planet in our solar system, the solar system resides in the Milky Way Galaxy, and galaxies combine into groups and clusters. Clusters are the largest structures in the Universe, but sadly we know little about them.While researchers have long known that the gas in the centres of some galaxy clusters is rapidly cooling and condensing, they were puzzled why this condensed gas did not form into stars. Until recently, no model existed that successfully explained how this was possible. Turbulence stops star births Turbulence stops star births 1

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Page 1: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

© 1997−2009, Millennium Mathematics Project, University of Cambridge.Permission is granted to print and copy this page on paper for non−commercial use. For other uses, includingelectronic redistribution, please contact us.

22/07/2009News

Turbulence stops star births

New simulations reveal that turbulence created by jets of material ejected from the Universe's largest blackholes can stop stars from forming. Evan Scannapieco, of Arizona State University (ASU) and MarcusBrüggen of Jacobs University in Bremen, Germany, present a new model in a paper to be published in thejournal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Artist's impression of the Milky Way, home of our solar system and part of the Virgo Supercluster. Imagecourtesy NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

We live in a hierarchical Universe: the Earth is a planet in our solar system, the solar system resides in theMilky Way Galaxy, and galaxies combine into groups and clusters. Clusters are the largest structures in theUniverse, but sadly we know little about them.While researchers have long known that the gas in the centresof some galaxy clusters is rapidly cooling and condensing, they were puzzled why this condensed gas did notform into stars. Until recently, no model existed that successfully explained how this was possible.

Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 1

Page 2: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

"There are two types of clusters," says Scannapieco,"cool−core clusters and non−cool core clusters. Non−coolcore clusters haven't been around long enough to cool, whereas cool−core clusters are rapidly cooling,although by our standards they are still very hot." Our understanding of the activity occurring withincool−core clusters has been revolutionised by X−ray telescopes. Although these clusters can contain hundredsor even thousands of galaxies, they are mostly made up of a diffuse, but very hot gas known as theintracluster medium. This intergalactic gas is only visible to X−ray telescopes, which map out its temperatureand structure. The observations show that the diffuse gas is rapidly cooling in the centres of cool−coreclusters.

At the core of each of these clusters is a black hole, billions of times more massive than the Sun. Some of thecooling medium makes its way down to a dense disc surrounding this black hole, some of it goes into theblack hole itself, and some of it is shot outward. X−ray images clearly show jet−like bursts of ejectedmaterial, which occur in regular cycles.

But why are these outbursts so regular? And why does the cooling gas never drop to colder temperatures thatlead to the formation of stars? Some unknown mechanism is creating an impressive balancing act. "It lookedlike the jets coming from black holes were somehow responsible for stopping the cooling," says Scannapieco,"but until now no one was able to determine how exactly."

Scannapieco and Brüggen used the enormous supercomputers at ASU to develop their own three−dimensionalsimulation of the galaxy cluster surrounding one of the Universe's biggest black holes. Their simulationincluded a component modelling the effects of turbulence, which had never been accounted for in the past.Turbulence, by its very nature, is extremely complex, and so simulating it directly is no easy task. ButScannapieco and Brüggen adapted an approach developed by Guy Dimonte at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory and Robert Tipton at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which uses a set of differentialequations. They work showed that turbulence is a key ingredient in the galactic processes.

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 2

Page 3: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 3

Page 4: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 4

Page 5: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 5

Page 6: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 6

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Turbulence stops star births 7

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 8

Page 9: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 9

Page 10: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 10

Page 11: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 11

Page 12: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 12

Page 13: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 18

Page 19: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 20

Page 21: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 21

Page 22: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 44

Page 45: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Page 47: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

Turbulence stops star births 47

Page 48: Turbulence stops star births - plus.maths.orgplus.maths.org/latestnews/may-aug09/turbulence/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf · Turbulence stops star births New simulations reveal that turbulence

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Turbulence stops star births

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Ë! ›áˆ~�%�T¶ØÀ�èf(•�9“–¯TÓO÷šz¦�?=CZ“3Úÿ±COó"ADª5I :Â2²ªUã„�–˜�RjoŸ¿Ó`�\(ÿ¤g��OýWEq–�ðð�Kp�í�q£Àp/@x�bkÚ¨‡ˆF�ª¡¦uÿ…j�z€¿Áª�=���3’°�_Aº#:›æüüÏÊÎø}]üEÇ�IQt’Á4rP…Þd¼�ñÞ�€¬3�{@Θ,%Ÿ?§–‚+¿�ÐC�Ø`�ýïÀÂ)/ï €)‡�c��*=ÿÇÈm3�;Ø�¸YEä×vðÖÛBª=ûÄ\3�°ÆÁLÃ�ŠqðtN'¼¿˜Æ.#ÿ'ÒqîÜHp/�‚Mè�l8`‰2µ�!�—æ½�Ãå@T%`5@ÐÈ�“˜xií"Ò?��Äâ1"ÿYÀ���F���À

Simulation: E. Scannapieco and M. Brüggen, ASU Fulton High Performance Computing Initiative.

"When you have turbulent flow, you have random motions on all scales," explains Scannapieco. "Each jet ofmaterial ejected from the disc creates turbulence that mixes everything together." Every time some cool gas(shown in blue in the simulation on the right) reaches the black hole, it is shot out in a jet (shown in red andyellow). This generates turbulence that mixes the hot gas with the cold gas. The mixture becomes so hot that itdoesn't accrete onto the black hole. The jet stops and there is nothing to drive the turbulence, so it fades away.

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At that point, the hot gas no longer mixes with the cold gas, so the centre of the cluster cools, and more gasmakes its way down to the black hole. Before long, another jet forms and the gas is once again mixedtogether.

Thus, turbulence works in partnership with the black hole to maintain the balance. Without the turbulence, thejets coming from around the black hole would grow stronger and stronger, and the gas would coolcatastrophically into a swarm of new stars. When turbulence is accounted for, the black hole not only balancesthe cooling, but goes through regular cycles of activity. "We improved our simulations so that they couldcapture those tiny turbulent motions," says Scannapieco. "Even though we can't see them, we can estimatewhat they would do. The time it takes for the turbulence to decay away is exactly the same amount of timeobserved between the outbursts."

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Further reading

You can read Scannapieco and Brüggen's paper, Self−regulation of AGN in galaxy clusters on arXiv.org.

To find out more about the mathematics of turbulence, read the Plus articles

Understanding turbulence;• Births and deaths in fluid chaos.•

Or look at the Plus archive.

Plus is part of the family of activities in the Millennium Mathematics Project, which also includes the NRICHand MOTIVATE sites.

Turbulence stops star births

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