Turbo TAKS

Week 2

Lesson 1- Cells

Lesson 2- Taxonomy

Lesson 3- DNA

Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis

Lesson 1: Cells

2 Types of Cells

Prokaryote- “pro”= before; “kary”- nucleus CELL DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE

BOUND ORGANELLES Example: Bacteria Study Trick: Remember that pro rhymes with no nucleus

Eukaryote- “eu”= true; “kary”- nucleuCELL CONTAINS A NUCLEUSCELL CONTAINS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLESExamples: Plant, Animal, Protist, Fungus

MAJOR ORGANELLES

CELL PROCESSES OVERVIEW

• Permeability– Diffusion– Osmosis

• Cell Division– Mitosis– Meiosis

• Energy Conversion– Photosynthesis– Respiration

• Storage & Transport

Permeability (all cells): Cells contain a semi-permeable membrane that allows certain things in and out of the cell

Diffusion (all cells): •Movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration,•Disposes of wastes and brings in nutrients

Membrane

Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane

Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane

Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane

Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane

Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane

Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane

Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane

Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Photosynthesis (happens in plant cells): •Converts light energy (radiant energy) to chemical energy (glucose)•Light energy is used to convert CO2 to glucose in plants•Happens in the chloroplast

Respiration (happens in all cells): Converts glucose into cell energy (ATP) in the mitochondria

ATP

Process: Photosynthesis

Organism: Plant

Place Occurs: Chloroplast

Glucose and O2

Process: Respiration

Organism: ALL

Place occurs: Mitochondria

CO2 and H2OATP

The products of Photosynthesisare the reactants of Respiration

Mitosis (happens in all cells): Cell reproduction for growth, repair, and maintenance of somatic cells. Somatic cells are body cells (ex: liver, skin, kidney, etc.)

Meiosis: Cell reproduction for the production of gametes (sex cells)

Storage: •Vacuoles store water, food, and minerals (all cells)•Central vacuole in plant cells

•Becomes flaccid if cell loses water•Becomes turgid if cell gains water

Transport (all cells): •Endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins to the Golgi bodies to be packaged and processed

EndoplasmicReticulum

Golgi Body

Lesson 2: Taxonomy

ClassificationThe largest and least specific category is a Kingdom

There are 6 kingdoms: 2 prokaryotic and 4 eukaryotic

Organisms are then placed into more specific groups in a particular order (KPCOFGS – see diagram)

Organisms are called by their Genus and species name

Ex: Homo sapiens

ClassificationAnimals most closely related will be in the same levels of classification

Test tip: Most closely related organisms will have the same genus

Group Domestic Cat Leopard Deer

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia

Order Carnivora Carnivora Artiodactyla

Family Felidae Felidae Cervidae

Genus Felis Panthera Odocoileus

Species Felis cattus Panthera pardus Odocoileus virginianus

Which 2 are most closely related? How do you know?

Kingdoms of Life

Prokaryotic Kingdoms

• Archaebacteria

– Live in harsh conditions (without oxygen, extreme temperatures, in different chemical environments)

• Eubacteria

– Bacteria found on and around us

– There are good and bad bacteria

• Fungi– Decomposers/

heterotrophic– Mushrooms

• Protista– Heterotrophs & Autotrophs– Mostly single-celled– Live in water– Amoebas, paramecium,

euglenas– Has pseudopodia, cilia

and/or flagella for movement

• Plantae– Multicellular– Autotrophic– True roots, stems, and

leaves

• Animalia– Motile (can move)– Multicellular– Heterotrophic

Eukaryotic Kingdoms:

Lesson 3: DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid StructureC

P

D

C

P

D

C

P

D

P

DG

P

D

G

P

D T

P

DA

P

DT

P

D AP

D

G

Nucleotide

DNA is made of Nucleotides

NitrogenBase

Phosphate group

Deoxy-ribose

There are four kinds of nitrogen bases, so there are four kinds of nucleotides...

Adenine,Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

Cytosine pairs with Guanine

C

P

D

P

DG

Adenine pairs with Thymine

P

D T

P

DA

DNA is shaped like a Double Helix (twisted ladder)

NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE The order of the nucleotides forms the unique genetic code for the organism

The more closely related two organisms are, the more alike the order of their nucleotides will be

DNA replication– DNA makes an exact copy of

its self– Happens before mitosis and

meiosis

Mutation– A change in the sequence of

nucleotides– Can happen in any cell, but

can be passed on to offspring only if it occurs in a gamete cell

Lesson 4: Protein Synthesis

DNA RNA Protein

Transcription (DNA mRNA)

DNA codes for proteins

The order of the nucleotides is the code for which a protein will be made

TRANSCRIPTION is making o copy of DNA into mRNA

(A = U; C=G)

Occurs in the nucleus

Translation (mRNA Protein)

The message on the mRNA is read by a ribosome

The message is translated into a protein

Occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes

Video:http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/translation/movie.htm

Genetic Code

• Every three letters on mRNA is a codon

• A codon codes for an amino acid

• Ex: CCC codes for Proline