tueseng100bc quiz3 causeeffectwriting numbersparallelismmisplacedanddanglingmodifiers

8/21/2019 TuesEng100BC Quiz3 CauseEffectWriting NumbersParallelismMisplacedandDanglingModifiers

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Eng 100BC FA14Quiz #3

Cause & Effect

Prewriting & Planning

Numbers, parallelism, misplaced & danglingmodifiers

SoSos


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C&E Writing Cause & EffectWhat is cause and effect?

Cause is the reason something happens Effect is the result of an event (cause) Can be either immediate or remote

Immediate causes and effects Wet roads caused accident

Remote causes and effects Insurance will rise because of accident

Primary or secondary in significance andimportance Visibility caused accident more than speed

Injury more important than insurance rates Causal chain

If You Give a Mouse a Cookie http://www

.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyk55GYnGl0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyk55GYnGl0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyk55GYnGl0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyk55GYnGl0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyk55GYnGl0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyk55GYnGl0


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C&E Writing Cause & Effect

How do you write a cause-and-effect-

analysis? Purpose is to reveal reasons why something

happened or consequences of a particularoccurrence

Purpose is to persuade readers to do orbelieve something


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How do you choose a subject?

Remember limits of assignment Larger the subject more difficult

Ensure that relationships between causesand effects are genuine

Fact that a particular event preceded anotherdoesnt ensure a cause and effectrelationship

If a black cat crossed your path earlier in theday, that cat isnt the cause of the accident


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How do you isolate and evaluate causes &

effects?Analyze and research thoroughly

Few things result from single cause; rarelydoes a cause have a single effect

Create a list of causes and effects

Evaluate each item

Select those that seem most relevant or

convincing Choose most immediate and primary


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C&E Writing

How do you structure a cause & effect essay?

Analyzing causes Identify the subject

Move to analyze its causes

Analyzing effects

Identify subject that produced the effects

Explain effects

Arrangement of multiple causes or effects

Chronological order (if sequence of events) Spatial

Immediate to remote

Primary to secondary (importance)


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C&E Revising

How do you revise a C&E essay?

Make sure its primarily explanatory andinformative

Avoid analysis that is subjective, biased,contains unsubstantiated opinions


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C&E Revising


Retest subject Were you able to adequately develop your

subject in the space that you had available, orwhere you forced to skim the surface?

Were you objective and accurate in what youidentified as causes and effects

Is your analysis based on accurateinformation?


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C&E Revising


Concentrate on the important Cant find ALL the causes and ALL the effects

Identify only major causes OR effects

Number in order of significance or importance


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C&E Revising


Check for logical organization Why did you order items in the order you

chose?

Is your essay balanced?

Develop each cause or effect in a separateparagraph. Start each paragraph with anexplanatory statement of how this fits intowhat has gone before.


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C&E Revising


Beginning and ending Introduction

What value does this essay hold for readers? How will you help readers understand this

relationship? What will you help readers understand?

Conclusion DONT simply summarize causes or effects

redundant! DO stress the significance of your analysis DO discuss how analysis helps readers

understand the subject.


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C&E Prewriting

Choose one of the following questions. Which

do you know the most about?1. What are the causes (or effects) of divorce?

2. What are the causes (or effects) of poverty inthe USA?

3. What are the causes (or effects) of increasedobesity in the USA?

4. What are the causes (or effects) of socialmedia?

5. What are the causes (or effects) of watered-down curriculum at community colleges?

6. What are the causes (or effects) of illegalimmigration?


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C&E Prewriting

Frewriting - Causes

List as many causes as you can in time givenDo not stop writingCircle the most important causes on list

Frewriting - EffectsList as many effects as you can in time givenDo not stop writingCircle the most important effects on list

Complete graphic organizersWhich graphic organizer looks the most

complete, is the most logical, has the mostfactual evidence?


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C&E Planning Cause or effect OptionI. Introduction

A. Attention grabber1.2.

B. Background information1.2.

C. Purpose & Thesis Statement1.

2.II. BodyA. Cause OR effect 1

1.2.

B. Cause OR effect 21.

2.*continue through all causes oreffects?. Effect

1.2.

III. ConclusionA. link back to introduction

1.2.

B. Reminder of thesis1.2.

C. Final statement, lasting

impression1.2.


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C&E Planning - OptionsChain of Causes & EffectsI. Introduction

A. Attention grabber

1.2.

B. Background information1.2.

C. Purpose & Thesis Statement1.

2.II. Body

A. Cause & Effect 11.2.

B. Effect 1 becomes Cause 2 & Effect 21.

2.C. Effect 2 becomes Cause 3 & Effect 31.2.

*Continue until all of sequence exhausted

III. ConclusionA. link back tointroduction

1.2.

B. Reminder of thesis1.2.

C. Final statement,lasting impression

1.2.


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Numbers


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NumbersDiffer according to style guide

MLA use numerals for numbers above onehundred (starting with 101)

MLA spell out numbers one hundred andbelow

MLA spell out large round numbers(fifteen million)

APA spell out numbers one through nine,10 and above written numerically

Both when one number immediatelyfollows another, spell out one number anduse numerals for other (three 100-meterevents, 25 four-poster beds)


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Numbersuse numerals according to convention

Dates July 4, 1776; 56 BC; AD 30 Addresses 77 Latches Lane, 519 West 42nd

Street Percentages 55 percent (or 55%) Fractions, Decimals , 0.047 Scores 7 to 3, 21 18 Statistics average age 37, average weight 180 Surveys 4 out of 5

Exact amounts of money - $105. 37 Divisions of books volume 3, Chapter 4, page

189 Divisions of plays act 3, scene 3 (or act III,

scene iii)


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Numbers (cont.)use numerals according to convention

Identification numbers serial number10988675

Time of Day 4:00 p.m., 1:30 a.m.

When not using a.m. or p.m., write out thetime in words (two oclock in theafternoon, twelve noon, seven in the

morning)


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Exercise 22.11. John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George

Harrison, and Ringo Starr were 4 youngmen from Liverpool, England, whoformed what would become the mostpopular rock band of all time.

4 = four2. On January twenty-five, 1964, the

Beatles first hit entered the U.S. charts.Twenty-five = 25

3. The song I Want to Hold Your Handspent seven weeks at number one and 14weeks in the top 40.

14 = fourteen


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Exercise 22.1

4. Almost immediately, the Beatles began

to attract 1000s of screaming fanseverywhere they went.

1000s = thousands

5. Throughout the nineteen-sixties, the

Beatles were the worlds most populargroup.

Nineteen-sixties = 1960s

6. During the eight years of the Beatlesreign on the charts, they had more thanforty three-minute pop hits.

Three-minute = 3-minute


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Exercise 22.17. By the 2nd half of the decade, he Beatles had

stopped touring.

2nd = second8. They performed live together for the last

time on the roof of Three Savile Row, theheadquarters of their doomed recordcompany, Apple.

Three = 39. 150 employees worked for Apple, which

eventually went bankrupt.150 = One hundred fifty

10. By no means did each Beatle earn twenty-five percent of the groups profits, forLennon and McCartney wrote more thanninety percent of the songs.

Ninety = 90


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Parallelism


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Balance Parallel Ideas

Balance parallel ideas in a series Children who study music also learn

confidence, discipline, and they are creative. Children who study music also learn

confidence, discipline, and creativity. Impressionist painters believed in focusing

on ordinary subjects, capturing the effectsof light on those subjects, and to use short

brushstrokes.Impressionist painters believed in focusing

on ordinary subjects, capturing the effectsof light on those subjects, and using shortbrushstrokes.


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Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs

Parallel ideas linked with coordinatingconjunctions

Many states are reducing property

taxes for home owners and extendfinancial aid in the form of taxcredits to renters.

Many states are reducing propertytaxes for home owners and extendingfinancial aid in the form of taxcredits to renters.


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Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs Parallel ideas linked with correlative

conjunctions Eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also,bothand, whetheror The clerk told me either to change my flight or

take the train. The clerk told me either to change my flight

or to take the train.

Thomas Edison was not only a prolificinventor but also was a successfulentrepreneur.

Omit was


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Repeat function words to clarify parallels

By, to, that, because

Our study revealed that left-handed studentswere more likely to have trouble withclassroom desks and rearranging desks forexam periods was useful.

Our study revealed that left-handed studentswere more likely to have trouble withclassroom desks and that rearranging desksfor exam periods was useful.


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Ex. E.4 Parallelism1. The United States uses large amounts of

energy, is depending heavily on oil, and

imports much of that oil.energy, depends heavily

2. Burning oil for energy pollutes the air,

destroys an irreplaceable commodity, andis wasting resources.

and wastes resources.


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Ex. E.4 Parallelism3. During the 1970s, an embargo made oil

expensive and it was not easy to get.

expensive and difficult to get.

4. The oil crisis led to a wider interest inalternative energy sources that would be

renewable, environmentally sound, andwould cost less than oil.

sound, and less expensive than


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Ex. E.4 Parallelism5. Some new homes used solar heating,

although it was expensive to install anddespite its being still relatively untested.

Omit despite its being6. Many Americans expected electric cars tobe perfected and that they would be widelyavailable by the end of the twentieth

century.Omit that they would be


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Ex. E.4 Parallelism7. Instead, the embargo ended, the cost of

oil dropped, and there were declining

gasoline prices.and gasoline prices declined.

8. At the same time, money to invent

alternative energy technologies, todevelop new products, and for marketingthe products dried up.

and to market the products


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Ex. E.4 Parallelism

9. Scientists and those who study theenvironment hope that there will beplentiful renewable energy sourcessomeday.

Scientists and environmentalists who study

10. It would be better to have alternativeenergy possibilities soon than waiting for

the worlds oil reserves to run dry.soon than to wait for the worlds


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Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers


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Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers Modifiers should point clearly to thewords they modify

As a rule, related words should be kepttogether!


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Put limiting modifiers in front of thewords they modify

Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly,just

These should appear in front of a verb only ifthey modify the verb

At first, I couldnt even touch my toes, much lessgrasp them.

If they limit the meaning of some other word inthe sentence, they should be placed in front of

that word. The cathedral almost took six centuries to

complete. The cathedral took almost six centuries to

complete.


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If you just interview chemistry majors, yourpicture of the student bodys response to thenew grading policies will be incomplete.

If you interview just chemistry majors, yourpicture of the student bodys response to thenew grading policies will be incomplete.

If you interview just chemistry majors, yourpicture of the student bodys response to thenew grading policies will be incomplete.


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In the United States in 1860, not all blacksoutherners were slaves.

In the United States in 1860, all blacksoutherners were not slaves.

In the United States in 1860, not all black

southerners were slaves.


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Place phrases and clauses so that readers cansee at a glance what they modify

The soccer player returned to the clinicwhere he had undergone emergencysurgery in 2004 in a limousine sent byAdidas.

He had surgery in a limousine???

Traveling in a limousine sent by Adidas, thesoccer player returned to the clinic where he

had undergone emergency surgery in 2004.


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There are many pictures of comedians whohave performed at Gavins on the walls.

The comedians are performing on the walls?

On the walls are many pictures ofcomedians who have performed at Gavins.

The robber was described as a six-foot-tallman with a heavy mustache weighing 170

pounds. Thats a heavy mustache!!!

The robber was described as a 170-pound,six-foot-tall man with a heavy mustache.


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A squinting modifier leads to ambiguity The exchange students we met for coffee

occasionally questioned us about our latestslang.

Did they meet occasionally? Or did thequestioning happen occasionally?

The exchange students we occasionally metfor coffee questioned us about our latest

slang. The exchange students we met for coffee

questioned us occasionally about our latestslang.


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Move awkwardly placed modifiers

A sentence should flow from subject to verbto object without lengthy detours along with

wayHong Kong, after more than 150 years of

British rule, was transferred back toChinese control in 1997.

After more than 150 years of British rule,Hong Kong was transferred back to Chinese

control in 1997.After more than 150 years of British rule,Hong Kong was transferred back to Chinesecontrol in 1997.


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Avoid awkward split infinitives

Infinitive = to plus base form of a verb (to think) Split infinitive = modifier between to and verb

(to carefully balance, to completely understand)

When a long word or phrase appears betweenparts of the infinitive, result is usually awkward

If possible, the patient should try to avoid goingup and down stairs.

The patient should try to if possible avoid goingup and down stairs.

If possible, the patient should try to avoid goingup and down stairs.


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Dangling Modifiers

Modifier fails to refer logically to any word inthe sentence

Opening the window to let out a huge

bumblebee, the car swerved into anoncoming truck.

The document understood the need forchecks and balances?

Opening the window to let out a hugebumblebee, Sally lost control and the carswerved into an oncoming truck.


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Exercise 10.1

1. Recently, several sports have gainedpopularity that no one had heard of thirty

years ago.

Recently, several sports that no one had heardof thirty years ago have gained popularity.

2. With a name that suggests their dangerousallure, members of Generation X are

attracted to these athletic events.With a name that suggests their dangerous

allure, extreme sports are attractingmembers of Generation X.


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Exercise 10.1

3. These Generation X games often involvegoing to inaccessible places, which includesnowboarding and sky-surfing.

These Generation X games,which includesnowboarding and sky-surfing, often involvegoing to inaccessible places.

4. Snow activities are especially popular that

can be done on remote mountain-tops.Snow activities that can be done on remote

mountain-tops are especially popular.


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Exercise 10.1

5. Some of these sports have become so widelyaccepted that participants can now compete in theOlympics, such as freestyle skiing andsnowboarding.

Some of these sports, such as freestyle skiing andsnowboarding, have become so widely accepted thatparticipants can now compete in the Olympics.

6. Gasping at the antics of snowboarders, mountainbikers, and other athletes, these daredevils prove

that the sports world really has changed.Gasping at the antics of snowboarders, mountain

bikers, and other athletes, fans can see that thesports world really has changed.


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Exercise 10.1

7. Only these in-your-face athletes are a smallpart of what is interesting about the changestaking place in sports today.

These in-your-face athletes are only a small

part of what is interesting about the changestaking place in sports today.

8. Occasionally, even fans of extreme sports knowthat the quest for adventure leads people into

dangerous situations.Even fans of extreme sports know that the questfor adventure occasionally leads people intodangerous situations.


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Exercise 10.19. Environmentalists also point out unfortunately

that in some remote wilderness areas, extremesports are taking their toll on nature.

Environmentalists also point out that in some

remote wilderness areas, extreme sports areunfortunately taking their toll on nature.

10. Probably, whether people love them or hatethem, extreme sports will continue to inspire

extreme reactions.Whether people love them or hate them, extremesports will probably continue to inspire extremereactions.


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For next Tuesday...

Read chapter on process writing

Read quotation marks in glossary

Read (in 11th edition) pgs 516 - 522

tueseng100bc quiz3 causeeffectwriting numbersparallelismmisplacedanddanglingmodifiers

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