tuberculosis: the epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention · 1 tuberculosis: the epidemiology,...
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Tuberculosis: The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prevention
Assisted Living Residence Advisory Committee Meeting
Mary Goggin, RN, MPH April 28,2011
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Tuberculosis Epidemiology
~ 2 billion people are infected – A Third of the World!
10% will develop active TB in their lifetime → 10 million new active TB / yr → 2 million deaths / yr
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WHO 2006
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WHO Global Surveillance Report, 2008
10.2 million new cases
14.4 million prevalent cases
1.5 million deaths
500,00 cases of MDR TB
www.who.int/tb
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Reported TB Cases United States, 1982–2009
10,00012,00014,00016,00018,00020,00022,00024,00026,00028,000
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2009
Year
No.
of C
ases
CDC Report of Tuberculosis in the United States, 2009.
11,483
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Number of TB Cases in U.S. vs Foreign-born Persons United States, 1996–2009
05000
100001500020000
1996 2000 2005 2009
U.S.-born Foreign-born
No.
of C
ases
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138
104 111
127
101
124
111
103
85
71
50
70
90
110
130
150
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
# o
f ca
ses
TB in Colorado: 2001-2010 Cases of Active TB by Year of Report
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Colorado TB Cases US-born and Foreign-Born (1996-2009)
020406080
100120140160
1996
2000
2005
2009
Year reported
No.
of c
ases
US-born Foreign-born
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TB history
Leading cause of death in the U.S. during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
Until Robert Koch's discovery of the TB bacteria in 1882, many scientists believed that TB was hereditary and could not be prevented
Koch’s discovery brought hopes for a cure but also bred fear of contagion
A person with TB was frequently labeled an outcast
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What is TB?
TB is a communicable disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)
It is spread person to person by breathing in infectious particles
These particles are produced when a person with infectious TB coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings
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Transmission & pathogenesis Spread by droplet nuclei Close contacts at highest risk of becoming
infected Once infected, 5% will develop TB disease
within a year or two and another 5% will develop disease later in life
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Risk Factors for Infection
1. Persons born or lived where TB is common
Central and South America, Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia and the Pacific Islands
2. Close Contacts to persons with active TB 3. Elderly U.S. born (>70)
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LTBI vs. pulmonary TB disease
Latent TB Infection Tuberculin skin test
(TST) positive Negative chest
radiograph No symptoms or
physical findings suggestive of TB disease
Pulmonary TB Disease TST usually positive Chest radiograph may
be abnormal Symptomatic Respiratory specimens
may be smear or culture positive
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Inactive (Latent)TB Infection LTBI- asymptomatic state in people infected
with MTB
Live, inactive TB organisms are “walled off” inside the body by the immune system
Person with LTBI doesn’t feel sick & is not contagious, but they may have abnormal CXR
TB can reactivate & begin to multiply at anytime after the initial infection (this may occur decades later)
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Latent TB Infection (LTBI)
For adults with untreated LTBI & intact immunity the estimated risk of developing active TB is 5% - 10% over a lifetime
(50% of those in 1st 2 yrs after infection)
With HIV co-infection risk is 5%-10% per year
Infants under a year have a 25% - 40% likelihood
Adolescents & elderly also at higher risk
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Latent TB Infection
Evaluate persons for risk factors Test those with a risk factor using the TST or
Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) Evaluate those with a (+) TST or IGRA by
doing a symptom history and chest X-ray Refer to PCP or local public health for
treatment recommendations and medication administration
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Diagnosing LTBI
The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) is the most common method
A TST reaction can take 3-12 weeks after TB infection to become positive A negative TST in a symptomatic patient
does NOT rule out TB
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Administering the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
Inject 0.1 ml of tuberculin intradermally
Produce a wheal 6-10 mm in diameter
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Tuberculin Skin Test Reading
The test is read after 48-72 hours by a trained health care worker
Diameter of the induration (firmness) is measured in millimeters (mm)
Erythema (redness) is not measured
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TST for LTBI Diagnosis Criteria for a Positive Reaction
≥5 mm ≥10 mm ≥15 mm HIV infection Recent immigrants No risk Contact to Injection drug users active TB case Children Abnormal CXR High-risk medical Immunosuppression conditions Residents and employees of jails/nursing homes, hospitals
Note: Skin test conversion is an increase of ≥10 mm within a 2-year period
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2 Commercially Available IGRAs
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Interferon-gamma Release Assays Blood test for detecting TB infection Requires 1 visit (TST requires 2 visits) Results less subject to reader bias and error More specific with less cross-reaction with
non-tuberculosis mycobacterium and BCG than the TST
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Thoughts IGRAs are the preferred test in: BCG vaccinated Persons unlikely to get a TST completed
Implementing IGRAs requires careful thought about logistical hurdles but can be done
IGRAs may be less accurate (i.e. specific) in low risk populations than previously reported
Additional longitudinal data is needed in all populations to understand the true implications of a positive test
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TB Prevention
Diagnosis and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) has been an important component of TB control in the U.S. for more than 40 years
1965: American Thoracic Society recommended treatment of LTBI for those with previously untreated TB, tuberculin skin test (TST) converters, and young children
1967: Recommendations expanded to include all TST positive reactors
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Recommended Treatment for Latent TB Infection
INH daily for 9 months or Rifampin daily for 4 months
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Risk Factors for Progression
HIV Fibrotic CXR c/w
prior TB Immunosuppression
(transplants, TNF-alpha inhibitors)
Recent close contact to active TB
Diabetes Chronic renal failure Silicosis Leukemia / lymphoma Head/neck cancer Wt loss > 10% gastric bypass surgery
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Common sites of TB disease
Lungs Pleura Central nervous system Lymphatic system Genitourinary systems Bones and joints Disseminated (miliary TB)
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Systemic symptoms of TB
Fever Chills Night sweats Appetite loss Weight loss Fatigue
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Symptoms of pulmonary TB
Productive, prolonged cough (duration of >3 weeks)
Chest pain Hemoptysis
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Treatment of Active TB Disease
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Usually patients with active TB are no longer considered infectious if: They are on effective treatment (as
demonstrated by M. tuberculosis susceptibility results) for >2 weeks
Their symptoms have diminished and There is a mycobacteriologic response (e.g.,
decrease in grade of sputum smear positivity detected on sputum-smear microscopy)
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Licensed facilities must be in compliance with state licensure standards
P0114, 104(3)(a)(i)(B) TB test before direct contact with residents
P1144, 8.495.6.F.5.a.iii (ACF) Documentation of annual TB testing
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CDC recommendations for screening in Assisted Living Facilities If less than 3 TB patients per year, consider
facility low risk and conduct baseline two-step TST or IGRA
Repeat TST or IGRA only if unprotected exposure to TB occurs
http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/guidelines/infectioncontrol.htm
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TB resources
CDC Division of TB Elimination web site http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/default.htm Interactive Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis:
What the Clinician Should Know Self Study Modules on Tuberculosis
CDPHE TB Program web site http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/dc/TB/tbhome.html
CDPHE TB Program – 303.692.2638
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Questions?
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