G T . 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 8 6 6

\ \ HOC QUOC GIA HA NOIHOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

.TS. Tran Thi M inh DQc

t u i n h

THAM VANTAM LY

PHONG THAM VAN

221 NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N0I

g i A o t r i n h

THAM VAN TAM LI

DAI H O C Q U O C GIA HA NQI

TRUONG DAI HOC KIIOA HOC XA HQl VA NHAN VAN

GS.TS. TRAN THI MINH DlTC

Giao trinh

THAM VAN TAM LI(Tai ban lan thur 2 co chinh sua bo sung)

NHA XU AT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

LCJI mcj d a u

T j o n g kh oang mufti nam lai day, toe dQ phat trien kinh te - xa

hQi qua nhanh d Vi?t Nam da keo theo nhuTig thay doi va xao

trpn tam li cua nhi'eu ngtfefi, lam tang cao nhu cau v'e dich vu

tham van tam li cua xa hQi. Dieu nay the hi?n a sir ra d&i va phat

trien da dang cua nhi'eu trung tam tham van, phong tham van tai

cac CQng dong, b£nh vi£n va cac trtfcfng hQC vc/i cac dich v y trQ

giup tam 11 kh ac nhau.

Hi£n nay, du N ha nUcfc chtfa cap m a so cho ngh'e trQ giup tam

li, nhim g vi the cua cac nha tham vain, tri li£u tam li dang ngay

cang dtfQc kh an g dinh trong xa hQi . Vi vay vai tro cua cac nha tam

li hQC trong vi?c dao tao sinh vien chuyen nganh Lam sang va

T ham van n gay cang dtfQc cung co va nang cao.

G iao trinh Tham van tam U nay nhin nhan tham van nhir

mQt nganh kh oa hQC img dung trong thtfc hanh cham soc tam li

con ngufti, dtfQc trinh bay trong 8 chirong. Trong do, 3 chirong

dau lam ro tinh chat khoa hQC cua m on Tham van thtfc hanh. Cac

khai ni£m nhir: trQ giup tam li, tit van, tham van va tri li£u tam li,

cung nhir rniic tieu, nhi?m vu ditQc dua vao ngay trong ch uo n g I.

Chirong II trinh b ay mQt cach khai quat qua trinh hinh thanh va

phat trien n ganh Tham van tren the gi6i va 0 Vi£t N am , su giao

thoa cua no vo’i mQt so nganh trQ giup lan can nhir T am li hQC,

Cong tac xa hQi, Tam than Ii q c . Phan gicri thi?u mQt so quan diem

tiep can than chii trong thtfc hanh tham kh am tam li con ngtfdi

dtfQc the hit?n trong ch uo n g III.

ViQC xay dtfng moi quan h£ tham van dtfa tren n'en tang cua

sir ton trgn g va tin ttfOng lan nhau gitfa nha tham van va than chu

trong thtfc hanh ngh'e dtfQc khai quat trong chtfOng IV. Nc?i dung

chtfOng nay se giup ngtfdi h(?c co quan ni£m dung d^n v'e than

chu va nan de cua than chu; giup ngtfcri hQC htfcfng den each nhin

chuyen nghiep ve nha tham van vcfi nhim g p ham chat va nang lire

trong thtfc hanh ngh'e.

De giup ngtfeft hQC nang cao kha nang thtfc hanh ngh'e, euon

Tham van tam U gicri thi£u nhtfng khia canh dao due va phap li

trong thtfc hanh ca (chtfOng V), htfcmg dan m ot so ki nang tham

van can ban (chtfOng VI) va quy trinh tham van (chtfOng VII). Va

cuoi cung, de cung co nhtfng tri thirc tiep thu dtfQc qua moi

chtfOng, ch un g toi xay dtfng cac bai tap tinh h u o n g tron g thtfc

hanh th am van tam li. Dieu nay the hi£n trong chtfOng VIII.

Giao trinh n ay dtfQc chuan bi trong nhi'eu nam . Cac noi dung

chinh da dtfQc dtfa vao giang day cho sinh vien dtf6i d an g bai

giang bat dau tir kh oa hoc 1997 - 1998 va dtfQc ch inh stfa, nang

cap qua m oi kh oa hoc. V i vay, h'au nhtf cac tri th u c can b a n trong

tai lieu nay deu it nhi'eu quen thu<?c v6i sinh vien cac the h£

nganh T a m li hoc, th u oc Trtfcmg Dai hoc K hoa hoc X a hoi va

N h an van Dai hoc Q uoc gia Ha Noi.

Co the giao trinh van con nhi'eu dieu phai ban luan va bo

sung. Nhtfng, xet trong hoan canh giang day tam li hoc thtfc h an h

d Vi<?t N a m hien nay, vi£c ra ddi cua cac tai li£u lien q uan den

th am van va tri li£u tam li la het sire can thiet. N o k h o n g chi cho

nhtfng ngtfdi thtfc hanh tham van, cac g iang vien va sinh vien

nganh T a m li hoc, m a con co ich cho nhtfng ngtfdi h oat d ong

trong cac n ganh trQ giup khac, nhtf Cong tac xa hoi, G iao due hoc,

T am than hoc.

T ac gia xin chan thanh cam On nhtfng d ong gop q u y b au cua

cac q u y vi va cac ban de cuon sach dtfQc hoan thi£n h o n sau nay.

fT' * • ’Tac gia

MUC LUC • •

TrangLori md d a u .............................................................................. 5

Chirofng 1THAM VAN TAM LI LA MOT KHOA HQC LfNG DIJNG..... 9

I. Cac khai nipm...................................................................................... 10II. Moi lien he ngh'e nghiep trong cac nganh trQ giup...................... 22III. Doi tirqng, muc dich, nhi?m vu va hi?u qua cua tham v a n ....... 29IV. Cac hinh thurc tham van..................................................................... 41Chirang 2SO LUQC LICH SIT HiNH THANH VA PHAT TRIENn g A n h t h a m v A n t Am l i .......................................................... 59I. Anh hudng cua mQt so nganh trgf giup den nganh tham van

chuyen nghiep..................................................................................... 60II. Sir ra ddi cua nganh tham van tren the g id i ................................. 63III. Diem qua vai net ve hoat dong tham van 0 Viet N a m ................ 74Chircmg 3CAC LI THUYET TIEP CAN CA NHANTRONG THAJNI VAN TAM L I ................................................. 11?I. Mot so li thuyet tam li hpc nen tang............................................... n gII. Mot so phiro'ng phap tiep can than chu trong tham v a n ...........

ChiMng 4NHA THAJNI VAN VA THAN CHUTRONG MOI QUAN HE THAM VAN TAM L I ...................... l8lI. Nha tham van la con ngtfcri can bang............................................. l8 l

II. Nha tham van la ngudi hanh nghe chuyen nghiep..................... 1gy

III. Than chu va nan de cua than c h u .................................................. 204

IV. Moi quan h£ tham van...................................................................... 226

Chtrcmg 5

DAO DLTC TRONG THAM VAN TAM LI ...................................... 237

I. Moi quan he giu'a luat phap va quy dieu dao du'c trong tham van.. 238

II. M$t so nguyen tac dao du'c co b a n ................................................. 243

III. Gio'i thi?u cac tieu chuan dao du'c trong nganh tham v a n ......... 251

IV. Chimg chi hanh nghe tham van....................................................... ,

Chirotag 6

K Y n A n g T H A M V A N t A m L I ....................................................... 271

I. KI nang lang nghe............................................................................ 274

II. KI nang dat cau h o i.......................................................................... 285

III. K3 nang thau h ieu ............................................................................ 300

IV. KI nang phan hoi............................................................................... 3°9V. / KI nang diin giai............................................................................... 320VI. KI nang xirli sy im la n g .................................................................. 324

VII. KI nang thong dat............................................................................. 332VIII. KI nang cung cap thong tin............................................................. 340

IX. K3 nang b§c 1q ban than................................................................... 345X. KI nang duong dau............................................................................ 349Chu'tfng 7Q U Y T R IN H T H A M V A N T A M L 1................................................... 355I. Cac mo hinh tham v a n ...................................................................... 355II. Lap ho so danh gia ban dau............................................................. 375III. Htfdng dan thuc hi£n ke hoach xir l i .............................................. 377IV. Phan tich s\rbien doi tam li trong qua trinh tham van/tri li£u. 380

V. Cong tac giam sat trong tham v a n .................................................. 384

C h iftm g 8L U Y E N T H V C H A N H T H A M V A N T A M L I ............................... 395

I. Hinh anh ban than vdi tu cach la mot ca nhanva mot nha tham v a n .......................................................................... 395

II. Dao du'c nghe nghiep.......................................................................... 411

III. KI nang tham v a n ................................................................................ 416

IV. Phan tich moi quan h? giira nhan thu"c - xuc cam - hanh v i ...... 439

V. Hoat dong tham van........................................................................... 445

/

CHtTONG 1

THAM VAN TAM ULA MOT KHOA HOC UNG DUNG

Cau hoi: Can bao nhieu nha tam li hoc de co the

chuyen dcfi mot cu hanh?

Trd Idi: Chi can mot ngitdi, nhung cu hanh phai thiXc

sit muon di chuyen.

Cau truyen vui tren phan anh triet li cua sit thay do'i

trong tham van tam li la: Bat cu: thay doi nao dien ra

trong cuoc ddi ban phai bat dau tit ban v&i nhitng co gang

cua chinh ban. Nha tam li hoc co the hit&ng dan ban vitcft

qua nhitng nan de cua ban, nhitng khong ai co the lam

thay ban.

(Raymond Lloyd Richmond)

Trong chirong mQt, hoat d<?ng tham van tam li dirgfc nhin nhan

nhir mQt nganh khoa hQC img dyng. Chung toi se phan biet cac khai

ni?m gan gui vcri tham van, nhir trQ giup tam li, tham van tam li, tir

van va tri li£u tam li. Cung vc/i cac khai ni£m nay chung toi se trinh

bay moi quan h<? gifra cac nganh trQ giup, nhiT: Tam li hQC, Tham

van, Cong tac xa h(?i va Tam than hQC de ngirdi hQC thay diTQc ranh

gidi giira cac khoa hQC co chung mQt hoat dQng trQ giup tam li con ngircri. Do th am van tam li la mQt khoa hQC va mQt nghe, nen viec

xac djnh m y c dich va nhi?m \ai cua no la het sure can thiet. Cuon

“ Tham van tam I f nay ditQc trinh bay dircri goc do tham van ca

nhan, \i vay \iec gio’i thi?u so b<? ve tham van nhom va tham van gia

dinh, theo chung toi, la can thiet trong chiTQng nay.

10 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M II

i. cAc k h A i n i e m

Cuqc song luon luon dat ra nhtfng kho khan, thach thu"c bu<?c

con ngtfdi phai dtfOng dau. V d i nhi'eu ngtfdi, ho co the de dang

hoac vat va ttf \arQt qua nhtfng kho khan m a khong can tcri sir trQ

giup cua ngtfdi khac. Nhtfng co khong it ngtfdi da khong tu lam

dtfQc dieu nay, hQ can mQt stf trQ giup m an g tinh khoa hoc va

chuyen nghiep de co the vUQt qua dUQc nhtfng kho khan cua minh.

Trong trtfdng hQp khong quan tam den stf giup d o ben ngoai, ca

nhan co the ttf huy hoai ban than va ngudi kh ac de co dUQc mQt

cuqc song hanh phuc hQn. Tham van tam li ra ddi chinh la de giup

d o cac ca nhan, nhom ngtfdi theo cach nay h ay cach khac, co dUQc

mQt cuqc song hanh phuc hon. Trtfdc khi ban v'e th am van vdi tu

cach la mQt kh oa hQC, co mQt so thuat ngtf thtfdng d u n g g'an vdi

khai niem th am van can dUQc lam sang to.

l. TrQ giup tam li1

TrQ giup la mQt khai n iem chung

nhat, dUQc dung trong cac moi quan

he giao tiep deft thucrng, theo cach

"giup nhau" - ai do giup ai do. Dac

biet, khai niem dUQc sir dung nhi'eu

trong cac linh vUc hoat dong thuc

hanh nhir tam li hQC, cong tac xa hQi, th am van, tam th a n hQC. Khai niem "trQ giup" ton tai tir khi xuat hien xa

hQi loai ngucfi va hoat dQng trQ giup

nay co trUcfc khi cac nganh khoa hQC

trQ giup ra deft. Nhtfng hien tUQng

lien ket giiJa con ngtfeft v6i nhau nhir:

"La lanh d um la rach", "Ciru m ang",

"Ho trQ"... k h o n g d on thu'an chi noi

den khia canh giup d o vat chat, ma

dang sau ch un g con chua d im g y

Mpt so ngirdi co nhirng tir

chat “bam sinh” de lam

tham van. Mot so khac

khong the trd thanh nha

tham van tot dii da qua

nhi'eu khoa dao tao. Hau het

chung ta dang a dau do giua

nhimg ngudi nay. Chung ta

bat dau tham van vdi vo so !

thoi quen tot va xau. Vi \ a\- ̂

chung ta phai duqc dao tao

va thudng xuyen nghien ciru

cac nguyen tac chung ma

mpt nha tham van can phai

lam va co le quan trQng hern

la nhimg gi khong nen lair,

trong tham van.

1 Jill Taylor va Sheelagh Stewart - Tai li£u tap huan, (Trich tir: Bao life tinh due va bao lire gia dinh: Nhimg ho trgf, phuc hoi va hanh dong a Zimbabe).

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t a m If la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 11

nghia "nang d a tinh than". Trong khi do, nhim g khai niem nhtf

"Cho ldi khuyen", "Chia se tam tinh", "Cam thong"... hoan toan

phan anh stf giup d o tam li cho ngtfdi co nhu cau dtfQc trQ giup.

Phan nay tap trung noi v'e sit trQ giup tam li (Help Pchychology),

vi vay co nhi'eu cho chung toi chi dung thuat ngtf "TrQ giup"

nhung no dtfQc hieu theo khia canh la trgf giup tinh than, ma

khong de cap den khia canh trQ giup vat chat.

TrQ giup tam li, co the hieu mQt cach don gian, la mQt hoat

dQng (mQt cong viec) giup dd cho ngtfdi dang co kho khan tam li

de hQ thtfc hien dtfQc dieu hQ mong muon trong cuqc song. Khai

niem trQ giup tam li bao ham nhtfng cong viec cua ngtfdi giup do

khong chuyen - tat ca mQi ngtfdi, va cong viec giup dd cua nhtfng

ngudi chuyen nghiep - cong viec cua cac nha tam li hQC, nha tham

van, nhan vien cong tac xa hQi, bac si tam than, nha giao due...

Nhtf vay, tir viec ngtfdi nhi'eu tuoi bao ngtfdi it tuoi, ngtfdi co kinh

nghiem bao ngtfdi chtfa co kinh nghiem, cha me bao ban con cai, dac

biet, nhtfng gia lang, trtfdng ban, thay lang, thay thuoc, thay cung,

th'ay tu, th'ay giao den cac nha tam li hQC, cac chuyen vien ttf van hanh

ngh'e tai cac cO sd deu la nhtfng ngtfdi lam cong viec trQ giup ngtfdi

khac, bang cac cach khac nhau nhtf cho ldi khuyen, ran day, ttf vain,

tham van va tri lieu. Vdi cach hieu nhtf vay, trong xa hQi co rat nhi'eu

kieu ngtfdi dang lam cong tac trQ giup va mire dQ hieu qua giup dtfQc

ciia hQ la khong giong nhau. Trong xa hQi co ba loai trQ giup ttfOng

ting vdi ba kieu ngtfdi trQ giup:

-N g it& i tr'o' giup chuyen nghiep {professional helper): Do la

nhtfng ngtfdi dtfQc dao tao sau va chuyen biet ve nhtfng kien thtic,

ki nang tam li, hanh vi con ngtfdi, ki nang giao tiep va giai quyet

cac van de theo chuyen nganh ciia hQ de co the dap ting vdi ddi ttfQng ma hQ giup dd, nhtf ngtfdi lam ngh'e tam li hQC, tham van,

cong tac xa hQi, tam than hQC... Cac nganh trQ giup chuyen nghiep

nay phan anh nhtfng moi quan he trQ giup khac nhau, nhtf moi

quan he gitfa thay thuoc - benh nhan, nha tham van - than

chii/khach hang, can stf xa hQi - ddi ttfQng/than chu, nha tri lieu

tam li - than chii/benh nhan. Hau het nhtfng ngtfdi trQ giup

chuyen nghiep deu co moi quan he trQ giup chinh thtic. Dd la moi