tssnvic¢abuba’ · 2015. 11. 10. · rbhértbidkbipasa)ali sm®sáit rab;muwntmb½rtukcasñaéd...
TRANSCRIPT
TsSnviC¢abUBa’
¬\eNÐó/ cin/ Cb:un/ Exµr/ éf¦
EASTURN PHILOSOPHY
eday
RBHmha ma:sarin visuT§a (M.Phil)
-1-
TsSnviC¢abUBa’ edayRBHmha ma:sarin visuT§ (M.Phil)
GarmÖkfa
RbeTsExµrsBVéf¶enH PaKeRcInminsUvmanmnusSRsLaj;karRtiHriH
BicarNaeT ÉkarsikSaEpñkTsSnviC¢avij k¾enAmancMNucexSayNas;Edr
maneBlxøHeKminsUv[témø nigminsUvykcitþTukdak;dl;bBaðaenHeTotpg.
PaKeRcIneKGnuvtþeTAtamkarB¤t² Kña b¤eTAtamTmøab;b:ueNÑaH. enHCakMhus
mYyya:gFMsRmab;stvtSsBVéf¶ b:uEnþvaBMuEmnCakMhusrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
TaMgRsugeT vaGacCakMhusrbs;GñkecHdwg b¤GñkdwknaMpgEdr. RbsinebI
RbeTsCatimYy minsUvcab;GarmµN_eTAelIkarBicarNatamEbbTsSnviC¢aeT
karrIkceRmInnwgminGacdMeNIrkar)anBitR)akdeLIy EtebImanEtTsSnviC¢a
xVHFnFanmnusS enaHk¾kan;EtmankarlM)akEfmeTot eRBaHmnusSCaktþa
sMxan; CaRbPBénkarKit.
enAkñúgsm½yedImeyIgmanGñkR)aCJeRcInNas; elak)anERbKm<Ir
RBHéRtbidkBIPasa)alI sM®sáit rab;muWnTMB½rTukCasñaéd cgRkgCaesovePA
110k,al¬TsSnviC¢aRBHBuT§sasna¦ BIsilacarikCagmYyBan;pÞaMg. müa:g
eTot RbsinebIdUntaeyIgBMu)ansagGMeBIl¥ min)anxMRbwgerobcMTwkdIkalBI
kñúgGtIteT RbeTsExµrk¾min)ankøayeTACamhaGMNac CacRkPBmYyenA
kñúgGasIuGaeKñy_enHEdr. ebIelakCamnusSl¶g; KµanTsSn³ emø:HelakminecH
cgRkgKm<Irk,Ünxñat TMenomTmøab; RTwsþIneya)ay b¤TsSn³menaKmn_viC¢aeT
eRBaHTegVITaMgenaHRtUvqøgkat;TsSnviC¢a KWkarRtiHriHBicarNa.
edaysarEtTsSn³enHÉg eTIbbNþal[´eBjcitþ xitxM Büayam
-2-
GarmÖkfa
RsavRCavrkÉksarykmkGanehIyGaneTot BicarNaehIyBirNaeTot
ya:gl¥itl¥n; eRBaHÉksarTaMgenaH PaKeRcInCaPasaGgÁeKøs nigPasaéf
eXIjfamanRbeyaCn_xøaMgNas; ehIyk¾Rsab;EtmanKMnitmYyfaRbsinebI
erobcM[eTACaesovePAExµr nwgmanRbeyaCn_rwtEtxøaMgeLIgminxan. TIbMput
´k¾seRmccitþsresresovePAenHeLIg ehIy[eQµaHfa {TsSnviC¢abUBa’}
CaesovePAmYymanlkçN³CaemeronsRmab;nisSitTsSnviC¢a fñak;mUldæan.
karBit´minsUv)ansresresovePAemeroneT PaKeRcInsresrEt
esovePAEpñkRBHBuT§sasna sRmab;mnusSTUeTAGanRbkbbu:eNÑaH eRBaH
karsresresrenH BMuEmnCakargayeT Bi)akxøaMgNas;. müa:geTotmkBI´
BMuEmnCaGñkR)aCJEpñkGkSrsa®sþpg EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾´minRBm
e)aHbg;ecalkarBüayamrbs;´Edr KW´)ansresresovePAepSg ² CaeRcIn
eTot manesovePAmgÁlCIvitEbbBuT§i nig {TsSnviC¢abUBa’} enHCaedIm.
ehtuEdlnaM[´sresresovePA {TsSnviC¢abUBa’} enH k¾eRBaHEt
maneKalbMNg 2 KW¬1¦ edIm,IrMlwkeLIgvijnUvemeronEdlxøÜn)aneronrYc
mkehIy[ecHcaMrwtEtc,as;eLIg nig¬2¦edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;b¥Ún² nisSit
nigGs;elakEdlRsLaj;muxviC¢aTsSnviC¢a. ehtuenHRbsinebImanxusqÁg
sUmGs;elakGñkGanTaMgLay emtþaxnþIGP½yeTas nigsUmTanemtþaCYy
EklMGedayesckþIGnueRKaH sUmGrRBHKuN nigGrKuN.
shrdæGaemrik éf¶TI>>>>>>>>>>>> Ex>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>qñaM 2009
RBHmha ma:sarin visuT§a (M.Phil)
-3-
TsSnviC¢abUBa’ edayRBHmha ma:sarin visuT§ (M.Phil)
emeronTI 1
buBVbTénTsSnviC¢abUBa’
esckþIepþIm
enAkñúgsgÁmeyIgbc©úb,nñenH manGñkxøHminsUv[témøTsSnviC¢aeT.
karEdleKmin[témøenHKWbNþalmkBIGviC¢a KWPaBl¶g;exøARKbsgát;. dUecñH
karekgRbv½Ba©elIplRbeyaCn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk nigkarekobsgát;KñaeRBaH
GagGMNacenaH KWepþImecjmkGMBIPaBl¶g;exøAenHÉg.
TsSnviC¢aCaRbB½n§énviC¢asikSaRtiHriHBicarNacMeBaHRKb;GIV² TaMgGs;
EdlmnusSGacCYbRbTH)an tamkaremIleXIjCak;EsþgkþI tammenaKtikþI
edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðasMxan; ² 3 rbs;mnusS manbBaðaBuT§i bBaðaPav³ nig
bBaðasux³ sRmab;mnusSeQagcab;n½yénsc©PaB esrIPaB KtibNÐit nig
suPmgÁl edim,Ipþl;[CIvitkñúgsgÁmbc©úb,nñ nigGnaKt.
TsSnviC¢abUBa’RbeTs KWsMedAykTsSnviC¢aEdlmanRbPBecjmk
BIRbeTs\eNÐó b:uEnþkalbriecäTminsUvc,as;eT dUcCaTsSnviC¢asm½y
RBHevTCaedIm va)anekIteLIgmkBIRtwmNaenaH BMumanGñkNamñak;dwgc,as;
eLIy eRBaHBYkGriykCnsm½yburaNTaMgLaymankaryl;eXIjminRtUv
KñaesaH xøHfaRBHevT)anekIteLIg 4/500 qñaMmkehIy xøHfaeTIbnwgekIt
RbEhl 3/000 qñaM. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RBHevTEdleKeKarBrab;Gan
mundMbUgenaH vaRKan;EtCaBaküTenÞjcaMt ² Kña CaehtubNþal[mankar
EfmfyxøHminxan eRBaHvaeTIbnwgeRbICalaylk½þGkSrkñúgsm½yBuT§kal.
-4-
esckþIepþIm
manGñkR)aCJCaeRcIn GYtfaxøÜnmankarecHdwgpÞal;GMBIGaTIeTB dUecñHehIy
RTwsþINaEdlmaneKniymtic RTwsþIenaHRtUv)ansabsUnüeTAvij RTwsþINa
EdlmaneKniymeRcIn RTwsþIenaHRtUv)aneKTenÞjcaMmat; pSBVpSayt ² Kña
rhUtman\T§iBlya:gxøaMg ehIyRtUv)aneKcarCaKm<IrburaNya:geRcIn b:uEnþ
minc,as;las;famanb:unµaneT eRBaHvamankarEfmfynUvBaküeBcn_CaeRcIn
ehIymanKm<IrxøHRtUv)aneKbdiesF faBMuEmnCabnÞÚlrbs;RBHGaTIeTB.
cMENkTsSnviC¢acin )anekIteLIgkñúgsm½y ehøA CW RbEhlCa
600 qñaM mun K>s>.
Baküfa {TsSnviC¢a} ERbfa {R)aCJa} KW)andl;kardwg b¤eXIjc,as;
nUvGIVEdlCaerOgBitR)akd Cak;EsþgedayEPñkxageRkA nigEPñkxagkñúg.
EPñkxageRkA ehAfa {mMsckçú} EPñksac;. EPñkxagkñúg ehAfa {TiBVckçú}
EPñkTiBV{jaNck ç ú} EPñkKWkardwg {bBaØack çú} EPñkKWbBaØa eXIjTaMgrUbFm’
nignamFm’ KWyl;dwgTaMgEpñkelakvtßú nigEpñkcitþ ehAfa {elakTsSn³}.
karvivDÆn_énTsSnviC¢a
tamTsSn³mnusSkñúgsm½yd¾yUrlg; KWRbEhlCa Cag 500>000
qñaMmkehIy )ansnñidæankñúgpøÚvepSg ² GMBIbBaðasMxan; 2 KW¬1¦ P½yFmµCati
ekIteLIgeRBaHGIV ? nig ¬2¦ etIeyIgRtUveFIVdUcemþc eTIbGackarBarP½y
FmµCatikMu[ekItmaneLIg ?. CamYyKñaenaH k¾Rsab;EtmancemøIyfa³ P½y
FmµCatiekIteLIgeRBaHmkBIGaTIeTBEdlmanGMNacbNþal KWelakcg;[
ekIteTACaGIVk¾)an eRscEtRBHT½yrbs;elak . viFIkarBarP½yFmµCati
KWRtUvBüayameFIVya:gNa[GaTIeTBelakeBjRBHT½y.
-5-
karvIvDÆn_énTsSnviC¢a
GñkEdl)anRsavRCavrkeXIjnUvehtuTaMgBIrenH ehIypSBVpSay
[kan;EtTUlMTUlayeLIg rEmg)anTTYlkarelIktemáIgBImCÄdæannana faCa
GñkR)aCJ ¬TsSnviTU¦ CaGñkKYrTTYlnUvkareKarBbUCaénCnanuCnTaMgLay.
karBüayamEsVgyl;GMBITwkRBHT½yGaTIeTB )anvIvDÆeTACaviC¢aeharasa®sþ
ehIyEbkEmkeTACaviC¢adéTeTotCaeRcIn eTAtamkarniym b¤CMenOEdlfa
eFIVya:gNa[EtGaTIeTBeBjRBHT½y.
karBüayamrkviFIeFIV[GaTIeTBeBjRBHT½yenH )anlUtlas;kan;Et
xøaMgeLIg rhUtkøayeTACaBiFIkmµepSg ² enAkñúgsasna ehAfa {sasnviFI}
ehIyenATIbMputk¾køayeTACa {ésysa®sþ} KWk,ÜntRma sþIGMBImnþGaKm
epSg ² EdlGacbgÁab;FmµCati dUcCaXat;ePøóg ehAePøóg kab;minmut )aj;
minecj eFIVesñh_ b¤rMedaHeRKaHelIkrasI.l. CnNaecHk,ÜneFIV[GaTIeTB
eBjRBHT½y CnenaHeQµaHfaCa {elaksgÇ b¤Gacarü} mannaTITak;TgpÞal;
CamYyGaTIeTBnwgmnusS RBmTaMgeFIVBiFIkmµepSg ² eTAtambec©keTsrbs;
xøÜn GñkxøHesøókBak;Es,kxøa xøHesøóksMbkeQI xøHesøoksMBt;BN’elOgx¨I
Tuksk; nigBukmat;Evg eRbIR)as;vtßúEbøk ² eFIVya:gNa[mnusSyl;RcLM
faxøÜnCamnusSviess ehIynaMKñaeKarBbUCa.l. b:uEnþmnusSEdlRtUv)an
RbCaCneKarBbUCaeRcInbMputenaH KWmnusSEdlecHsenþas.
TsSnviC¢aburaNdUc)aneBalmkenH etI[KuN b¤[eTas? cemøIyKW
[TaMg 2 KWTaMgKuNTaMgeTas. kalebIP½yFmµCati)anekIteLIgdl;mnusS
CMnan;edIm ehIyBMumanGñkNaecjmuxedaHRsay b¤pþl;PaBkk;ekþA BYkeK
nwgekIteraKsrésR)asaTRKb;Kñaminxan edaysarEtkarGs;sgÇwm. eRBaH
ehtudUecñH buKÁlEdlrkeXIjnUvehtuEdlnaM[mnusSmankarP½yxøac nig
-6-
karvIvDÆn_énTsSnviC¢a
ehtukMcat;esckþIP½yxøac buKÁlenaHcat;CaGñkR)aCJ ¬TsSnviTU¦ CabuKÁlKYr
CaTIeKarBbUCaénmnusSkñúgsm½yenaH eRBaH)aneFIVRbeyaCn_mhasaldl;
BYkeKrab;minGs; EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾Kg;maneTasxøHminxan ]bma
fa elaksgÇ b¤GacarüEdlmnusSTaMgLay)anepJITMnukcitþenaH CamnusS
RbkbedayelaP³ eTas³ emah³ cUlcitþykeRbóbGñkdéT eFIVBiFIkmµmþg ²
bgÁab;eK[bg;masR)ak; b¤vtßúenH vtßúenaH edIm,IRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn Caehtu
[ekItPaBekþARkhaydl;mnusSTaMgLay nigsgÁmCati dUecñHCaedIm nwg
maneTasminxan.
kMeNItTsSnviC¢abUBa’
TsSnviC¢abUBa’ )anekIteLIgenARbeTs\eNÐómuneK eTIbmaneQµaH
fa{TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó}. karsikSakalenaH sisSTaMgLayRtUvenAkñúgsMNak;
Gacarü edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarbgÁab;[TenÞj [sURt nigeFIVsmaFi edIm,I[
yl;c,as;nUvPaBBit nigeKalbMNgBitR)akdrbs;;mnusS CapøÚvmYyEdl
GacCYydas;etOnmnusS[ecHKitBicarNarkehtupledayxøÜnÉg.
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóPaKeRcInEdl)ankt;RtaTuk Tak;Tg;eTAnwgGarmµN_
Gaf’kM)aMg GarmµN_pøÚvkñúg b¤Fm’kñúg CaTsSnviC¢ax<s;bMput dUcmanEcgenA
kñúgKm<Ir bJkevT eRkaymkehAfa sMhitaRBahµN³ nig ]bnis½T CaKm<Ir
Epñkcriysa®sþ nigFmµsa®sþ GaceRbICak,Ünc,ab;kñúgkarkat;esckþI edIm,I
yutiFm’. RTwsþIenHRtUv)anpSBVpSayeTAbUBa’Tis rhUtdl;RbeTscin Cb:un
GasIuGaeKñy_ nigbuWeso.l. TsSnviC¢aenH)ancab;epþImBIpl RtLb;eTArk
bBaðaCIvitmnusS/ karrs;enArbs;mnusSkñúgcRkvaL nigeKaledAénCIvit.
-7-
kMeNItTsSnviC¢abUBa’
RbeTs\eNÐóCaRbPBkMeNItGariyFm’ sasna nigTsSnviC¢acas;
CageKenAkñúgelak ehIy)anpSBVpSayKMnitrbs;xøÜneTAkan;GariyRbeTs
pgEdr. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó )andl;TsSnviC¢aRBHevT Edl)anR)akdCarUbrag
eLIgRbEhlCa3/000-4/500 qñaMmkehIy. TsSnviC¢aRBHevTenHRtUv)an
eFIVsgÁayna erobcMsaCafµIeLIgvijCapøÚvkarRbEhlCa 600 mun K>s> KWkñúg
eBlEdlRBHsmµasm<úT§RTg;Kg;CaFrman ¬manRBHCnµ¦ enAeLIy. kareFIV
sgÁaynakalenaH manTsSnviTUCaeRcIn )ankt;sMKal;fa eRBaHEt\T§iBl
RBHBuT§sasnaeRCótcUleTAkñúglTi§rbs;eK.
RbvtþikarTsSnviC¢abUBa’ b¤TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóenH mankarBi)akxøHEdr
eRBaHBMumaneQµaHbuKÁl nigkalbriecäTc,as;las; RKan;Etdwgfa TsSnviC¢a
\eNÐómundMbUgmankarvivDÆn_elOnNas; ehIyRtUv)anEckecjCa 2 CMnan;
KW¬1¦ CMnan;RBHevT nig¬2¦ CMnan;sm½yTMenIb (Classic). Km<IrepSg ²
minTan;manBitR)akdeT BYkeKbgðat;beRgóntamviFIniyayR)ab;t ² Kña.
luHmkdl; 500 qñaMmun K>s> CMnan; b¤yuKsm½yTMenIbRtUv)anEckCa 2
KW¬1¦ yuKxøas;siuKedIm nig¬2¦ yuKxøas;siuKcug. yuKxøas;siuKcug cat;Tuk
faCayuKmasénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó eRBaHcab;taMgBI 500 qñaMmun K>s> mkTl;
nwg K>s> TsSnviC¢aenH mankarlUtlas;kan;EtxøaMgeLIg rhUtekIt)anCa
lT§inanaCaeRcIn.
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday TsSnviTUTaMgLaykñúgsm½yenaH enAEtman
karsgS½ykñúgPav³x<s;bMput énFmµCatidUcKñaTaMgGs;. BYkeKyl;fa dYgc½nÞ
dYgGaTitü ePøóg xül; rnÞH EpøkbenÞar PÁrlan;.l. suT§EtmanviBaØaN
GaTIeTBsßitenA dUecñHehIy)anCaeKehAfa {RBHGaTitü RBHc½nÞ} CaedIm.
-8-
kMeNItTsSnviC¢abUBa’
cMENkRBHRBhµ CaviBaØaNbrisuT§ minecHsøab; enARKb;RKgÉkPB nignaM
viBaØaNmnusSEdlsagGMeBIl¥[eTAekItCamYy.
TsSnviC¢amanmkCamYynwgmnusSkñúgelak EteKmindwgkarBit
edayehtufaKµanP½sþútagsikSaRsavRCav. P½sþútagdMbUgEdleKyl;fa Ca
edImehtu[ekItTsSnviC¢aenaH KWCatRmaRBHevT Edl)anrYbrYmeroberogTuk
RbEhlCa 3/000 qñaMmkehIy b:uEnþBMumanP½sþútagbBa¢ak;faGñkNaCaGñk
eroberogeLIy ehIyRtUv)anpSBVpSayBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edayman
RBahµNacarüCaRbFan. RBahµN_TaMgenaHGagfa xøÜnCaGñk)ansþab;pÞal;BI
RBH»sRBHRBhµ ehIynaMmkpSBVpSayt ² KñamrhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH. BYk
RBahµN_eCOfaKm<IrRBHevTCaKm<IrburaN CaKm<Irs½kþisiT§. Km<IrenHÉgEdl
eKTTYlsÁal;faCabJsKl;énTsSnviC¢abUBa’.
ehtuEdlTsSviC¢abUBa’ekItkñúg\eNÐódMbUg
kñúgKm<IrRBHevTmanerOgpþÜcepþIm[ekItsasna nigTsSnviC¢aeLIg
edayGm CaehtukarN_dMbUg eBalKWmanehtukarN_Ebøk ² Edl)anekIt
eLIgBIP½yFmµCati )anpSBVpSayBlanuPaBeRCAeTAkñúgcitþ nigvifICIviténBYk
Griyk³ b¤Gariyan EdlCaBYkmanesckþIceRmInrugerOgbMputenAkñúgTwkdIenaH
eRBaHEtmanPaBcEmøkéncitþ nigP½yFmµCatienHÉg. BYkeKeCOfaGaTIeTB
KWCam©as;énFmµCatikñúgelak CaGñkbegáItnUvGIV ² TaMgGs;. edIm,ICaTIBwg
pøÚvcitþ/ dMbUgBYkGariyan)anseRmccitþfa³ karTTYlykP½sþútagEdlman
enAkñúgKm<IrRBHevTCaTIBwg nwgrYcputcakPy½nþrayCagkarminmanGIVesaH.
dUecñaHehIy enAeBlRBHGaTitüGrueNaT½y KWkMBugbgðajxøÜnsnSwm ² júaMg
-9-
ehtuEdlTsSnviC¢abUBa’ekItkñúg\eNÐódMbUg
emX[manBN’RkhmeRBÒg² enATIsbUB’edIm,IbMPøWelaka BYkGariyannaMKña
cab;epþImsURtmnþsresIrPaBGs©arüénRBHGaTitü edayehtufaRBHGaTitü
)anCYykMcat;PaBggwt nigPaBP½yxøacénmnusSstVTaMgLay ehIynaMmk
nUvPaBPøWsVagd¾RtcHRtcg; eFIV[mnusSelak minfaGñkmanGñkRk GñktUc
GñkFM )anesckþIsuxceRmInRKb; ² Kña. kñúgeBlraRtI BYkeK)annaMKñasURtFm’
bYgsYgRBHGaTitü sMu[CYykarBarPynþrayTaMgLayTaMgBYg EdlnwgekIt
mandl;BYkeK. raRtIkalminCaTIeBjcitþénBYkeKeT BYkeKbn;[EtPøWqab; ²
eRBaHva rEmgeFIV[BYkeK mankarP½yxøacCanic©. ehtukarN_enH man\T§iBl
xøaMgNas; enAkñúgsm½yRBHevT.
luHmkdl;sm½y]bnis½T )anekItmanKMnitfµImYyeTot KWkarrYcput
BIesckþIsøab; eTIbman\sImYyrUb eQµaH yaCBaØvlk½y )anBüayamravrk
pøÚvecjcakTukçkñúgelak eTAkan;TIR)ascakesckþIsøab;. elak)anbeRgón
xøÜnÉg nigGñkdéT[sÁal;Gtþa ¬xøÜn¦. enAkñúgKm<Ir]bnis½TEcgfa {ym³/
niym³} KWkiriyaevorcakGMeBIGaRkk; sagesckþIl¥ eFIVcitþ[brisuT§l¥pUrpg;
mansenþas manxnþIRbcaMCanic© eBjcitþsikSa nigRbtibtþicMeBaHRBHGaTIeTB
eRBaHCIvitmnusSKµanBIreT ekItmkEtmþgb:ueNÑaH ehIyrlayeTAvij KYreFIV
xøÜnCaRbeyaCn_[)aneRcInbMput. kareFIVxøÜn[CaRbeyaCn_kñúgTIenH )andl;
kareFIVcitþ[Cak;c,as;nUvGmt³ KWPaBminecHsøab;éncitþ. cMENkragkay
nigCIvit EdlsnµtfaxøÜnR)aNenH rEmgEbkFøayeTAvij tamkal³eTs³
eRBaHRKb;ya:gRtUvsßitenAeRkam\T§iBlénkal³eTs³. kal³eTs³enH Ca
mar ya:gmhnþ caMbMpøajCIvitnigGIV ² kñúgelak[vinaseTA EtcitþGmt³enH
marminGacbMpøaj)aneT. dUecñHRbeyaCn_kñúgCIvitmñak; ² enaH BYkeKnwgdwg
-10-
ehtuEdlTsSnviC¢abUBa’ekItkñúg\eNÐódMbUg
ya:gc,as;enAkñúgGmt³ favaCaGIV ? mansPaBdUcemþc ?. ehtudUecñHehIy
)anCa\sI yaCBaØvlk½y én]bnis½T beRgónmnusSTaMgLayfa {Gtþa b¤
Gatµ½n KWxøÜn CaerOgEdlKYr[cg;eXIj cg;sþab; cg;Kit nigKYrRtas;dwg
kalebIeyIgeXIjsþab;KitnigRtas;dwgehIy cat;faeyIgmannUvGIV² TaMgGs;
edayBit ehtuenHGtþa b¤Gatµ½n KWxøÜnenHCaerOgEdlKYr[nwkdl;Canic©}1.
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐómanbJsKl;BIcitþ
eKEckmnusSCa 2 PaK KW¬1¦ PaKragkayEdlCavtßú Gacb:HBal;
)an CarUbragxageRkA GacemIleXIjedayEPñkFmµta)anya:ggay nig¬2¦
PaKxagkñúg )andl;citþ CasPav³b:HBal;edayvtßúepSg ² min)an eRBaH
minmanrUb/ TaMg 2 PaKenHGaRs½yKñanwgKña. ragkayenHebIxVHcitþ ehAfa
mnusSsøab; b¤exµac ÉcitþebIxVHragkay ehAfa ectPUt. citþenHsMxan;Cag
kay dUcBaküfa {citþCaecAhVay kayCabMerI} mYyeTotfa {kalebIcitþ
s¥atl¥sføa ragkayenaHNanwgrugerOg EtebIcitþesAhµg ragkaypgnwg
ekItTukç ebIkaymanrbYs citþGñkenaHKµaneTsux nwgekItTukçdUcEtKña ebIeK
kMNt;citþ)an karcukcab;TaMgb:unµannwgFUrRsal)anmYyRKa. TsSnviC¢abUBa’
b¤\eNÐó ¬elIkElgcarvak¦ suT§EtmancitþCabJsKl; pSaP¢ab;eTAnwgkarBit
EdlmanPaBGaf’kM)aMgtamFmµCati mingaynwgBiesaF[eXIjkarBiteday
em:RkUTsSn_)aneLIy. RTwsþIdUc)aneBalmkenH sMedAykcMeNHdwgEdl
Tak;TgeTAnwgPaBBit nigpþl;nUvTsSn³ kñúgerOgkarERbRbYlCIvitmnusS
1.
sVamI stüannÞ b:urI/ )azkfa ¬)agkk ERbBITüa/ B>s> 2524 TMB½r 257¦
-11-
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐómanmYldæanBIcitþ
RBmTaMgpþl;nUvPaBsMxan;rbs;citþkñúgCIviteTotpg eRBaHcMeNHdwgEpñk
TsSviC¢aBMu)anR)afñaRtwmEtRTwsþI b¤karnwkKitb:ueNÑaHeT EtnwgCYyCMruj[
eXIjya:gCak;c,as;nUvPaBBitd¾x<g;x<s;bMputkñúgCIvitpgEdr.
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;lT§i ¬elIkElgcarvak¦ rEmgTTYlsÁal;karrYc
putcakGnÞak; b¤TukçTaMgBYg EdlCaeKaledARbesIrbMputkñúgCIvit. KMnitenH
GacxusKñaxøHenAkñúglT§inana b:uEnþTTYlsÁáal;karrYcputdUecñaH faCakarrMlt;
TukçTaMgBYg)an. TukçenHmanmkBIkMeNItdUcbzm)abrbs;RKisÞan eTIbman
lT§ixøHKiteTotfa kalebIrMlt;Tukç)anehIy esckþIsuxnwgekItmaneLIg.
kñúgn½yenH dUcKñanwgkarTTYlTanGahar KWminRtwmEtbM)at;esckþIeRsk
Xøanb:ueNÑaHeT nwg)anEq¥tpgEdr. lT§i evTant³ ny:ay³ nig eCn man
TsSn³dUcKñanwgKMnitenH. sUm,IRBHBuT§sasna nikayxøHk¾manTsSn³
ya:genHEdr . bNÐit caduNaF sinh³2 (Jadunath Sinha) eBalfa
{TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRbkan;ykcitþCaFM TaMgTsSnviC¢a TaMgsasnaenA\eNÐó
mansm<½n§KñaminGacEckdac;eLIy. sasnaBMuEmnCaerOgQøk;vegVg b¤GbIy_
CMenOeT EtCabTBiesaFn_énCIvit eRBaHCakarRbtibtþ edIm,I[eXIjc,as;
eXIjBitnUvpøÚvcitþ. TsSnviC¢a CaRTwsþITak;Tg;nwgkarBit dwgc,as;nUvFmµCati
nigdwgesckþIBitEdlCapøÚvnaMeTAkan;emakS³. ehtudUecñH TsSnviC¢a BMuEmn
CaRTwsþIGt;GMeBIenaHeT EtCakarRsavRCavravrkesckþIBitEpñkpøÚvcitþ}.
kareCOeTAelIc,ab;kmµ )anman\T§iBlenAkñúgRbvtþisa®sþ TsSnviC¢a
\eNÐóCaeRcIn ehIylT§idéTk¾manTsSn³dUcKñaEdr evorElgEtlT§icarvak
2> Judanath Sinha , Outlines of Indian Philosophy (Calcultta: Calcutta
University, 1962) P.1
-12-
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐómanmYldæanBIcitþ
b:ueNÑaH yl;eXIjfasøab;ehIysUnü eRBaHlT§ienH CalT§ivtßúniymRCul
mineCOkmµnigplrbs;kmµeT.
luHcMeNreRkaymk TsSn³c,ab;énkmµenH )ankøayeTACac,ab;
saklénkmµ RKb;lT§ienA\eNÐó )anyl;eXIjdUcKñafaGMeBIl¥ b¤GaRkk;
EdlbuKÁl)ansagTuk rEmgmin)at;bg; rEmghucpldl;buKÁlGñksagvij
sUm,IlT§iTaMg 6 KW sagçy³ eyaK³ nya:y³ év:essik³ mINagsa nig
evTant³ EdlmankareCOCak;kñúgKm<IrRBHevT fas½kþisiT§i k¾TTYlsÁal;c,ab;
énkmµenHEdr lT§iEdlmineCOkñúgKm<IrRBHevT dUcCasasnaRBHBuT§ nig
sasnaeCn k¾TTYlsÁal;c,ab;énkmµenH. c,ab;énkmµ )andl;TegVIRKb;ya:g
minfaGaRkk; b¤l¥ rEmgpþl;pldl;m©as;kmµCanic© eTaHCaeFIVenAkñúgGtIt
bc©úb,nñ b¤GnaKtk¾eday k¾minGaceKcput)anEdr eTIbeKcat;Tukc,ab;én
kmµenHfaCac,ab;sIlFm’sakl Cac,ab;RTRTg;stVelak [mankarrIk
ceRmInTaMgpøÚvkay citþ nigpøÚvstibBaØa.
lkçN³TUeTAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
TsSnviC¢a b¤R)aCJa KWdwgc,as;nUvPaBBitd¾x<g;x<s; BMumanGIVEdlx<s;
CagenH ehAfa {Gnþimsc³©}. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó ebIeTaHCaRkum Gastik³
nig nastik³ k¾enAmanlkçN³TUeTARbhak;RbEhlKñaEdr KW³
1> sgát;F¶n;elIbBaðaGatµ½n TsSnviTU\eNÐóeCOfamanGatµ½n
BüayamsÁal;Gatµ½n ehIykMcat;Gatµ½nedIm,IcUldl;emakS³.
2> eBalBaküsm<½n§nwgCIvit TsSnviC¢a\eNÐómankarsm<½n§ya:g
CitsñiT§nwgmnusS BMu)anR)afñacMeNHdwgEtmüa:gb:ueNÑaHeT EtBicarNaGMBI
-13-
lkçN³TUeTAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
bBaðaCIvitkñúgpøÚvepSg ² pgEdr dUcKñanwgTsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta nigTsSnviC¢a
]bnis½T EdleBaldl;eKalkarN_dMeNIrCIvitRtwmRtUv.
3> sgát;F¶n;elIkarlHGatµ½necalcakelak ehIycUldl;emakS³
KWRbkan;ykemakS³CaeKaledAx<s;bMputénCIvit. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóminR)afña
Cab;CMBak;elakenHeT EtR)afñaelakTiBV sm,tþiTiBV CIvitTiBV sUm,IEpñkxag
RBHBuT§sasna k¾)anbeRgón[dl; vimuti KWkarrYcputcakelakEdlmanEt
esckþITukç. enHBMuEmnmann½yfa TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóCaTuniym (Pessimism)
eXIjelakkñúgcMNucGaRkk;enaHeT KWeXIjtamkarCak;Esþg mancMNucxøH
hak;dUcCaTuniymEdr eRBaHniyayGMBIerOgTukç b:uEnþsMedAykkarcUldl;
eKaledA KWesckþIsuxCanirnþr BMu)ansMedAykkarCab;CMBak;kñúgelakén
esckþITukçeLIy RKan;EtbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;nUvsPav³Biténelak ehIymin
liccuHeTAkñúgsPav³EdlCaTukçenaHeT.
4> eKaledAx<s;bMputKWemakS³ edayRbkan;x¢ab;faemakS³Ca
elakTiBVR)ascakTukçesakeraKP½yRKb;Rbkar. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóTaMgLay
evorElgEtcarvak )aneBaldl;erOgemakS³enHTaMgGs; edayeCOfa
emakS³enHCaTIrMedaHelaP³ eTas³ emah³ nigrYcputcakcMNgRKb;ya:g.
eKaledAenHehIyEdlnaM[ekItcriyasa®sþfñak;x<s;kñúgpøÚvsasna.
5> bJsKl;sMxan;éncMNg nigTukçTaMgBYg KWGviC¢a TsSnviTUeCOfa
Bn§³KWcMNg nigsBVTukçsBVcéRg CaplénGviC¢a TsSnviC¢a\eNÐórbbepSg
eTotk¾eCOya:genHEdr. RBHsmµasm<úT§RTg;beRgónGrisc© 4/ sgáracarü
beRgónevTant³ edIm,IkMcat;GviC¢a.
6> sgát;F¶n;elIkarRbtibtþedIm,IemakS³ TsSnviTURbkan;x¢ab;fa³
-14-
lkçN³TUeTAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
karRbtibtþCaerOgsMxan;Nas; eRBaHCaehtu[dl;Pav³\sSr³cakGivC¢a.
eyaK³ 8 rbs;btBa¢lI nig GriymKÁGgÁ 8 rbs;RBHBuT§sasna CaTI
niymTUeTA. cMeNHdwg nigkarRbtibtþCaKUnwgKña/ karRbtibtþmanRbeyaCn_
dl;karhVwkhat;kay nigcitþ edIm,I[ekItbBaØa kMcat;bg;tYGviC¢a nwg)ancUl
dl;emakS³ b¤ vimuti.
7> mankarBitEpñkcitþCabJsKl; TsSnviTU\eNÐó )aneBaldl;
karBiténcitþya:gl¥itl¥n; nigeRCARCHbMput. RBHsmµasm<úT§ btBa¢lI
sgáracarü nig ramnuC )aneBaldl;TsSnviC¢aEpñkcitþenHeRcInkEnøgNas;
sUm,Ielakbc©úb,nñenHk¾TTYlsÁal;karRbtibtþeyaK³famanRbsiT§iPaB Gac
bM)at;eraKkaynigcitþ ehIynaM[ekItsmaFibBaØaEdr )anCaTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
taMgenAelIbJsKl;énbTBiesaFn_pøÚvcitþenH.
8> TMnak;TMngrvagTsSnviC¢anigsasna ]TahrN_ karrYcputcak
Tukç CaeKaledATsSnviC¢a nigsasna. TsSviC¢amannaTIsMxan; xagBiesaF
rkkarBiténCIvit bTBiesaFn_EpñkvuDÆibBaØa nigEpñkviBaØaN CaeRKÓgRTRTg;
PaBrwgbwug nigPaBsmehtusmplénRTwsþIsasna. enHeXIjfaxusKñanwg
TsSnviC¢abs©wm EdlmankarvivDÆn_eTAedayELk ebIeTaHCamanTMnak;TMng
CamYysasna k¾tictYcb:ueNÑaH minTaMgRsugdUcTsSnviC¢abUBa’eT.
9> sgát;F¶n;elIviFIrbs;xøÜn nigvicarN³déT TsSnviTU\eNÐóRKb;rUb
)anRsavRCavravrkkarBittammeFüa)ayrbs;xøÜnedayesrI BicarNabBaða
ya:gTUlMTUlayedayKtiyutþiFm’. BYkeKminRtwmEteBjcitþnwgTsSn³rbs;
xøÜnb:ueNÑaHeT EteBjcitþBicarNaTsSn³GñkdéTya:gTUlMTUlaypgEdr.
dUecñaHehIy)anCatkáviTüa manbT)azsMxan;enAkñúgkic©BicarNa CaKUKñanwg
-15-
lkçN³TUeTAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
TsSnviC¢a taMgBIsm½yyUrlg;mkehIy.
10> GnuvtþeKalkarN_bdirUb TsSnviTU\eNÐóRKb;rUb BMu)aneBal
sgát;F¶n;eTAelIbBaðaCIvitNamYyenaHeT Et)anBicarNadl;eKalkarN_
saklniymnanapgEdr. BYkeKCaGñkbdirUbsgÁmCatiya:gsMxan; mann½y
faBMu)ansMedAykemakS³EdlCaEpñkbuKÁlb:ueNÑaHeT EtsMedAykkarerobcM
viBaØaN ¬sµartI¦ énsgÁmCatiEdlTak;TgnwgbuKÁlTaMgpøÚvkaynigpøÚvcitþ.
11>manclnaCanic© KYrsegátfa³kalebIrbbTsSnviC¢aNarugerOg
TsSnviTUdéTk¾TTYlsÁal; Caehtu[rbbTsSnviC¢anana XøatcakBIrUbPaB
mYyeTArUbPaBmYy elcecjCavtßúniym FmµCatiniym viBaØaNniym
Ékniym TVikniym.l. elakGñksikSaTsSnviC¢a GacsegáteXIjkiriya
nigbtikiriya rvagrbbTsSnviC¢anana RbsinebITsSnviC¢a\eNÐóCarbb
nwgFwg minERbRbYl nwgmanrbbnanaepSgKñaya:genHBMu)aneLIy.
12> eCOc,ab;kmµ nigkarekItfµI TsSnviTU\eNÐóRbkan;x¢ab;nUvc,ab;
kmµCarbbcriysakl b¤CarbbénÉkPB. muxgarkmµKWlixitCIviténsBVstV
TaMgLay CakmøaMgkñúgkarnaMstVelakTaMgLay[ekIteTot viBaØaNcUl
eTAkñúgrUbragnanatam\T§iBlénkmµ. emakS³b:ueNÑaHEdlGacrMedaHstV[rYc
putcakkmµ nigkarekItfµI.
KYrsegátfa³ TsSnviC¢acarvak BMumaneKalkarN_TaMgGs;enHeT
lkçN³TUeTATaMgGs;enHBMu)anTak;TgnwgTsSnviC¢acarvak b¤vtßúniym\eNÐó
eLIy manEtenAkñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐób:ueNÑaH eTIbehAfa {lkçN³TUeTA
énTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó}.
bNÐit sunÞr N rgSI )ansresrkñúgesovePA {TsSviC¢a\eNÐó{ fa³
-16-
lkçN³TUeTAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;rbbmancMNucrYmKña)an ebIeTaHCaEckCaRkumepSg ²
k¾eday k¾enAmanlkçN³TUeTATak;TgKñanwgKña)anEdr KW³
1> TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;rbbCaTsSnviC¢aCIvit KWmanPaBsm<½n§
ya:gCitsñiT§nwgCIvit sgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarRKb;RKgCIvitxøÜn[manesckþIsux
esckþIceRmInrugerOg eBalKWmandMeNIrCIvitya:gRtwmRtUv.
2> RKb;rbbekItBIkarmineBjcitþénPaBrs;enA edaybgðaj[
eXIjfaCIvitmnusSeyIgenHmanEtesckþITukç dUecñHehIyTsSnviTUTaMgLay
xitxMBüayamRsavRCavrkviFIrMlt;Tukç b¤pøÚvénemakS³ eTIbeKehABYkenHfa
BYkTuniym (Pessimism) KWBYkeXIjelak b¤CIvitkñúgpøÚvGaRkk;. ya:gNa
k¾eday ebIeyIg)ansikSa BicarNaRKb;rbbya:gl¥ehIy eyIgnwgeXIjfa
RKb;rbbsuT§EtENnaMkñúgpøÚvRtUv edIm,IesckþIsux nigrYcputcakTukçdUcKña nwg
ehAfa³ eKaledAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó Ca suniym (Optimism) KWsmøwgemIl
elakkñúgpøÚvRtUv.
3> TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;rbb ¬evorElgcarvak¦ eCOc,ab;énkmµ
TaMgkñúglkçN³EdlCac,ab;énsgSarcRk c,ab;énehtupl niglkçN³Edl
Cac,ab;énsIlFm’ RKb;rbbeCOfa {eFIVl¥rEmg)anpll¥ eFIVGaRkk;rEmg
)anplGaRkk;}. eCOeKalkarN_ nigkMeNItfµI kmµCatYlixitCIvitén
sBVstVTaMgLay CakmøaMgkñúgkarnaMstVelakTaMgLay[ekItfµI viBaØaN
cUleTAkñúgrUbragnana tam\T§iBlénkmµ emakS³b:ueNÑaHEdlGacCYyrMedaH
stV[rYcputcakkmµ nigkarekItfµI.
4> bJsKl;sMxan;éncMNg nigsBVTukçKWGviC¢a TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;
rbbmanTsSn³dUcKñafa GviC¢a b¤GviTüa (Ignorance) CaehtunaMstV[Cab;
-17-
lkçN³TUeTAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
CMBak;kñúgsgSarcRk KWekIt cas; QW søab; rEmgCYbRbTHEtesckþITukçRKb;
ya:g nwgrkesckþIsuxBMu)an. cMENkviC¢a b¤bBaØa CaeRKÓgnaMstV[rYcput
caksgSarcRk BMumanekIt cas; QW søab;kñúgelak nwg)andl;emakS³
EdlCaeKaledAénTsSn³enH.
ya:gNak¾edaykareXIjerOgGviC¢aenH TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó BMu)aneXIj
dUcKñaRKb;rbbeT dUcCaTsSnviC¢ahiNÐÚ nigTsSnviC¢aRBHBuT§/ TsSnviC¢ahiNÐÚ
fa {kareXIj b¤dwgc,as;faGIVEdleTog minERbRbYlenaH ehAfa Gatµ½n}.
RBHBuT§RTg;manbnÞÚlfa {kareXIjdUecñH eQµaHfamanGviC¢a}.
5> karbMeBjsmaFi nigvibsSna TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;rbbyl;fa
karbMeBjsmaFi nigvibsSna BicarNa[eXIjsPav³Bit CapøÚvnaMeTAkan;
TIrMlt;TukçTaMgBYg. bBaðaenHmankarmincuHsRmugKñakñúgerOgsPav³BitxøHEdr
eRBaHsMNak;nImYy ² manTsSn³mindUcKña.
6> RKb;RKgcitþmin[Føak;kñúgGMNackielstNða meFüa)ayenH
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóTaMgGs;yl;faCakarRbesIrNas; eRBaHfakalebIRKb;RKg
citþmin[Føak;kñúgGMNactNða)anehIy citþk¾nwgrYcputesckþIesAhµg nwg)an
cak;FøúHemakS³ EdlCaesckþIsuxnirnþr.
7> TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;lT§iyl;eXIjfakarrYcputcakTukçTaMgBYg b¤
emakS³enaHCaerOgEdlGaceTA)an edaykarRbtibtþtamkarENnaMminrujra
b:uEnþkarRbtibtþedIm,IrYcputcakTukçenaH rEmgmindUcKña eRBaHsMNak;nImYy²
rEmgmanbec©keTsxusKña eTAtamsmtßPaBrbs;RBahµNacarü.
TsSnviC¢asgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarRbtibtþedIm,IemakS³ karRbtibtþenHCa
erOgsMxan; eRBaHCaehtunaM[rYcputcakTukç cMeNHdwg nigkarRbtibtþsMxan;
-18-
buBVbTénTsSnviC¢abUBa’
dUcKña mantémøesµIKña CaKUKña. karRbtibtþmanTaMgcMENkhVwkhat;kay nig
citþ edIm,I[ekItbBaØa TmøaytYviC¢a ehIynwg)andl;emakS³ b¤ vimuti.
GRmitPaBénviBaØaN
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóeCOfa viBaØaN CasPav³minsøab; kalebIragkay
EbkFøay¬søab;¦ viBaØaNnwgeTAcab;bdisn§ikñúgragkayfµI karekIt cas; QW
søab;nwgmanCahUrEh rhUtGatµ½ncUldl;emakS³eTIbrYcput. GIVEdlCabc©½y
naM[viBaØaNeTAekItkñúgPBmYyeTAPBmYyenaH KW)andl;kmµ ebIkmµGaRkk;
viBaØaNenaHnwgeTAekItenAkñúgTITab ebIkmµl¥ viBaØaNenaHnwgeTAekItenAkñúg
TIx<s;. TsSnviC¢a]bnis½Tfa {c,ab;kmµ Carbbnirnþr buKÁlsabeRBaHBUC
ya:gNaeKnwg)anplya:genaH}. c,ab;kmµenHTak;TgeTAnwgc,ab;\sSrPaB
KWRKb;KñamanesrIPaBkñúgkarsagGMeBIepSg² b:uEnþBMumanesrIPaBkñúgkareRCIs
erIsykplénkmµtamcitþrbs;xøÜn)aneT . kmµRKb;ya:grEmghucpl nig
sagvasnakñúgcitþrbs;m©as;kmµ vasnaEdlCabJsKl;pøÚvcitþ nwgkøayeTACa
bJsKl;énCIvitkñúgGnaKtCati . vasnadUc)aneBalmkenH kb;eRCAenAkñúg
])aTan KWkarRbkan;maM. kmµCaerOgvilvl; nigCaerOgpøÚvcitþ b¤Gatµ½n.
emakS³kñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
emakS³CaeKaledAsMxan;kñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó ¬evorElgEtcarvak¦
edayyl;fa RbsinebImansgSarvdþ k¾RtUvEtmanemakS³ KWkarrYcputcak
sgSarvdþ. GviC¢anaM[Cab;CMBak;nwgsgSarvdþ cMENkviC¢amannaTIrMedaHxøÜn
ecjBIsgSarvdþ enaHÉgCatYemakS³. TsSviC¢a\eNÐóeBalfa buKÁlRtUv
-19-
emakS³kñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
taMgcitþsagcMeNHdwgEpñkbTBiesaFn_edayxøÜnÉg eRBaHcMeNHdwg ¬bBaØa¦
dUc)aneBalmkenaH nwg)anCakmøaMg CYy[dl;emakS³.
TsSnviC¢anyay³ nigévessk³ yl;faemakS³manlkçN³kñúgn½y
bdiesF mann½yfa esckþITukçnwgGs;eTAya:gsm,ÚrN_ man\sSrPaBcak
esckþITukçya:gsm,ÚrN_. kñúgemakS³enaH KWGatµ½nnwgRtUvR)ascakragkay
nig\®nÞIy_TaMgLay CaGatµ½nEdlmanPaBbrisuTi§ R)ascakesckþIRsLaj;
esckþIP½yxøac esckþIERbRbYl nigesckþIRTuDeRTam GñkEdlcUldl;emakS³
KWGñkEdlmanbBaØa yl;dwgEpñkehtuplya:gl¥.
TsSnviC¢amInagsa yuKdMbUg yl;fa karcUldl;zansYK’ CargVan;
x<s;bMputénkarRbtibtþsasna eRBaHzansYK’pþl;esckþIsuxBMumanERbRbYl.
luHeRkaymkKMniterOgemakS³ )aneRCótcUlmkCMnYserOgzansYK’. Gatµ½n
kñúgzan³rbs;emakS³ R)ascakcMNgénkmµRKb;ya:g nwg)aneTAekItfµIya:g
yutþiFm’ GñkEdlcUldl;emakS³rEmgRbtibtþisasnaedaycitþs¶b;l¥enAkñúg
emakS³enaH.
TsSnviC¢aevTant³ yl;fa emakS³ KWkardwgc,as;EdlÉkPaBrvag
Gatµ½nnwgRBhµ. GñkEdlcak;FøúHemakS³EtenAmanCIvit rEmgdwgc,as;nUvPav³
énRBhµkñúgxøÜnedayxøÜnÉg rEmgrIkrayenAkñúgsnþisux. kñúgRBhµ Casnþisux
eRBaHdwgc,as;nUvÉkPaBrvagxøÜnnwgRBhµ rEmgeXIjkarBitfa {GjCaRBhµ}
enHKWesckþIBitya:gx<s;bMput.
KYrsegátfa³ emakS³énTsSn³nImYy ² suT§EtmankarxusEbøkKña
ehIykarxusEbøkKñaenH KWmkBIkarceRmInlUtlas;énGariyFm’tamEbbbT
TsSnviC¢aenaHÉg.
-20-
emeronTI 1
karEbgEcgyuKTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
erOgyuK erOgsm½yenH TsSnviTUEpñkPartviTüa mankaryl;eXIj
minsUvRtUvKñaeT manGñkxøHEbgEckCaeRcInyuK GñkxøHEbgEckCa 3 yuK
KWyuKRBHevT/ yuKmhakaBü nigyuKrbbTsSnviC¢aTaMg 6 EtkñúgTIenHnwg
niyayEt 4 yuK tamsa®sþacarü bNÐit s> raFRKwsѽn CaTsSnviTU\eNÐó
d¾sMxan;mñak; nigelak hUer:s eG> rU:s (Horace A. Rose) GñkRsavRCav
d¾sMxan;rbs;\eNÐó EdlFøab;mantMENgCaecARkmEpñkviC¢akarmnusSviTüa.
GñkR)aCJTaMgBIrnak;enH )anEbgEckyuKdUecñH KW³
1> yuKRBHevT (The Vedic Period 1500 B.C.-600 B.C.)
yuKenH cab;epþImtaMgBIBYkGariyancUlmktaMglMenAzan ehIy)an
pSBVpSayGariyFm’rbs;xøÜn eFIVBiFIsURtmnþsresIrGaTIeTB tamKm<IrbJkevT
nigGPiR)ayTsSn³epSg² kñúgKm<Ir]bnis½T. eBaledaysegçb BYkenH)an
cab;epþImpSBVpSay\T§iBlrbs;xøÜn taMgBIekItmanRBHevTenAkñúgRbvtþiKMnit
EpñkTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó.
2> yuKmhakaBü (The Epic Period 600 B.C.- K>s> 200)
yuKenH cab;epþImkñúgGMLúgeBlGPivDÆKm<Ir]bnis½TxagedIm nigkñúg
GMLúgeBlcab;rbbTsSnviC¢anana b¤ehAfa {TsSn³vivDÆn_}. mhakaBü
ramayn³ nigmhaPart³ eRbób)annwgBahn³naMsarsm<½n§[ekIteLIg rvag
virbursnwgGaTIeTB eBal KWtaMgBIekItmanmhakaBü 2 erOg KWmhakaBü
ramayn³ nigmhakaBümhaPart³/ enAkñúgyuKenH elaksa®sþacarü
bNÐit raFRKwsѽn )aneBalfaCayuKRBHBuT§sasna nigsasnaeCn ceRmIn
rugerOg RbNaMgRbECgKñanwgsasnaRBahµN_.
-21-
karEbgEcgyuKTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
3> yuKRBHsURt (The Sutra Period cak K>s> 200-…)
edayeyaleTAtamvtßÚbkrN_)anekItmankan;EteRcIneLIg caM)ac;
RtUvEtkt;RtaTuknUvrbbTsSnviC¢a Caehtu[ekItmaneLIgnUvrUbPabénsURt
epSg ² ehAfa {RBHsURt}.
4> yuKBhusSÚRt b¤Gñksþab;eRcIn (The Scholastic Period)
yuKenHmanTsSnviTUFM ² eRcInNas; dUcCa kumarila/ sgáracarü/
RsIFr/ ramanuC/ m½Fv³/ vacsSbti/ ]Tüan/ Paskr/ Cynþ/ viBaØaNPikçú nig
rXunaf.l. enAkñúgyuKenH rbbtkákviTüaRtUv)aneKnaMmkGnuvtþya:gTUlM
TUlay TsSnviTU eQµaHl,I² dUcCa sgáracarü nig ramanuC k¾)annaMlT§I
cas; ² mkpSBVpSaymþgeTot ehIy)ansresrerOgra:vEdlTak;TgeTAnwg
TsSnviC¢a CaeRcInk,al.
manTsSnviTU\eNÐó ¬TsSnviTUbUBa’¦ nigTsSnviTUbs©wmRbeTs min
ticnak;eT Edl)anEbgEckyuKTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó eTACayuKRBHevT
yuKRBahµN_ nigyuKhiNÐÚ.
manTsSnviTUxøHeTot)anEbgEckTsSnviC¢a Ca 2 yuKFM ² k¾man KW
yuKRBHevT nigyuKTsSnviC¢akñúgsMNak;epSg ².
-22-
TsSnviC¢abUBa’ edayRBHmha ma:sarin visuT§ (M.Phil)
emeronTI 2
TsSnviC¢aRBHevT
esckþIepþIm
yuKRBHevTenH manRbvtþminsUvc,as;las;eT mindwgCaGñkNaEdl
manKMnitbegáIteLIg snñidæanfa RbEhlCaekIteLIgrvag 3/000-4/500
qñaMmkehIy. elaksa®sþacarü bNÐit s> raFRKwsѽn CaGtItRbFanaFibtI
nigCaTsSnviTU\eNÐód¾l,Imñak; )anRsavRCavrkeXIjfa TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó)an
ekIteLIgRbEhlCa 3/500 qñaMenHÉg KWekItmunRBHBuT§sasna RbmaN
1/000 ¬999¦ qñaM.
Baküfa {evT/ evT³} mkBIBakü {viT/ viT³} ERbfa {cMeNHdwg/ viTüa
bBaØa= karqøatvagév.l. CaTUeTAniymehAfa {RBHevT} RBHevTCavNÑKti
cMNas;CageKbMputrbs;\eNÐó CaKm<IrrYbrYmcMeNHdwgrbs;mnusSEdlman
GayukalyUryarmkehIy. RBHevT)anpþl;cMeNHdwgEpñkTsSnviC¢aCaeRcIn
ehIy)aneBaldl;erOgkñúgGtItkald¾yUrlg;CaeRcInerOg . RBHevTBMuEmn
manEtcMNucsMxan;kñúgpøÚvTsSnviC¢a nigsasnarbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaHeT Etman
cMeBaHsasnadéTpgEdr . RBHevTmanPaBcMNas;Rbhak;RbEhlKñanwg
bTBiesaFn_erOgsuxTukçrbs;mnusS . RBHevT)anR)ab;eyIg[dwgfamnusS
)anGs;Gal½ykñúgCIvitehIy ehIyEsVgrkGnþimsc©³ EdlmanGanuPaBGac
kMcat;esckþITukçGs;Kµansl;.
RBHevTman\T§iBlxøaMgNas;enAkñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó . karcUldl;
-23-
esckþIepþIm
Gnþimsc©³edayBaJaNviess cat;CabJsKl;rbs;RBHevT. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
RKb;RkumGnþimsc©³TTYlsÁal;PaBsMxan;énRBHevT eRBaHyl;faRBHevTnwg
CYybNþal[eXIjGnþimsc©³Canirnþr nigdl;TIbMput Gacarünwgsis)an
epÞrcMeNHdwgeTAtamlMdab;t ² KñaCayUrGEgVgmkehIy . ehtudUecñHehIy
eTIbRBHevTRtUv)aneKehAfa {RKuti} KWRBHKm<IrEdl)ansþab;t ² Kña.
Km<IrRBHevTman 4 KW¬1¦ bJKevT ¬2¦ yCurevT ¬3¦ samevT nig
¬4¦ Gafan;evT . kñúgevTnImYy ² manKm<IrRkbdUecñH KW bJKevT manm®nþ³
RBahµN³ nig]bnis½T.l. evTdéT ¬3 eTot¦ k¾manKm<IrRbkbEdr Et
BMu)ansEmþgkñúgTIenHeT. KMnitTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó )antaMgeLIgkñúgKm<IrRBHevT
ehIyceRmInlUtlas;enAkñúgsm½y]bnis½T.
RBHevT)aneBaldl;kMeNItelakeRcInNas; minecHcb;minecHehIy
BiessKWbJKevT/ eBalfa³ mundMbUgBMumanGIVeT manEtPaBggwtRKbdNþb;
TUeTA yl;fabTsURtmnþkñúgRBHevT CaKm<Ircas;rbs;CnCatiGariyanedIm.
ya:gNak¾eday BYkeKyl;faRBHevTKWCabJsKl;énKMnitTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó.
Km<IrRBHevT b¤éRtevT
CnCati\eNÐóyl;fa Km<IrRBHevTCatRma EdlmanGayueRcInCageK
cas;CageK nigs½kþisiT§ibMput dMbUgeLIyKm<IrenHman 3 ehAfa {éRtevT}
CaKm<IrsMxan;Nas;sRmab;CnCatiGariyan eRBaHbuKÁlEdlnwgkøayeTACa
GñkR)aCJEpñknana manGñkR)aCJEpñksasna b¤GkSrsa®sþ RtUvEtsikSa[
cb;éRtevTCamunsin eCOfakalebIsikSacb;éRtevTehIy nwgmanstibBaØa
qøatvagév nwg)aneTACamnusSviess b¤CamnusSGs©arükñúgsm½yenaH. luH
-24-
Km<IrRBHevT b¤éRtevT
cMeNreRkaymk RbEhlCarab;Ban;qñaM eTIbmanKm<IrTI 4 ekIteLIgEfmeTot
KWKm<IrGafan;evT.
Km<IrRBHevTenH ebItamPsþútagEdlmanEcgenAkñúgKm<IrRBHéRtbidk
énBuT§sasnakñúgsm½yBuT§kalenaHfaman 3 Km<Irb:ueNÑaH ehAfa {éRtevT}
KW ¬1¦ bJKevT ¬2¦ yCurevT nig ¬3¦ samevT . cMENkGafan;evT b¤
GtrvevT CaevTTI 4 enaH BMumanEcgenAkñúgsm½yBuT§kaleT. enHbBa¢ak;fa
Gafan;evTenH )anekIteLIgeRkaysm½yBuT§kalya:gBitR)akd.
1> bJKevT b¤ bJKsgðita CaKm<IrsþIGMBIkMNaBükaBüa CakMNaBüEdl
)ancgRkgeLIgmundMbUgbg¥s;3 nigCac,ab;dMbUgsRmab;CnCatiGariyan
eRBaHeKyl;fa CabJsKl;énsasna. vNÑKti nigkarRKb;RKgTaMgGs;RtUv
)anerobcMeLIg edIm,IeRbIkñúgkarsURtsresIrGaTIeTBTaMgLay EdlsßitenA
kñúgFmµCati dUcCaRBHGaTitü RBH\nÞ RBH]sa RBHvisÑú RBHGKÁnI nigRBHvruN
EdlmanbJT§anuPaBxøaMgkøa . GaTIeTBTaMgGs;enH mundMbUgmannaTI\sSr³
BMumanGgÁNaFMCagGgÁNaeT eyIgehAlT§ieKarBbUCaGaTIeTBeRcInGgÁfa
BhueTvniym(Polytheism) tmkkøayeTACaGtieTvniym (Henotheism)
edaysarkarelIktemáIgGaTIeTBGgÁNamYy[CaFMelIGaTIeTBÉeTot tam
EtsT§arbs;xøÜn mancMnYn 1/017 bT. bTsURtTaMgGs;enaH suT§swgEt
)anmkBIFmµCati snµtihak;dUcCamanrUbragBitR)akd ehIyKm<IrTaMgenaH
cat;Ca 10 vKÁ b¤ 10 k,al. kRmgGtßbTTaMgGs;)anerobrab;erOgra:vkñúg
sm½yepSg ² Kña nigmantémøkñúgvNÑKtiepSgKña. GñkEdlnaMmkpSBVpSay
PaKeRcInCatabs\sI tabsinI ¬\sIRsI¦ mantictYc. BYkeKsURtsresIr
3 A.C. Das, Rivedic Culture (Calcutta: Calcultta University, 1925).
-25-
Km<IrRBHevT b¤éRtevT
RBHGaTIeTBEdlBYkeKeKarBbUCa nigbYgsYgsMuBrC½ysirImgÁlvibulsuxGMBI
RTg;. Km<IrTaMgGs;enHGacRsavRCavykmksikSaEpñkPUmisa®sþ)anpgEdr
eRBaH)aneBaldl;TIkEnøgepSg ² CaeRcIn dUcCaPñM Tenø CaedIm. snñidæanfa
Km<IrbJKevTenHGacEtgeLIgenAkñúgTwkdIGaháanIsßan )aKIsßan nigrdæbBa©)ab
RbeTs\eNÐóbc©úb,nñenH ry³eBlRbERhlCa 3/500 qñaMmkehIy.
2> yCurevT b¤ yCursgðita CaKm<IrEdlmanÉksarEpñkRbvtþisa®sþ
d¾sMxan;bMput niBn§ eroberogeLIgCakRmgEkv eRbób)annwgbTsµÚtkñúgerOg
evsnþrCatk b:uEnþBMuEmnCaerOgevsnþreT CaerOgkñúglT§ieK KWeKmanerOg
epSg ² eRcInNas; ehIyerOgTaMgGs;enaHÉg EdlnaM[dwgGMBIkarERbRbYl
Epñksasna nigsgÁm BIyuKbJKevT mkyuKyCurevT. eRkABIenHenAman
erOgCaeRcIneTot EdlTak;TgnwgRBahµN_Nacarü GMBIBiFIkar kñúgkarRbkb
BiFIbUCay½BaØ BiFIbYgsYgsMuBrBIRBHGaTIeTB RBmTaMgmanBiFItUctacdéT
eTot CaeRcInpgEdr.
3> samevT b¤ samsgðita CaKm<IrEdlsþIGMBIbTePøg nigKafasURt
CamYyePøg edIm,IsresIr b¤elIktemáIgGaTIeTB/ sRmab;RbCaCnTUeTAeRbI
kñúgBiFIsURtfVayTwkesam ¬RbePTRsa¦ dl;RBH\®nÞaFiraC nigeRbIkñúgBiFI
sURtRbelamlYgelamGaTIeTBTaMgLay[eBjRBHT½ycMeBaHxøÜn ehIy
xøÜnnwgman»kas)ancUleTACitGaTIeTB.
4> Gafan;evT b¤ GtrvevT Km<IrenHeTIbnwgekItmaneLIg Casñaéd
GñkR)aCJCMnan;eRkay eroberogeLIgedIm,IrYbrYmKafa b¤bTsURtmnþBiess ²
TaMgLay[eTACaKm<IrepSgeTot dUcCaKm<Irésysa®sþ b¤ ésyevTviTüa
RbkbedayKafa GaKm nigevTmnþepSg ² sRmab;eRbIkñúgBiFIsURtdak;esñh_
-26-
Km<IrRBHevT b¤éRtevT
edaHesñh_ eFIVGMeBI edaHGMeBI rMedaHeRKaH elIkrasI kab;minmut dutmineqH
)aj;minecj bM)aMg)at; rt;elOn nigeFIV[eKvinas Ebk)ak;Kña CaedIm.
Km<IrRBHevTTaMg 4 enHEtgeLIgedaykarrYbrYmKm<IrRBahµN³CamYy
pgEdr. Km<IrRBHevTTaMg 4 enHhammin[pSBVpSay b¤beRgónBYkvNѳsURt
EdlCavNѳfñak;TabCadac;xat ebIsURtNalYceron nwgRtUvTTYleTasya:g
F¶n;CaTIbMput dUcCaRtUveKdutEdk[RkhmrukcUleTAkñúgmat; kñúgEPñkTaMgBIr
b¤RtecokTaMgBIr [dl;nUvkþIevTnaya:gEsnTaruN CYnkaldl;søab;k¾man.
®sþIRKb;vNѳ¬vNѳ4¦ hammin[eronCadac;xat EtebIsþab;FmµtaminhameT
eRBaHebIRKan;Etsþab;müa:gb:ueNÑaH minrab;faCakareroneT. RBHevTdUc)an
eBalmkenH manGayuRbEhlCa 3/000- 4/500 qñaMmkehIy Km<Ir
eRkaybg¥s; KWKm<Ir ]bnis½T.
karGFib,ayRBHevT
RBHevTenHRtUv)anTTYlkarGFib,aykñúgn½yepSg ² dUecñH KW³
1> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yFmµCati RBHevTeBaldl;bTsURtGgVr
GaTIeTB nigGaTIeTBbNþalkmøaMg[R)akdeLIgtamFmµCati Caehtu[
mnusSnaMKñabUCaFmµCati . RBHevTCaTIR)akdeLIgénsasnabzmPUmirbs;
mnusS KWlT§ibUCaFmµCati . TsSnviTUsm½yfµIxøH)aneBalfa RBHevTCa
bTsURtbzmPUmirbs;mnusS.
2> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yBiFIkmµ eRBaHbTsURtkñúgRBHevTeBal
dl;karbUCay½BaØCaeRcInkEnøg dUcCabJKevT )ansgát;F¶n;eTAelIBiFIkmµEpñk
sasna eBaldl;eTBbutþeTBFIta )anTTYlkarbUCa. RBHevTBMu)an[GIVl¥
-27-
karGFib,ayRBHevT
RbesIr ]tþúg]tþmdl;mnusSeRcInCagenHeLIy.
3> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½ycriysa®sþ bTsURtkñúgRBHevT KWbT
criyFm’. GaTIeTBTaMgLayEdleBaldl;RBHevT KWsBaØaN TMenomTMlab;
RbéBNIénsgÁmzansYK’ sgÁmmnusS KW)anepÞrTMenomTMlab; RbéBNIzan
sYK’mkeRbIenAzanmnusSelak.
4> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yeTvniym KWkareKarBrab;GanGaTIeTB
Edlmans½kþiFMEtmYyGgÁ CalT§idMbUgkñúgKm<IrbJKevT sUm,IeBaldl;eQµaH
GaTIeTBdéTCaeRcIn k¾mankarlMeGogeTArkeTvniym eRBaHkñúgbTsURtdl;
eTvatieTB mann½yfaGaTIeTBEdlFMCageKEtmYyGgÁb:ueNÑaH. GaTIeTBenH
CYnkalRtUv)aneKehAfa {mehsVr}.
5> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yÉkniym Ékniym )andl;karTTYl
sÁal;nUvGIV EdlCaGnþimsc©³ b¤GIVEdlBitR)akdfamanEtmYy . eyIgGac
BicarNaÉkniym)antamGtßbTenH {sartß karBitmanEtmYyb:ueNÑaH GIV
EdlmanmkehIy kMBugman nigbMrugman KWburs stV manEtmYyb:ueNÑaH
stVCaebHdUgénÉkPB \sSr³xøÜnÉg CaGmt³ Canirnþr CaviBaØaNénelak
EdlRKbdNþb;elIGIVTaMgGs; enAelIÉkPB CaxøwmsarRKb;ya:g CaÉkPB
énGVI ² TaMgGs;}.
6> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yrh½sniym KWeBaldl;RBHevTkñúgzan³
CaerOgGaf’kM)aMg Bi)akyl; GaTIeTBTaMgLayCasBaØaNxagpøÚvcitþ dUcCa
suriyeTB CasBaØaNénbBaØaCaedIm ebIniyayGMBIcMeNHdwgfaCaGaf’kM)aMg
hak;dUcCaminsmdl;mnusSTUeTA CYnkaleKykeTAeRbIkñúgpøÚvxus naM[
xUccriy³ RbsinebIcMeNHdwgenaHekIteLIgcMeBaHmnusSmancitþminbrisuT§.
-28-
TsSnviC¢aRBHevT
TsSn³nanakñúgRBHevT manlkçN³minsUvRtUvKña eBaldl;GaTIeTB
mindUcKña eRBaHbTsURtekIteLIgdl;GñkEdlmanbTBiesaFn_mindUcKña BMu
manBaküGFib,ayNamYy[RtwmRtUvbribUrN_)aneLIy. erOgra:vkñúgRBHevT
BMu)anbMEbkykmkeBaledayELk ² BIKña Caehtu[manTaMgeKalkarN_
TsSnviC¢a sasna niglT§imaya CaedIm eRBaHehtudUecñH eTIbRBHevT
minGacykmkGFib,ay[dUcKña)an.
RBHevTkñúgzan³CamUldæanénrbbTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
mUldæanénTsSnviC¢aRBHevT KWkareCOerOg {Gatµ½n{ nig {RBhµ½n}
ehIy)anvIvDÆeTACaKm<Ir]bnis½T. bTsURtnanakñúgRBHevTCaerOgEdlman
témøxçs;bMputrbs;CnCatiGariyanedIm. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóCMnan;eRkayceRmIn
rugerOg)an k¾eRBaHGaRs½yRBHevTCaedImehtu. müa:geTot erOgeTvniym
(Theism) EdlmanenAkñúg PKv½TKItaenaH k¾)anTTYl\T§iBlBIkarbUCadl;
RBHvruNkñúgRBHevTenHEdr sUm,ICMenO nigeKalFm’kñúgRBHevT k¾CamUlehtu
d¾sMxan; EdlRKb;rbbénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó )anTTYlsÁal;ya:gTUlMTUlay.
BYkeK)anBnül;fa {karsagGMeBIl¥ rEmgnaMeTAkan;GRmitPaB} RKb;KñaRtUv
TTYlykplénkmµrbs;xøÜn minGaceKcput)aneLIy.
\T§iBlénTsSnviC¢aRBHevT
TsSnviTU\eNÐóPaKeRcIn yl;eXIjdUcKñafa³ TsSnviC¢aRBHevTman
\T§iBleRcInbMput kñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó . karcUldl;Gnþimsc©³ (Ultimate
Reality) edayjaNviess cat;CamUldæanrbs;RBHevT. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
-29-
emeronTI 2
RkumGnþimsc©³TTYlsÁal;RTWsþIsMxan;RBHevT eRBaHRBHevT)anbgðaj[eXIj
Gnþimsc³nirnþr nigdl;TIbMput GacarünwgsisS)anepÞrcMeNHdwgeTAtam
lMdab;t ² KñaCayUrGEgVgmkehIy . eRBaHehtudUecñHeTIbRBHevTRtUv)an
eKehAfa {RKuti} KWRBHKm<IrEdl)ansþab;t ² Kña.
eKaledAx<s;bMputénRBHevT
erOgGPUtehtuEdlekIteLIgCamYyFmµCati )anCMrujmnusS [man
karP¶ak;ep¥Il cg;dwgcg;yl; BiessKWGñkEdlcUlcitþsikSaRsavRCaverOg
BitnanakñúgFmµCati edIm,I[dwgc,as; faetIvaekItmkGMBIGIV dUcCaPÁrlan;
rnÞ³)aj; EpøkbenÞar.l. ehIyBüayamravrkpøÚvecjcakTukçesakEdlRKb
sgát;CIvitmnusSelak [rYcputcakTukçesakenaH. kardwgc,as;GMBIFmµCati
nigkaryl;dwgnUvehtuEdlnaM[manesckþIsuxceRmInkñúgCIvitrbs;mnusS Ca
cMNucdMbUg nigCaeKaledAx<s;bMputkñúgRBHevT.
viFIcUldl;eKaledAx<s;bMputkñúgRBHevT )andl;karsURtbYgsYgsMuBr
GMBIGaTIeTB eFIVBiFIkmµepSg ² manRbKMut®nþI eRcógraM.l. edIm,I[GaTIeTB
Edlmans½kþiFMeBjcitþpg edIm,IGñkEdleFIVBiFIkmµenaH)ansRmac;eKaledA
tamesckþIR)afñapg.
TsSnviTUkñúgyuKRBHevTminTukcitþfa mnusSnwgrYcputcakesckþIsøab;
eTIbdwknaM[sURtGgVrkrsMuBrBIGaTIeTBedIm,I[manGayuyWnyUr. TsSnviTU
TaMgLayenaHecHviFIsURtKafaepSg² tamkarsmKYrdl;GaTIeTBepSg ² Kña
eRBaHmanCMenOfa karsURtGgVrkrenaHnwg)anseRmcpltamkþIR)afñarbs;xøÜn
erog ² xøÜn . karsURt b¤karsagPaBTMnak;TMngrvagGatµ½n nigGaTIeTBenaH
-30-
TsSnviC¢aRBHevT
nwgnaM[ekItcMeNHdwgEpñkpøÚvcitþkan;EtxøaMgeLIgpg nigmanesckþIs¶b;sux
kan;EtRbesIreLIgpg.
RBHevTEcjCa 2 cENk KW¬1¦ Cjank½NÐ EpñkcMeNHdwg nig¬2¦
kmµk½NÐ EpñkBiFIkmµ. PaBBUEk CaehtunaM[ekItcMeNH karsURtbYgsYg
GgVrkr CaehtunaM[ekItBiFIkmµ. BIFIsURtKafa GaKmepSg ² ekIteLIgBI
mhaCnEdlmanectnaepSg ² Kña GacekIteLIgkñúgRKamanTukç sURtedIm,I
rMedaHTukçk¾fa)an. tmk RBHevTman\T§iBldwknaMmhaCn[eFIVBiFIkmµkan;Et
eRcIneLIg edayENnaMfakareFIVBiFIkmµepSg ² CaGMeBIl¥mYyEbb. edIm,I[
mancMeNHdwgx<s; yl;ehtukarN_)anc,as;las; eKRtUvkMcat; raK³ eTas³
nigman³ [Gs;Camun enaHeKnwg)andl;emakS³edaybriyay.
erOgkmµkñúgRBHevT
RBHevT)aneBaldl;RTwsþIerOgkmµ EdlCaeKalsMxan; éncriysa®sþ
pgEdr c,ab;kmµEdlfaeFIVl¥rEmgnaMeTAkan;PaBGmt³ viBaØaNvilvl;ekIt
søab;BIPBmYyeTAPBmYytamc,ab;kmµpl RKb;KñaRtUvEtTTYlykplén
kmµrbs;xøÜn minGaceKcput)aneT. GñkxøHhak;dUcCaGab;»nrsµI eFIVkic©kar
GIV² BMusUv)anseRmcesaH sUm,Irbs;EdlmanmkehIyk¾rlayeTAvijeday
minsmehtupl GñkxøHrksIuecHEtkak;kb rs;enAk¾)ansux.l. TaMgenH
k¾eRBaHEtkmµcas;tampþnÞa b¤CYyeRCamERCgenaHÉg dUecñHkarsURtGgVrkr
b¤sresIrGaTIeTBk¾eRBaHEtcg;[rYcBIeRKaHcéRgpg nigGrKuNGaTIeTBpg.
Gñksagkmµl¥ rEmg)aneTAekItenARBhµelak GñksagkmµGaRkk; CYnkal
eTAekItCavtßúKµanviBaØaN dUcCaedImeQI b¤PñM.l. CYnkalviBaØaNTTYleTas
-31-
emeronTI 2
eRBaH)abkmµrbs;GñkéTk¾man dUcBakücas;fa {kMhus«BukTuk[kUn/ kMhus
mþayxøÜn kUns¶ÜnTTYlyk}.
dUc)aneBalmkenHeXIjfa RBHevT)aneBalerOgkmµCaeRcIncMNuc
BicarNaehIyyl;eXIjfaRKb;lT§i RKb;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó)anykcitþTukdak;
xøaMgNas;GMBIerOgkmµenH.
RBHevTeBaldl;kMeNIténelak
RBHevT)aneBaldl;kMeNIténelakeRcInya:gNas; CYnkaleBal
fa {RBHGKÁnICaGñkbegàItelak teTAenHzansYK’nwgekItmaneLIgTaMgyb;
TaMgéf¶} CYnkalfa {RBH\nÞCaGñkbegáItmnusSelak nigeTvelak} CYnkal
fa {visÑúkmµeTBbuRt nigRBHvruNCaGñkbegáItelak}. TaMgGs;enHbBa¢ak;fa
RBHevT)aneBaldl;GaTIeTBmYyGgÁ² kñúgzan³CaRbmuxGaTIeTB. bJKevT
)aneBaldl;erOgsagelakfa {kaledImeLIyBMumanGIVeT manEtPaBggwt
RKbdNþb;CitQwg BMumanBnøWeT stVCacMNucepþImeLIgénelak}.
RBHevTEckmnusSkñúgsgÁmCa 4 vNÑH
1> vNÑHRBahµN_ mannaTIsikSa TenÞjemeronkñúgKm<IrRBHevT nig
CaGñkeFIVBiFIkmµxagsasnasRmab;GñkdéTpgEdr ehIyRBahµN_EdlecHdwg
CageKeRcIn)anTTYltMENgx<s; dUcCaRBHraCRKUCaedIm.
2> vNÑHkSRt mannaTIsikSaviC¢ayuT§sa®sþ edIm,IkarBarRbeTs nig
nitisa®sþ rdæsa®sþ edIm,IRKb;RKgRbCaBlrdæ[rs;enA)ansuxsanþ.
3> vNÑHévsy³ mannaTIsikSaEpñkBaNiCsa®sþ nigekSRtsa®sþ
edIm,IRbkbmuxrbrcYjdUr ciBa©wmstV nigeFIVERscMkar.
-32-
emeronTI 2
4> vNÑHsuTÞ³ b¤sURt mannaTIsikSaEpñkkmøaMgBlkmµ edIm,IsIuQñÜl
tameragcRk tamksizan b¤tampÞHBYkGPiCn.
vNÑHTaMg 4 enH manEcgenAkñúgKm<IrRBHevTEdlCabJsKl; b¤Caem
Km<Irrbs;sasnaRBahµN_ )ancat;CabTbBaØtþiTuksRmab;mnusSGnuvtþtam.
luHeRkayeBl\eNÐó)anTTYlÉkraC rdæFmµnuBaØfµIRtUv)anEtgeLIg ehIy
manmaRtamYyenaH)anbBa¢ak;famin[manvNÑHTaMg 4 eToteT . bBaðaenH
ebItamnitin½y \eNÐósBVéf¶enHBMumanvNÑHeT EtebItamRBwtþin½y karEbgEck
vNÑHenHenAEtmankñúgsgÁmTUeTA.
karcat;CMBYkénRBHevT
luHcMeNreRkaymk RBHevT4RtUv)ancat;Ca 4 CMBUkdUecñH KW³
1> CMBUk sMhita b¤ m®nþ³ CMBUkenH)andl;RBHevTTaMg 4 KW éRtevT
nigGafan;evT rYbrYmmnþepSg² pg ehAfa {CMBUkmnþ} edIm,IeRbIkñúgkarbrikmµ
sURtbYgsYg b¤sURtsresIGaTIeTB EtgeLIgCakaBüeXøagedIm,IgaycaM.
2> CMBUk RBahµN³ CMBUkenHmaneRcInKm<IrNas; EtgeLIgCabT
kRmgEkv edIm,IGFib,ayBiFIkmµepSg ² rbs;Km<IrRBHevTedIm,I[gayyl;
CaBaküGFib,ayrbs;RBahµN_ CatRmasRmab;RBahµNacarüeRbIbgðat;
beRgónGñkdéT b¤eRbIkñúgBIFIbYgsYgGaTIeTB . CMBUkenHmanGFib,ayerOg
BiFIkmµeRcInNas; dUcCaGFib,aytaMgBIedImehtuénerOgEdl)anekIteLIg
faetIehtuGIV)anCaekIteLIg ? eBaledayxøI Km<IrenH)andl;Km<IrGtßkfa
sRmab;GFib,ayesckþIedIm[kan;EtTUlMTUlayeLIg.
4> RBHevT )andl; cMeNHdwgd¾RbesIr evT b¤ viT (Wit) ERbfa bBaØa b¤ viTüa.
-33-
TsSnviC¢aRBHevT
3> CMBUk Gar½Nyk³ CMBUkenHman 4 Km<Ir maneQµaHfaGar½Nyk³
eRBaHPaKeRcIn Km<IrenH)aneBaldl;éRBEdlmanPaBs¶b;s¶at; CatRmamYy
eBalGMBIBiFIEdlRBahµNacarüeRbIR)as;kñúgkarrs;enAkñúgéRB ¬vnbrsߦ kñúg
zan³Catabs\sI edIm,IEsVgrkesckþIs¶b;sux rMedaHTukçkgVl;TaMgBYgkñúgePT
CaXravas[FUrRsal ehIynwgGs;eTAkñúgTIbMput.
CMBUk Gar½Nyk³ CaBaküGFib,ayesckþIenAkñúgKm<IrRBHevT[kan;
Etc,as;eLIg CaBaküGFib,ayrbs;tabs\sITaMgLayEdlrs;enAkñúgéRB
edim,InaMeTAbMeBjtb³Fm’ cak;FøúHnUvemakçFm’. karGFib,ayGMBIehtupl
kñúgRBHevTrbs;®KUGacarüxøH eXIjfaCaTIeBjcitþénGñksikSaedIm,IEsVgyl;
GMBIkarBitCaxøaMg GñkxøHGactaMgCasMNak;GñkR)aCJeLIgedayxøÜnÉg nig
eFIV[ekIt]bnis½TeLIgkñúgeBlbnÞab;mk.
4> CMBUk ]bnis½T CMBUkenHmanKm<IreRcInCagCMBUkdéT CaBakü
GFib,ayTak;TgeTAnwgTsSnviC¢a CaBaküGFib,ayRBHevTrbs;TsSnviTU
TaMgLay EdlfamanRbmaNCag 200 ]bnis½T )anrYbrYmKMnitxagEpñk
TsSnviC¢akñúgKm<IrRBHevTTaMgGs;.
CMBUk ]bnis½TenHsgát;F¶n;eTAelIcitþ EdlCakMBUlTsSnviC¢aRBHevT
CatRmaTak;TgeTAnwgrh½sylT§i KWlT§iEdlsikSaehIyminGacykeTA
pSBVpSaydl;GñkdéTeTot)anCadac;xat. CMBUkenHCa]bkrN_BYkGnaKarik
KWBYkGñkRtac;crBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy BMumanpÞHsEm,gsñak;enARtwmRtUv
dUcmnusSTUeTAeT dUcCaBYksnüasI EdlcUlcitþrs;enAkñúgéRB BYkbriBVaCk
BYkRBH b¤saFu CaGñkbYskñúgsasnaRBahµN_-hiNÐÚ. BYkbriBVaCk nig
BYkRBH b¤saFuenH BYkxøHrs;enAkñúgéRB xøHenAkñúgvtþ.
-34-
emeronTI 2
karcat;CMBYkénRBHevTmYyEbbeTot
1> kmµxn§ )andl;karrYbrYmKm<IrCMBUk sMhita nigCMBUk RBahµN³
cUlKña eRBaHCaPaKTak;TgnwgkarbUCaePøIg nigkareFIVBiFIkmµbYgsYgbn;Rsn;
dl;GaTIeTBdUcKña.
2> jaNxn§ )andl;karrYbrYmKm<IrCMBUk Gar½Nyk³ nigCMBUk
]bnis½TcUlKña eRBaHCaPaKTak;TgnwgcMeNHdwgEpñkviC¢akarepSg ² dUcKña.
]bnis½T CaPaKrYm b¤CaPaKcugeRkayénKm<IrRBHevT CabNþÚl Ca
cMNuckNþal CaKm<IrmanGaf’kM)aMgeRcIn ehAfa {TsSnviC¢a énTsSnviC¢a
EpñkRBHevT}.
Km<Ir 3 CMBUkcugeRkay )andl;Km<IrRBahµN³ Gar½Nyk³ ]bnis½T
manenAkñúgRBHevTTaMg 4 Edr dUcCabJKevT RbkbedayCMBUk RBahmµN³
Gar½Nyk³ nig]bnis½T. cMENkyCurevT samevT nigGafan;evT k¾Rbkb
edayCMBUk RBahµN³ Gar½Nyk³ nig ]bnis½T dUcKñaEdr.
Km<IrRBHevTTaMg 4 CMBUkdUc)aneBalmkxagelIenHCaKm<IrsMxan; nig
s½kþisiT§ixøaMgNas; Ca{RKuti} eRBaHtabs\sITaMgLay)ansþab; )andwgc,as;
edayxøÜnÉg b¤)ansþab;pÞal;BIGaTIeTB hak;dUcCamanvtßús½kþisiT§iEdlCa
brms½kþibNþalcitþ[dwgc,as;eXIjBitkñúgstü KWkarBitGaceRbóbeFobnwg
Km<IrébbWlénRKisÞsasna Km<IrG½lkurGanénsasnaGIusøam Km<IrxøHehAfa
(Gospels) EdlCa {RBHvrsasn_} eRBaHGaTIeTBRTg;RbTandl;GñkEdl
RTg;KYreR)as nigGñkEdlcUleTACitRTg;edaykarRbtibtþ eTIbRTg;bNþal
[ekItbBaØa yl;dwgBitR)akd. eRBaHehtudUecñH Km<IrRBHevT BMuEmnCaKm<Ir
EdlmnusSFmµtaEtg b¤niBn§eLIgeT eRBaHmnusSFmµtaRbkbedayFatu 4 KW
-35-
TsSnviC¢aRBHevT
Twk dI ePøIg nigxül; RBmTaMgx½n§ 5 KW rUb evTna sBaØa sgçar nigviBaØaN
nwgRtUvvilvl; KWCab;CMBak;kñúgvalvdþsgSar nwgnaM[ekIt cas; QW søab;
minecHcb;minecHehIy eRBaHEtGMNacén elaP esckþIelaPln; eTas
esckþIeRkaFxwg nig emah¬GviC¢a¦ esckþIl¶itl¶g; mindwgkarBitRKbsgát;
minGacniBn§ b¤EtgeLIg)anCadac;xat.
Baküfa {vdþsgSar} enHmkBIBakü {vdþ ÷ sgSar} vdþ ERbfa {vil}
KWvilvl;CMuvij sgSar ERbfa {Cab;CMBak;} KWCab;CMBak;edaykiels kmµ
nigpl rYmKñaehAfa {kielsvdþ kmµvdþ vi)akvdþ} mann½yfamnusS
TaMgLay kalebIenAmankiels nwgnaM[sagkmµepSg ² kmµenaHnwgnaM[
ekItCapl kalebImanpl nwgnaM[mankiels kalebImankiels nwgnaM[
mankmµ kalebImankmµ nwgnaM[manpl.l. vilvl;CMuvijdUecñHÉg eTIb
ehAfa {valvdþsgSar}. plEdlekItGMBIkmµenaH eTaHtickþI eRcInkþI l¥kþI
GaRkk;kþI vaGaRs½yeTAelIkmµ KWTegVIEdleK)ansagTukmk RbsinebIkmµl¥
nwg)aneTAekItenAkñúgTIx<s; ebIkmµGaRkk; nwg)aneTAekItenAkñúgTITab.
kñúgn½yenHRBHBuT§RTg;Rtas;fa {stVNaenAmankmµ stVenaHnwgekIt
eTot stVNaGs;kmµ stVenaHnwgminekIteToteT}. stVEdlGs;kmµ KW)an
dl;RBHGrhnþ KWelak)ankat;pþac;vdþsgSarehIy Gs;elaP³ eTas³ emah³
cUldl;niBVanehIy minGacvilRtLb;mkekIteToteT.
CnCatiGariyaneCOfa Km<IrRBHevTR)akdCaekIteLIgGMBIbnÞÚlrbs;
GaTIeTB BMuEmnCasMeNrrbs;mnusSFmµtaeT. BYkRBahµN_Nacarü)ansþab;
ehIy ykmkbeRgónt ² Kña edayeCOfakalebImnusSRbtibtþitamnwg)an
cUldl;emakS³ rYcputcakTukçTaMgBYg CaeKaledAx<s;bMputkñúgsasnaenaH.
-36-
TsSnviC¢abUBa’ edayRBHmha ma:sarin visuT§ (M.Phil)
emeronTI 3
TsSnviC¢a]bnis½TnigTsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta
TsSnviC¢a]bnis½T
Baküfa {]bnis½T} mkBIBakü {sT} ERbfa {karGgÁúy karTmøay
kareFIV[Gs;eTA} {]b} ERbfa {Cit/ cUleTACit} {ni} ERbfa {kñúg/ cMeBaH/
ecj/ naMecj} rYmKña)anCa {]bnis½T} mann½yfa {sisScUleTA¬GgÁúy¦Cit
Gacarürbs;xøÜn edaycitþPkþI sikSanUvEpñkGaf’kM)aMg TTYlykGnþimsc©³
eFIV[Gs;nUvPaBsgS½yRKb;Rbkar naMecjnUvPaBl¶g;exøAmin[esssl;}.
TsSnviC¢aenHTak;TgerOgviBaØaN nigRBhµ. ya:gNak¾edayBakü{]bnis½T}
Kg;mankarERbRbYlniymn½yCahUrEheTAtamkal³eTs³minxan.
]bnis½TCaKm<IrcugeRkayénRBHevT eTIbmaneQµaHmYyeTot ehAfa
{evTant³} mkBIsBÞ {evT³ ÷ Gnþ³} )andl;cMENkcugeRkayénRBHevT man
n½yfa³kalebI)ansikSacb;Km<Ir]bnis½TehIy eQµaHfa)ansikSadl;TIbMput
ehIy. dUecñHKtibNÐitEdl)anrat;rayx©at;x©ayenAkñúgm®nþ³ RBahµN³ nig
Gar½Nyk³ RtUv)anRbmUlmkeBalkñúg]bnis½TenH edayrYmrYmFm’esÞIrEt
TaMgGs;. ehtuEdlrYbrYmminGs; eRBaHmkBIKm<Ir]bnis½TmanminRBmKña KW
rYbrYmmundMbUg nigcugeRkay manGayuq¶ayBIKñaCitmYyBan;qñaM Caehtu[
mankarCECkKña niyayminsUvcuHsRmugKñaxøH.
kñúgmuktiekabnis½T eBalfaman]bnis½TcMnYn 108 Etkñúgbc©úb,nñ
enHmandl;eTA 200 ]bnis½T. enHbBa¢ak;fa eRkayeBlmuktieka]bnis½T
-37-
TsSnviC¢a]bnis½T
ekIteLIgehIyk¾enAEtmanGñkrYbrYm]bnis½TCaeRcIneTot b:uEnþ]bnis½TEdl
sMxan;enaHmanRtwmEt 10 b:ueNÑaH KW¬1¦RBwhTar½Nyk³ ¬2¦qameTaKy³
¬3¦érryk³ ¬4¦étttiriy³ ¬5¦]s³ ¬6¦ekn³ ¬7¦kdæ³ ¬8¦br½sñ³ ¬9¦
muNÐk³ nig¬10¦maNDUky³. déTBIenH TsSnviC¢arbbepSg² énBYkhiNÐÚ
Ca]bnis½TRKuti dUcCaEpñknanaénRBHevT. niymn½yénBaküRKutikñúgTIenHKW
{»vaTpÞal;rbs;RBHGaTIeTB BMuEmnCarbs;mnusSFmµtaEtgeLIg} dUecñHeTIb
vaCaBaküeRbónRbedAbrisuT§ BMumankarxusqÁgedayRbkarTaMgBYg.
Fm’Can;x<s;kñúg]bnis½T nwgseRmcdl;GñkEdlmanKuNsm,tþitam
Bakükñúgn½y {]bnis½T} b:ueNÑaH minseRmcTUeTAeT dUcTsSviTUCnCatiRkic
eQµaH ehra: Ktisut eBalfa {ebIRtUvkarmas RtUvEtCIkmas ebIRtUvkar
éxmuk RtUvEtmuCeTAykenA)atsmuRT} mann½yfa³esckþIseRmcRKb;ya:g
GaRs½yenAelIkarRbtibtþRtwmRtUvtamviFIsa®sþ BMuEmnrg;caM[viFIsa®sþrt;
mkrkxøÜneT.
kñúgpøÚvsasnayl;fa ]bnis½TTaMgLay CaKm<IrEdlRBHGaTIeTB
bNþal[ekIteLIg suT§EtmanFm’dUcKña xusKñaxøHEtRtg;BaküGFib,ay
mann½yfa³ bBaðananaEdleBaldl;]bnis½TenaH manBaküGFib,ayepSg
Kña . PaBminRtUvKñaenH)aneFIV[]bnis½TrwtEtmantémø nigcMNucl¥epSg ²
elcecjeLIg. ]bnis½TTaMgGs;enHmaneKaledAdUcKña sgát;F¶n;elIcMNuc
bJsKl;dUcKña manmenaKtiniym b¤ÉkniympøÚvcitþdUcKña. ]bnis½TeBal
dl;TisedAénTsSnviC¢asnþi nig\sSrPaBpøÚvcitþ TIekIténerOgra:vTaMgLay
taMgenA nigRtLb;eTArkerOgra:vTaMgLay GHGagdl;karEsVgrkcMeNHdwg
nigsc©³ minCMTas;nwgdMeNIrrbs;Gatµ½n bBa¢ak;faGatµ½nenHBüayamRtLb;
-38-
TsSnviC¢a]bnis½T
eTArkGnþimsc©³ EdlCaedImkMeNIténxøÜn¬Gtþa¦.
]bnis½TeBalfa {RBHevTCaXøaMgcMeNHdwg kmµ KWkarRbtibtþtam
eKaledAsasnaCaerOgsMxan; eRBaHCYyCMrHcitþ[s¥at [smCaGñkTTYl
ykGnþimsc©³ KW RBhµ CYnkalehAkardwgGmtRBhµ faCakardwgya:gx<s;
bMput ÉcMeNHdwgdéT CacMeNHdwgfñak;Tab}. PKv½TKIta eBalfa {Gñk
sÁal;RBhµ manPav³CaGñkecHdwgtictYc eRBaHcMeNHdwgfñak;Tab nigBiFIkmµ
nwgbiT)aMgGnþimsc©³ EdleTIbnwgekIt} mann½yfa minniym[Cab;CMBak;
EtnwgKm<Ir b¤nwgBiFIkmµsasnab:ueNÑaHeT EtnwgcUldl;cMeNHdwgx<s; Edl
CaeKaledAFMbMputpgEdr.
cMNucsMxan;énTsSnviC¢akñúg]bnis½T
Rbkar 1> ]bnis½TmanlkçN³Carh½sylT§i KWlT§iGaf’kM)aMg man
TsSn³faGaTIeTBCaRBHEtmYyKt;enAelIelakenH RTg;)anbegáItelak
sBVstVTaMgLay nigGIV ² TaMgGs;edayRBHGgÁÉg ¬symÖÚ¦ pSBVpSay
TUeTAkñúgGnnþcRkvaL. RTg;manKuNya:gmhaGnnþ sßitenACanirnþr minman
karEbkFøay¬søab;¦minmankMNt; minmanrUbragEdlGacemIleXIjeday
EPñk)an. kaledImeLIyGaTIeTBGgÁenHRtUv)anehAfa {RbCabtI} eRkay
mkehAfa {RBHRBhµ} stVTaMgLayTaMgBYgrEmgekIt cas; QW søab;Canic©
nigsßiteRkamGMNacRBHRBhµenH.
Rbkar 2> ]bnis½T)anpþl;KMnitfakarmanCIvitKWCaTukç eRBaHCaehtu
bc©½y[vilvl;søab;ekIt t ² Kña eRBaHEtkmµrbs;xøÜn b:uEnþeCOfanwgmanpøÚv
naM[rYcputcakkarekItsøab;enH nwgCYbesckþIsuxCanirnþr . pøÚvdUc)aneBal
-39-
cMNucsMxan;énTsSnviC¢akñúg]bnis½T
GaccUldl;esckþIsux rYcputcakTukç)andac;xat Cavimutisuxya:gBitR)akd
edaydwgc,as;kñúgRBHviBaØaNd¾FMeFg b¤brmatµ½n KWRBhµ½n kalebIRbtibtþi
)an viBaØaN b¤brmatµ½n nwgcUldl;RBhµ b¤mansPav³ niglkçN³RKb;ya:g
dUcCaRBhµ. eRBaHehtuenHTisedACIvitBYkRBahµN_ KWnaMviBaØaNbuKÁleTAkan;
viBaØaNsakl b¤naMGatµ½neTAkan;brmatµ½n b¤RBhµ½nenaHÉg.
Rbkar 3> ]bnis½T)aneBaldl;erOgviBaØaN b¤Gatµ½nmnusSfaCa
cMENkmYyEdlman\sSrGMBIragkayCanirnþr nigCaEpñkmYyénRBHviBaØaNd¾
FMeFg ehAfa {brmatµ½n} b¤ {viBaØaNsakl} b¤ {RBhµ½n}. ]bnis½T)an
GFib,ayFmµCati b¤sPav³énGatµ½nfa {Gatµ½nBMuEmnya:genH ya:genaH min
Gaccab;Bal;)an eRBaHBMumanGIV[cab; minGacbMpøaj)an eRBaHBMumanGIV[
bMpøaj minGacTak;Tg)an eRBaHBMumanGIVKYr[Tak;Tg BMumanRBMuEdn BMuman
P½yxøac b¤tk;søútcMeBaHGIV²}. eRkABIsPav³Kg;vgSCanirnþr eyIgnwgeXIjfa
{Gatµ½n KWCakmøaMgd¾FMéncitþEdlenAkñúgmnusS}. kalebImnusSeXIjc,as;
dwgBitedayGMNacsmaFi dYgviBaØaN b¤Gatµ½nrbs;eKnwgcYlrYmCamYynwg
viBaØaNd¾FMeFg {brmatµ½n} eRbóbdUcCapøÚvTwkd¾eRcIn hUrcUlkñúgmhasmuRT.
enHCacMNucsMxan;énTsSnviC¢a]bnis½T CaTsSnviC¢aénCIvitGacedaHRsay
bBaðaTak;TgnwgkarekIt cas; QW søab; EdlmnusSelakminGaceKcput.
KMnitenHs½kþismnwgbBaØaCn EdlmanCMnYntic enAkñúgRbeTs\eNÐó
sm½yenaHb:ueNÑaH minsmnwgsam½BaØCnEdlmancMnYneRcIneT eRBaHBYkeK
Bi)akyl; )anRtwmEtcinþnakar minGaceXIjxøwmsarBitR)akd. enAedIm
BuT§sasna rhUtdl;eRkayBuT§sasna KMnitenH)annaM[ekItmanlT§iepSg²
CaeRcIn edIm,IEkbBaðaxVHxatEdlmanenAkñúg]bnis½T.
-40-
emeronTI 3
cMNucsMxan;kñúgKm<Ir]bnis½T
1> erOgGatµ½n CYnkalehA {CIvatµ½n} mundMbUgsMedAykdegðImecj
cUlEdleFIV[CIvittaMgenA)an bnÞab;mk)anbþÚreTACa {GarmµN_/ karnwkKit/
citþ/ xøÜn/ ectPUt b¤viBaØaN. Gatµ½nCatYdwg manbTBiesaFn_ nigeFIVRtwmRtUv
Gatµ½nCaGmt³ nigtaMgenAkñúgzan³mYyrhUtBMumankarERbRbYl Gatµ½nRKb
sgát;elIGIV ² TaMgGs;.
tamTsSn³]bnis½T Gatµ½n CaGtþa ¬xøÜn¦ BitR)akd CaerOgsakl
d¾FMeFg nigx<g;x<s;bMput ¬Gnþimsc©³¦ ÉkPBTaMgGs;taMgenA nigmanclna
kñúgGatµ½n. Gatµ½nsßitenAx<s;CagkarsgS½y nigkarmincuHsRmugTaMgLay.
2> erOgRBhµ½n b¤ RBhµ mkBIBakü {RBh} mann½yfa {vivDÆnakar
KWesckþIceRmIn/ RbesIr} mundMbUg)andl; karbUCay½Ba© karsURtGgVrkr
luHeRkaymk)anbþÚrCa Gnþimsc©³ (Absolute) RBhµ CabzmehtuénÉkPB
CaTItaMgenA nigCaTIcUlmknUvGIVTaMgGs; RBhµnaMelak[mankarvivDÆn_
CalMdab; KWCaehtunaM[ekItGakas GakasnaM[ekItxül; xül;naM[ekIt
ePøIg ePøIgnaM[ekItTwk TwknaM[ekItdI.
karBit Gatµ½n nigRBhµ½n CasPav³EtmYy eRBaH {CnNaeXIjRBhµ
dwgRBhµ CnenaHeXIjGatµ½n dwgGatµ½n} b:uEnþepSgKñakñúgkarBirNa kalebI
BirNaesckþIBittam {Gtvis½y} (Subjective) esckþBitenaHehA {Gatµ½n}
ebIBicarNatam {brvis½y} (Objective) esckþIBitenaHehA {RBhµ½n}.
RBhµ½nenHman 2 RbePT KW GbrRBhµ nigbrRBhµ b¤ehAfa
RBhµ RbePTsKuN sb,Ba© nigRBhµ RbePTnirKuN nirsb,Ba© )andl;RBhµ
Edldl;RBmedayKuNsm,tþi nigRBhµEdlKµanKuNsm,tþi.
-41-
cMNucsMxan;kñúgKm<Ir]bnis½T
2> 1 GbrRBhµ )andl;RBhµfñak;Tab Cabzmehtuénelak CaGñk
sag CaGñkrkSa nigCaGñkbMpøaj sBVstVTaMgLay nigGIVTaMgBYg ekIteLIg
taMgenA nigvinaseTAvijeRBaHEtRBhµenH. FmµCatiTaMgLayeRbób)annwg
ragkayRBhµ RBhµCaviBaØaNénFmµCati RBHGgÁsÁal;FmµCati EtFmµCati
minsÁal;RBHGgÁ mann½yfaviBaØaNrEmgsÁal;ragkay EtragkayminsÁal;
viBaØaNeT. GbrRBhµenHdUcKñanwgRBHCam©as;kñúgsasnaeTvniymTaMgLay
mansasnaeys‘URKisÞ nigsasnaGIusøamCaedIm.
2> 2 brRBhµ )andl;brmatµ½n/ mhatµ½n b¤Gatµ½nsakl CaRBhµ
fñak;x<s;bMput manesckþIBitx<s;bMput minGacGFib,ay minGacvas; minGac
briyay¬GavcnIy³¦ minGacniyayGMBIlkçN³BitR)akd)an. brRBhµenH
CabJsKl;éncMeNHdwgTaMgBYg. CIvatµ½n b¤Gatµ½nbuKÁlnwgrYmcUlKña kalebI
)anBüayamrMedaHxøÜnecjBIBn§naKar KWkmµ GviC¢a nigtNðaTaMgLay.
Gatµ½nenH kalebIcUldl;brmatµ½n b¤ brRBhµ rEmgrYcputcakkgTukç
eQµaHfa)anemakS³ehIy CIvitnwg)anenACamYyRBHRBhµCanirnþr.
3> erOgmaya b¤GviTüa enAkñúgsevtasvtr]bnis½T )aneBalfa
RBHGaTIeTB Ca mayin ERbfa Cnmaya EtmayakñúgTIenH)andl;Gñkman
GMNackñúgkarsag b¤nimiµt[ekIteTACaenH CaenaHeLIg tambMNgrbs;xøÜn.
kñúgbJKevT)aneBalfa RBH\nÞ)anERbRkLaCarUbepSg ² edaykareRbImaya
ehIymayaenHÉg EdlRBH\sVr CamhaeTB )anbNþal[ekItelak nig
CbmnusSBIlMGgFUlI b¤cMhayelak ehIyRTg;dkdegðIm[CIvatµ½ncUleTA
kñúgragkaymnusS EdlRTg;)anCb.
mayakñúgn½ymüa:geTot ekItcakGMBICIvatµ½n ehAfa GviTüa ¬GviC¢a¦
-42-
cMNucsMxan;kñúgKm<Ir]bnis½T
CarnaMgbiT)aMgbBaØamin[dwgkarBit [vilvl;ekItcas; QWsøab; kñúgelakmin
ecHcb; ehIykñúgxN³EdlRtUvekItsøab;enaH CIvatµ½nRbkbkmµl¥xøH GaRkk;
xøH )anTTYlesckþIsuxxøH TukçxøH. kalebICIvatµ½n)aneXIjc,as; )ankMcat;
GviTüaGs;BMumanesssl; eBlenaHnwg)anrYcputcakTukçTaMgBYg nwgman
Pav³dUcKñanwgRBhµ eRBaH)ancak;FøúHFm’Can;x<s; eBalKW)andl;emakS³.
4> erOgc,ab;énkmµ nigkarekItfµI CaerOgsMxan;kñúg]bnis½T fakmµ
CaeRKÓgcgmnusS[vilvl;ekIt cas; QW søab; minGaceKcput)an. cMENk
karekItfµI maneBalya:gc,as;enAkñúgTsSnviC¢a]bnis½Tfa kalebIragkay
EbkFøay CIvatµ½nnwgecjeTAGaRs½yragkayfµI dUcmnusSpøas;semøókbMBak;
cas; ehIyesøóksemøókbMBak;fµIdUecñaH b:uEnþmunnwgecjBIragkaycas; RtUv
EsVgrkragkayfµI[)anCamunsin rYclHbg;ragkaycas; cUlragkayfµIPøam
b:uEnþragkayfµIenaHGaRkk; b¤l¥ GaRs½yelIkmµEdlxøÜn)ansagTukBICatimun
tamhuCpl. kmµnigkarekItfµI rEmgvilvl;kñúgvdþsgSarminecHcb; rhUt)an
TmøayGviC¢a cUldl;RBhµ½n b¤brmatµ½n eTIbrYcput.
srubesckþIeTA TsSnviC¢aén]bnis½T manCMenORtwmEtÉkniymEpñk
citþniym KWyl;fabrmatµ½nmansPav³CadYgcitþ CasPav³BitR)akdnwgerOg
müa:gKt; cMNucsMxan;KWRBhµ½n b¤brmatµ½nCa]bkrN_kñúgkarcUldl;eKaledA
KW)andl;karRbtibtþtamBaküENnaMkñúg]bnis½T dUc)aneBalmkxagelI.
]bnis½TmansarsMxan;kñúgTsSnviC¢a\NÐó
]bnis½TCaGNþÚgekItTsSnviC¢a\eNÐóeRcInrbb eRBaHkñúg]bnis½T
BMuEmnmanTsSnviC¢amYyrbbRsavRCavrkkarBiteRcInrbbeT sUm,ITsSnviC¢a
-43-
emeronTI 3
RBHBuT§sasna k¾manbJsKl;CaeRcIn EdlmkBI]bnis½T dUcCaerOg TukçM
Gnic©M Edl]bnis½Tfa {RKb;ya:gCaTukç Carbs;beNþaHGasnñ}. sßab½n
sgÇkñúgRBHBuT§sasnak¾manExSRsLaymkBI]bnis½TxøHEdr dUcmanesckþI
kñúg]bnis½Tfa {buKÁlmankarFujRTan;kñúgelak BüayamrMedaHxøÜnecjcak
esckþIRtUvkarkñúgRTBüsm,tþi ehIybYsCatabs\sI}. cMENkerOgkMeNIt
fµIenaH kñúgRBHBuT§sasna k¾manbJsKl;mkBI]bnis½Tfa {Gatµ½neRCIserIs
ykragkayfµItamkmøaMgkmµ nigcMeNHdwgrbs;xøÜn} RBHBuT§sasnafa{GIVEdl
naM[stVekIteTotenaH KWplénkmµ} dUecñHCaedIm.
TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta
PKv½TKIta ERbfa {t®nþIénRBHGaTIeTB} TsSnviC¢aenHTTYlyk
TsSnviC¢a]bnis½TCaembT. PKv½TKItaCaEpñkmYyénmhakaBü mhaPart³
CaKm<IrEdlmancgRkgerOgra:vd¾maneQµaHl,I nigman\T§iBlxøaMgkøaNas;
sRmab;CnCati\eNÐó CaKm<Irs½kþisiT§ikñúgsasnahiNÐÚ CaPasasM®sáit Edl
)anpSBVpSayya:gTUlMTUlas b:uEnþGñksikSaKm<IrenHminGacdwgeBlevlaén
karekItPKv½TKIta)anc,as;las;. manTsSnviTUCaeRcIn )anRtwmEtsnñidæan
faPKv½TKIta)anekItmaneLIgRbEhlCa 200 qñaM mun K> s>.
Km<IrPKv½TKItamanRTwsþIsMxan;Tak;TgnwgGPiTsSnviC¢a sasna nig
criysa®sþ CaKm<IrsRmab;mnusSCati EtBYk\eNÐómincat;TukfaCaRKuti dUc
RBHevT nig]bnis½TeT cat;Ca sMbJti )andl;erOgRbéBNIEdl)ankan;t ²
Kñamk. bJsKl;TsSnviC¢aénPKv½TKIta KW {kmµ} EdlsßitenAelI CBaØaN
b¤cMeNHdwg manesckþIesµaHRtg;nwgGaTIeTBEdlx<s;bMput KWRBHRBhµ.
-44-
TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta
Bakü{PKv½TKIta} mkBIsBÞ {PKva÷KIta} PKva ERbfa {RBHCam©as;/
RBHmaneCaK} KIta ERbfa{t®nþI} rYmKñaehAfa{t®nþIénRBHCam©as; b¤GaTIeTB}
CabTTsSnviC¢aénGaTIeTB CYydas;etOnmnusS[mancitþts‘U CaTsSnviC¢a
Edl)anpSBVpSayTUlMTUlayTaMgkñúgRbeTs\eNÐó nigRbeTseRkApgEdr
dUcCaenAGWrub RbeTsGalWm:g; nigshrdæGaemrikCaedIm. TsSnviTUCaeRcIn
manTaMg\eNÐóTaMgelakxaglic )anelIktemáIgTsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta esÞIrEt
RKb;Kña. mhatmKn§I )anehATsSnviC¢aenHfaCamataéncRkvaL )anebIk
TVarTTYlmnusSRKb;Kña.
PKv½TKIta CaTsSnviC¢a beRgónmnusSEdlmancitþrevIrvay[s¶b;
júaMgmnusSl¶g;kñúgerOgcitþ[qøat CacMeNHdwgx<s;bMputrbs;mnusS bgðaj
karRbtibtþmuxgarnaTIya:gRtwmRtUv pþl;esckþIRsLaj;d¾brisuT§dl;mnusS
RKb;ePTRKb;v½y. RKb;bTRKb;vKÁ manehtuplc,as;las;KYrdl;karBirNa
eBaldl;karlHbg;fñak;x<s; KWkarkMcat;tNða[Gs;edaykarRbtibtþtamviFI
eyaKI bMeBjesckþIBüayamedIm,I[sÁal;Gatµ½n nigeKaledATsSnviC¢a 3
cMNuc KW cMeNHdwg muxgarnaTI nig esckþIesµaHRtg;. enAkñúgmhakaBü
mhaPartyuT§ )aneBaldl;erOgs®gÁamrvagBYk)aNDB CamYyBYkekarB
RBHRKwsѳ)anbeRgónTsSnviC¢a[GrCunsþab;kñúgrvags®gÁamenaHfa {GrCun/
kareFIVs®gÁaenHCanaTIrbs;kSRt CanaTIrbs;mnusSl¥EdlRtUvts‘UnwgmnusS
GaRkk; ehIysßabnasnþisux yutþFm’eLIg}.
eBaledaysegçb TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKItaenH mandUecñH KW³
1> erOgcMeNHdwg RBHRKwsѳriHKn;cMeNHdwgEpñkbsaTsmösS nig
cMeNHdwgEdlekIteLIgBIkarEsVgrkehtupl b:uEnþelIktemáIgcMeNHdwgEdl
-45-
TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta
ekIteLIgBIkardwgc,as;xagkñúg ehAfa {GCÄtikBaJaN} (Intuition) ehIy
kardwgRbePTenH nwgekItmaneLIgluHRtaEtmankarykQñHbsaTsmösS
KWkarbMeBjeyaK³ eXIjbrmatµ½n ehIycUlrYmbrmatµ½nenaH)an.
2> erOgmuxgarnaTI beRgón[RbtibtþinaTI [bMeBjnaTIedaycitþ
brisuT§ ]TahrN_ kSRtmannaTIeFIVs®gÁam k¾RtUvEteFIVs®gÁam. kareKcevH
s®gÁam eQµaHfamin)anbMeBjmuxgarnaTIrbs;xøÜn. kareFIVtamnaTIrbs;xøÜn
ebIeTaHCamanGñkdéTeBalfaCakarsagGMeBI)ab k¾BMuman)abEdr eRBaHvaCa
naTIrbs;buKÁlmñak; ² RtUvEtbMeBj.
3> erOgkaresµaHRtg; beRgón[RbKl;kay citþ b¤viBaØaNcMeBaH
GaTIeTBedaycitþesµaHRtg; nigeKarBbUCaya:gx<g;x<s;bMput. RBHRKwsѳeBal
fa {CnNa)aneFIVGMeBIedIm,IGatµ½n manGatµ½nCaeKaledA esµaHRtg;cMeBaH
Gatµ½n CnenaHrEmgcUldl;Gatµ½n}.
niymn½y éneyaK³
TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta )aneBaldl;RTwsþIénkarRbtibtþ b¤bMeBjnaTI
nigPaBesµaHRtg;rbs;mnusSRbkbedaylkçN³eRcInRbkar dUcCa vuDÆibBaØa
ectna nigkarrMePIbcitþCaedIm. GñkcitþviTüabc©úb,nñeBalfalkçN³TaMg 3
RbkarenH R)akdenAkñúgkarKitb:ueNÑaH mnusSRKb;rUbGaccak;FøúHemakS³)an
dUcKña edayGaRs½yeKalkarN_ 3 dUcteTAenH KW CjaeyaK³ kmµeyaK³
nigPkþieyaK³ TaMg 3 rYmehAfa {eyaK³} )andl;ÉkPaB} b¤ {citþcUldl;
Gnþimsc©³}. eTaHCaenAkNþaléf¶ekþA ePøógPÁr rga esckþITukç k¾eyaKI KWGñk
RbtibtþiFm’ edIm,IkMcat;kielsrbs;xøÜn minmancitþFujRTan; rafy b¤jab;j½r
-46-
TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta
ts‘UedIm,Icak;FøúHnUvPaBs¶b; rEmgsresIrxøÜnÉg rEmgcak;FøúHnUvesckþIsux
d¾RbNIt. eyaKIrEmgtaMgenAkñúgTsSnviC¢aénehtupl CaGñkminjab;j½r
eRBaHkarmincuHsRmugKña cat;faCaGñk)ancUldl;zan³x<s;bMputénRBhµ
Cazan³minmankarERbRbYlkñúgkalTaMgBYg.
1> CjaeyaK³ )andl; {pøÚvéncMeNHviC¢a} eKaledArbs;eyaKI KW
{dwgc,as;edayxøÜnÉg} b:uEnþeTAminrYceT RbsinebIBMumanviC¢a. viFIEsVgrkviC¢a
KWcMeNHdwgEdlnaM[seRmcnUveKalrbs;xøÜn RtUvykQñHkmøaMg\®nÞIy_bsaT
edaykarGt;Fn; RtUvevorcakkarrs;enAEbbmnusSxøHEdlcayvayx¢Hx¢ay
minRtUvbeNþay[kmøaMgtNðaRKbsgát; RbsinebIbeNþay[Føak;enAeRkam
GMNactNða nwgmaneQµaHfa {eyaKIminl¥ minBitR)akd}. karCab;CMBak;nwg
esckþIsuxkñúgGarmµN_ GackMcat;)anedaykarcUldl;cMeNHdwgBitR)akd.
TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta )aneBaldl;sarsMxan;énviC¢afa sUm,IbuKÁlEdlman
)abF¶n; k¾GacqøgsaKrénsagSarvdþ)anedaynava KWviC¢a. ePøIgEdlkMBugeqH
KMeTcnUv»sya:gNamij buKÁlEdlmanviC¢ab:ueNÑaH CaÉkPBnwgGnþimsc©³.
viC¢a Cabc©½ysMxan;bMputkñúgkarGnuvtþnaTI[)anRtwmRtUv RBmTaMgCabJsKl;
énPaBPkþId¾RtwmRtUvpgEdr.
2> kmµeyaK³ )andl; {pøÚvcUldl;Gnþismsc©³edaykarRbtibtþnaTI
RtwmRtUv} RtUvcUldl;CjaeyaK³ KWcMeNHdwgCamun kmµeyaK³nwgR)akd
eLIg KWeXIjkic©sMxan;énkarRbtibtþnaTI. buKÁlminGaclHbg;naTIrbs;xøÜn
)aneT ÉkPBenHsßitenAnwgnaTIrbs;buKÁlmñak; ². karbMeBjnaTI KWeFIVkar
edayBMumantNða ])aTan R)afñapl b¤Cab;CMBak;nwgpl eFIVedaycitþbrisuT§
Ca]bkrN_RBHGaTIeTB eFIVedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;RBHGaTIeTB kalebIdUecñH
-47-
TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta
)abrEmgminRCabcUldl;GñkenaH dUcTwkrEmgminRCabcUleTAkñúgsøwkQUk
dUecñaH . Gacmancm¶l;fa {eFIVkaredayxVHtNða ])aTan nwgeTArYcEdrb¤ ?}
cuHeRKÓgynþEdleFIVkarya:gmanRbsiT§iPaBenaH manviBaØaN tNða ])aTan
mkBINa ?. enHCaeRKÓgbBa¢ak;[eXIjfaRbsiT§iPaBBMu)ansßitenAnwgcMNg;
TaMgRsugeT rEmgsßitenAnwgmnusSEdleFIVkargar[manRbsiT§PaBx<s;eday
mincaM)ac;mantNða ])anTan.
3> PkþieyaK³ )andl; {karmancitþesµaHRtg;nwgRBHGaTIeTB} Ca
lkçN³énkareKarB. RBHGaTIeTBeBalfa {GñkEdlmancitþP½kþIcMeBaHeyIg
minFøab;sabsUnücakRbeyaCn_eT sUm,ICnEdlman)ab kalebImancitþPkþI
cMeBaHeyIg k¾nwgCYbsnþisuxya:gsm,ÚrN_}. RBHTIeTB)aneBalpgEdrfa
{cUrRbKl;kay citþrbs;GñkTaMgLaydl;eyIgcuH cUrRbKl;GIV ² TaMgGs;
mk[eyIgcuH kMubImanesckþIesakesAeLIy eyIgnwgrMedaH)abRKb;ya:g}.
RBHGaTIeTBrEmgelIktemáIgGñkEdlmancitþPkþIcMeBaHRBHGgÁ RTg;naM[qøg
putsaKrénkarekItsøab;. manEtbuKÁlEdlesµaHRtg;nwgRBHGaTIeTBb:ueNÑaH
eTIbsÁal;faRTg;CaGñkRKb;RKgÉkPBenH.
KtiFm’EdlCnCati\eNÐóRbtibtþi
1> yC¢nkmµ )andl;BiFIkmµsURtmnþsresIr bUCaRBHGaTIeTBGgÁNa
mYyEdleKeBjcitþeKarB . GñkxøHeFIVBiFIkmµedIm,IsMuesckþIsuxesckþIceRmIn
ekItmandl;xøÜn nigRkumRKYsar kMu[maneraKaBüaFiebotebon [)anseRmc
nUveKalbMNgEdleK)anR)afñaTukmk. BiFIkmµenH RbsinebIeFIVedIm,IxøÜnÉg
b¤RkumRKYsar RBahµN_EdlRbkbBiFIenaHmanEtmñak;b:ueNÑaH EtebICaBiFIFM²
-48-
TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta
dUcCaBiFIbuNüRbcaMqñaMkñúgPUmi b¤TUTaMgRbeTs RtUvGeBa¢IjRBahµN_buerahit
eRcInnak;. kñúgKm<IrRBHevTeBalfa {elakenAkñúgGMNacBYkRBahµN_ elak
ceRmInrugerOg b¤minrugerOgsßitenAelIRBahµN_CaGñkkMNt; evTmnþ GaKm
Kafa manGMNacRKbdNþb;elIeTvtaTaMgLay b¤fVImat;BYkRBahµN_s½kþisiT§I
Cagdav lMEBg b¤kaMePøIgtUcFM. GñkRbkbBiFIkmµepSg ² manEtBYkRBahµN_
b:ueNÑaH GñkdéTEdlminEmnCaRBahµN_ minGacRbkbkargarenH)aneT
sUm,IsikSak¾minGnuBaØatEdr}. TaMgenHRbEhlCamkBIeKkMNaj;muxrbr min
cg;[GñkNamkdeNþImkargarrbs;eK.
2> lkçN³TsSnviC¢aeTvniym GaTIeTBEdleKeKarBbUCaenaH
maneRcInGgÁ dUcmanenAkñúgKm<IrbJKevTEcgfa {GaTIeTBEdleKniymeRcIn
CageK KWRBH\nÞ RBHGKÁnI nigRBHvruN TaMg 3 GgÁenHrYmcUlKñaEtmYy.
ehtuEdlmaneQµaHdl;eTA 3 enaH KWmkBIRTg;EbgPaK eTARKb;RKgelak
karBitmanEtmYyGgÁb:ueNÑaH.
eKalkarN_FM ² kñúgsasnaEdlekItfµI
lT§isasnaEdlekIteLIgfµI maneKalkarN_FM ² KYr[srubdUecñHKW³
1> erOgGaTIeTB lT§isasnanana PaKeRcIneCOfaGaTIeTBmanrUb
ragBitR)akd k¾bUCakayfVayCIvitcMeBaHGaTIeTBenaH² ykGaTIeTBenaH²
CaTIBwgTIrlwk¬srN³¦. CMenOenHehAfa {lT§iPkþI} dUcCasasnaeys‘ URKisÞ
nigsasnaGIusøam.
2> erOgCIvitrs;enA sgát;F¶n;elIkarRbtibtþeRcInCagRTwsþI dUcCa
karGPiR)ay karCECkEvkEjkKñakñúgTsSnviC¢a b¤brmtßFm’ GMBIGaTIeTB
-49-
eKalkarN_FM² kñúgsasnaEdlekItfµI
erOgviBaØaN.l. [BicarNaerOgrebobvin½yedIm,IRKb;RKgsti taMgsti
kMNt;GarmµN_ eFIVcitþ[)anrwgbwug BüayamsagGMeBIl¥ lHbg;GMeBIGaRkk;.
karRbtibtþdUecñHehAfa{lT§ikmµvaTI} KWeCOkmµ nigplrbs;kmµ. karRbtibtþ
dUecñHnwgCYy[rYcputcakTukçTaMgBYg.
3> erOgstibBaØa ENnaM[eRbIstibBaØaRtiHriHBirNarkehtupl
EdlTak;TgnwgbBaðaCIvitRbcaMéf¶ [RsbKñanwgKeRmagkarN_EdlxøÜn)an
kMNt;TukfanwgRbtibtþi[)anRtwmRtUv.
4> bdiesFerOgBlIkmµ edayBicarNaeXIjfakareFIVBlIkmµ b¤
karRbkby½BaØBiFIEdlFøab;RbRBwtþmkenaHCakarGt;RbeyaCn_ Kµanehtupl
BMuEmnCaeKalkarN_Rbtibtþrbs;bBaØaCn EdlmanEcgenAkñúgKm<IrRBahµN³
eT. TaMgenaHRKan;EtCa])ayrkplRbeyaCn_rbs;BYkRBahµN_ EdlCaGñk
RbkbBiFIkmµkñúgsm½yedImb:ueNÑaH. ENnaM[yl;faCIvitmnusSRKb;rUb man
témøNas; KYrEteFIVGIVEdlCaRbeyaCn_sRmab;CIvitrbs;xøÜn nigsgÁm minKYr
ebotxøÜn nigGñkdéT[dl;nUvesckþITukçedayRbkarNamYyeLIy.
karpøas;bþÚrTsSn³rbs;lT§isasnafµIenH )anekIteLIgenAPUmiPaK
xageCIg nigPUmiPaKkNþalénRbeTs\eNÐó kñúgsm½yBuT§kal faman
62 lT§i EtlT§iEdlelcmuxCageK man\T§BlxøaMgCageK ehIyenAKg;vgS
rhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH man 3 b:ueNÑaH KWsasnaRBahµN_ nikayPaKv½t
BuT§sasna nigsasnaeCn.
4> 1 sasnaRBahµN_ nikayPaKv½t )anbeRgónfa GaTIeTB
eQµaH RBHhrieTBbtI CaGaTIeTBmanrUbragBitR)akd RTg;Etgbgðajkay
dl;GñkEdleKarBbUCaRTg;edaycitþPkþI ÉGñkEdlBMumancitþPkþIcMeBaHRTg;
-50-
eKalkarN_FM² kñúgsasnaEdlekItfµI
manEtkarRbkby½BaØBiFI KWsmøab;stVedIm,IbUCay½j BlIkmµ bMeBjtb³
bYgsYg bn;Rsn; EsneRBn.l. BMuman»kas)anCYbRTg;Cadac;xat eRBaH
TegVITaMgGs;enaHBMuEmnCaTIeBjRBHT½yrbs;RTg;eLIy.
4> 2 BuT§sasna )anbdiesFerOgviBaØaN b¤Gtþa bdiesFerOgBiFI
kmµepSg² karsmøab;stVtUcFMedIm,IbUCay½BaØ karbYgsYgbn;Rsn;EsneRBn
twgCagsasnaRBahµN_ nikayPaKv½t. erOgGaTIeTBmanrUbragkþI KµankþI
BuT§sasnaminTTYlsÁal;TaMgGs;. BuT§sasna)anbdiesFpgEdr nUverOg
mnþGaKm eFIVesñh_ dak;GMeBI edaHeRKaH elIkrasI kab;minmut )aj;minecj
TsSn_Tay nigeFIV[eKvinasRBat;R)as;Kña.l. RBHBuT§RTg;beRgónXravas
[taMgenAkñúgTan sIl Pavna edIm,IsagCIvitxøÜn nigRkumRKYsar [rs;enA
)ansuxceRmInrugerOg RbeTsCatism,ÚrN_sb,ay beRgónGñkbYs KWPikçú
sameNr [taMgenAkñúg sIl smaFi bBaØa. eBaledayxøI RTg;beRgón[
evorcakGMeBI)abTaMgBYg [sagGMeBIl¥edaykayvaca nigCRmHcitþ[)an
s¥atl¥pUrpg; edIm,IrMedaHxøÜnecjcaksgSarvdþ [)andl;RBHniBVanCazan
putTukç BMumankarekIt cas; QW søab;.
4> 3 sasnaeCn eBalfa karbMeBjtb³ eFIVxøÜn[rgTukç eday
RbkarepSg ² CakarRbRBwtþiRbtibtþiFm’Can;x<s; CaehtunaM[rYcputcakTukç
TaMgBYg. eKeCOfa viBaØaNmanBitR)akd CaCIvits½kþisiT§i CaGnnþ³ minEbk
FøayrlaysabsUnü manenARKb;TIkEnøg sUm,IdMudI dMuGidæ dMufµ b¤kMNat;eQI
k¾manviBaØaNsßitenAEdr. GñkbYskñúgsasnaenHRsatTaMgGs;Kña/ ExµrehA
faBYkGaEcl. sasþacarüBYkeKeQµaH mhavIr³ CaRBHGgÁm©as; Etmindwg
faCabuRtkSRtGgÁNa ecjbYsRskrKñanwgRBHGgÁm©as;siT§tß ¬RBHBuT§¦.
-51-
TsSnviC¢abUBa’ edayRBHmha ma:sarin visuT§ (M.Phil)
emeronTI 4
sMNak;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
sMNak;nanaénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
ebIeTaHCaTsSnviC¢a\eNÐólayLMedaylT§inana manTsSn³epSg²
Kñak¾eday k¾eyIgGacRsavRCavlkçN³sam½jénvb,Fm’ GriyFm’\eNÐó
nigÉkPaBénlT§inana eBalKWlkçN³sIl niglkçN³pøÚvcitþ)andUecñH KW³
1> TsSnviC¢acaM)ac;sRmab;CIvit mann½yfa RKb;lT§i sagrbb
TsSnviC¢aeLIg edIm,IGPivDÆCIvitmnusS [eXIjehtukarN_elakxageRkA
¬elakutþr¦ nigelakxagkñúg ¬elakIy_¦.
2> TsSnviC¢asgát;F¶n;TaMgRTwsþI TaMgkarGnuvtþ mann½yfaTsSnviC¢a
\eNÐóminkMNt;niymn½yTak;TgnwgsIlFm’ b¤criyFm’Etb:ueNÑaHeT sUm,I
sgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarRbtibtþk¾eday k¾BMu)anTat;ecalRTwsþIEdr KW)anRsavRCav
[yl;nUvsmudæanya:gBitR)akdpgEdr. TaMgenHk¾eRBaHEtcg;[mnusSqøg
putesckþITukçevTnaedayRbkarepSg ².
3> TsSnviC¢aekIteLIgeRBaHesckþIBüayam KWmancitþsÞúHsÞatam
karERbRbYlénerOgra:vepSg² kñúgelak rkTIkMNt;BitR)akdBMu)an edaysar
EtGviC¢a. bBaØanwgekIteLIgeRBaHkarkMcat;GviC¢a n½yenHBMu)anrkSasiT§ieT
RKb;CnCati RKb;sasnaEdlmanesckþIBüayam GackMcat;GviC¢aenH)an.
TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóBüayamRbwgERbg edaymanesckþIsgÇwmya:gmaMkñúgkardk
xøÜnecjcakTukçTaMgBYg.
-52-
sMNak;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
TsSnviC¢abUBa’ 9 lT§i
Km<Ir]bnis½TRtUv)anEtgeLIgCaeRcInEpñk CaKm<IrGFib,ayTsSn³
Kti Edl)anx©at;x©ay RtUv)anGñkR)aCJRbmUlrYbrYmTukkñúgKm<IrRBHevT Cag
200 ]bnis½T ehIyenAkñúgsm½ykal b¤yuKEdlGñkR)aCJ)anBüayam
cat;rbbTsSnviC¢asarCafµIenaH KWkñúgrvag 200 qñaM mun B>s> rhUtmkdl;
B>s> 1/200 ehAfa {yuKmasénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó . enAkñúgyuKenaHman
GñkR)aCJekIteLIgeRcInNas; BYkeK)antaMgsMNak;eLIg begáIteTACalT§i
epSg ² Kña rYmTaMgGs;man 9 lT§i EckecjCa 2 EpñkFM ² KWGastik³
(Astika) nignastik³ (Nastika). Gastik³man 6 lT§i nastik³man
3 lT§i.
RBHBuT§sasna nigsasnaeCn)an]btþieLIgkñúgyuKCamYyKña ehIy
)anRbqaMgdac;xatnwgRTwsþIRBHevT Caehtu[manclnaERbRbYlTaMgRTwsþI
nigTaMgkarGunvtþ ya:geRcInenAkñúgsasnaRBahµN_ ehIyeRkaymksasna
enHRtUv)anehAfa {sasnahiNÐÚ}. clnaERbRbYlsMxan;CageKkalenaH KW
karekIteLIgénlT§iTaMg 9 enaHÉg KW 6 lT§iEdlehAfaGastik³ b¤
bDTsSn³ CaEpñkeTvniym eRBaHeCOkñúgGMNacGaTIeTBfaCaGñksagelak
sagnUvGIV ² TaMgGs; RBmTaMgeCOnUvPaBs½kþisiT§irbs;RBHevTpgEdr. TaMg
6 lT§ienHehAfa {TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó b¤hiNÐÚ}. lT§i 3 eTOt KW BuT§/ eCn/ nig
carvak minehAfaTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó b¤hiNÐÚeT CaGeTvniym b¤ nastik³
eRBaHmineCOnUvPaBs½kþisiT§iénRBHevT mineCOGMNacGaTIeTBEdlfaCaGñk
sagelak nigGIV ² TaMgGs;enaHeT. xageRkamenH sMucab;ykcMNucsMxan;
xøHénlT§ifµITaMgGs;enaHmkeFIVkarGFib,aytamlMdab;lMedaydUcteTA>>>
-53-
emeronTI 4
EpñkGastik³
EpñkenHEckecjCa 2 saxaFM ² KW k> lT§i\sSrPaB nig x> lT§i
Rbkan;ykKm<IrRBHevTCabTdæan.
k> lT§i\sSrPaB
lT§ienHtaMgeLIgedayÉkraC BMu)anGaRs½yKm<IrRBHevTCabTdæan
eT EtRBmTTYlsÁal;nUvPaBsMxan;rbs;RBHevT manTsSn³lMeGogeTArk
RBHevT. lT§ienHEckecjCa 4 nikay KW nikaysagçy³ 1 eyaK³ 1
nyay³ 1 nig nikayévessik³ 1.
1> nikaysagçy³
Baküfa {sagçy³} manniymn½ydUcKñanwgBakü {sMxüa} ERbfa
{cMnYn/ karrab;}. müa:geTotBaküsagçy³enH)andl; karecHdwgd¾RtwmRtUv
¬smµajaN¦ dUcmanEcgenAkñúgTsSnviC¢aPKv½TKItafa {lT§inikaysagçy³
CarbbeBaldl;karecHdwg}. cMeNHdwgRtwmRtUvtameKaledAlT§inikayenH
KW {cMeNHdwgEdlGacEjkbursecjBIRbRkwti} ehIymanTMnak;TMngKñanwg
lT§inikayeyaK³CaeRcIn eRBaHBaküe®bónRbedAkñúgnikayenHGaccUldl;
b¤yl;)anedaykarRbtibtþ EtrebobkarRbtibtþ PaKeRcInmanenAkñúglT§I
nikayeyaK³. dUecñHeyIgGacehAlT§inikayenHfaCaEpñkRTwsþIk¾)an. kñúg
cMeNamTsSnviC¢acNas;bMputrbs;hiNÐÚ sagçy³CaTsSnviC¢acMNas;mYy
ehIyTsSnviC¢aenH)anbdiesFGaTIeTBpgEdr.
manerOgmYyEdlTak;TgnwglT§ienH fakalenaHmantabs\sImYy
rUb eQµaHkbil CaGñk)anseRmcjaNviTüa )anvieRKaHRTwsþIcMeNHdwgrbs;
mnusSya:gl¥itl¥n;. tabs\sIenHmanGayumYystvtSmunRBHBuT§RTg;]btþi
-54-
sMNak;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
mann½yfaelakmanGayuCagmYyryqñaM . nikayenHCaRbePT {TViniym}
GaLartabs nig]Tktabs CaGacarüFMénlT§inikayenH elakTaMgBIr
Føab;beRgónRBHGgÁm©as;siT§tß[RbtibtþiedIm,I)andl;elakutþr b:uEnþRTg;BMu)an
Rtas;CaRBHBuT§eT ehIyRTg;k¾laGacarüTaMgBIreTAkan;tMbn;esnaniKm.
kbiltabsCaGñkEtgKm<Irsagçy³sURt RbvcnsURt CYnkalehA
fa {GeTvsagçy³} eRBaHelakEdlCaGñksßabnalT§inikaysagçy³ minRBm
TTYlsÁal;GaTIeTB minGacBiesaF[eXIjfaGaTIeTBmanrUbragdUcemþc.
lT§inikaysagçy³manlkçN³Ca {TViniymEbbsc©niym} eRBaHmanPaBBit
Et 2 Rbkar KW citþ nigvtßú b¤ burs 1 nigRbRkwti 1.
1> burs b¤ viBaØaN BaküfabursenHmkBIBakü {bur ÷ s} {bur}
ERbfa {nKrEdlmanTVarecjcUl} {s} ERbfa {GñkedkenA} dUecñHBakü fa
{burs} ERbfa {GñkedkenAkñúgnKrEdlmanTVarecjcUl}. bur KWnKr
kñúgTIenH)andl; {ragkay} eRBaHragkaymanTVar 9 KWEPñk 2/ RcmuH 2/
Rtecok 2/ mat; 1/ TVarGuc©ar³ 1 nigTVarbsSav³ 1. Baküfa {burs}
kñúglT§inikaysagçy³)andl; {viBaØaN b¤Gatµ½nEdledkenAkñúgragkay} Ca
burvPav³ (Absolute) b¤GaTIeTBEdlsßitenAkñúgFmµCati eRBaHeyIgGac
cUldl;)an RbsinebIeyIgsÁal;viBaØaNrbs;xøÜn. lT§inikayenHbeRgón[
sÁal;citþrbs;xøÜn eRBaHkarsÁal;citþrbs;xøÜnenHsMxan;Nas;. burs b¤viBaØaN
CabJsKlEpñkcitþ/ Gtþa b¤CIv³ CatYdwg b¤eXIjBitR)akd CaPav³brisuT§.
2> RbRkwti RbRkwtienHmanmUlkarN_ KWbJsKl;Epñkvtßú b¤ ssar
(Matter) CasPav³R)ascakCIvit CamUlsPav³énelak EtBMuEmnvtßú
TUeTAdUcCalT§idéTyl;enaHeT CabJsKlnUvGIVEdlekItÉg. RbRkwtienH ebI
-55-
emeronTI 4
ERbykesckþI )andl;tY GviC¢a TiBVs½kþirbs;RBH\sVr RBhµ b¤c,ab;epSg ²
eTAtamkarniyménnikayenaH ². RbRkwtiRbkbedayGgÁ ehAfaKuN 3 KW³
¬1¦ stþv³ PaBénesckþIl¥ esckþIsux CYy[ekItjaN CacMNuc
kNþal[ekItPnøWPøWføa. GgÁ b¤KuNenHmanBN’s.
¬2¦ rC³ b¤ rC¢ CakmµnþPaB CaGNÐÚgekIténkarPøaMgPøat; naM[ekIt
esckþITukç [citþrevIrvaykñúgteRmkBi)aknwgGt;Fn; naM[ekItkmµ KWsag
GMeBIepSg ². GgÁ b¤KuNenHmanBN’Rkhm.
¬3¦ tm³ b¤tmsS KWPaBggwt ¬emah³¦ PaBl¶g;exøARKbsgát;citþ
[Qøk;vegVgmindwgkarBit. GgÁ b¤KuNenHmanBN’exµA.
éRtKuNenHCaxøwmsarrbs;RbRkwti CaFatuBitrbs;RbRkwti minFøab;
EjkecjBIKña manlkçN³mincuHsRmugKña EteFIVkarCamYyKña dUceRbgkat
nwgcegáóg b¤ePøIgnwgRbeqH rEmgeFIVkarCamYyKña KWkar[BnøW.
RKb;ya:gkñúgelakRbkbedayKuNTaMg 3 enH eRBaHRtUv)ansag
eLIgedayRbRkwti R)akdeLIgl¥ b¤GaRkk; brisuTi§ minbrisuT§i CakNþal²
tic b¤eRcIneRscEtcMENkNamYyR)akdeLIg. éRtKuNenHmankarERbRbYl
RKb;eBl minenAnwgsUm,ImYyxN³eLIy.
RbRkwtinwgburs eTaHCamanlkçN³epSgKñadUc)atédxñgéd Etman
TMnak;TMngKña CYyKña minGaceKcput)an eRBaHebIxatRbRkwti bursnwgBikar
ebIxatburs RbRkwtinwgxVak;. dUecñHsc©Pav³TaMgBIrenHRtUvEtR)akdCamYyKña
Canic© minGacEjkecjBIKña)aneT.
RbRkwtiCaPav³RbRktI mñak;Ég kalebIBMumanbursmkCMBak;CMBin GgÁ
Rbkb b¤éRtKuNnwgsßitenAkñúgPaBFmµta luHburscUlmkCMBak;CMBin k¾ekIt
-56-
sMNak;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
mankarERbRbYlkñúgRbRkwtiR)akdCarUbepSg ². RKb;ya:gEdlemIleXIj b¤
FmµCatiTaMgGs; xusEbøkKñaeTAtamGRtabEnßmrbs;KuN b¤GgÁRbkbTaMgbI.
lT§inikaysagçy³enHmanTisedAcg;[mnusSRbtibtþi edIm,IeFIVcitþ[
s¶b; ¬vievkjaN¦ [ekItviC¢a b¤bBaØa KWkardwgBiteXIjBitnUvsPav³mineTog
énsgçarTaMgBYg. enHCaTisedATImYykñúgkardkviBaØaNEdlQøk;vegVgnwgkþI
RsLaj; nigdkTMnak;TMngBIRbRkwti. kalebIdk)anya:genH k¾nwgcUldl;
Pav³mYyEdleFIV[rYcputcakTukç ehAfa {mukti} b¤ {emakS³}. buKÁlEdl
cUldl;mukti b¤emakS³ RtUvmanesckþIBüayamxøÜnÉg BwgxøÜnÉg GñkdéT b¤
GaTIeTBminGacCYy)aneLIy. BYkeKmineCOGaTIeTBeT EteCOfakalebI
viBaØaNrYcputcakkielsehIynwgmantémøx<sbMput eRBaHfakalebIGs;
kielsehIyrEmgx<s;CagGaTIeTB. viBaØaNenH CasBVBaØÚ KWdwgRKb;ya:g.
lT§inikaysagçy³eCOCak;elIviBaØaNEtmYyKt; KW burs b¤burvPav³.
viBaØaN b¤bursdéTnwgekItBIburvPav³enH. ebItamFmµCati burvPav³eRbób
)annwgGaTIeTB eRBaHmnusSGacyl;)an ebImnusSsÁal;viBaØaNxøÜnÉgc,as;
eQµaHfasÁal;GaTIeTBc,as;. lT§inikayenHENnaMbuKÁl[Rbtibtþi edayBMu
)anykGaTIeTBNamkCasrN³eT.
kar[TankþI karrkSasIlkþI rEmg)anRbeyaCn_ticCagkarsgát;citþ
[ekItsmaFi edIm,I[dwgc,as;Pav³nigviBaØaN viBaØaNEdl\sSrcakkiels
sÁal;c,as;kñúgGatµ½nxøÜnÉg)an GacEjkrvagburs nigRbRkwti rvagviBaØaN
nigssarecj)an. RbsinebIeXIjc,as;Gatµ½nehIy buruesatþm³ ¬burs/
viBaØaN b¤Gatµ½n/ ]tþm³-x<g;x<s;¦ nwgR)akdeLIg. enHKWPav³énkarrYcput
cak;TukçTaMgBYg eQµaHfa {mukti/ emakSa³/ GPav³raK³/ ékv½ly³ b¤niBVan}.
-57-
emeronTI 4
buKÁlGaccak;FøúHkñúgCatienH b¤CatieRkay eRscEt)armIrbs;mñak; ². buKÁl
Edlcak;FøúHCatienH ehAfa {CIv½nmukti} buKÁlEdlcak;FøúHCatieRkay ehAfa
{vieThmukti}. dUecñHGñkEdlcUldl;mukti RtUvyl;sc¨Fm’edaybBaØa RtUv
Gb;rMucitþkMu[Cab;CMBak;nwgRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn edIm,I[citþbrisuT§CasßaBr.
2> lT§inikayeyaK³
GñksßabnanikayenH eQµaH btBa¢lI )anRsavRCavrkpøÚvrYcputcak
TukçedayviFIbMeBjtb³Fm’ )andwgc,as;nUvpøÚvcitþ ehIyRbtibtþiya:gtwgrwug
edIm,IrMlt;karERbRbYléncitþ¬citþvnþinieraF¦ eRBaHcitþrevIrvayeTAtamGMNac
énkiels. btBa¢lI manGayu RbmaN 400- 300 qñaMmun K>s> Ca
GñkR)aCJRbePT {eTvniym}.
GñkxøHeBalfa btBa¢lI BMu)anrkeXIjTsSnviC¢aenHeT RKan;EtrYbrYm
eroberogCatRmafµI ehAfa {eyaKsURt} edaykarKitrbs;elakEdlmanmk
ehIytaMgBIbzmkal eTIbelak)anTTYlkitþiysfaCaGñksßabnalT§inikay
eyaK³enH.
Baküfa {eyaK³} mann½yeRcInya:g dUcCa karRKb;RKg/ TegVI/
karRbkb b¤karcab;epþImGnuvtþ.l. Gacmann½yfa viFIsa®sþ k¾)an eRBaH
karEdlcUldl;eKaledA RtUvGaRs½yviFIsa®sþ eyaK³KWCaviFIsa®sþmüa:g
EdlnwgnaMGñkRbtibtþi [dl;eKaledA KWemakS³. lT§inikayenHTTYlsÁal;
GaTIeTB sgát;F¶n;elIkarRbtibtþedIm,IhVwkhat;Bat;lt;dMcitþ.
eyaK³maneKalbMNgCYymnusS[rYcputcakTukç 3 RbkardUecñH KW³
1> esckþITukçekIteLIgBIehtuxagkñúg b¤karRbRBwtþixus RtUv
RbtibtþitameyaK³ edIm,Iyl;[c,as;nUvehtuminRbkan;maMkñúgelak eday
-58-
sMNak;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
mincaM)ac;EjkxøÜnecjcakelak.
2> esckþITukçekIteLIgcakehtuxageRkA dUcCaRtUvstVsahav b¤
mnusScitþGaRkk;KRmamCaedIm RtUvRbtibtþitameyaK³ edIm,IsRgYmcitþ
eFIVcitþ[)anbrisuT§ esckþITukçenaHnwg)anFUrRsal b¤)at;eTAvij.
3> esckþITukçekItBIGMNacFmµCati dUcCaFatu b¤GMNacGaf’kM)aMg
RtUvRbtibtþitameyaK³ edIm,I[citþekItsmaFi citþs¶b;. tRmaeyaK³rbs;
btBa¢lI man 4 PaK KW³
¬1¦ smaFi eBaldl;GgÁRbkbénkareFIVsmaFi
¬2¦ saFn³ eBaldl;vifIcak;FøúHsmaFi
¬3¦ vPUti eBaldl;plsmaFi famanGMNacx<s;elIFmµCati
¬4¦ ékv½lyü eBaldl;sPav³éncitþmansmaFibribUrN_.
lT§inikayeyaK³yl;fakarRbtibtþ nigcMeNHdwgCaehtu[cUldl;
PaB\sSrya:gsm,ÚrN_. viFIRbtibtþman 8 Rbkar ehAfa{GsSdagÁeyaK³}
ERbfa {eyaK³manGgÁ 8 Rbkar}. TaMg 8 RbkarenHeBaldl;karRbtibtþ
pøÚvkay citþ nigkarEsVgrkcMeNHdwgEdlKYrdl;esckþIs¶b;sux. TisedAén
karRbtibtþeyaK³ KWedIm,IRKb;RKgcitþ nigedIm,I[dl; {ékv½ly³} )andl;
cMeNHdwgd¾RtwmRtUv¬smµajaN¦ ehAmüa:geTotfa {citþRBwtþinieraF} )andl;
karRKb;RKg b¤karrMlt;RBWtþikmµéncitþ edaykarRbtibtþtampøÚv 8 enH ya:g
twgrwug nwg)anseRmcsmaFi. smaFienH nwgeFIV[buKÁldwgc,as;kñúgFmµCati
b¤Gatµ½nénxøÜn ehIynwg)andl;emakS³. pøÚv 8 b¤GgÁRbkbeyaK³ 8 Rbkar
kñúgkarGb;rMupøÚvkay citþenaH KW³
3> 1 ym³ karsRgYmrvaMgTak;TgnwgkarRbRBwtþiRbtibtþikay nig
-59-
emeronTI 4
nigcitþ KWevorcakehtu 5 RbkardUecñH KW³
¬1¦ GhwgSa evorcakkarsmøab; b¤ebotebonstVtUcFMRKb;RbePT
¬2¦ GsSetyü evorcakkarlYcbøn; b¤ekgRbv½Ba©RTBüGñkdéT
¬3¦ stþy³ KWminniyaykuhke)akR)as
¬4¦ RBhµcarü evorcakkarRbRBwtþixusbþIRbBn§kUnecAGñkdéT
¬5¦ GbriKrh³ minTTYlTukdak;RTBüsm,tþiEdlmincaM)ac;dl;CIvit
RbcaMéf¶ KWeRbIR)as;Etrbs;NaEdlcaM)ac;b:ueNÑaH.
karsRgYmTaMg 5 RbkarenH CameFüa)ayeFIVcitþ[brisuT§ kalebI
citþbrisuT§l¥ nwgnaM[kayrwgbwug RbsinebIbuKÁlBMu)anhVwkhat;kay citþeT
)abTaMgLaynwgman»kasekIteLIgya:ggay.
3> 2 niym³ karCRmHkay citþ[s¥at karGb;rMucitþ[man emtþa
kruNa nigsenþas.l. edayRbtibtþitameKaledA 5 RbkardUecñH KW³
¬1¦ esac³ CRmHkay[s¥atl¥brisuT§ edaykarmuCTwk briePaK
GaharEdlmanGnam½y CRmHcitþ[)ans¥atl¥pUrpg; nwkKitEterOgl¥ ²
¬2¦ senþas eRtkGrcMeBaHrbs;EdlxøÜnman)anmkehIy minman
citþelaPln;cg;)anhYsehtu mineXIjEtRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn
¬3¦ tb³ dutkMedAkiels edaykarbMeBjesckþIBüayamya:gxøaMg
bEnßmesckþIGt;Fn; nigkmøaMgGFidæan edIm,Ihat;Bat;lt;dMkaycitþ[)andl;
TisedAx<s;bMput KWemakS³
¬4¦ sVaFüay eBjcitþ cUlcitþGanKm<Ir b¤tRmananaedaykaryk
citþTukdak; TenÞj[caMmat;nUvemeronsMxan; ²
¬5¦ \sVrRbNiFan RbKl;kay citþcMeBaHGaTIeTB taMgcitþeFIV
-60-
sMNak;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
smaFiya:gtwgrwugedaykarrMlwkdl;GaTIeTBCanic©.
3> 3 Gasn³ karhVwkhat;GgÁúy KWkarRbtibtþragkaytam
viFIsa®sþ EdlRBahµNacarü)ankMNt;Tukmk [)ansÞat;sÞat;CMnaj edIm,I
[ragkay citþmansuxPaBl¥maMmYnpg nigCakarbMeBjkuslplbuNüpg.
3> 4 braNaym³ karRKb;RKgdegðImkñúgeBleFIVsmaFi eday
kMNt;degðImecjcUl[)anEvg² 4-5 dg ehIybnßymkvij beNþay[
ecjcUltamFmµtaedIm,IrkSasuxPaBebHdUgpg nigedIm,I[sac;dMusYt)anrwg
maMpg. viFIRbtibtþtamrebobkMNt;degðImecjcUlenHman 3 ya:g dUecñH KW³
¬1¦ dkdegðImcUl[)aneRCA Evg ehAfa bUrk³
¬2¦ kMNt;degðImb¤rkSaxül;ecjcUl)anl¥dUckayfµ ehAfa kumÖk³
¬3¦ dkdegðImecj ehAfa erck³ KWRtUveFIV[)anRtwmRtUv eTAtam
karENnaMrbs;RBahµNacarü.
3> 5 Rbtüahar³ karRKb;RKgbsaTsmösS sRgYm\®nÞIy_ KW
EPñk RcmuH GNþat kay kMu[Cab;CMBak;nwgGarmµN_xageRkA KWrUb køin rs
nigsmös ¬karb:HBal;¦. kareFIVdUecñH CakarhVwkhat;citþ[)anrwgbwug kMu[
revIrvayeTAelIGarmµN_EdlCaTIR)afña nigminCaTIR)afña ehIyRtUveFIV[)an
Cab;lab;eTIb)anTTYlplRbesIr.
viFIRbtibtþTaMg 5 dUc)aneBalmkenH CaviFITak;TgnwgehtuxageRkA
3 xageRkamenHCaviFITak;Tgnwgehtuxagkñúg eRBaHsMedAyksmaFieyaK³.
3> 6 FarN³ kartaMgcitþkñúgGarmµN_EdlRtUvkar GarmµN_enaH
rEmgmanepSgKña eTAtamkarniym b¤karkMNt;rbs;RBahµNacarü CYnkal
GackMNt;degðImecjcUl ¬GaNa)ansti¦ KWkMNt;Rtg;cugRcmuH b¤edImRTUg
-61-
emeronTI 4
¬cugdegðIm¦ b¤k,aleBaH¬Rtg;p©it¦ CYnkalGackMNt;kay ¬kayKtasti¦
b¤eTvrUb ¬eTvanusti¦ ya:gNamYyk¾)an eFIVya:gNa[Etcitþ)ans¶b;sux.
3> 7 Fyan³ karbMeBjQan KWBicarNaCab; ² Kña mindac;kñúg
GarmµN_NamYyEdlxøÜn)ankMNt;c,as;las;ehIy minbeNþaycitþ[gaker
eTArkkic©déTepSgBIGarmµN_EdlxøÜn)anehIyenaH. GñkRbtibtþiTaMgLay
EdlmansmtßPaBeFIVcitþ[dl;fñak;enH eQµaHfaCaGñkman)armIx<s; eRBaH
QanenHrEmgmanGMNacxøaMgkøaNas; minRtwmEtkMcat;GarmµN_revIrvay
b:ueNÑaHeT naMmknUvkmøaMgkaycitþ KWmansuxPaBkaycitþpgEdr. QanenH
CYnkalGacsabsUnüeTAvijk¾man RbsinebIeyaKavcr KWGñkRbtibtþiman
kareFVsRbEhs dUcCadMufµsgát;esµA ebIelIkdMufµecj esµAnwgduHeLIgvij
ebIminelIkecj esµAenaHnwgvinas)at;eTA k¾dUcKñanwgGñkRbtibtþienaHÉg
ebImankarRbugRby½tñCanic© nwgdwgc,as;nUvGatµ½n b¤viBaØaN.
3> 8 smaFi KWkarRbmUlGarmµN_[)anmUl b¤eFIVcitþ[sßitenA
kñúgGarmµN_EtmYy. xTI 8 enHCaehtuénxTI 7 buKÁlEdl)anseRmcQan
eRBaHGaRs½ysmaFiCaTItaMg b:uEnþxTI 8 enHmanlkçN³TUlMTUlayCagTI 7
eRBaHvaCasmaFifñak;x<s; ehAfa {essVrsagçy³}.
kalebIRbtibtþitamviFIsa®sþTaMg 8 RbkarenHehIy nwg)ancak;FøúH
b¤cUldl;smaFieyaK³ CaeKaledAx<s;bMputénlT§inikayeyaK³.
3> lT§inikaynyay³
lT§inikayenH tabs\sI eKatþm³ nigGkS³)aT³ CaGñksßabna kñúg
rvag 400 qñaMmun K>s> dl; K>s> 100 eyagtamKm<IrnyaysURt rbs;
\sI eKatþm³. Bakü {nyay³} ERbfa {karCECkEvkEjkkñúgerOgRsavRCav
-62-
sMNak;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó
rkkarBit} )andl;lT§ielIktemáIgstibBaØamnusS. manniymn½yeRcIneTot
dUcCa {tkáviTüa} viC¢aRtiHriHBicarNa {ehtuviTüa} viC¢asþIGMBIehtuEdlnaM[
ekItpl {RbmaNviTüa} viC¢asþIGMBIkarEsVgrkcMeNHdwgd¾RtwmRtUv {vaTviTüa}
viC¢aRbEkkKñaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IkarrIkceRmIn.l. lT§inikaynyay³enH
cat;Catkásc©niym eRBaHCaTsSnviC¢arbbEsVgrkFatuBittamc,ab;ehtupl
¬tkáviTüa¦. lT§inikayenHkaledImeLIymineCOGaTIeTBeT luHeRkaymk
eCOfaGaTIeTBCaRBHv iBaØaNbrisuT§sßitenAzansYK’ RTg;manlkçN³RbesIr
6 ya:gKW¬1¦ PaBGs©arü¬2¦ PaBrugerOg¬3¦ PaBbrisuT§¬4¦ PaB\sSr³
¬5¦manGMNac nig¬6¦ mancMeNH. BYkeKeCOfaGaTIeTBCaGñksagelak
CaGñkrkSa nigCaGñkbMpøajelak ehIydak;TNÐkmµdl;mnusSGaRkk; [
rgVan;dl;mnusSl¥ RBmTaMgbNþal[Km<IrRBHevTsßitesßrnirnþr. karsikSa
RBHKm<Ir kareFIVsmaFi nigkarRbtibtþeyaK³ CapøÚvnaMmnusSelakeTAkan;
TIrMlt;Tukç eBalKWemakS³.
EpñkGPiR)aCJa lT§inikaynyay³manlkçN³Casc©miym b¤FmµCati
niym eRBaHyl;faelakdéTmanBitR)akdtamFmµCati elakRbkbeday
brmaNUeRcInrab;minGs; bdiesFnUvBaküfa {RKb;ya:gGaRs½yelIcitþ}.
eKyl;fa {)abbuNüCaplkmµrbs;Gatµ½n}. GaTIeTBCaGñksagelakGMBI
)armaNU CaGñkbegáItPasa nigsil,³ . esckþIesµaHRtg;cMeBaHGaTIeTBCa
katBVkic©rbs;mnusSTaMgLay RTg;nwgbNþalBYkeK[manesckþIsuxceRmIn
CYbsc¨Fm’ nigdl;emakS³.
tamRTwsþIjaNviTüa/ TsSnviC¢aniyay³ b¤lT§inikayniyay³eCOfa
RbPBcMeNHdwgTaMgLayman 4 RbkardUecñH KW³
-63-
emeronTI 4
1> brtükS³ (Perception) cMeNHdwgEdlekIteLIgBIbTBiesaFn_
KWdwgBiteXIjBitedayxøÜnÉg BMuEmnecHdwgeRBaHBJeKfa b¤k¾GanesovePA.
cMeNHdwgEdlekIteLIgBIbTBiesaFn_enHEckecjCa 2 dUecñH KW³
¬1¦ elakik cMeNHdwgFmµta cMeNHdwgpøÚvelak KWelakxageRkA