t/sf/l afnl pk|fgt tflnd lgb]{lzsf - world vegetable center · 2017. 3. 2. · dff]= clts'/...

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तरकारीमा बालिउप्रन्तका प्रलिलिहरुको ब्यबहाररक पलुततका

तरकारीमा रीमा बालिउप्रन्तका प्रलिलिहरुको ब्यबहाररक का

तरकारी तरकारीतमा बालिउप्रन्तका प्रलिलिहरुको बहाररक ttt

t/sf/LjfnL pTkfbg pTk|fGt tfnLd lgb]{lzsf

Vegetable Postharvest Training Manual

PG6f]lgof] Pn P;]8f] h]cf/

Antonio L. Acedo Jr.

World Vegetable Center South Asia, India

Dff]= clts'/ /xdfg

Md. Atiqur Rahman

(Bangladesh translation)

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

Jf]f/fl/g j'G6f]Ë

Borarin Buntong

(Khmer translation)

Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia

k|f= 8f b'uf{dl0f uf}td

Durga Mani Gautam

(Nepali translation)

Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal

July 2016

AVRDC/USAID Postharvest Program

2

Published by

World Vegetable Center is the leading international nonprofit organization committed

to alleviating poverty and malnutrition in the developing world through the increased

production and consumption of safe vegetables.

Contact: AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center

P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199

TAIWAN

Tel: +886 6 583 7801

Fax: +886 6 583 0009

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.avrdc.org

Suggested citation:

Acedo AL Jr, Rahman MA, , Buntong B, Gautam DM. 2016. Vegetable Postharvest Training

Manual. World Vegetable Center, Taiwan. p.

2

3

Acknowledgement

This training manual was produced under the AVRDC/USAID Postharvest

Program through the support provided by the Bureau for Food Security, U.S.

Agency for International Development (USAID), under the terms of Award No.

AID-BFS-IO-12-00004. All opinions expressed in this manual are those of the

authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID.

3

4

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- ;DefJotf / laifo 6

- tflnd sfo{qmd 6

- tflndsf] of]hgf / tof/L 7

- tflnd ;+rfn 8

- tflnd d'NofÍg 9

@= afnL pTkfbgsf] dxTj 14

- Iflt sd ug]{ 14

- t/sf/Ldf pTkfbg pk|fGt IftL 15

- pTkfbg pk|fGtsf] Iflt sd ug]{ cfk"tL{ >[v+nf 16

#= t/sf/L cfk"tL{ >[v+nf 17

- cfk"tL{ >[v+nf 17

- k/Dk/fut >[v+nf 17

- cfw'gLs >[v+nf 18

afnL pTkfbg pk|fGtsf >[v+nf 18

$ t/sf/Lsf] u'0f:t/ / vfB ;'/Iff 19

- u'0f:t/ 19

- Uf'0f:t/sf cfwf/ 19

- u'0f:t/ gf]S;fgL 20

- u'0f:t/ dfkg 21

- vfB ;'/Iff 22

- vfB ;'/Iff k|Tofe"t 22

- vfB ;'/Iff dxfdf/L ;Fu ;+a4 nfutx? 23

pTkfbs / ;+rfnssf] e"dLsf 24

/fd|f] s[lif sfo{ 25

/fd|f] ;/ ;kmfO{ sfo{ 26

— /fd|f] agfpg] sfo{ 26

gf]S;fgL ;ldIffsf cfwf/ 27

%=t/sf/Lsf] u'0f:t/df c;/ kfg]{ tTjx? 28

— cfGtl/s tTj 28

— ef}lts tTj 28

— z'Id h}ljs 29

5

— ls6 jL1fg ;DaGwL 30

— Jftfj0fLo 31

— pTkfbg 32

^= pTkfbg / lkmN8XofG8lnª 33

— kl/kSstf 33

— pTkfbg lng] ;do 34

— pTkfbg lng] tl/sf 34

— lkmN8 x]G8lnË 35

&= Kofs xfp; ;+rfng / Kofs]lhË 36

— kl/ro / dxTj 37

— leqfpg] 37

— 5gf]6 / u|]l8ª 38

— ;kmf ug]{ 48

— Kofs ug'{ cl3sf] pkrf/ 39

— Koflsª 39

— ;+;f]lwt jfo'd08lno e08f/0f 41

*= lr:ofpg] / e08f/0f 42

— kl/ro / dxTj 43

— lr:ofpg] 43

— a/kmn] lr:ofpg] 43

— s'na6 lzt e08f/ 44

— Jfliks/l0fo lr:ofg 44

— ahf/ k7fpg] 45

(= 9'jfgL / ahf/ kl/rfng 47

— 9'jfgL 48

— kl/rfng 48

!)= k|zf]wg / d"No clea[4L 49

— dxTj 49

— ;f]nf/ 8fOË 49

— uf]ne]8fsf] k]i6 agfpg] 50

— km/d]G6];g 51

!!= Jojxfl/s cEof; 53

!@= zGbe{ u|Gy 57

6

!= kl/ro

Tfflnd Dofg'nsf] laifodf

cu'jf ;xefuL tfnLd (TOT) sf] nfuL of] lgb]{zLsf d'Vo cfwf/ x'g] 5 .

o:df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] afnLd'tfjLssf] tfnLd ;fgf ls;fg / k|of]u stf{sf] nfuL pkof]uL 5 .

k|of]ustf{ cyf{t ls;fgsf] (TUE) sf] nfuL ;fwf/0f 1fg sf ;fy} afnLcg';f/ -;a}

t/sf/Lx?df pkof]u x'g] k|ljlwx? h:t}M pTkfbg lng] tl/sf / ;+rfng _ / /fd|f s[ofsnfk /

k|ljlw af/] cjut u/fOPsf] 5 .

o;df ePsf] ;fdu|L tfnLdx? cfof]hg fug{ ljsfz;Ln b]zdf cg';Gwfg ug{sf] nfuL pko'Qm 5

a9L hfgsf/Lsf] nfuL zGbe{u|Gyx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . gofF gofF k|ljlw af/] yfxf kfpg tyf

gofF zGbe{u|Gyx? Klg cWoogu/L ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

k|To]s efu nfO{ ;s];Dd Jofjxf/Ls agfO{ k|of]uufTds agfpg k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

;fO6 cyf{t lkmN8df g} uP/ tflnd lbFbf Joefl/s 1fg nfO{ z}bfGtLs ;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ tfnLd

lbFbf a'‰g / a'emfpg ;xh x'g] lsl;dn] agfOPsf] 5 .

k|of]ufTds sIffdf ;xefuLx?nfO{ plgx?s} xftaf6 sfd nufpFbf al9 k|efjsf/L x'G5 / To:t}

9fFrfdf of] k':tLsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

of] k':tLsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf a:t'x?nfO{ 5f]6\ofP/ t:jL/x?nfO{ klg 7"nf] agfP/ kfj/ KjfOG6

agfP/ sIffdf pkof]u ug{ pko'Qm 5g\ .

Joefl/s sIffnfO{ larf/ u/]/ of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 . klxn] b]vL pTkfbg lnP/ pTkfbg u/]/

b]vfpg kg]{ 7fpF To;} cg';f/ tof/L ug'{ kb{5 .

dxTj / laifo

pTkfbg pk|fGtM tfhf pTkfbgsf] ;+rfng Pjd k|zf]wg pTkfbg pk|fGtsf] Jofj:yfkg M pTkflbt

j:t'sf] ;'—;+rfng, ;:tf] k|ljlw / gofF tl/sf

cfk"tL{ >[+vnf t/Lsf M pTkfbg b]vL k|of]ustf{ pk|fGt pTkfbgsf lx;fan] /fd|f] u'0f ePsf

hftx? kmfd{sf] k|efj, pTkfbg lng] tl/sf, KoflsË 7fpFx?sf s[ofsnfk, Kofs]lhË, e08f/0f,

9'jfgL, k|zf]wg÷d"No clea[4L sf ;fy} 3/df / ahf/df ;+rfng .

;dflji6 t/sf/Lx?

ljZjk|l;4 t/sf/L M uf]e]+8f (Solanm lycopusicun) / v';f{gL (Capsicum)

rngrNtLsf t/sf/Lx? M eG6f (Solanum Melongena) sfpnL (Brassica Oleravia Van Botrytis),

aGbf (Brassica oleravia van, capitaten), rfOlgh sfn] (Brassica gelatla van alboglabra), /fof]

;fu (Brassia juncca ban, rogusa) / SofË sË (Ipomoea aquatic)

tfnLd sfo{qmd

tfnLdn] ;xefuLx?nfO{ >[v+nfj4 ?kdf pTkfbLt t/sf/LnfO{ ;+rfng ubf{ /fd|f] k|ljlw ckgfP/

s;/L IfltGo"g ug]{ , u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg], z'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ / >[v+nfdf s;/L ;xhtf Nofpg]

jf/]df 1fg lbg] 5 .

tfnLd z}bfGtls / k|of]ufTds -lkmN8 d'ns÷xftnufP/ k|of]ufTds sIff ug]{_ ;dGjofTds

lsl;dn] ldnfOPsf] 5 o:n] ;xefuLsf] cfjZostfnfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] 5 .

tfnldaf6 al9 nfe lng of] lgb]{lzsf tflnd clw /fd|f] ;+u cWoog u/L ljleGg cj:yf 7fpF

cg';f/ sfo{qmd th'{df ug'{ kb{5 - b]z, k|fGt, 7fpF, afnL / ;xfefuL JoQmL_

7

tfnLdsf] nfuL ;fdu|Lx? k|of]u ubf{ ;xefuLx?sf] z}lIfs :t/nfO{ Wofg lbP/ ug'{ kb{5 .

lzIfssf] tflnd (TOT) n] lzIfsx?sf] k9fpg] / k|ljlw k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtfdf ;d]t a[l4 u/fpg]

5 . l6=cf]=6L sf] sfo{zfnfn] of] tfnLdnfO{ k|of]ufTds (TEU) of]hgfdf /fVg klg z'emfj lbPsf]

5 . tfnLd lbFbf jh]6 / cGo >f]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ug'{ kb{5 .

tflnd sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf tof/L

;"rgf / 1fg lj:tf/sf] k|efjsf/L lj:tf/sf] nfuL tfnLdnfO{ of]hgfj4 tl/sfn] ;+rfng ug'{ k5{

. tfnLdsf] sfo{qmdn] z}lIfs u'0f:t/, u[xsfo{, k|fs6Lsn Os;;fOh, 5nkmn, e|d0f, n]sr/

cGt/s[of cfbL ;d]6\g' k5{ .

Tflnd ug]{ 7fpFsf] ef}tLs k"jf{wf/, tflndsf] nfuL pko'Qm x'g' kb{5 / tfnLdsf] nfuL rlxg]

k"jf{wf/x? tof/ x'g' kb{5 . jftfj/0f zfGt / tflndnfO{ ;xof]uL x'g' kb{5 .

tfnLd of]hgf ubf{ jo:sx?sf] nfuL lzIff lng] 7fpFsf] eg]/ ug'{ kb{5 . tflnd lng] JolQm

pT;flxt x'g] jftfj/0f z}4fGtLs sIffsf ;fy} k|fs6Lsn ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

tfnLd lbg] k|lzIfsnfO{ tflnddf efu ng] JoQmLx?sf] l:ytL / cfj:ostfsf] af/]df 1fg x'g

cfjZos 5 a:t' l:ytL yfxf kfpg tflnd z'?x'g' cl3 tn lrq ! sf] kmd{ eg{ nufpg kb{5 .

ls;fg, Jofkf/L, 9'jfgLstf{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, lgof{t stf{sf cnu cnu ;d:of / ck]If x'g

;S5g\ .

tflndsf] d"NofÍg

tfnLdsf] d"NofÍg ugf{n] To;sf] k|efj / glthf s:tf] 5 yfxf kfO{ tfnLddf ;'wf/ Nofpg d4t

ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ ;xefuLx?nfO{ k|Zg k|lt / s] l;s]+ eGg] k|lt ;r]t u/fpF5 / l;s]sf] s'/fdf

cfTd ljZjf; x'G5 .

tfnLd lbg] k|lzIfsx?sf] tfnld af/], kf7\o ;fdu|L / kf7\oqmd cflbsf] ;xefuLaf6 d"NofÍg

u/fpg kb{5 . o;sf]nfuL lrq @ df lbOPsf] d"NofÍgkmd{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

tfnLddf ;d"xut 5nkmnnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g' kb{5 . cfef/ JoQm ug]{, wGojfb lbg], k|z+;f ug]{

sfd cGTodf ug'{ kb{5 . pTs[i6 ;xefuL k|z+;lgo sfd ug]{, /dfOnf] ug]{ nfO{ dfofFsf] lrgf] ,

k|z+;f kq lbgfn] tfnLdsf] ;Demfgf /lx/G5 .

tfnLdsf] ;dfkg ubf{ tfnldsf] k|efj s:tf] eof] k|lts[of lng' kb{5 . hf] JolQmx? tfnLdsf]

pknAwL nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] -;fgf ls;fg, cfk"tL{ >[v+nfdf ;+nUg JolQm, Jofkf/L_ x'g

ltgLx?af6 tflndsf] cGodf / ^—!@ dlxgf kl5 kmd{ -lrq #_ eg{ nufO{ tfnLdsf] k|efj yfxf

kfpg ;lsG5 .

tfnLd af/] 8f6fj]:f /]s8{ tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 h;df tfnLd cjlw, ;+Vof, kf7\oqmd, ;j}sf] gfd y/,

7]ufgf , k]zf, tflnd lb{sf] ldtL :yfg cfbL ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ sfo{qmd Jofj:yfkgdf

;3fp k'Ub5 .

8

lrq ! lalaw ;xefuLx?sf] tflnd cfaZostf cfsngsf] gd'gf kmf/fd

o; kf7\oqmd;Fu tkfO{sf cfzfx? s] s] 5g <

s[kof ;a} k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbO{ kmf/fd k'/f ug'{xf]; .

k'/f gfd y/==========================================

sfo{ lzif{s============================================

sfo{/t sDkgL÷;+:yf========================================

;+ks{ laa/0fM O{–d]n===================================

6]lnkmf]g g+==========================================

laz]if1tf If]q M-pkof]uL ;a}df lrgf] nufpg'xf]; ._

afuafgL===========kf]i6xfe]{i6 6]Sgf]nf]hL========== kf]i6xfe]{i6 Kofyf]nf]hL========dfO{qmf]afof]nf]hL=======

kf]i6xfe]{i6 lkmhLof]nf]hL==========s[lif cy{zf:q=========lzIff=====cGo=======

cf}krf/Ls of]Uotfsf] If]qM



tkfO{ xfn s'g If]qx?df sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 <



tkfO{sf] pRrtd of]Uotf s] xf] <

====================================

;fdfGo k|Zgx?

tkfO{ cfˆgf] O{d]n lgoldt k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < 5====5}g====olb 5 eg] slt ;dodf=======

s] tkfO{sf] s+kgLsf] j]e ;fO{6 5 < 5======5}g=== olb 5 eg] tkfO{n] tkfO{n] x]g'{ ePsf] 5 <

o; tflndaf6 tkfO{n] s] s] cfzfx? ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

==============================================================================================================================

9

lrq @ gd'gf k|lzIf0f d'Nof+sg kmf/fd

k|lzIf0f d'Nof+sg

b]z jf gfd -P]lR5s_ ========================================

ldlt====================================

d'Nof+sgsf kIfx? pTs[i6

%

w]/} /fd|f]

$

/fd|f]

#

l7s}

@

sdhf]/

!

!= ;|f]t AofQmL

tof/L

;+rf/ snf

lzif{sx?df pknAw 6'N;x?sf] k|efasf/L k|:t'tL

lkmN8sf] cg'ea

;d'xsf] Psfu|tf sfod ug]{ Ifdtf

5nkmnnfO{ pT;flxt u/fpg] Ifdtf

jftfj/0fnfO{ pT;flxt u/fpg] Ifdtf

@ efif0f÷AofVofg ;fdu|Lx?

laifosf] nfuL kof{Ktf

laifosf] 1fg÷af]w

k|:t'tLsf] ;+/rgf

k|:t'tLdf abnfj÷lalawtf

cawf/0f / ;Gb]z k'¥ofpg] Ifdtf

# k|of]ufTds cEof;x?÷lkmN8 e|d0fx?

laifosf] ;fGb{lesf

laifosf] nfuL kof{Ktf

tfTsflns lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;+u7g÷9fFrf

AofVofg÷efif0fsf] pkof]lutf

$ ;du| tflnd kf7\oqmd

tflndsf] ;+u7g

tflndsf] ;'lawf kof{Kttf

k|lzIfs–k|lzIf0f kf7\oqmdsf] pkof]uLtf

kf7\oqmdsf] Aoaxf/Ls pkof]uLtf

s] tflndn] tkfO{sf] cfzfx? k'/f u¥of] <

% cGo k|efjx? M s[kof dfyL pNn]v gePsf k[i7kf]if0fx? n]Vg'xf];

%=! tflndsf cGo ;an kIfx? M

%=@ tflndsf cGo b'a{n kIfx? M

10

lrq #= nuQ} tflnd kl5 ;xefuLn] eg]{ kmf/d

AVRDC/USAID kf]:6 xfe]{:6 k|lalw k|ab{g kl/of]hgf

lqmofsnfk nuQ}sf] cfFsng

!= lqmofsnfksf] gfd M===================================================================================================================

@= lqmofsnfksf] ldlt / :yfg M================================================================================================ =======

#= ;x–cfof]hs÷ ;x÷k|fof]hs -AVRDC ;d]t_ M==============================================================================

;xefuLsf] hfgsf/L M

!= ;xefuLsf] gfd M===============================@= pd]/M======= #= lnË M=======$=kfl/afl/s ;+Vof M======

@= 7]ufgf M==========================================================================================================================

#= kmf]g÷df]afO{n g+a/ M========================================================================================================

$= pko'Qm -Ps jf w]/}_ afs;df lrgf] nufO{ cfkm'nfO{ alu{s/0f ug'{xf];M

;dfu|L cfk"lt{stf{ls;fg Aofkf/L÷ahf/] pkef]Qmf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L

laZjlaBfno sd{rf/L u};; sd{rf/L lghL pBdL

cGo -s[kof pNn]v ug'{xf];_=============================================================================================================

%=cfDbfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t M============================================ ^= cf};t dfl;s cfDbfgL M==============================

^= v]tLsf] If]qkmn -s[kof O{sfO{ pNn]v ug'{xf];_ M

hDdf v]tLsf] If]qkmn M=====================

t/sf/L v]tLsf] If]qkmn M====================

uf]ne]8f v]tLsf] If]qkmn M====================

bf];|f] afnLsf] If]qkmn -a+unfb]z–eG6f M sDaf]l8of –/fof] M gf]kfn M sfpnL_ M=============================================

&= s] tkfO{+n] csf]{ aif{ t/sf/Lsf] If]qkmn a9fpg] of]hgf agfpg' ePsf] 5 < -5÷ 5}g_ ===Ùolb 5 eg], la:tf/ ug]{ If]qkmn

pNn]v ug'{xf]; M

t/sf/L v]tLsf] If]qkmn M======================

uf]ne]8f v]tLsf] If]qkmn M======================

uf]ne]8f v]tLsf] If]qkmn M====================

*= s] tkfO{+ s'g} ;d'x jf ;+u7gsf] ;b:o x'g'x'G5 -5÷5}g_ <=====Ù olb 5 eg], s[kof alu{s/0f ul/ gfd lbg'xf]; M

!= lghL pBdL -gfkmfsf] nfuL_ M====================================================================================================

@= ls;fg÷k|zf]wg÷pTkfbg ;d'x M===============================================================================================

#= hn pkef]Qmf ;d'x M==============================================================================================================

$= dlxnf ;d'x M============================================================================================================== =========

%= Aofkf/ Aofa;foL ;+u7g M=======================================================================================================

^= ;d'bfoLs ;+u7g M========================================================================================================== ======

&= cGo-pNn]v ug'{xf];_ M============================================================================================================

k|lalw k|ab{g lqmofsnfksf] ;du| d'Nof+sg M

%= clt pQd – clt pQd 8]lne/L, w]/} Aofaxf/Ls lqmofsnfkx? -tTsfnLg / k|lawLx?sf] k|b{zgL _Ù ;a} 1fg /

k|lawLx? gofF lyP .

$= w]/} /fd|f] – w]/} /fd|f] 8]nLe/L, w]/} Aofaxf/Ls lqmofsnfkx?, l;sfO{Psf %)Ü 1fg / k|lawLx? gofF lyP .

#= /fd|f] – /fd|f] 8]nLe/Lsf] ;fy} w]/} Aofaxf/Ls lqmofsnfkx? t/ l;sfO{Psf %)Ü eGbf sd 1fg / k|lawLx? gofF lyP

.

@= l7s} – Aofaxf/Ls lqmofsnfkx? eGbf k9fO{ w]/}Ùl;sfO{Psf %)Ü eGbf sd 1fg / k|lawLx? gofF lyP .

!= g/fd|f] – k9fO{ dfq}, Aofaxf/Ls lqmofsnfkx? lyPggÙl;sfO{Psf ;a} 1fg / k|lawLx? gofF lyPgg .

11

lqmofsnfksf] af/]df cGo egfO{x?

k|lawL k|ab{g lqmofsnfksf] nuQ} kfPsf] 1fg M

!= s] tkfO{+nfO{ of] lqmofsnfkeGbf cl3 kf]:6 xfe]{:6 k|lawLx?÷/fd|f cEof;x?sf] af/]df yfxf lyof] <

-lyof]÷ lyPg_========== olb ePdf s[kof kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf] af/]df pNn]v ug'{xf]; M

========================================================================================================================================================= =============

====================================================================================================================== ======================

@= s] tkfO{+n] o; lqmofsnfkaf6 s]lx gofF l;Sg' eof] < -l;s]+÷l;lsg_==========Ù

olb l;s]sf] eP, tkfO{+n] s] gofF 1fg kfpg' eof] -pko'Qm afs;df lrgf] nugpg'xf]; / ;+ea ePdf pNn]v ug'{xf];_ M

! xfe]{l:6ª M==================================================================================================================================

@= lkmN8 Xof8lnª M=========================================================================================================== =============

#= Koflsªxfp; ck/]zgx? - h:t} 5gf}6, ;kmfO{ cfbL_ M========================================================================

$= Kofs]lhª M============================================================================================================================ =====

%= e08f/0f M=========================================================================================================== ======================

^= ahf/ XofG8lnª M=========================================================================================================== ============

&= k|zf]wgM ===================================================================================================================================

cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];_ M=====================================================================================================================

#= s] tkfO{+n] o; lqmofsnfkaf6 l;s]sf k|lawL / /fd|f cEof;x? canDag ug'{x'G5 - u5'{÷ulb{g_ =====================

olb u/]df s'g rfFxL 1fg canDag ug'{x'G5 M

!= ;a}======================================================================================================================= ====================

@= s]lx -pNn]v ug'{xf];=============================================================================================================== =====

$= s] tkfO{+ of] 1fgnfO{ cfufdL ^ dlxgf leq c?nfO{ klg afF8\g' x'G5- afF8\5'÷afF8\lbg_ ================

olb afF8\g] eP, tkfO{+;Fu of] 1fg afF8\g] slt hgf AofQmLx? 5g / ltgLx?sf] v]tLsf] If]qkmn slt 5 <

alu{s/0f AofQmLsf] ;+Vof v]tLsf] If]qkmn -O{sfO{ pNn]v ug'{xf];_

;a} t/sf/Lx? uf]ne]8f

bf];|f] k|fyldstfsf afnL÷b]z -pNn]v

ug'{xf];_

;fdfu|L cfk"lt{stf{

ls;fgx?

k|zf]wgstf{x?

ahf/]x?-;+snsx?,yf]s

Aofkf/Lx?, v'b|f Aofkf/Lx?_

lghL pBdL÷Aofa;fo

;+rfnsx?

cGo - pNn]v ug'{xf];_

12

lrq g+= $ tflndsf] ^ b]lb !@ dlxgf kl5 tfnLddf ;xefuLn] eg]{ kmf/d

AVRDC/USAID kf]:6 xfe]{:6 k|lalw k|ab{g kl/of]hgf

lqmofsnfk ;+rfngsf] ^–!@ dlxgf kl5sf] d'Nof+sg

xfd|f] clen]vn] b]vfpF5 ls tkfO{+ lgDg k|lalw k|ab{g lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof] / xfdL tkfO{+n] o; lqmofsnfkaf6 k|fKt u/]sf

1fg, l;k / To;af6 k|fKt pknlAwx?nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug'{ ePsf] 5 eGg] hfGg rfxfG5f}+ .

!= ;xefuLsf] gfd-cGo hfgsf/L cl3Nnf] kmf/fddf 5_ M==================================================================

@= lqmofsnfksf] gfd M=================================================================================================================

#= lqmofsnfksf] ldlt / :yfg M=====================================================================================================

kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf] k|of]u -k|lawLx?÷/fd|f cEof;x?_]

!= s] tkfO{+n] k|lalw k|ab{g lqmofsnfkaf6 kfPsf kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf] k|of]uug'{ eof] -u/]+÷ul/g_ ===========

@= olb gu/]sf] eP, s] sf/0fn]=======================================================================================================

================================================================================================================================================

#= olb u/]sf] eP,tkfO{+n] s'g rflx+ kf]:6 xfe]{:6 k|lalw canDag ug'{ eof]<- pko'Qm afs;df lrgf] nugpg'xf]; / pNn]v ug'{xf];_ M

!= xfe]{l:6ª M============================================================================================================================

@= lkmN8 Xof8lnª M==================================================================================================================

#= Koflsªxfp; ck/]zgx? - h:t} 5gf}6, ;kmfO{ cfbL_ M=================================================================

$= Kofs]lhª M===========================================================================================================================

%= e08f/0f M===========================================================================================================================

^= ahf/ XofG8lnª M=================================================================================================================

&= k|zf]wgM =============================================================================================================================

cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];_ M===============================================================================================================

$= tkfO{+ kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf] k|of]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'x'G5 -lbG5'÷lbGg_<====================

%= kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf] k|of]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'sf] sf/0f / glbg'sf] sf/0f s] xf]<======================================

===================================================================================================================================================

kf ]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf] k|of]u -k|lawLx?÷/fd|f cEof;x?_] sf k|efax?

!= kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf] k|of]u u/] kl5 s] eof] < -Ps jf w]/}df lrgf] nufpg'xf];_

!= kf]:6 xfe]{:6 Iflt sd eof] @= cfDbfgL a9\of] #= pTkfbgsf] d'No a9\of]

$= pTkfbgsf] /fd|f] u'0f:t/ / :jlhag %= w]/} ahf/÷qm]tfx? ^= pTkfbg lalqm ug{ ;lhnf]

&= pTkfbg a[l4-ls;fgx?sf] nfuL_, pTkfbgsf] dfqf a9\of] -ahf/]x?sf] nfuL_ cyjf k|zf]wg ug{sf] nfuL

pTkfbgsf] dfqf a9\of] -k|zf]wgstf{sf] nfuL_

*= cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];_==============================================================================================================

@=tkfO{+sf]! g+ sf] pQ/÷x?sf] ;+aGwdf - kf]:6 xfe]{:6 Iflt sd eof], cfDbfgL a9\of], pTkfbgsf] d'No a9\of] /÷cyjf

pTkfbgsf] dfqf a9\of] jf ahf/sf] cfsf/ a9\of]_ pNn]lvt 6]andf cfaZos hfgsf/Lx? pknAw u/fO{lbg'xf]; M

d'No >[+vnfdf

;+nUgx?÷afnL

kf]:6

xfe]{:6 Iflt

pTkfbg If]qkmn

-ls;fgsf] nfuL_

k|lt afnL rqm pTkfbg,

ahf/Ls/0f /

k|zf]wgsf]

dfqf-O{sfO{_

k|lt aif{ pTkfbg,

ahf/Ls/0f /

k|zf]wgsf]

lkm|Sj]lG;

pTkfbgsf] k|lt

O{sfO{

d'No -O{sfO{_

cl3 kl5 cl3 kl5 cl3 kl5 cl3 kl5 cl3 kl5

s= ls;fgx?

uf]ne]8f

eG6f, /fof] ;fu, sfpnL

-b]zsf] bf;|f] afnLdf uf]nf] nufpg'xf];

;a} t/sf/Lx?

v= ahf/]x?-;+snsx?, yf]s laqm]tfx?, v'b|f laqm]tfx? pNn]v ug'{xf];_

uf]ne]8f

13



;a} t/sf/Lx?

u= k|zf]wgstf{x?

uf]ne]8f



;a} t/sf/Lx?

cl3 eGgfn] k|lalw k|ab{g lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g' cuf8L / kl5 eGgfn] k|lalw k|ab{g lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuLeP kl5 . kf]:6

xfe]{:6 IfltnfO{ k|lt Kofs Ifltsf] ?kdf pQ/ lbg ;lsG5Ùk|ltzt Iflt / hDdf Iflt kl5 /fVg ;lsG5 . ahf/Ls/0fsf] lkm|Sj]lG; k|lt

xKtf / To;kl5 k|lt dlxgf / k|lt aif{df lx;fa ug{ ;lsG5 .

#= s] tkfO{+n] kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fg c?nfO{ klg afF8\g' eof] -afF8]÷afFl8g_========================

olb afF8]sf] eP, tnsf] 6]an k'/f ug'{xf]; M

d'No >[+vnfdf ;+nUgsf]

k|sf/ h;nfO{ 1fg

afFl8Psf] lyof]

AoflQmsf]

;+Vof

t/sf/L

v]tLsf]

If]qkmn

s] ltlgx? ;d'x jf

;+u7gsf ;b:ox? x'g<*

s] ltlgx?n] kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf]

k|of]u u/] <

xf]÷x}g ;d'x jf ;+u7gsf] gfd u/]÷u/]gg olb u/]sf] eP s] eof] <**

!;fdfu|L cfk"lt{stf{

@ ls;fg÷s[ifs kl/af/

# Aofkf/L÷ahf/]--;+snsx?, yf]s

laqm]tfx?, v'b|f laqm]tfx?_

$ k|zf]wgstf{

%pkef]Qmf

^ ;/sf/L sd{rf/L

& laZjlaBfno sd{rf/L

* u};; sd{rf/L

( lghL pBdL

!) cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];_

;d'x jf ;+u7gsf ;b:ox?df lghL If]qsf-gfkmsf] nfuL_ ;+nUg x'G5gÙpTkfbg ;+u7gÙ hn pkef]Qmf ;d'xÙ dlxnf ;d'xÙ Aofkf/ /

Aofa;foL ;+u7gÙ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt ;+u7gÙ cGo-pNn]v ug'{xf];_

;+eflat k|efax? ! g+df h:t} x'g .

$= olb kf]:6 xfe]{:6 1fgsf] pkof]usf] sf/0fn] tkfO{sf] cfDbfgL a[l4 ePsf] eP, o;n] tkfO{sf] lhagdf s] Nofof] <

-Ps jf w]/}df lrgf] nufpg'xf];_

!= w]/} ;+klQ hf]l8of] - ;+klQ pNn]v ug'{xf];_==============================================================================================

@= gofF Aofa;fo z'?cft eof] - Aofa;fo pNn]v ug'{xf];_============================================================================

#= aRrfnfO{ :s'n k7fO{of]

$= a}+sdf w]/} k};f hDdf eof]

%= lalQo lx;fan] lhag klxnf eGbf ;xh eof]

^= cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];_=======================================================================================================================

14

@=pTkfbg pk|fGt Jofj:yfkgsf] dxTj

pTkfbg pk|fGt x'g] gf]S;fgLdf sd ug'{

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;:6]g]jn 8]enkd]G6 uf]n -P;=l8=hL_ !@=# cjwf/0ffn] ljZjJofkL ?kdf k|lt

JolQm vktstf{ / v'b|f Jofkf/Lsf ;fy} pTkfbg / pTkfbg pTk|fGtsf >[v+nfx?df ;g @)#)

;Dddf pTkfbg pk|fGt x'g] gf]S;fgLdf %) Ü sdL Nofpg] nIf /fv]sf] 5 .

P;=l8=hL !@=# cg';f/ ;+;f/e/df dflg;x?sf] vfgfsf] nfuL pTkflbt vfB a:t'df # efudWo] !

efu gf]S;fgL x'g] ub{5 h;sf] kl/df0f !=# s/f]8 6g vfB a:t' gf]S;fgL x'g] ub{5 / o;sf]

cg'dflgt d"No cd]l/sL 8n/df ! c/a x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt gf]S;fgsf] nfuL pTkfbgdf k|of]u

ul/Psf] kfgL, v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmn / k|of]u ePsf] dnvfb $ efudf ! efu k|of]u ePsf] x'G5

h:n] k|lt jif{ #=# s/f]8 6g sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 pTkfbg ub{5 .

ljsfz;Ln b]zx?df afnL pTkfbg ubf{ k|zf]wg ubf{ / e08f/0f ubf{ nueu ^%Ü ;Dd gf]S;fgL

x'g] ub{5 .

vfB a:t'sf] gf]S;fgL s dug{ ;s]df ls;fg Jofkf/Lsf] / vkt stf{x?sf] vr{ sd x'gsf] ;fy} M

w]/} JolQmx?nfO{ vfgf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 / jftfj/0fdf kflgdf / cGo k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lx?df kg]{

bjfj sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

laz]if ul/ pTkfbg pk|fGt x'g] gf]S;fgL sd u/]df ahf/df al9 ;fdfg cfpF5 . ;fgf Jofj;foLn]

klg k|ltk|wf{ ug{ ;S5g .

s[lif Joj;fodf cflwfl/t pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; x'G5 h:t}, ;fdu|L pTkfbg stf{ -pbf/0fM Kofs]lhË

/ k|zf]wg ;fdu|L_ / ;'lawf k|bfos -pbf/0fM 9'jfgL, e08f/0f_

ufpF 3/df /f]huf/L >[hgf x'G5, cfo j[x/L x'g uO{ ufpFsf] cfly{s ljsf; x'G5 .

ufFp 3/df k'?if / dlxnf b'j}nfO{ ;dfg ?kn] sfd ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . pTkfbgsf

lqmofsnfkdf / ahf/Ls/0fdf dlxnfx?sf] al9 ;xeflutf x'G5 .

dflg;x?nfO{ ;Gt'lnt cfxf/ eO{ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ x'G5 .

vfBj:t'sf] gf]S;fgfL sd u/fpg Wofg lbg' kg]{ M

gf]S;fgL slt 5 eg]/ olsg ug]{ sfo{ ug]{

slt gf]s;fgL sd ug]{ xf] nIf sfod ug]{

ljsf;zLn b]zx?df x'g] gf]S;fgL nfO{ sd u/fpg]

gf]S;fgL sd u/fpFg ;fem]bf/L / ;dGjo ug]{

t/sf/LafnL pk|fGtsf] gf]S;fgL

pko'Qm 1fgsf] sdLsf ;fy} pTkfbg kl5sf k|ljlwx?sf] ljsf; gx'g' / ahf/Ls/0fsf] /fd|f]

Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cw{ ljsl;t b]zx?df t/sf/Ldf pTkfbg pk|fGt eoÍ/ gf]S;fgL

x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] kl/df0fn] ubf{ ul/aL oyfjt :yfgdf /xL vfgf gk'Ug], s'kf]if0f x'g] x'G5 /

o:sf] c;/ al9dfqfdf ;fgf Jofj;foL / t/sf/L pTkfbg stf{df x'g] ub{5 .

afnLpTkfbg pTk|fGtsf] Jofj:yfkg gx'g' g} gf]S;fgLsf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] .

pTkfbg pk|fGtsf ;j} IftLx?sf] df/ cGtt pTkfbg stf{nfO{ g} kl/ /x]sf] x'G5 eg] csf]{ tkm{

pdef]Qmfx?n] al9 k};f ltg'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

pTkfbg pk|fGt x'g] gf]S;fgL afnL, 7fpF, ;do, l;hg, ;+rfngstf{ / ;fwg cg';f/ km/s kb{5 .

j+unfb]z, sDjf]l8of / g]kfnsf d'Vo t/sf/Lx?df -uf]ne]+8f, eG6f, /fof] / sfpnL_ pTkfbg

pk|fGt !(—#%Ü gf]S;fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 -lrq %_ P=le=cf/=l8=;L n] blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofdf u/]sf]

15

cWoogdf t/sf/LafnL pk|fGt !&Ü gf]s;fgL ePsf] kfOof] h;sf] kl/df0f !% nfv d]l6«s6g

a/fj/ cd]l/sL 8n/ $^!) nfv k|ltjif{ x'G5 . -lrq ^_

lrq % j+unfb]z, sDjf]l8of / g]kfndf x'g] u/L pTkfbg pk|fGtsf] IftL

lrq g+= ^ sDjf]l8of, nfcf]; / leotgfdsf d'Vo afnLx?sf] pTkfbg pk|fGt gf]S;fgL

cb[Zo gf]S;fgL cGt{ut vfB tTjsf] gf]S;fgl -h:t} M le6fldg—;L_ / lalaw -h:t}M /f]u hGo

lhjf0f' / laiffbLsf cjz]if_ kb{5g\ .

le6fldg—;L sf] gf]S;fgL vfBtTjsf] kl/;"rs xf] / pTkfbg pk|fGtsf >[v+nfx?df

cj:yfcg';f/ @&—!))Ü ;Dd gf]S;fgl x'G5 . le6fldg—aL h;cGt{ut yfof]ldg / aL—^ sf]

&—&)Ü ;Dd gf]S;fgL x'G5 Sof/f]l6g / /];fo'Qm kbfy{df vf; kl/jt{g x'Fb}g .

pTkfbg pk|fGtsf unt tl/sf b'lift aftfj/0f / ;+qmldt ePsf] kmf]xf]/ kflgn] t/sf/Ldf

;+qmd0f u/L laiffn' kbfy{ pTkfbg ug'{sf ;fy} pTkfbgdf ;3fpg] sfd u/fpF5 .

vfB;'?Iff / ;+k|e'tf cfhsf] ljZe/sf] gf/f xf] . vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL s]xL ljlw /

lgltlgodx? -h:t}M GAP, GMP / HACC_ kfngf u/]df dfq j}b]lzs ahf/df k|a]z ug{

kfOG5 .

pTkfbgpk|fGtsf] gf]S;fgL sdug]{ >[v+nfj4 pkfo

;d:of s] xf] / cfjZostf s] xf] klxNofO{ To;nfO{ ;'wfg'{ kb{5 .

;fdfGotof o;df # efu 5g\ -lrq &_

hfFra'em— gf]S;fgL sxfF slt 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg] / s] ug'{ k¥of] kQf nufpg]

k|ljlw ljsf;—:yflgo :t/df pknAw ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L ;fy} ljsl;t k|ljlw k|of]u u/L Joj;foLs

cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

16

Ifdtf ljsf; M ljleGg k|fljlws / ck|fljlws k|ljlw / s[ofsnfkx? u/]/ >[v+nfdf ;+nUg x'g] JolQmx?sf]

Ifdtfdf clea[l4 u/L u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{ k|lt:kwL{ ahf/Ls/0f agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] nfuL tfnLd,

uf]i7L, cjnf]sg e|d0f, ahf/ ;+3 ;dGjo, pTkfbg ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg ;+3sf] ;dGjo kmfOgfG;, a}+s,

;+3sf] ;dGjo / lg/Gt/ cg'udg / ;Nnfxsf] cfjZos kb{5 .

lrq & M pTkfbg pkk|fGt x'g] IftL sd ug{ >[v+nfa4 tl/sf

>[v+nf cwoog k|lalw ljsf; Ifdtf clea[l4

Gf]S;fgL M s] cfjZos 5 /

s;/L ;+;f]wg ug]{

pknAw x'g ;Sg] gofF k|ljlw

k|of]u ug]{ gofF k|lalw sf]

lasf; ug]{

lasl;t k|ljwL k|of]udf

Nofpg] / Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/

Nofpg]

17

#=t/sf/Lsf] cfk"tL{sf >[v+nf

t/sf/Lsf] cfk'lt{ >[v+nf

s[lif ;fdu|Lx? -lap,dn,laiffbLx?_ sf] cfk'lt{ b]lv pTkfbg, kf]i6xfe]{i6 lqmofsnfkx?, lat/0f

/ v'b|f lalqm ;Ddsf lqmofsnfkx? .

cfk'lt{ >[v+nf d'Votof pTkfbs b]lv nlIft ahf/;Ddsf] b'/L / hl6ntfdf e/ k5{ .

k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs cfk'lt{ >[v+nfx?

k/Dk/fut cfk'lt{ >[v+nfx? nfdf] / hl6n x'gfsf] ;fy} o;df w]/} dWo:ystf{x?sf] ;+nUgtf

;lxt n]gb]g (Transaction) nfut w]/} x'G5 . lrq # df lasf;lzn b]zx?df k|rlnt

k/Dk/fut cfk'lt{ >[v+nf b]vfO{Psf] 5 . laz]iful/ Ps /fHo b]lv csf]{ /fHodf NofpFbf csf]{

dWo:ystf{sf] ;]6 ;+nUg x'gfn] cfk'lt{ >[v+nf yk hl6n x'G5 .

lrq * t/sf/Lsf] k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs cfk'lt{ >[v+nfx?

k/Dk/fut cfk'lt{ >[v+nfx? yf]/} ;dGjodf cfk'lt{4f/f lgwf{l/t x'G5g . logLx? sd k|lalwo'Qm

/ tfkqmd lgoGq0f /lxt x'gfn] afnL l6k]sf] ef]nLkN6sf] lalqmdf e/ k5{g . laz]iful/ laifd

df};ddf pTkfbgsf] w]/} Iflt x'G5 .

k/Dk/fut cfk'lt{ >[v+nfx? u|fld0f– zx/sf ahf/x?df cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ;+nUg

x'G5g . pTkfbgx? laleGg dW:ystf{x?sf] dfWodaf6 ufpFb]lv zx/lt/ nluG5 . ;+snsx? /

yf]s cfk'lt{stf{x?n] ufpFaf6 zx/ahf/df cfk'lt{ u5{g / sldzg bnfnx?n] 7'nf / nfdf]

b'/Lsf Aofkf/Lx?sf] lglDt sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g .

yf]s tyf cw{ yf]s ahf/x? zx/sf] s]Gb| glhs} cal:yt x'G5g . pTkfbgx? u|fdL0f O{nfsfsf

Ph]G6, Aofkf/Lx? dfkm{t jf l;w} kmfd{x?af6 ls;fg cfkm}n] cfk'lt{ ul//x]sf x'G5g .

cfw'lgs cfk'lt{ >[v+nfx?

logLx? /fd|f] ;dGjofTds 9+un] pkef]Qmfx?sf] cfaZostf cg';f/ ;+rflnt x'G5g . logLx?

;'k/dfs]{6÷xfO{k/dfs]{6 pklQ eO{ la:tfl/ xFb} /fli6«o÷cGt/fli6«o l;dfkf/Lsf ahf/x?;Dd

t/sf/Lsf] Aofkf/ u5{g .

pTkfbs yf]s ahf/

dWo:ystf{

v'b|f ahf/

;'k/dfs]{6

pkef]Qmf

18

lrq ( cfw'lgs cfk"tL{ >[v+nfsf] gd'gf

ls;fgx? ;+u klxnfg} d"No lgwf{/0f ul/ ;+emf}tf cg';f/ pTkfbg ul/G5 . pTkfbLt j:t'sf] k|s[tL cg';f/

kmfd{af6 k|f/lDes 5gf]6 u/L ;+sng s]Gb| (Satellite pack house) df k'¥ofO{ 5gf]6, u|]l8Ë, pkrf/,

lr:ofpg], lzt e08f/0f ul/G5 . lr:ofOPsf j:t'nfO{ /]lk|mh]/]6/ o'Qm 6«sdf /fv]/ Kofs xfp; s]Gb|df nuL

k'g ;kmf ;'£3/ / :6]ofG8/ tl/sfn] u|l8Ë / Kofs]lhª ul/G5 . lgDg :t/sf / a9L ePsf j:t'nfO{ k|zf]wg sf]

lgldQ k7fOG5 . /fd|f] ;+u :tl/o Kofs ul/psf a:t'nfO{ /]k|mh]/]6/ o'Qm 6«s Eofg jf ofDa/df /fv]/ ;'k/

dfs]{6 jf ljb]zdf lgof{t ul/G5 . olb k|fKt :yfgdf Tolx lbg ljt/0f ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf ;]G6«n sf]N8

:6f]/]hdf e08f/0f ul/G5 . o;k|sf/ b'j}lt/ sf]N8 r]g ;+rfngdf Nofpg' kb{5 .

t/sf/Lsf] lgof{t >[+vnf tndfyLsf] ;demfb/L lge{/ /xG5 h:n] cfˆg} kmfd{df pTkfbg ul/ lglh tl/sfn] g}

;a} sfo{x? ;+rfng u/L ljb]zsf] ahf/df ;fdfg k7fpgx'g To:tfnfO{ el6{sln OG6]u|]6]8 Os;kf]6{/

(Verticall integrated exporter) eG5g\ . csf]{y/L h;n] yf]/} yf]/} pTkfbg ub{5g\ o;tf] cj:yfdf

pTkfbsx?sf] ;+u7g agfO{ pTkfbLt j:t'nfO{ ;+sng u/L ls;fg ;xsf/L dfkm{t laqmL cyf{t lgof{t ul/G5 .

pTkfbgk5Lsf] >[+vnf

pTkfbg pk|fGtsf s[ofsnfkx? kmfd{ -afnLpTkfbg / lkmN8 XofG8nLª_, Kofsxfp;x cyjf

k|zf]wgzfnf, 9'jfgL / ahf/Ls/0f -lrq !)_ sf bf}/fgdf ug'{ kb{5 . oLgLx? 5§'} lzif{s cGt/ut

k5f8L j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq !) pTkfbg pk|fGtsf ;fdfgo >[v+nfx?

Kofs xfp;

tfhf pTkfbg

kmfd{ 9'jfgL ahf/

k|zf]wg

pTkfbs

pkef]Qmf

lgof{t ;'k/dfs]{6

;+sng s]Gb÷Kofs

xfp; s]lGb|o ljt/0f s]Gb|

cyjf s]lGb|o Kofs

xfp;

19

$= t/sf/Lsf] u'0f:t/ / vfB ;'/Iff

u'0f:t/

t/sf/L al9 cfDbfgL lbg] kf]lznf] vfB afnL xf] . o;sf] lalqm vf; u/]/ o;sf] u'0f:t/

pTkfbgsf] tf}/ tl/sf, pTkfbg lng] ljwL Kofs]hLË, u|]l8Ë df kb{5 .

u'0f:t/ eGgfn] ;dli6su ?kdf ;a} u'0fx? kb{5g\ h:n] ubf{ s'g} a:t' jl9 dxTjsf] x'G5 .

lgDg u'0f:t/ M lsGg] JolQmn] dg gk/fpg]

dWod u'0f:t/ M lsGg] JolQmn] OR5fPh:tf] dg k/fpg]

pRr u'0f:t/ M lsGg] JolQmn] cg'dfg u/]eGbf w]/} /fd|f]

t/sf/L afnL pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u stf{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut ug'{ kb{5 . u|fxsx?n]

;fwf/0ftof aflx/L /+u, cfsf/, / agfj6sf] cfwf/ x]/]/ lsG5g t/ k'g vl/b ubf{ gb]lvg]

u'0f:t/nfO{ klg cfwf/ dfGb5g\ .

t/sf/Lsf] ahf/Ls/0f / pkof]uLtf nfO{ b'li6ut ubf{ t/sf/L /fd|f] b]lvg'sf ;fy} gb]lvg] u'0fx?

h:t} le6fdLg, vlghtTj, vfB /];f / cf}iflwo u'0fdf klg wofg lbg' kb{5 .

slxn]sfFxL t/sf/lx? cz'/lIft / 3fts klg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] c;'/lIft

ljiffbL / tfhf /fVg k|of]u ul/g] s]lx /;fog -h:t}M kmd{nfl8xfO8_ n] t/sf/LnfO{ xflgsf/s /

c;'/lIft u/fpF5 . o:tf t/sf/Lx? vfgfn] vfgf ljiffst x'gsf ;fy} lb3{sflng /f]u pTkGg x'g

;S5 .

u'0f:t/sf 36sx?

b]lvg] u'0f (Visnal quality) M kmn t/sf/Lx?df kmn kl/kSstfsf] cj:yf, /+u, cfsf/, rds, bfu wAaf

rfp/Lkg, kft t/sf/Lx?df tfhfkg, kftsf] cfsf/ k|sf/, /+u, slnnf]kg, j}nfPsf], ef}tLs bfu, kx]+nf]kg

cfbL

dfkg M sltko cj:yfdf ! b]vL ( ;Ddsf] u'0f:t/ gDa/ agfO gDa/ lbP/ /fd|f] g/fd|f] 5'§ofpg ;lsG5

-b]lvg] u'0f, /+u cflb_ . /+usf] rf6{ pknAw ePdf /+unfO{ t'ngf u/]/ klg 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . -lrq !!_,

sn/L ld6/, qmf]df]ld6/, Un;ld6/, :s]n, SofnLk/ -lrq !@_ cfbL u'0f:t/ gfKg] pks/0fx? b]vfOPsf] 5 .

s8fkg (Texture) M ls|:kL, z'Vvf, vlbnf] - sfpnL, a|f]sfpnL / aGbf_ dfkg k]gf]6«f]ld6/, k|];/ 6]:6/,

cf}+nfn] 5fd]/, sfpnL / a|f]sfpnL df x]/]/ g} vlbnf]kg kQf nufOG5 .

:jfb (Flavor) Mjf:gf, :jfb, cldnf], u'lnof], 6/f]{, lk/f]

dfkg M JolQm JolQm / ;d'xnfO{ rfVg lbO{ gDa/ lbP/ d"NofÍg ul/G5 . /]ˆofS6f]ld6/ Hofbf 3'nglzn

7f]; kbfy{, 6fO6«];gaf6 cfldnf]kg, lk=Pr, ld6/af6 lk=Pr, l8=P ld6/af6 klg kmn t/sf/LnfO{ gljuf/L

s8fkg / 3'nglzn kbfy{ kQf nufOG5 .

vfBtTj M le6fldg, vlghkbfy{, jf];f], k|f]6Lg, sfaf]{xfO8«]6, /];fbf/ kbfy{ / cGo ljleGg k|sf/sf tTj,

/f]u / SofG; lg/f]ws tTj, -PG6LcS;L8]G6 / ˆn]ef]GjfO8\;_

dfkg —:6fG88{ /;folgs ljlw kl/If0f vfB;'/Iff -csf]{ lzif{sdf klg x]g'{ _ M laiffbLx?sf] cjz]if -pkef]Qmf df b[li6n] ;jeGbf al9 dxTjk"0f{_ ,

/f]h hGo 9';L / lhjf0f'sf] ;+qmd0f -k|;f;lgs / j}1flgs b[li6n] vfB ;'/IffcGtut g+= !_, k|fs[lts

ljiffn' kbfy{ -cshfn]6 / gfO6«]6_, k|fs[lts ;+qmd0f -h:t} M dfOsf]6f]s;Lg, ljiffQm lhjf0f'_ / -ux|f}

wft'x? h:t}M ln8, Sof8ldod, kf/f]_ / jftfj/0fdf /x]sf b'lift kbfy{ .

dfkg M Pl6kL xfOlhg ld6/, zId lhjf0f'sf] nfuL :6\ofG88{ Kn]6Lª t/lsf k]:6L;fO8 /]l8Ho" gfKg] oGq,

lglZrt /;folgs dfkg ljlw .

lglZrt kfkb08 M cfhef]nL cGt{/fli6«o jhf/df s;/L pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5, s;/L pkrf/, 9'jfgL k|zf]wg

ul/Psf] 5 jftfj/l0fo lx;fjn] s:tf] k|efj kg{ ;S5 ;fy} z'4 Jofkf/ xf] xf]Og < eGg] lglZrt

kfkb08x? klg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .

20

lrq !! u|]l8ªsf] nflu u'0f:t/ / /Ësf] k|sf/

Tomato quality grading Fruit ripening stages

Pink Light red Red

Green Breaker Turning

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Stage 6

X Fruit defects

Growth cracks Deformation Blossom-end rot Blotchy ripening

Insect pest damage Fruit spots Bruising

Brinjal (eggplant) quality grading

X X

Deformed Bruising

X X

Fruit borer damage Thrips damage Phomopsis fruit rot

Cauliflower quality grading

Good for harvest With trimmed leaves Bare curd

X

Overmature Rust Physical damage Browning

21

lrq !@ u'0f:t/ dfkg ug]{ s]xL pks/0fx?

Caliper (top) and weight scale

Colorimeter to quantify color Gloss meter

(bottom) for size and weight

Penetrometer (top) and electronic texture analyzer (right)

Refractometer, analog (top)

and digital (bottom)

Burette and stand for manual titration (left) and automatic titration system (top)

pH meter

Pesticide residue meter ATP hygiene meter DA meter for non-invasive

quality evaluation

22

u'0f:t/df x|f;

leGg leGg} t/sf/Lx?df leGg leGg} k|sf/] u'0f;t/df x|f; x'G5 . -lrq !#_

uf]ne]+8f, v';f{gL — al9 kfSg], rfp/Lg], s'lxg]

eG6f —rfpl/g], s'lxg]

l;dL, ltt]s/]nf, sfFqmf — rfpl/g], j}nfpg], kx]+lng], s'lxg] /];f ljsf; x'g]

/fof], sfn] / cGo ;fu — j}nfpg], kx]+lng], s'lxg]

aGbf — lhjf0f'af6 s'lxg] /f]u, aflx/sf kft j}nfpg]

sfpnL — v}/f] x'g], lhjf0f'af6 s'lxg] /f]u cf]Onfpg]

a|f]sfpnL —km'Ng] kx+]lng] cf]nfpg] ' s[lxg]

lrq !# t/sf/Ldf x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf gf]S;fgL M uf]ne]8f— s'lxg], v';f{gL— rfp/Lg],

l;dL—s'lxg], sfFqmf—kx]+lng], eG6f—s'lxg], /fof] ;fu—kx]+lng], aGbf— km]b s'xLg]

u'0f:t/ dfkg

cfk"tL{ >[+vnfdf u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ljleGg u|]8x? lgwf{/0f ul/psf x'G5g\ h:n] pkef]Qmf cyf{t

vl/bstf{sf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;sf]; .

u|]l8ª ul/Psf] j:t'nfO{ n]jlnË u/]/ cnu cnu /fVg' kb{5 . u|]8cg';f/ d"No lgwf/0f u/L

Jofkf/Ls ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsG5 .

u'0f:t/ lgwf/0f ubf{ lgDg s'/fx? x'g' kb{5 .

—pTkfbLt j:t'sf] kl/ro

—Go"gtd cfwf/e"t u'0f -;kmfO, cfs[tL, :jfb, jf:gf, kl/kSjtf_

—u'0f:t/sf cfwf/df j:t'sf] kl/ro v'Ng] ul/ cfsf/, u|]8, pTkQL, e08f/0f ul/Psf] cj:yf

pTkfbg, 9'jfgL pkrf/ cfbL, laiffbLsf] k|of]u / To;sf] cjz]if (MRL)

vfB ;'/Iff

vfBokbfy{nfO{, o;sf] p4]Zo cg';f/ tof/ ul/ vfgfn] pkef]QmfnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] xfgL ub}{g

eGg] ;'lglZrttf .

pkef]Qmfsf] arfa6sf] nfuL vfB ;'/Iff laZaAofkL dfGotf xf] .

vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrttf

pTkfbg / afnL yGSofpFbf canDag ul/Psf ca:yf / pkfox? -XofG8lnª, pkrf/, e08f/0f /

lat/0f_ h;sf] pkef]un] dfga :jf:Yodf vt/fsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{g .

cfGtl/s / lgof{t ahf/df ahf/ la:tf/sf] kx'Fr / ahf/sf] laZjf; la:tf/ ub{5 .

x]hf8{÷vt/f vfgf;Fu ePsf] Ps h}las, /f;folgs jf ef}lts Ph]G6 xf] h'g k|lts'n :jf:Yo

k|efasf] sf/s xf] .

23

hf]lvd vt/f x'g] ;+efagf xf] .

pTkfbg vt/f;Fu >[+vnfsf x/]s kfO{nfx?df w/fkdf x'G5 .

h}las vt/fx? M /f]uhGo lhaf0f'x? (Eschirichia coli and Salmonella) / laufg]{ lhaf0f'x? ,

ls/fx?, kz'k+IfLx? .

slxn]sfxL ;'Idlhax?sf] pkl:ylt pTkfbgnfO{ s'xfpg kof{Kt gePklg dfgaLo ladf/Lsf] nfuL

kof{Kt x'G5g .

pTkfbg x]/fOdf vfg of]Uo / pko'Qm b]lvPtfklg ;'Idh}las ld;fa6o'Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf

pke]Qmfsf] :jf:Yosf] nfuL hf]lvdsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g .

lrq !$ t/sf/Ldf z'Id h}ljs ;+qmd0fsf >f]tx?

Field

Potential sources

Of microbial

contamination in

fresh fruits

and vegetables

Soil

Personal Hygiene

Birds Sewage

/f;folgs vt/fx? k|fs[lts ?kdf - h:t} xl/of] ;fukftx?df cShfn]6 / cfn'df cNsfnf]O{8x?

h:t} ;f]nflgg_ x'G5g . laiffbLx? / /f;folgs caz]ifx?sf] c;/ ;'Idlhaf0f'x?sf] eGbf l56f] /

gf6lso t/ dfga :jf:Yo, aftfa/0f, kz' / ag:kltx?df k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf k|efa lb3{sfnLg ?kdf

/lx/xG5 .

cGo /f;folgs vt/fx?df laiffn' tTjx? h:t} lz;f, Sof8ldod, cf;]{lgs / h:tfx? x'g .

/f;folgs vt/fx? afnL pTkfbg ubf{ /f;folgs dnx?, PlG6afof]l6sx?, ;/;kmfO{ pTkfbgx? /

xdf]{gx?af6 z'?cft x'G5g . ;fy} afnL yGSofpbf d}gx?, ;/;kmfO ;fdfu|Lx? / l86/h]G6x?af6

klg cfpF5g .

ef}lts vt/fx? h:t} lz;f, sf7, 9'+uf, /f}+, Knfl:6s, uxgf, wft'x? x'g .

vt/fx? / ltlgx?;+u ;+a4 hf]lvdx? a9\b}5g lsgeg] t/sf/Lx? k|fydtM tfhf jf Go'gtd

ksfP/ pkef]u ul/G5 ;fy;fy} vfgfhGo lhaf0f'x? lbgk|ltlbg gofF ?kdf b]vf kg'{sf ;fy}

t/sf/Lsf] laZj ahf/ klg al9/x]sf] 5 .

vfB ;'/Iffsf vt/fx?nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ cfk'lt{ >[v+nfel/ /f]s nufpg' k5{ .

24

vfB ;'/Iff dfxfdf/L;+u ;+a4 nfutx?

pkef]Qmsf] nfuL

:jf:Yo pkrf/ vr{

sfddf hfg gkfpg' / cfDbfgL u'Dg'

x]/rfxdf vr{

lb3{ /f]ux?

;dosf] aaf{bL

lgof{tstf{sf] nfuL

ahf/sf] kx'Fr / laZj;lgotfsf] xfgL

lab]zL /fhZjdf 3f6f

k|lt:kwf{df xfgL

k|lti7fsf] xfgL

t/sf/L If]qsf] nfuL

ph'/Lx? / pTkfbg cl:asf/

Aofkf/ aGb x'g]

hl/afgf

k|lti7fsf] xfgL

;'wf/ sfo{x? - nufgL_ df xfgL

;/sf/sf] nfuL

:jf:Yo pkrf/df xfgL

lab]zL /fhZjdf xfgL

pkef]Qmfsf] laZjf;df gf]S;fgL

pTkfbs / XofG8n/sf] e'ldsf

afnL pAhfpbf / yGSofpbf pTkfbgnfO{ b'lift x'gaf6 /f]Sg To;df ;+nUg AolQmx?n] /fd|f] s[lif

cEof;x? (Good Agricultural Practices – GAP) nfu' ug'{ k5{ .

afnL pAhfpbf / yGSofpbf pTkfbgnfO{ b'lift x'gaf6 /f]Sg To;df ;+nUg AolQmx?n] /fd|f] :a:y

cEof;x? (Good Hygenic Practices -GHP) nfu' ug'{ k5{ .

sfdbf/x?n] afnL sf6\g] ;fwgx? / cf}hf/ pks/0fx?, Kofs]lhª xfp;sf ;fwg / jl/kl/sf] 7fpF,

sG6]g/x? / oftfoftsf ;fwgx? /fd|/L ;kmf ug'{ k5{ . ;/;kmfO{ ;+k'0f{sf] ;fawfgL xf] .

lgl/If0f ug{sf] nfuL ;+k'0f{ clen]vx? /fd|/L /fVg' k5{ .

lapsf] u'0f:t/, laiffbL k|of]u u/]sf], kfgLsf] u'0f:/ M l;+rfO{, Kofsxfp;df k|of]u ePsf] kfgL, df6f]

laZn]if0f, k/lhla lgoGq0f sfo{qmdx?, kf]i6xfe]{:6 pkrf/, ;/;kmfO{ / dd{t sfo{qmdx? -:yfkgf,

d]lzg/L,pks/0fx?, efF8fs'F8fx? cfbL_ / sfdbf/sf] tflndx?sf] /fd|f] clen]v /fVg' k5{ .

/fd|f] s[lif cEof; -GAP_

-GAP_ Pp6f afnL pTkfbg ubf{, yGSofpbf, Koflsª / l;lkª ubf{ pTkfbg;Fu dfga lhaf0f'x?sf]

b'lift x'gaf6 /f]Sg jf sd ug{sf] nfuL ul/g] ;/;kmfO{ k|lqmof xf] .

v]taf/Lsf ;|f]tx?

l;+rfO{sf] kfgL, ;fwf/0f df6f]sf] u'0f:t/, dnd'q / b'lift kfgL cfbLn] t/sf/Lx?nfO{ lhaf0f'x?af6

b'lift agfpF5g .

hxfF dnsf] nfuL b'lift kfgL jf 9nsf] kfgL k|of]u ul/G5 ToxfF cfGtl/s lhaf0f' -cfGb|fdf x'g]_ x?

t/sf/Lsf ;fwf/0f b'ifsx? x'g .

w]/} t/sf/Lx?df ;'Id lhaf0f'x?nfO{ rflxg] kf]ifsx? x'G5g / ltlgx?sf] a[l4df ;xof]u ub{5g .

Psk6s b'lift e};s]kl5 lhaf0f'x?nfO{ lgsfNg jf lgd'{n kfg{ w]/} sl7g x'G5 . logLx?nfO{ pkrf/ jf

lgd'{n ug'{ eGbf afnL yGSofpg' cl3 / cfk'lt{ >[v+nfx?sf x/]s :t/x?df /f]syfd ug{ ;Nnfx lbO{G5

25

v]taf/Ldf t/sf/Lx?df ;'Id–h}las lhaf0f'x?sf] km}nfa6df dfga ;|f]tx?sf] 7'nf] e'ldsf x'G5 .

;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nfuL sfdbf/nfO{ tflnd / GAP To;sf] nfuL dxtjk'0f{ x'G5 .

Pp6f /fd|/L nfu' ul/Psf] GAP sfo{qmddf lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbO{G5 Me'–pkof]usf] O{ltxf;,

sfdbf/sf] :jf:Yo / ;kmfO{ ;'lawfx?, h+unL hgfa/ / /f]ux?sf] lgoGq0f, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ / pkof]u /

df6f]sf] pa{/f Aoa:yfkg .

afnL yGSofpg' k'a{ ;'/Iff ;'lglZrttfsf] nfuL cfaZos kg]{ s'/fx? lrq !) df b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

uf]7] dnsf] k|of]u, kfgL kl/If0fsf] glthfx?, sfdbf/x?nfO{ kmfd{ :t/df lbPsf] vfB ;'/Iff ;r]tgf

tflndsf clen]vx? dxTjk'0f{ tTjx? x'g .

uf]7] dn

uf]a/-h}las _ dn tyf cGo v]/ uPsf pTkfbgx? k|fo df6f] pa{/ agfpg / af]6 la?jfsf] a[l4

lasf; ug{sf] nfuL k|of]u ul/G5 t/ ltlgx?n] tfhf pTkfbgx?nfO{ vfBhGo lhaf0f'x?4f/f

b'lift agfp5g .

uf]a/ dnnfO{ pkof]u ug'{k'a{ pkrf/-sDkf]i6 agfP/, ttfP/ jf cGo tl/sfn] lgd{lns/0f

u/]/_ ug'k5{ .

olb k|ToIf b'lift x'g] ;+efagf 5 eg] uf]a/ dn la?jfx?sf] lardf 5g'{ x'b}g .

s[lifhGo kfgL

pTkfbgdf k|of]u ePsf] kfgLn] /f]uhgs lhaf0f' cfk'lt{ >[v+nfdf c;/ kfg{ ;S5 .

;'Id h}las b'lifttfsf] nfuL kfgLsf] ;|f]tx? af/Daf/ kl/If0f ul//xg' k5{ .

kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fdf gePsf] ca:yf -h:t} glb / tfnsf] kfgL_df pTkfbsn] vt/f

sd ug{sf] nfuL cGo /fd|f pkfox? -h:t} la?jfsf] vfg] efudf ;s];Dd kfgLsf] ;+ks{ sd

ug]{_canDag ug'{ k5{ .

kz' dnd'q

h+unL jf 3/kfn'jf hgfa/ / r/fx? r/g÷cfxf/sf] nfuL u|fdL0f e]ux?df hfg] x'bf b'lifttf

vt/fsf] sf/s x'g ;S5g .

afnL a[l4 / yGSofpg] ;dodf pTkfbg If]qx?df kz'x?sf] pkl:ylt lgif]w ug'{ k5{ .

olb s'g} lglZrt s[lif Kn6x?df af/Daf/ kz'sf] ayfgx? cfjt hfjt u/]sf] hfgsf/L

ePdf a}slNks Kn6x? 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 jf a}slNks df]8÷af6f]sf] /0flglt canDag ug'{

k5{ .

sfdbf/nfO{ tflnd

;a} sfdbf/x? clgafo{ ?kdf AolQut ;/;kmfO{ / kmf]xf]/d}nf k|aGwsf] af/]df k|lzlIft

ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

sfdbf/x?nfO{ xft w'g] / cGo laz]if cfaZos ;/;kmfO{ ;+alGw pks/0fx? / ;'lawfx?sf]

plrt Aoa:yf x'g' kb{5 .

/fd|f] ;/;kmfO{ cEof; (Good Hygine Practice-GHP)

GHP df ;'Id h}las vt/fx?sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ vfB >[v+nf el/ g}

;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ cEof;x?sf] ;+nUg x'G5g .

GHP GAP / GMP sf] t];f]{ tTj xf] .

26

:jR5 XofG8lnª,e08f/0f, k|zf]wg, lat/0f / vfB pTkfbg >[v+nfsf] clGtd vfB tof/Lx?sf]

nfuL GHP sf cfwf/e't lgodx? vfB :jR5tfsf] sf]8]S; ;fdfGo l;4fGtdf yflnPsf 5g

o;df ;'lawfx?sf] 9fFrf, ;+rfngx?sf] lgoGq0f -tfkqmd, sRrf kbfy{, kfgLsf] cfk'lt{,

:d/0f k|s[ofsf b:tfj]hx?_, dd{t ;+ef/ / kmf]xf]/d}nf k|aGw, AolQmut :aR5tf / AoflQmut

tflndx?sf cfaZostfx? ;dfa]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .

GHP, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point -HACCP nuot ;+k'0f{ vfB

;'/Iff Aoa:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] cleGg ?k xf]

/ \fd|f] lgdf{0f cEof; (Good Manufacturing Practice-GMP)

GMP df tfhf t/sf/Lsf] kf]:6 xfe]{:6 >[v+nf;+u ;+a4 hf]lvd /f]syfd / lgoGq0f, Pp6f

k'/f / ;'/lIft pTkfbgsf] ;'lglZrttf , jftfj/0f / sfdbf/sf] :jf:Yodf kg]{ gs/fTds

k|efax? sd ug']{ nufotsf cEof;x? ;+nUg x'G5g .

GMP sf rf;f]sf laifox?df AoflQmut :jR5tf, ;'lawfx? ePsf] :yfg- Koflsª xfp;,

e08f/_, ;]lg6/L ck/]zg, ;'lawf / lgoGq0fx?, cf}hf/ / efF8fs'F8fx? / k|s[of / lgoGq0fsf

cEof;x? ;+nUg x'G5g .

vt/fx?sf] r/d lgoGq0f laGb' ljin]if0f (Hazard Analysis Critical Point-HACCP)

HACCP Pp6f k|0ffnL xf] h;n] vfB pTkfbg k|0fnLdf ;+eflat b'lifttfsf ;|f]tx?sf]

klxrfg u5{, b'lifttf x'g] tl/sfx? kQf nufpF5,/ b'lift vfgfsf] pkef]usf] /f]syfdsf] nfuL

cfaZos pkfox?sf] af/]df :ki6 ;Nnfx lbG5 .

HACCP sf ;ft cfwf/e't l;4fGtx?

-!_ vt/fx?sf] d'Nof+sg

-@_ klxrfg ul/Psf vt/fx?sf] r/d lgoGq0f laGb' (Critical control point-CCP) sf] lgwf{/0f .

-#_ CCP sf l;dfx?sf] :yfkgf

-$_ CCP cg'udg k|s[ofsf] :yfkgf

-%_ CCP sf l;dfx?af6 aflx/ ePdf ;Rofpg] sfo{x?

-^_ k|dfl0fs/0f k|0fnL

-&_ clen]v k|0ffnL

GAP,GHP, GMP HACCP sf sfo{qmdx? k'a{ cfaZostfx? x'g .

Aoaxf/Ls dfdLnfdf GAP, GMP, GHP nfO{ code of practices and proocols

k|df0fLs/0fsf] nfuL Good Agricultural Practices sf] ;fdfGo cawf/0ff cGt{ut

;dfa]z ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq !% HACCP sf] cfk'lt{ >[v+nfsf] Ps r/0fsf] gd'gf xf] .

=

27

% t/sf/Lsf] u'0f:t/df c;/ kfg]{ tTjx?

cfGtl/sf sf/0f

xfe]{:6 u/]kl5 klg t/sf/Lx? lhlat} x'G5g . ltlgx? lhlat sf]lifsf / tGt'x?af6 ag]sf

x'G5g ..

ltlgx? a9\g] dfWodaf6 5'l§Psf] x'gfn] xfe]{:6 ul/Psf pTkfbgx? ;+lrt e08f/ -sfaf]{xfO{8«]6 /

kfgL_ df lge{/ x'G5g . Zjf;k|Zjf; / jfliks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 sfaf]{xfO{8«]6 / kfgLsf] dfqf

36\g] xgfn] pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df Xf; cfpF5 -lrq !^_ .

lrq !^= xfe]{:6 ul/OPsf pTkfbgsf cfwf/e't rl/qx?

Zjf;k|Zjf; / kfgLsf] dfqf 36\gfn] pTkfbLt a:t'df tgfa cfpF5 . s'g} klg tgfan]

pTkfbgdf O{lylng k}bf xg] x'gfn] kfSg] xdf]{gx?sf] a[l4 eP/ d]6faf]lns ultlalw lta| eO{

pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df Xf; cfpF5 .

;'Id lhax?sf] vfWo ;|f]t -lrgL_ ePsf] x'gfn] tfhf pTkfbgx? lrgLsf] >f]t x'g] x'Fbf ;+qmd0f

eO{ s'lxg ;S5g .

olb pTkflbt a:t' nfO{ tfhf cj:yfdf jhf/Ls/0f ug{sf] lgldQ o; nfO{ hLjLt / Zj:y

/fvL/xg' kb{5 .

k|zf]wg ul/g] ePdf o:df ePsf cfjZos u'0fx?df x|f; lbg' x'Fb}g .

cfGtl/s k|lqmofx? / ltlgx?sf] lgoGq0fsf] cfwf/e't 1fg k|efasf/L u'0f:t/ sfod /fVgsf]

nfuL clgjfo{ x'G5 .

Zjf;k|Zjf;

sfaf]{xfO{8«]6 cl:;hgsf] pkl:yltdf sfa{g8fO{cS;fO{8, kfgL / tfkdf 6'lqmg] k|lqmof

C6H1206 + 602 6C02 + 6H20 + Heat (2830 kJ)

28

k|efaM clS;hgsf] sdL / sfa{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] a[l4n] pTkfbgsf] cfGtl/s / afXo Zjf;k|Zjf;

36fpF5, u'0f:t/ z'/lIft eO{ :jlhag nlDaG5 .

w]/} sd clS;hg / w]/} al9 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 ePsf] cj:yfdf PgP/f]ljs Zjf;k|Zjf; x'g

uO (Formentation) lkmlhof]nf]hLsn l8;c8{/ x'g hfG5 / /S;Lsf] h:tf] uGw pTkGg x'G5

SnfOd]S6]l/s kmn -h:t} M uf]ne]8f_ df kfSg] j]nfdf Zjf; k|Zjf; s[ofdf j[l4 x'G5 .

Zjf;k|Zjf;n] ;'Vvf tf}n , vfWo dxTj, af:gf, agfa6,tyf ;+k'0f{ u'0f:/ 36fpF5 ,

Zjf;k|Zjf; SnfO{d]S6]l/s / gg SnfO{d]S6]l/s x'g ;S5 .

Zjf;k|Zjf; b/ hlt al9 x'G5, u'0f:t/df l56f] Xf; cfp5 / :jlhag 5f]6f] x'G5 -6]an !_ .

6]an != t/sf/Lx?sf] ;fk]lIft Zjf;k|Zjf; b/x?

b/ Zjf;k|Zjf; %l8=;]

(mg CO2.kg-1

h-1

)

SnfO{d]S6]l/s

pTkfbg

ggSnfO{d]S6]l/s pTkfbg

w]/} sd <% ;'Vvf kmnkm'n / t/sf/Lx?

sd %–!) ;]n]/L, n;'g, Kofh, cfn'

dWod !)–@) uf]ne]8f aGbf,;]n]/L,sfFqmf], dl/r

pRr @)–$) ufh/ -e]6\gf] ;lxt_,sfpnL,d'nf

-e]6\gf] ;lxt_,lndf l;dL

w]/} pRr $)–^) a|f]sfpnL,a';]N; :k|fp6, xl/of] Kofh,

le+8L, :Gofk lag

cToGt w]/}

pRr

>^) s'l/nf], Rofp, kf;{n], l:j6sg{, d6/,

rD;'/

Jffliks/0f

pTkfbgaf6 afXo aftfa/0fdf afliks/0f / kfgLsf] dfqf 36\g] . tfkqmdsf] c;/n] ubf{

t/nkfgL Uof;df kl/jt{g x'G5 .

ha afXo jftfj/0fdf kfgLsf] afkmsf] rfksf] dfqf -xfafdf kfgLsf] afkmsf] rfksf] dfqf

;fwf/0ftof RH (%) df gflkG5_ pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf sd x'G5,-;fwf/0ftof (*–!))ÜRH_ ta

pTkfbgaf6 kfgLsf] afkm aflx/ lg:sG5 .

k|efaM pTkfbgaf6 kfgL 36\g sd ug{sf] nfuL ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf a9fpg] / pTkfbgsf]

jftfj/0fsf] jl/kl/sf] tfkqmd 36fpg' k5{ .

w]/}h;f] t/sf/Lx?df *)Ü eGbf a9L kfgLsf] dfqf x'gfn] ltgLx?df sf6]÷l6k]kl5 kfgLsf] dfqf

36\g hfG5 .

kfgLsf] dfqf 36\gfn] pkfbgsf] laz]iftfdf k|efa k5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL uf]ne]8fdf aflx/L 5fnf

w]/} d}g ePsf] x'gfn] v';f{gLdf eGbf kfgL sd 36\5 . ;fukftx?df kftfnf] So'l6sn, al9 l5b|x?

/ w]/} ;txL If]qkmn x'gfn] kmnkm'ndf eGbf kfgLsf] dfqf 36\g] b/ al9 x'G5 .

kfgLsf] dfqf 36\gfn] lalqmof]Uo tf}n sd x'g], x]bf{ cf]O{nfPsf] b]lvg], rfpl/g], s8fkg x'gfsf]

;fy} ;du| tfhfkg / 3'nglzn kf]if0f tTj h:t} le6fldg—l; sd x'G5 .

kfgLsf] dfqf 36\g' g} tf}n sd x'g] d'Vo sf/0f xf] . %Ü eGbf a9L tf}n 36\gfn] t/sf/Lx?

cf]O{nfpg], rfpl/g] eO{ lalqmof]Uo x'b}gg-6]an@_

O{yfO{lng pTkfbg

O{yfO{lng (C2H4) Pp6f af]6la?jfsf] UofF;xdf]{g xf] h;n] kmn ksfpg z'?jft ug'{sf] ;fy}

kfSg] ultnfO{ a9fpg] / af]6nfO{ a'9f] agfpg] sfd u5{ .

;a} ag:kltsf] tGt'x?n] laleGg b/df O{yfO{lng pTkfbg u5{g . t/sf/Lx?n] t'ngfTds ?kdf

sd O{yfO{lng pTkfbg -6]an #_ u/]tf klg logLx? O{yfO{lng ;Fu ;+a]bglzn x'G5g, To;}n]

t/sf/Lx?nfO{ al9 O{yfO{lng pTkfbg ug]{ kmnkm'nx?-s]/f, :ofp_ x?;Fu ld;fpg' x'b}g .

29

6]an @ ahf/of]Uo gx'gsf] nfuL clwstd l:jsfo{ 36\g] kfgLsf] dfqf

t/sf/L clwstd l:jsfo{ 36\g] kfgLsf] dfqf

aGbf &

rD;'/sf] ;fu #

uf]ne]8f &

v';f{gL &

sfFqmf] *

ufh/ *

cfn' &

6]an #= t/sf/Lsf] ;fk]lIfs O{yfO{lng pTkfbg b/x?

b/ O{yfO{lng pTkfbg

20 0C (ml C2 H4.kg

-1 h

-1 ) df

SnfO{d]S6]l/s ggSnfO{d]S6]l/s

w]/} sd )=! s'l/nf], sfpnL, xl/of]

;fukft, h/] t/sf/Lx?, cfn'

sd )=!–! sfFqmf], eG6f, lelG8, v';f{gL

dWod !–!) uf]ne]8f

pRr !)–!))

w]/} pRr !))

xflgsf/s k|efax? M kmnx? kfSg] / g/d x'g], km'n / ckl/kSj t/sf/Lx?sf] kftsf] xl/of] /+u gi6

x'g] / emg]{ / a'9f] x'g] .

lrq !& OyfOlnsgsf s]xL gs/fTds k|efjx?

-C24 +C2H4

+C2H4 -C2H4

30

lr:ofg e08f/0f u/]/, lgolGqt jf kl/dflh{t jftfj/l0fo e08f/0f u/]/, ksfpg] sf]7fx?df xfjfsf]

k|aGw u/]/, O{yfO{lng ;+a]bglzn a:t'x?nfO{ cnu /fv]/, e08f/ sf]7fx?df jf pTkfbg Kofsx?df

O{yfO{lng zf]ifskbfy{ -kf]6flzod kf/fDofUg]6_ k|of]u u/]/ / O{yfO{lng ca/f]wsx? -

ldyfO{n;fO{Snf]k|f]k]g_ k|of]u u/]/ O{yfO{lngsf] xflgsf/s k|efax? sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

ef}tLs sf/sx?

3fprf]6 jf ef}lts Ifltx?n] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|lqmof a[l4 u5{g, kfgLsf] dfqf 36\g] / o{yfO{lng pTkfbg

a9fpF5g .

ef}ts ?kdf 3fprf]6 nfUg' sfl6g'n] 5fnfsf] tGt'x? uf9f jf v}/f] eO{ pNn]vlgo ?kdf kf]if0fsf]

;fy} u'0f:t/df k|efa k5{ .

o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;'Idlhax?nfO{ s'lxgdf d4t u5{ .

of] vf; ul/ Pscfk;sf] 7Ss/, bjfj, 3if{0f, / s+kgsf] sf/0fn] x'G5 .

ha a:t'x? v:5g jf ank'a{s k5fl/Psf x'G5g\ . o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ kmn cyf{t t/sf/Ldf 3fp -

b]lvg] jf gb]lvg]_ nfu]sf] x'G5 .

;+s'rg Iflt M w]/} tf}nsf] bjfj x'Fbf glhlsbf, ef}lts xnrn xF'bf, vf;ul/ sG6]g/x?sf] cg'ko'Qm

ulx/fO{, w]/} Kofs u/]/, sG6]g/x?df Kofs ubf{ v/fa ;+/rgfTds Ps?ktf geP/, g/fd|f] jf w]/} cUnf]

rfªdf Kofs ubf{ x'G5 . Kofs]hx? 9n]/ jf rfª gldn]/ jf Kofsx? dfyL a:bf ;fwf/0ftof l5b|x?

kg]{, km'6\g], lau|g] x'G5 .

3if{0f Iflt a:t'x?sf] ;tx c? s'g} ;tx ;+usf] 3if{0fn] ubfx'G5 . o;sf] sf/0fn] af]qmf jf d}g tx

5'l§g hfG5 .

sDkg Iflt sG6]g/df w]/} ;do ;Dd ÷ w]/} 7fpFdf ÷w]/} k6s 9'jfgL ubf{ xnrnsf] sf/0fn] x'G5 .

o;sf] sf/0f ;+s'rg / 3if{0f Iflt x'G5 . o;sf] :t/nfO{ ;8ssf] k|sf/ / uf8Lsf] ;:k]G;g k|0fnLn]

k|efa kf/]sf] x'G5 . of] Iflt sd;n Koflsªsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg x'G5 .

;'Id h}ljs

;'Id–hLax?sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ t/sf/Lx?sf] :jlhag sd eO{ ahf/of]Uo geO{ s'lxP/ v]/ hfg] x'bf ls;fgsf]

;fy} Aofkf/Lx?nfO{ w]/} gf]S;fgL x'G5 . /f]uhgs ;'Idlhax?sf] sf/0f dfglao ladf/Lx?sf] af/]df kl5Nnf]

cWofodf rrf{ ul/g]5 .

t/sf/Ldf afnL yGSofP kl5 nfUg] d'Vo /f]ux?sf] sf/s AofS6]l/of / 9';Lx? x'g .

afnL yGSofpg' klxn]sf] ;|f]tsf] sf/0f klg afnL pTkfbg kl5 /f]ux? b]lvG5g .

afnL yGSofpg' eGbf cuf8Lsf lasl;t ePsf /f]usf nIf0fx? kl5 5gf}6 ubf{, u|]l8ª / Kofs]lhª

ubf{ b]lvG5g . Koflsª, l;lkª ug'{ eGbf cl3 gb]lvPsf /f]ux?sf] sf/0f pTkfbsx?nfO{ pNn]vlgo

Iflt x'G5 .

/f]u O{g]s'nd jf /f]uhgs dfWodx? afnL yGSofpg' jf k5f8L g} pTkfbgdf ldl;Psf x'G5g -lrq

&_ . sfdbf/ / kmf]xf]/ ;txsf] ;+ks{af6 ;'Id h}las ld;fa6x? j;f/k;f/ x'G5 . To;}n] u'0f:t/

Aoa:yfkgdf pTkfbg / afnL yGSofpg] tTjx?nfO{ Wofg lbg' cfaZos 5 .

u'0f:t/df k|efa kfg]{ ls/fhgs tTax?

ls/fx?sf] sf/0fn] laleGg b]zx? larsf] Aofkf/ layf]lng ;S5 . laZj Aofkf/df ls/fx?sf]

cfoftdf s8f ag:klt ;/;kmfO{ lgodx? ckgfpg' kb{5 .

31

afnL yGSofpg' cl3 / kl5 w]/} lsl;dsf ls/fx?n] t/sf/Ldf cfqmd0f ul/ cfly{s Iflt /

ca;/x?df gf]S;fg u5{g . xfn sl/a &%),))) ls/f k|hftLx? e]l6Psf 5g / lt dWo] $%)

lsl;dsf ls/fx? ulDe/ k|s[ltdf ulgG5g .

t/sf/LsF ls/f laz]if ul/ nfef{ ca:yfdf w]/} lagfzsf/L x'G5g . ltlgx? dWo] lgof{t Aofkf/df

kmn s'xfpg] ldm+uf ;a} eGbf;a} dxTjk'0f{ xf] . cGo ls/fx?df bean pod borrer, and moths

(diamond back moth of Cabbage)

ls/fx?sf] kf]i6xfe]{:6 Aoa:yfkgdf ;'/lIft / u}/ /f;folgs pkrf/x? h:t} tftf] -Tfftf] kfgLdf

8'afpg], tftf] afkmn] pkrf/ ug]{_, lr;f]n] lgd{lns/0f ug]{, pRr sfa{g8fO{cS;fO{8 jf lgdln{s/0f

lalwx? ckgfpg' kb{5 . /f;folgs lgoGq0f lalw ;s];Dd ckgfpg' x'b}g, olb ;+ea gePdf dfga

/ cGo k|f0fLx?df nlIft / laiffn' x'g'x'b}g .

u'0f:t/df k|efa kfg]{ jftfj/0fLo tTax?

tfkqmd, cfb|tf,afo'd08n / xfafsf] ultn] pTkfbgsf] Zjf;k|Zjf;, kfgLsf] dfqf 36\g] / O{yfO{lng

d]6faf]lnHd nufot /f]ux?sf] ;+qmd0f / la:tf/ ul/ pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df k|efa kb{5g .

pRr tfkqmd / Go'g cfb|tfn] zf/Ll/s k|s[ofx?sf] b/ a9fp5g . To;}n] oL k|s[ofx?sf] ult sd

u/fpg / pTkfbgsf] :jlhag n+Aofpg lzt e08f/0f / pRr cfb| e08f/0f lalwx? ckgfpg' kb{5 .

tyflk, cToGt sd tfkqm|dsf] sf/0f cGo lkmlhof]nf]lhsn laifdtfx? h:t} freezing and

chilling injury ( surface dsicoloration or browning, piting) pTkGg x'G5g .

To;}ul/ e08f/0f Kofs]hsf] jftfj/0fdf clt Go'g clS;hg / clt pRr sfa{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf]

pkl:yltn] klg ef}lts laifdtfx? b]lv s'lxg] ;Ddsf ;d:ofx? pkGg x'G5g .

k|foh;f] uld{ pTkfbgsf] nfuL *–!# l8=;]= / dWod uld{ pTkfbgsf] nfuL )–% l8=;]= hals

clS;hg / sfa{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] tx qmdzM #–%Ü / %–!)Ü l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 .

pTkfbg tTax?

afnLsf] hft

t/sf/Lsf] u'0f:t/ / :jlhag Ifdtf ltlgx?sf] cfg'af+lzs lgoGq0fdf lglxt x'G5g / ltlgx?nfO{

k|hgg4f/f cg's'n agfpg ;lsG5 .

lasf;lzn b]zx? hxfF lr:ofg ;]jfx? pknAw 5}gg, afnL yGSofPkl5sf] Iflt uDeL/ 5 /

s'kf]if0f b/ pRr 5 ToxfF nfdf] :jlhag, rfx]h:tf] l;lkª u'0f:t/ / pRr kf]if0f dxTj sf] nfuL

k|hggsf] cfaZostf 5 .

32

^= afnL pTkfbg / kl/rfng

jfnL l6Kg] kl/kSstf

pTkfbg kl5 u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsGg . pko'Qm kl/kSs cj:yfdf jfnLnfO{ l6Kg' kb{5 .

uf]ne]8f M sxfF slt 6f9f s:tf] ahf/sf] nfuL n}hfg] xf] To;}cg';f/ uf]ne]8fnfO{ kl/kSs xl/of] /

laleGg /+ux?s]f cj:yf a|]s/, lkÍ, /ftf] t/ ;fx|f] cj:yfdf kmn l6Kg' kb{5 .

6f9f ahf/sf] nfuL / nfdf] e08f/0f cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfdf uf]ne]8fnfO{ kl/kSs t/ xl/of] -a|]s/

cj:yf_ df g} l6Kg’ kb{5 . uf]ne]8f NsfOd]s6]l6s kmn ePsf]n] ;fdfGo kl/jt{g eO{ kmn

kfSb5 t/ ckl/kSs kmndf /fd|f] /+usf] ljsf; x'Fb}g / kmn lau|G5 .

kmn kl/kSs eP gePsf] yfxf kfpg kmnnfO{ sf6\bf jLp kgL sfl6of] eg] kmn kl/kSs ePsf]

x'b}Fg . kl/kSs kmn sf6\bf jLp sfl6Fb}g / kl/kSs uf]ne]8f leqsf vfgfdf lrKnf] O:;fbf/ kbfy{

el/Psf] x'G5 . cg'ejL JolQmn] kmnsf] cfsf/, /+u / rdssf] cfwf/df ;lhn} 5'6\ofpg ;Sb5g .

Kl/kSs ePsf xl/of uf]ne]8fnfO{ 9'jfgL ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 / o:df gf]S;fgL sd x'G5 . slxn] sfFlx

xl/of uf]ne]8fdf /fd|f] ;Fu /+usf] ljsf; x'g kfpFb}g To:tf] cj:yfdf ksfpg] /;fog k|of]u u/]/

/fd|f] /ftf] /+usf] ljsf; u/fO{ ksfpg' kb{5 .

eG6f M eG6fnfO{ kl/kSs x'g' cufj} leq jLpx? gl5lKkPsf] cj:yfdf k'0f{ cfsf/ -al9 pTkfbg_ sf]

cj:yfdf l6Kg' kb{5 . kmnsf] s8fkg / rdsnfO{ klg kl/kSs sf] cfwf/df dflgG5 . km'n km'n]sf] !)—

$) lbgdf -hft cg';f/_kmn pTkfbg lng tof/ x'G5g\ . al9 kl/kSs ePdf kmn kmf]S;f, lttf, s8f /

kx]+nf] x'G5g\ .

sfpnL M sfpnLnfO{ vlbnf] cj:yfd} afnL lng' kb{5 kl/kSs al9 ePdf km"nx? dfyL p7\b5g -lrq !!_

/fof] M rfOlgh sfn] / cGo ;fux? Kftx? Nueu k"0f{ cfsf/ lng] t/ slnnf] cj:yfdf jLp 5/]sf] jf

pd|]sf] lbgsf lx;fjn] klg pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . l9nfu/L pTkfbg lnPdf kftdf /];f k:g], kx]lng] /

lttf] x'G5 . l5lKkPsf kftx? slnnf kftsf] t'ngfdf rfF8} kx]+lnG5 .

jGbf M jGbfnfO{ k'i6 / ;fx|f] eP kl5 pTkfbg lng kb{5 . slt vlbnf] 5 eGg] s'/f bjfP/ yfxf kfpg

;lsG5 . s]xL aGbfnfO{ 7f8f] ul/ lr/]df leqL 8fF7 slt nfdf] 5 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . leqL 8fF7 al9 nfdf]

x'g'sf] cy{ aGbf al9 l5lKkof] eGg] a'‰g' kb{5 . al9 l5lKkof] eg] jGbf km'6\b5 / s'lxG5 . kl/kSs aGbf

vlbnf] x'b}g pTkfbg klg sd x'G5 / rfF8} lau|G5 .

v';f{gL M v';f{gLsf kmnnfO{ ahf/sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ l6Kg' kb{5 . tfhf v';f{gLsf] nfuL kl/kSs xl/of]

cj:yfdf / z'sfP/ k|of]u ug{sf] nfuL *)Ü hlt /+u kl/jt{g ePkl5 l6Kg' kb{5 . v';f{gL gg

NsfOd]s6]l/s ePsf] x'Fbf xl/of / slnnf kmn l6k]df /fd|f] ;Fu /+u ljsf; x'Fb}g .

s/]nf, sfFqmf, nfdf] l;dL M lasl;t eO/x]sf] ckl/kSs cj:yfd} rflxPsf] cfsf/df pTkfbg lng ;lsG5

. al9 kl/kSs ePdf jLp l5KkLg] s8f x'g] hfnf] k:g] / kx]+nLg] x'G5 .

pTkfbg lng] ;do

pTkflbt aflnx?df sd tfkqmd ePsf] cj:yf kf/]/ lbgsf] lztn ;dodf afnL l6Kg' k5{ . kmn

cyf{t kftx? Afl9 k'i6 ePsf cj:yfdf 3fp, rf]6 nfUg] ;Defjgf al9 x'G5 . pTkfbLt a:t'nfO{

IftL x'gaf6 arfpg kb{5 .

lbgsf] dWofGgdf klg st} st} pTkfbg lng] rng 5 . dWofGgdf pTkfbg ln+bf pTkfbLt jfnLdf

3fprf]6 sd x'G5 t/ tfkqmd al9 x'g] x'Fbf t'?Gt} lr;f] 7fpFdf nu]/ lr:ofpg' cfjZs x'G5 . jl9

tfqmddf pTkfbLt j:t'sf] kflg l56\6} p8]/ hfg] / rfF8} lau|g] x'G5 . tfkqmd sd ePkl5 dfq

Jofs ug'{ kb{5 .

;fwf/0ftof a]n'sfkv jfnL pTkfbg lng' kmfObf hgs x'G5 . j]n'sf t/sf/L k'i6 x'Fb}g To;sf/0f

l6Kbf gf]s;fgL sd x'G5 . lbpF;f]df kmf]6f];]Gy];L; x'g] x'Fbf t/sf/Ldf lrgLsf] dfqf al9 x'G5

h:n] ubf{ t/sf/L l9nf] ;Dd /xG5 .

33

kfgL k/]kl5 / leh]sf] cj:yfdf t/sf/Ldf /f]usf] cfqmd0f al9 x'G5 . pTkfbg lng kg]{

jfWofTds cj:yf ePdf pTkfbg lnP kl5 kfgLn] wf]P/ cf]jfgf] jgfpg kb{5 .

pTkfbg lng] tl/sf M

3fprf]6 nfUg glbg ;fjwfgLk"j{s jfnL pTkfb lng'kb{5 .

/fd|f] u'0f:t/ kfpg, n]j/ vr{ sd ug{ / yf]/} ;dodf jl9 sfd ug{ pks/0fx? k|of]u u/]/

pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . em'; , sfF8f ePsf jfnLx?df xft v'§f v'nf /fVbf em'; leHg] kf]Ng]

PnhL{ x'g] x'G5 To;}n] k'/f jfx'nf ePsf sk8f nfuO{ xftdf u|fd nufpg kb{5 . -Uff]ne]8f, eG6f,

sfFqmf], leG8L, v';f{gL_ -lrq *_ jfnL pTkfbg lng] JolQmn] t/sf/Ldf 3fp—rf]6 nfUg glbg gª

sf6\g' kb{5 .

lrq !* s]xL pTkfbg lng] pks/0f / z'/lIft sk8f

1 3

2 4

Handpicking (1) with nipper (2); clipper or shear (3); knife (4)

Smooth-surfaced harvest containers; pickers in protective clothing

uf]ne]8f M eG6f, sfFqmf / cGo kmn t/sf/LnfO{ e]6\gfnfO{ sf6]/ l6Kg' kb{5 . kmnnfO{ ;dft]/

tfGbf e]6\g'af6 5'6\5 / 3fp rf]6 nfUg] x'G5 . e]6\g' 5'6]sf] 7fpFaf6 9';L tyf lhjf0f'n] cfqmd0f

ug]{ To;af6 al9 kfgL p8]/ hfg] ub{5 .

sfpnL M nfO{ wfl/nf] xltof/n] km'n nfO{ jrfP/ pTkfbg lng kb{5 . sfpnL nfO{ slxNo} klg

3f]K6f] kf/]/ /fVg x'Fb}g, u'8fpg klg x'Fb}g sfpnLsf] km"n w]/} ;+j]bgzLn x'g] x'Fbf /ul8P/

sfpnLdf sfnf] bfu x'G5 .

/fof]nfO{ Pp6f M Pp6f cnu cnu kft cyjf k'/} jf]6nfO{ wfl/nf] xltof/n] sf6]/ lng' kb{5 .

pTkfbg lnbfF 8fF7 km'6\g] lrl/g] / kft Rofltg] x'g' x'Fb}g .

jGbf / rfOlghsfn] nfO{ j6f/]/, efFr]/ pTkfbg lng' x'Fb}g . dfyLsf] efunfO{ wfl/nf] xltof/ n]

sf6]/ cnUofpg kb{5 . sf6\bf 8fF7 km"6\g x'Fb}g . 8fF7nfO{ 8Nnf]sf] glhs}af6 d'7fg'{ kb{5 .

clncln alx/sf kft nfO{ st} st} ;'/Iffsf b'li6n] /fVg] rng 5 kx]+nf / a'9f, kftx?nfO{

x6fpg kb{5 .

k|foh;f] Pp6} lkmN8af6 Pp6} jfnLsf] pTkfbg k6s k6s lnO /fVg kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfd

lkmN8sf la?jfnfO{ pTkfbg ln+bf xflg gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg kb{5 .

34

t/sf/L pTkfbg lnP/ /fVg] ef8fnfO{ xfe]{i6 sG6]g/ eGb5g\ . xfe]{i6 sG6]g/sf] ;tx g/d x'g

kb{5 . Knfli6s cyjf wft'sf jfN6L jf 6f]s/L v;|f] ;tx ePdf 3fprf]6 nufpg] 8/ x'G5

sk8fsf] emf]nf cyjf 6f]s/L ;fydf nu]/ klg kmnx? l6lkG5g\ . 9'jfgL ;xhtfsf] nfuL t/sf/L

;lxt ef8fsf] Tff}n @) s]hL eGbf jl9 x'g' x'Fb}g .

lkmN8 8ofG9lnË

lkmN8 b]vL Kofs xfp; ;Dd pTkfbgx?sf] /fd|f] Xof8lnË u/]df IftL sd x'g'sf] ;fy} u'0f:t/

sfod /fVg ;lsG5 .

pTkfbg ul/Psf j:t'x? z'?df efF8fdf hDdf ubf{ g} Wofg lbg' kb{5 . jfF;sf] 8f]sfsf] t'ngfdf

Knfli6ssf qm]6df jl9 ;'/IfLt /fVg ;lsG5 -lrq !(_ km/s km/s cj:yfsf t/sf/Lx?nfO{

cnu cnu efF8fdf /fVg' kb{5 .

sltko kmfd{x?df t/sf/L pTkfbg kl5 3fd nfu]sf] 7fpFdf Tolts} hldgdf /fVg] k|rng 5 .

o;f] ubf{ t/sf/Lsf] tfkqmd a9\g'sf ;fy} df6f]af6 /f]u pTkGg ug]{ 9';L, lhjf0f'x? t/sf/Ldf

;b{5g\ . pTkfbg ul/Psf] j:t' /fVg hldgdf s]xL cf]5\ofpg' kb{5 / 5xf/L k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 ;l6{Ë

6]jn k|of]u u/L las[t pTkfbg nfO{ x6fpg' kb{5 .

pTkfbLt tf]/L ;fu / rfOlgh sfn] nfO{ pTkfbg kl5 #) ldg]6 hlt 3fddf /fVbf cnL cnL

cf]OnfpF5 / Ptfptf ;+rfng ubf{ efFlrg], km'6\g], 6'6g] x'Fb}g To;kl5 lr;f] kfgLn] kvfNbf kfgL

;f]r]/ k'gtf{huL cfpF5 . sDjf]8Lofdf aGbf nfO{ pTkfbg lnP kl5 cfwf 306f lkmN8df g} 3fddf

/flvG5 o;f] ubf{ sfltPsf] 7fpF ;'Sg uO{ 9';L / lhjf0f'x?n] cfqmd0f ug{ kfpFb}gg .

aGbfnfO{kfgLn] w'g' x'Fb}g 7G8f 7fpFdf /fv]/ lrl:fPkl5 dfq Kofs ug'{ kb{5 .

sltko cj:yfdf 5gf]6 / KoflsË -Kofs xfp; ck/];g_ lkmN8df g} u/L ToxLFaf6 uf8Ldf /fv]/

ahf/ k7fOG5 . -lrq !(_

lrq !( Kofs xfp;df n}hfg' / 9'jfgL ug'{ cl3 v]taf/Ldf ul/g] s]lx lqmofsnfkx?

35

&=Kofsxfp; ;+rfng / Kofs]lhË

kl/ro / dxTj

Kofs xfp; eg]sf] Ps k|sf/sf] ef}tLs agfj6 xf] h'g 7fpFdf pTkfbLt a:t'x? hDdf ul/ 9'jfgL

/ jhf/sf] nfuL tof/ kfl/G5 .

Kofs xfp;sf] d'Vo sfd eg]sf] Kofs ug'{ xf] t/ kgL Kofs ug'{ cl3 / kl5 cGo s[ofsnfk klg

ul/g] ePsf]n] ;j} s[ofsnfknfO{ Kofsxfp; ck/];g eGb5g\ .

Kofs xfp; ck/];g cGt{ut t/sf/L leqfpg], /]s8{ lng], ;kmf ug]{, 5gf]6ug]{, pkrf/, KoflsË,

lr:ofpg] / k7fpg] sfo{x? kb{5g\ .

Kofs xfp;df ahf/sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ul/ dfu eP cg';f/sf] dfqf /fd|f]

;+u Kofs ul/G5 h:n] ubf{ 9'jfgL / ahf/Ls/0f ubf{ sd gf]S;fg xf]; . ljslzt b]zx?df

;fdfGotof @)—$)Ü pTkfbg pk|fGt IftL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

ahf/d'vL pTkfbg cyf{t ahf/sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] pTkfbg ug{sf] lgldQ Kofs xfp;n]

;dGjo / ;+rfng s]Gb|sf] ?kdf sfdu ug{ ;Sb5 .

sltko Kofs xfp; s[ofsnfkx? pTkf8Lt j:t'sf] k|sf/ / ahf/df lge{/ x'G5 . kmn t/sf/Ldf

ckgfpgkg]{ ;j} ljwL ;fu t/sfLdf cfjZos kb}g . :yflgo jhf/sf] nfuL 5gf]6 / u|]l8Ë dfq}

ePklg k'U5 6f9fsf] ahf/df k7fpg al9 s[ofsnfk ug{ x'G5 . glhssf] ahf/df k7fpg

e08f/0fsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . s]xL afnLsf pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

—uf]ne]8f, eG6f, v';f{gL, sfFqmf, s/]nf, tg]jf]8L —u|xg—5gf]6—;kmfO{÷pkrf/—xjfdf ;'sfpg]—u|]l8Ë

—KofsLË— e08f/0f —k7fpg]

—sfpnL M u|x0f 5gf]6—sfF65fF6—KoflsË—e08f/0f—k7fpg]

tf]/L, /fof]—u|x0f—5gf]6÷u|]l8Ë—sfF65f6 ;kmfO{ —xfjfdf cf]jfgf] u/fpg] —KoflsË e08f/0f —k7fpg]

jGbf / rfOlgh sfn] u|x0f 5gf]6 5f6 sf6 km]b s]lxg] /f]usf] pkrf/ xjfdf cf]jfgf] u/fpg]

cfsf/sf] cfwf/df u|]l8Ë ug]{ KoflsË— e08f/0f—k7fpg]

u|x0f

vftfx? lx;fj /fVg nfO{ klg s;s;sf] slt dfqfdf s] j:t' u|xh ul/of] /]s8{ ug'

cfjZos 5 .olb kl5 t/sf/ldf s]xL u8a8L kfOPdf /]s8{ l;:6dn] ktf nufpg ;lhnf] k5{

.

lgof{t ul/g] j:t'df u|x0f ul/g] :yfgd} t/sf/L gd"gf kl/If0f ul/ laifbL sf] cjz]if ktf

nufpg ;lsG5 .

u|x0f ug]{ ;dodf kv]{/ a:bf t/sf/Lx? nfO{ 3fd, kfgL hgfj/ Pjd cGo xflg gf]S;fgL x'g]

s[ofsnfkaf6 arfpg' kb{5 . w]/} ;dfg Pss[t u/L Ps} 7fpFdf 7"nf] y'k|f] -ef/_ kfg'{ x'Fb}g .

b'lift jftfj/0f / ef}tLs Iflt x'gaf6 arfpg' kb{5 . u|x0f ug]{ cj:yfdf g} n6 n6df slt

gf]s;fgL 5, slt /f]u, sL/f, 5g\ sltsf] 5gf]6 cfjZos k5{ . /]s8{ /fVgfn] To;kl5 x'g]

5gf]6 ;/;kmfO{ / pkrf/nfO{ d2t k'Ub5 .

5gf]6 / u|f]l8Ë

5gf]6 / u|f]l8Ë ug{fn] $)—^) Ü al9 d"No k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

5gf]6 / u|]l8Ë ugf{n] pTkfbg pk|fGtsf] gf]S;fgLdf sd x'G5 .

/fd|f] kmn tyf t/sf/Ldf /f]usf] ;+qmd0f sd x'G5 .

OyfOlngaf6 x'g] gf]S;fgL x'Fb}g lsgsL /f]u nfu]sf 3fprf]6 lau|g nfu]sf] –OyfOnLg al9

pTkfbg ug]{_ pTkfbgnfO{ 5'6\ofOG5 .

36

cfk"tL{ >[v+nfdf, ahf/df 5gf]6 ul/ u|]l8Ë u/]sf a:t'sf] al9 dfu x'g] x'Fbf o;n] pTkfbgnfO{ /

Kofs xfp; ck/];gnfO{ d2t k'Ub5 .

cfhef]nL u|]8 :6ofG88{ cGt/fli6«o efiff eO;s]sf] 5 . cfk"tL{ >[v+nfdf u|]8s} cfwf/df j:t'x?sf]

dfu x'G5 .

Kofs xfp;sf] ;jeGbf klxnf] s[ofsnfk eg]sf] 5gf]6 xf] . 5gf]6 ubf{ 3fp rf]6 nfu]sf,

:6ofG88{ dfkb08 k'/f gePsf pTkfbgnfO{ 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 .

5gf]6 ul/ ;s]kl5 pTkfbgnfO{ cfsf/, /+u, tf}n / kl/kSstfsf cfwf/df u|]l8Ë ul/G5 . 5gf]6

ul/;s]kl5 KoflsË ug'{ cl3 u|]l8Ë ug'{ kb{5 .

;l6{Ë÷u|]l8Ë ubf{ pHofnf] 7fpFdf bIf JolQmn] ug'{ kb{5 / ljr ljrdf cf/fd lng' kb{5 . u|]l8Ë

ubf{ ;l6{Ë 6]jn -lrq @)_ / /+usf] cfwf/df u|]l8Ë ubf{ /+usf] / l8km]s6sf] t:jL/ ePsf] rf8{

k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . -pbf/0f M lrq !!

lrq @) t/sf/L 5gf]6 ug]{ 6]jnx?

;kmfO{

;kmf pTkfbg, kmf]x/ d}nf pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf jl9 cfsif{s x'g] x'Fbf al9 d"No k|fKt x'G5 .

;kmfO{, ugf{n] ;8\g] s'lxg] sd ug{ ;lsG5 , ef}tLs IftLsd x'G5 / 9'jfgL nfut klg sd x'G5

.

;kmf ug]{ t/Lsf

—uf]ne]+8f / aGbfdf e]6\gf] ldnfpg], ;fudf h/fx? x6fpg] sfpnLdf km]bsf] 8fF7 / kftx? x6fpg] -

lrq !@_, aGbf #—$ j6f cfj/0f kft /fv]/c? x6fpg]

—uf]ne]8f, eG6f / sfFqmfnfO{ g/d ;kmf sk8fn] k'5\g] cf]jfgf] u/fpg] / Kofs ug]{ .

w'g] ;kmfug]{ sfd / ;l6{Ësf] sd Ps} k6s ug{ ;lsG5 . pTkfbgnfO{ df6f]sf] ;Dks{df cfpg

lbg' x'b}g lsgeg] df6f]af6 /f]usf] ;+qmd0f x'G5 -lrq !#_ .

KofsLË k"j{sf] pkrf/

lgd{nLs/0f

—uf]ne]8fnfO[ !))—@)) lk=lk=Pd sf] Snf]l/g -$—* rDrf %=@%Ü ;f]l8Pd xfOkf]Snf]/fO8 ePsf]

Jofj;foLs emf]n k|lt Unf{g kfgLdf_ !—# ldg6 ;Dd 8'jfP/ pkrf/ ugf{n] uf]ne]8f s'lxgaf6 /f]Sg

;lsG5 -lrq @!_ . pkrf/ u/]kl5 6df6/nfO{ cf]jfgf] u/fpg kb{5 .

—SofN;Lg]6]8 SkfN;Lod o;nfO{ :sofnk kfp8/ klg eGb5g\ . )=)!Ü -)=! u|fd÷ ln6/ kfgL_

sofN;lg]6]8]8 SofN;Lodn] #—% ldg6 8'afP/ pkrf/ u/]/ klg s'lxg] /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 -6]jn %_

xfn ;fnsf jif{df Snf]l/gn] h}ljs j:t' ;Fu ldn]/ 6«fOx]nf] ldy]g eGg] SofG;/ hGo kbfy{ pTkGg ug]{ x'Fbf

SofN;Lg]6]8 SofN;Lod al9 ;'/lIft kfOPsf] 5

37

lrq @! eG6fdf Snf]l/gsf] k|of]u 4f/f s'lxg] /f]usf] lgoGq0f

Water 100 ppm chlorine

Tflnsf % uf]ne]8f / eG6fdf P/f]ljs Kn]6 sfpG6 (APC)* in Log CFU/g ;]lg6fOh/ uf]ne]8f eG6f

j+unfb]z sDjf]l8f g]kfn ju+nfb]z

SofN;Lg]6]8

sofN;Lod

)=)!Ü

3=2 6=1 3=2 3=7

Snf]l/g !%)

lk=lk=Pd

3=2 6=3 3=3 3=2

kfgL -sG6«f]n_ 5=4 6=7 8=3 5=2

;ˆ6/6sf] lgoGq0f —u/d cf]l;nf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fFpdf aGbfsf] AofS6]l/on ;km6/6 7"nf]

;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]s]f 5 -lrq @@_ . lkm6ls/L sf] !)Ü sf] emf]n -!) u|fd lkm6ls/L÷!)) ld=ln

kfgL_ cyjf r'gfsf] dnd -r'gf ! M kfgL !_ n] sf6]sf] efudf pkrf/ u/]df aGbfsf] km]b s'lxg]

/f]u nfO{ @)—$)Ü af6 )—@)Ü df sd u/]sf / o:n] )=)( /f]kgL )=!^ cd]/LsL 8n/ k|lt

lsnf] a9L kmfObf x'g] s'/f sDjf]l8of, leotgfd / nfcf];df u/]sf cwoogn] b]vfpF5 .

lrq @@ lkm6ls/L, r'gf / cDafsf kftsf] /;af6 aGbfsf] ;km /6 lgoGq0f

Soft rot devt.

ls6f];g—of] sDjf]8Lofdf :yflgo l;|Dkaf6 agfOPsf] kfp8/ xf] . ls6f];g !Ü sf] emf]ndf -!)

u|f÷ln_ uf]ne]8fnfO{ % ldg6 8'jfP/ pkrf/ u/]df ^ lbg :jlhjg a9]sf] / tf}n 36\g] %)Ü n]

sd eO{ k|lt lsnf] v'8 )=@ cd]/LsL 8n/ gfkmf ePsf] kfOof] .

38

Kofs]lhË

Kofs xfp;df ul/g] s[ofsnfkx? dWo] Kos]lhË Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ s[ofsnfk xf] . Kofsn]

pTkfbgfnfO{ z'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ d'Vo pb]Zo xf] t/ jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf unt tl/sfn] Kofs ug]{ rng

/x]sf] x'Fbf -lrq @#_ cGodf k'Ubf w]/} gf]S;fgL ePsf] kfOG5 . unt Kofs]lhËsf] sf/0f al9

gf]s;fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

lrq @# j+unfb]z, sDjf]l8of / g]kfndf k|rlnt s]xL KoflsË k4tL

400-kg basket of eggplant 100-kg sacks of cauliflower 200-kg basket of leafy vegetable

Bangladesh Nepal Cambodia

w]/} k|sf/sf Kofs]lhË ;fdu|Lx? k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 -lrq @$_ . s:tf] k|sf/sf] Kofs]lhË k|of]u

ug]{ xf] eGg] s'/f pTkfbg ePsf] j:t'sf] ls;Ld, k7fpg kg]{ 7fpFs]f b'/L / 9'jfgL ug]{ ;fwgdf e/

kb{5 .

lrq @$ t/sf/L Kofs ul/g] s]xL Kofsx? jfF; / Knfli6ssf 6f]s/L leqk§L

sf8{jf]8{ ePsf] kmf]N8 ug]{sf7sf] jfs;, sf6'{g / kmf]dsf] afs;

39

s8f ;fx|f] Kofs]h ;j} j:t'sf] nfuL /fd|f] dflgG5 . sf7sf] jfs; / Knfli6ssf] qm]6 s8f x'g]

x'Fbf bjfj ;xg ug{ ;S5g\ / ;'/lIft 9'jfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} klg Kofs]lhË ;fdu|Ldf v;|f] ;tx

ePdf klqsf cyf{t cGo kbfy{sf] nfOg/ /fVg kb{5 .

;'/lIft Kofs]lhª ljlwx?

– ;kmf sG6]g/x?sf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .

– olb dflg;n] ;+xfNg] eP cf};t dflg;sf] Ifdtf cg';f/- $) s]hL eGbf sd_ sf] sG6]g/ x'g'

k5{ .

– Ifdtf cg';f/ Kofs]h eg'{ k5{ . sd Kofs -xlNnP/ Iflt_ / al9 Kofs -vfFlbP/ Iflt_ ug'{

x'b}g .

– Pp6f sG6]g/df Ps} lsl;dsf] kl/kSjtf ePsf] Kofs ug'{ k5{ .

– sG6]g/df pTkfbg xNnfpg' x'b}g . vfnL 7fpFx? eg{ sG6]g/nfO{ la:tf/} xNnfpg' k5{ .

– plrt afO{lG8ª,l:6«lkª ul/ Kofs]h ;'/lIft agfpg' k5{ .

– Kofs ul/ lr;f] 7fpFdf rfª nufpg' k5{ .

– Kofs]hx? Koflsª / XofG8lnª ubf{ x]/;arf/ / canf]sg ug'{ k5{ .

lrq @% ;'/lIft Kofs]lhË s';g nfOh6sf] k|of]u -klqsf_, Pp6 Pp6f

tlGsg] kmf{ddf ¥ofk u/]sf] / KoflsË ul//x]sf]

;+zf]lwt jfo'd08n Kofs]lhË

;+;f]lwt jfo'd08lnk Kofs]lhËdf pTkfbgnfO{ Knfli6s Jofuleq /fv]/ aGb ul/G5 h;n] ubf{ pTkfbLt

j:t'sf] Zjf; k|Zjf;sf] sf/0fn] cS;Lhgsf] dfqf sd x'g uO{ sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 sf] dfqf a9\5 . -lrq

@^_ jfliks/0f sf] k'/} kfgL jflx/ hfg gkfO{ ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf a9\5 . lo sf/0fx?n] ubf{ leq /flvPsf]

j:t'sf] Zjf; k|Zjf; s[of / kfgL p8\g] s[of sd eO{ :jhLjg j9\5 .

40

lrq @^ t/sf/Ldf ;+;f]wLt jfo'd08lno Kofs]lhª

ahf/df pknAw x'g] @% dfOqmf]g sf] -ahf/df o;nfO{ ))! lkmN eG5g\_ nf] 8]G;L6L kf]nLOyfOlng

(LDPE), xfO8]g;L6L kf]nLOyfOlng (HDPE) cyjf kf]nL k|f]kfOlng (PP) Knfli6sx? ;+;f]lwt

jfo'd08lnk Kofs]lhËsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5g\ . jfSnf Knfli6s leq kfgL hDdf x'g uO{ leq /fv]sf] a:t'

s'lxG5 . Knfli6ssf y}nf leq j:t'x? /fv]/ aGb ug'{ kb{5 . o;f] u/]/ t/sf/L nfO{ #—* lbg;Dd jl9

:jhLjg /fVg ;lsG5 . -;fdfGotof 9'jfgL ubf{ ;'/lIft /fVg kg]{ cj:yf_

;+;f]lwt jfo'd08lno e08f/0fsf kmfObf w]/} 5g\ .

Tflnsf ^ ;+;f]lwt jfo'd08lno Kofs]lhªsf k|fljlws / cfly{s kmfObf

t/sf/L

tf}ndf x|f; -Ü_ :jlhjg -lbg_ v'b d'gfkmf cd]/LsL

8n/÷lsnf]

uf]ne]8f !—* -^—@)_ !%—!( -(_ )=!#—)#^

v';fgL{ )—! -(—!@_ ^—( - #—^_ )=$)—)=^%

eG6f )—$ -^—@@_ $—!$ @—%_ )=@)—)=*)

/fof] !—% -!!—@*_

#—$ -!_ )=!)—)=#%

sfpNlL @% -#!_

( -&_ )=!)

s/]nf ! -^_ $ -@_

)=#)

jGbf !—% -!(—@@_ !@—@$ -*—!$_ )=@!—)=$*

rfOlgh sfn] ! -#&_ # -!_

)=#@

sfFqmf ) -!)_ $ -@_

)=@%

sofË s'Ë @ -@@_ # -!_ )=)(

tg]jf]8L )-!@_ # -!_ )=!%

/fof] $ -!$_ # _!_ )=%*

sf]i6 leqsf c+s v'nfdf /fv]sf x'g . of] cWoog Jof;foLs hftx?df j+unfb]z, sDjf]8Lof / g]kfndf Ple cf/ l8 ;L k|f]h]S6

cGtu{t ul/Psf] lyof] .

41

*=lr:ofpg] / e08f/0f

kl/ro / dxTj

u'0f:t/nfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ /fVgsf] nfuL lr:ofpg] s[of g} d'n cfwf/ xf] lsgls o;n] cjoj

s[ofx? sd u/fpgsf ;fy} zId lhjf0f'x?sf] a[l4 klg sd u/fpF5 .

k|To]s l8u|L tfkqmd sd x'Fbf e08f/0f cjwL j9\b} hfG5 To;}n] h:tf] ;'s} k|ljlw ckgfP/ eP

klg lr:ofpFbf cfjZostf k'/f gePklg s]lx g s]xL kmfObf x'G5 . -;fdfGo cj:yfdf 5fofFdf

/fv]/ klg lr:ofpg ;lsG5 _

lztu|x / /]lk|mh]/]/df cfj/zostf cg';f/sf] tfkqmd / ;fk]lIfs cfb|tfdf t/sf/Lx?nfO{

e08f/0f ul/G5 . -lrq &_ t/ d+xuf] x'g'sf] ;fy} ;j}sf] k+x'r x'Fb}g . ;fdfGo ;:tf k|ljlwx?

oxfF j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

6]jn & t/sf/L e08f/0f / 9'jfgLsf] nfuL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 6fkqmd / ;fk]lIfs cfb|{tf

j:t' tfkqmd

-;])

_

;fd]lIfs

cfb{|tf -Ü_

e08f/0f

cjlw

j:t' tfkqmd

-;])

_

;fd]lIfs

cfb{|tf -Ü_

e08f/0f

cjlw

n'+8];fu )—@ (%—!)) !)—!$ lb lhufdf !#—!* ^%—&) !—@ d

s'/Lnf] )—@ (%—(* @—# x lns ) (%—!)) # d

l;dL $—& (%—(* &—!) lb n]6'; )—! (%—!)) @—# x

jf]l8 %—^ (% % lb v/e'hf &—!) ()—(% @—# x

r'sGb/ ) (*—!)) $—^ d leG8L &—!) () —(% @—# x

s/]nf !@—!# *%—() @ x Kofh ;fu ) (%—!)) $ x

a|f]sfpnL ) (%—(* !)—!$ lb Kofh ufgf ) ^%—&) ^—* d

aGbf ) (*—!)) #—^ x Kff;{n] ) (% @—# x

ufFh/ ) (%—!)) $ x s]/fp )—! (% !—@ x

sfpnL ) (%—(* @—$ x e]8]v';f{gL &—!) ()—(% @ x

;]n/L ) (%—(* @—$ x cfn' $ (% #—% d

:s'; & *%—() !—@ x d'nf ) (% #—$ x

rf=aGbf ) (%—!)) @—# d :Sjf; %—!) (% !—@ x

u'lnof] ds} ) (%—(* $—* lb lk+8fn' &—!) *%—() #—% d

sfFqmf !)—!# ()—(% !)—!$ lb uf]ne]8f !)—!# *%—() &—!) lb

eG6f !@—!% ()—(% & lb t/e"hf !)—!% () @—# x

n;'g ) ^)—&) ^—& d lj+u lag ) () @—# x

cb'jf !# ^%—&% $—^ d t?n !^ &)—*) @—^ d

>f]t M FAO,2012 d =dlxgf, x =xKtf, lb = lbg

t/sf/L e08f/0fsf ;fdfGo lgtL lgod M

/fd|f u'0f:t/ ePsf t/sf/L dfq e08f/0f ug'{kb{5 M ;l6{Ë u/]/ ;kmf ug]{

ef8f / Kofsx? j:t'nfO{ ;'/IfLt /fVg] / ;lhn} ;+3 otf ptf ;fg{ ;lsg] x'g kb{5 , vgfP/

/fVbf j:t'nfO{ gf]S;fgL x'g x'Fb}g .

nfdf] ;do ;Dd e08f/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf j]nf j]nfdf lgl/If0f ul/ /f]u nfu]sf / ;8]sf j:t'nfO{

5'6\ofpgfn] /f]u km}ngaf6 jrfpg ;lsG5 .

lzte08f/ cyjf /]lk|mh]/]6/ df e08f/0f ubf{ klxn] g} cfjZos tfkqmk sfod ug'{ kb{5 . sf]N8

:6f]/]hdf t/sf/L /fVbf klxn]g} lr;fP/ /fVg' kb{5 .

42

lk|Gs'lnË (Pre cooling) sf]N8 :6f]/df e08f/0f ug'{ cl3 t/sf/LnfO{ 5f]6f] ;dodf lr:ofpg] k|lalwnfO{ lk|—s'lnË

elgG5 . Ps} k6s tftf] t/sf/L e08f/0fdf /fVbf e08f/sf] tfkqmd a9\g hfG5 / t/sf/L

lau|G5 . ;fdfGo kflgn] lr:ofpFbf b'O{ j6f tl/sf ckgfpg ;lsG5 . kfgLdf 9'jfP/

lr:ofpg] cyf{t dfyLaf6 kfgL :k|] u/]/ cyjf kfgL vgfP/ lr:ofpg] -lrq @&_ .

lrq @& ;fdfGo 8'jfP/ lr:ofpg] -jfof_ / dflyaf6 lr;f] kfgL v;fn] lr:ofpg] -lar / bfofF_

kfgLdf 8'afP/ lr:ofpg] tl/sfdf a/kmaf6 lr;f] kfgL -%)

;]_ tof/ u/L t/sf/LnfO{ !)—!%

ldg]6 ;Dd 8'jfpg' k5{ eg] dfyLaf6 kfgL vGofpg]df kDksf] ;xfotfn] t/sf/L dfyLaf6 !%—#)

ldg]6 kfgL :k|] ul/G5 . o; k|sf/n] lr:ofpFbf t/sf/lsf] tfkqmdnfO{ !))

;] u|] df emfg{ ;lsG5 .

lr:ofOPsf t/sf/L nfO{ ;'Vvf xfjf nufP/ cf]jfgf] u/fpg kb{5 .

a/kmn] lr:ofpg] (Ice colling)

slx slx a/kmnfO{ kmf]/]/ t/sf/Ldf ld;fP/ /flv 9'jfgL ug]{ k|rng klg 5 -lrq @*_ . t/

t/sf/LnfO{ j/km ;Fu} /fv]sf] t/sf/L l56} lau|G5 .

lrq @* 9'jfgL ubf{ Kofs]hdf j/kmsf] k|of]u ul/ lr:ofpg] ljlw

Ice packing Ice bottle cooling

leq kfgL hd]sf] Knfli6s af]6n nfO{ klqsfdf j]/]/ t/sf/Lsf] lardf /fVbf o;n] a/kmsf]

pko'Qm lasNk lbG5 / t/sf/lsf] a/km ;+3 ;f]emf] ;Dks{ x'Fb}g . of] ljlwdf @ j6f a/kmsf

af]tn @% lsnf] t/sf/LnfO{ pko'Qm x'G5 . a]n'sf kv o;/L Kofs ul/Psf] 9'jfgL u/]sf]

t/sf/Ldf csf]{lbg ljxfg @)—@%)

;]=tfkqmd /x\of] eg] ;fdfGo Kofsdf #%—$))

;] kfOof] .

43

s'na6 lzte08f/ (CoolBot Cold Storage)

;dfGotof Po/ slG8;gx?n] 3l6df !^)

;] ;Dd tfkqmd sd ug{ ;Sb5g\ . s'na6

(CoolBot) eGgf o:tf] pks/0f xf] h;nfO{ Po/ slG8;g/ ;+3 hf]8]/ k|of]u u/]df tfkqmnfO{

$)

;] ;Dd tn emfb{5 . sf]7fnfO{ OG;'n];g u/]/ lr;f] tfkqmd / ;+/If0f u/]/ /fVg' kb{5 . o;

k|sf/n] e08f/0f u/]/ lzte0f8f/0fsf] vr{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 -lrq @(_ .

lrq @( s'nj6 lzte08f/ / s'nj6nfO{ Po/ slg8;g/ ;+3 hf]8]sf]

TffnLsf * s'6a6df tof/ u/]sf] t/sf/Lsf] :jhLjg / tf}n x|f;

tf}n x|f; -Ü_ :jhLjg -lbg_

t/sf/L

s'nj6 ;fdfGo s'nj6 ;fdfGo

uf]ne]8f % !)—!@ !*—@$ (—!@

eG6f @ & !$ $

/fof] % !# ^ )=%

j++unfb]z / sDjf]l8ofdf Ple cf/ l8 l; k|f]h]S6 cGt{ut :yflgo Joj;flos hftdf ul/Psf] cWoogdf

cfwfl/t s'nj6 sf] tfkqmd !@—!#)

c / jflx/L tfkqmd @@—#%)

c

t/sf/L e08f/0f ubf{ pi0f k|b]lzo, pkf]i0f k|b]lzo t/sf/LnfO{ cnu cnu e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5 .

pi0f k|b]lzo t/sf/LnfO{ !!—!#)

;] / pkf]i0f k|b]lzo t/sf/LnfO{ %—&) ;] df e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5

. pi0f k|b]lzo t/sf/LnfO{ sd tfkqmddf /fVbf lrlnË Ogh'/L x'G5 eg] pkf]i0f k|b]lzo jf n]sfnL

t/sf/LnfO{ al9 tfkqmddf /fVbf rfF8} lau|G5 . s'naf6 :6f]/df t/sf/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfdf]

;do /fVg / k7fpg ;lsG5 -tflnsf *_ .

s'nj9\g] tfkqmd sf ;fydf ;fk]lIfs cfb|bf klg sd u/fpF5 slxn]sflxF t %)Ü eGbf sd x'G5

uO{ t/sf/L j}nfpg] x'G5 To;sf] nfuL e08f/0f leq lr;f] sk8f kfgL jf :k|] Joj:yf ldnfpFbf

kmfObfhgs x'G5 .

jfliks/0f lr:ofg (Evaporative coole) of] ;:tf] tl/sf xf] . of] tl/sfdf e08f/nfO{ j/Lk/L jf6 kfgL p8fO{ lr;f] u/fOG5 . kfgL p8bf ;txdf

lr;f] u/fpF5 . aflx/L jftfj/0f eGbf o;df !—^)

;] tfkqmd sd x'G5 / ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf ()Ü eGbf al9

x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ t/sf/Lsf] tf}n sd 36\b5 .

;fwf/0f jfliks0f lr:ofg -;'Go zlQm e08f/0f klg elgG5 lsgsL o;df lah'nLsf] k|of]u x'Fb}g

-lrq g+= #)_ .

44

Jffliks/0f lr:ofgn] tf}nsf] gf]S;fgLdf sd u/fpF5, :jhLjg j9fpF5 / jl9 kmfObf lbG5

-tfnLsf (_ .

lrq #) O§fn] jgfPsf] / sf7sf] j; cfsf/sf] jfliks/0f lr:ofg

O6fsf] uf/f] Ol; $=% X @=% X )=^ ld= nDjfO rf}8fO / prfO js; cfsf/sf] O;L !=# X )=( X @=) ld n

rf} p lr;f] jf]/fn] 5f]k]sf]

ahf/ k7fpg]

ahf/ k7fpg Kofsx? nf]l8ª ug]{ j]nfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . Kofsx? 7f]lsg], v:g], ahfl/g],

6'6km'6 x'g], Rofltg] x'g x'Fb}g . Kofsx?nfO{ 3fd / kfgLaf6 arfpg kb{5 .

Kofsx?nfO{ otf ptf n}hfg, nf]l8ª ug{ ljleGg pks/0fx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 -lrq #!_

stL dfqfdf k7fOPsf] x/ lx;fa /lhi6/df sfod /fVg kb{5 .

Tflnsf (= jfliks/f0f lr:ofgdf e08f/0f u/]sf t/sf/L k|ljlw / cfly{s kmfOb

t/sf/L

Tf}n x|f;, %

:jhLjg V'b d'gfkmf

cd]l/sg jh]6

uf]ne]8f !—& _%—@# 12-15 (7-9) 0.24-0.34

v';f{gL 4-6 (12) 6-8 (3-4) 0.28-0.33

eG6f 1 (6) 4 (2) 0.20

/fof] 3-15 (15-28) 3 (1) 0.14-0.26

sfpnL 18 (44) 9 (7) 0.50

s/]nf 2 (6) 5 (2) 0.25

jGbf 6-11 (19-22) 14-22 (8-16) 0.19-0.24

rfOlgn sfn] 4 (23) 4 (2) 0.22

3 (10)

sfFqmf

4 (2)

0.18

tgf] jf]8L

4 (12) 3 (1)

0.30

/fof], jf:gfbf/ 7 (14) 3 (1) 0.52

J|ffs]6df leqsf c+u ;fdfGo sf]7fsf] tfkqmdsf x'g j+unfb]z sDkf]8Lof / g]kfnsf :yflgo

Joj;foLs hftdf P le cf/ l8 ;L k|f]h]S6 cGtu{t cwoog u/]sf] .

45

lrq g+= #! ;fdfg prfNg / cf];f/ k;f/df k|of]u x'g] s]xL Kofsxfp; pks/0f

Weighing scale Hand jack Conveyor in loading and unloading

46

( 9'jfgL / ahf/ XofG8lnª

9'jfgL

9'jfgLn] tfhfpTkfbgx?sf] cfk'lt{ >+vnfdfb|'tultk|bfg u5{ . 9'jfgL ubf{ tfhfpTkfbgx?nfO{

Ifltsdug{sf] nfuLplrt ?kdfarfpg' k5{ . 9'jfgLsf] ;fwg /fd|f] / :j:Yjca:yfdf /fVg'

9'jfgLstf{sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .

pkfbgIfltx'g] dxTjk'0f{ sf/s dWo], v/fa 9'jfgL ca:yf, g/fd|/L ul/g] ;+efNg] sfo{x? /

l9nfO{x'g .

olb ;+eaeP;Dd /]lkm|h]/]6]8 9'jfgL -sf]N8 :6f]/]h h:t}_ k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .

olbgePdfafiklsolr:ofgjf ;+zf]lwt afo'd08lno lalwsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .

cGotl/sfx?– Kofs]hsfrfªx?nfO{ w]/} xnrnug{af6 arfpg' k5{ o;sf] nfuL 6«sx?sf] xfafsf]

;:k]G;gn] ;8sdf x'g] sDkg / dm6\sfx?af6 arfpF5 .

lrq #@=9'jfgLdf afiklsolr:ofg -leh]sf] sk8fsf] k|of]u_ / ;+zf]lwtafo'd08lno lkmNd

47

9'jfgLsf pks/0fx? M

–/]lkm|h]/]6]8÷gg /]lkm|h]/]6]8 uf8Lx?– /fhdfu{df 9'jfgLsf] nfuL

–cfsfz, /]n , ;fd'lb|s / /fhdfu{sf] nfuL sG6]g/x?

–Kofn]6nf]8sf] nfuLaNs /]lkm|h]/]6]8 efF8fx?

–Pc/ sfuf]{ / ;fhdfu{ 9'jfgLsf] nfuLKofn]6x?

–6fFuf, uwfx?

–7]nfuf8L/ uf8fx?–!–* ls=dL= ;Ddsf] b'/Lsf] nfuL

lrq ##= Ifltsdug]{ 9'jfgLsf lalwx? M s_ 3fd, kfgL, t]h xfjf af6 arfpg

sG6]g/x?sf] lardfkqePsf] Sofgf]lk8 6«s v_ nf]l8ª cgnf]l8ª ug{

;lhnf]sf] nfuLe¥ofª u_ nf]8df tfkpTkGgsd u/fpg e]lG6n];g

F

ldl;Psf] nf]8x? ld;fPsf] e08f/0f h:t} u+eL/ rf;f] x'g ;S5 . tfkqmd, O{yfO{lngpTkfbg /

;+a]bglzntfldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g]dfWofglbg' k5{ . cf]l;nf]af6 ;'VvfpTkfbgdf ;+qmd0f glbgsf] nfuL

5'§f5'§} 9'jfgL ug'{ k5{ .

9'jfgLdf :jR5tfsf] cefjn] t/sf/Lsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ g/fd|/L c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . vfBhgs

lhaf0f'x?sf] ;+qmd0faf6 arfpg 9'jfgL k|0ffnLdf /fd|f] ;/;kmfO{ cEof;x? ckgfpg' k5{,

plrttfkqmd / ;fk]lIfscfb|tfsf] Aoa:yf / pTkfbgnfO{ ;+eflat Ifltx?af6 arfpg' k5{ .

s'x]sf] a:t'x?nfO{ x6fpg uf8Lx? ;do ;dodf ;kmfug'{ k5{ . w'gsf] nfuLk|of]u ug]{ kfgL ;kmf

/ ;'/lIftx'g' k5{ .

F

48

lrq #$ ahf/df ul/g] XofG8lnË lqmofsnfkx?

49

!)=k|zf]wg / d""No clea[l4

dxTj

k|zf]wg eg]sf] t/sf/LnfO{ s'g} dfWod cyjf k|ljlw ckgfO{ o;sf] kl//If0f ug'{ / o;sf] dxTj /

d""Nodf clea[l4 ug'{ xf] .

pTkfbg ePsf j:t''nfO{ kl//If0f ul/ pTkfbg jl9 gx'g] ;dodf k|of]usf ug'{sf ;fy} lgof{t ug{

;lsG5 / Pp6} j:t''jf6 ljleGg pTkfbgx? agfpg ;lsG5 . kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 .

3fddf ;''sfpg] (Solar drying)

t/sf/Lx?df jl9 kfgLsf] dfqf x'g] x'Fbf al9 gf]S;fgL x'g] ub{5 / slxn]sfFxL %)Ü ;Dd pTkfbg

pk|fGt gf]S;fgL x'G5 .

;'sfP/ kl/If0f ug]{ ;jeGbf k'/fgf] / ;lhnf] tl/sf xf] t/sf/LnfO{ ;'sfP/ /fVbf nfdf] ;do;Dd

/fVg ;lsG5 / pTkfbg pk|fGt x''g] gf]S;fgL sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

3fddf ;'sfpg] cfly{s / jftfj/l0fo lx;fan] w]/} /fd|f] xf] t/ of] tl/sf aflx/sf] k|fs[lts

jftfj/0fdf lge{/ x'G5 . vfB ;'/Iffsf lx;fjn] hgfj/, afx\o kbfy{, z''Id lhjf0fx? af6 ;+qmd0f

ePsf] x'g ;S5 . l9nf] ;do nufO{ ;'sfpFbf cyf{t /fd|f] ;Fu g;'s]sf] cj:yfdf Pkmnf6f]S;Lg sf]

;d:of x'g ;Sb5 .

;f]nf/ 8«fo/df aGb jftfj/0fdf ;kmf ;£'3/ tl/sfn] l56f] ;'sfpg ;lsG5 . ljZj t/sf/L ;+u7g

/ To;sf cg;Gwfg ;xof]uLx?n] t/sf/L ;'sfpgsf nfuL ;fdfGo lsl;dsf 8«fo/x? ljsf;

u/]sf 5g\ -lrq #%_

lrq #% t/sf/L ;'sfpg k|of]u x'g] ;fdfGo 8«fo/x?

Cabinet solar dryer Solar dryer with solar heat collector & artificial heating chamber Greenhouse solar dryer

;dfGo vfnsf ;f]nf/ 8«fo/df klg aflx/ v'Nnf7fpFdf eGbf !%—#%)

;] al9 tfkqmd x'G5 .

olb ;'sfpg] kftqmd w]/} eof] eg]] ->^))

;]_ ;'sfPsf a:t'sf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'Fb}g . -/+u p8] h:tf] x'G5

_ kf]if0f tTj / PlG6cS;L8]G6 sf] gf]S;fgL x'G5 .

Uff]e]8f / eG6f rfgf, v';f{gL, 6'qmf kfl/Psf sfpnL / aGbf nfO{ ;f]nf/ 8«fodf ;'sfpFbf # lbgdf

;'Sb5 -<!)Ü_ kfgL_ eg] aflx/ v'Nnf 3fddf $— ^ lbg ;Dd nfU5 .

;'sfPsf pTkfbgx?nfO{ afSnf] Knfli6ssf] y}nfdf -h:t} !)) dfOqmf]g afSnf] kf]nLOyfnLg cyjf

kf]nLk|f]kfOlng_ xfjf gl5{g]{ ul/ aGb u/]/ ;'Vvf / cWofF/f] 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5 .

50

lrq #^ ;f]nf/ 8«fo/df ;'sfpg] lawL uf]ne]8fsf] w'nf] -dfyL_ v';f{gLsf] kmn -lar_ / jGbfsf 6'qmfx? -tn_

Dried slices

Sort good quality tomatoes; Slice fruit; spread on drying trays; dry Pulverize dried slices in a grinder; wash; blanch for 3 min store powder in sealed container

Sort red-ripe fruit and discard damaged and diseased fruit

Dip in 65 C water for 3 min to fix color; spread on trays

Place in drying chamber and store dried fruit in thick plastic film (004 PP)

Select good quality cabbages; remove core; shred and mix with 5% Spread on drying trays; store dried shreds in thick salt; ferment overnight plastic film (004 PP

51

uf]ne]8fsf] k]i6 (Tomato Paste)

uf]ne]8fsf] k]:6 eg]sf] ksfP/ agfPsf] afSnf] n]bf] xf] . h;sf] 3nglzn kbfy{ slDtdf

klg @$Ü x'G5 (Codex Stomdard 57-1918)

uf]ne]8fsf] /fd|f] k]i6df jLp, jf]qmf / 7f]; kbfy{ x'g x'b}g, d'vdf /fVbf g/d, Rofk Rofk

gnfUg] gu/fpg] / uf9f /+usf] x'g kb{5 . z'Id lhjf0f'sf] ;+Vof < !)!—#

eGbf sd x'g

kb{5 .

lrq g+= #^df uf]ne]8fsf] k]i6 agfpg] tl/sf b]vfOPsf] 5 . kfs]sf /ftf kmnx? 5gf]6

kfgLn] w'g] —rfgf kfg]{ –jLpx? x6fpg—jf]qmf 5'6fpg ;lhnf]sf] lgldQ –#) ldg6

akmfpg]—ldS;r/df n]bf] unfpg] —ksfpg] d;nfx? ld;;fpg]—t}of/ ePkl5 ;]nfpg lbg]

^%)

;] tfkqmd eP kl5 :6]l/nfOh u/]/ /fv]sf jf]tndf vgfpg] kf:r'/fOh ug]{ .

ltgj6f b]zdf ul/Psf] cWoog cfwf/df k|fljlws / cfly{s kIf tfnLsf !) df tn lbPsf]

5 .

tfnLsf !) ltgb]zdf ul/Psf] cWoog cfwf/df uf]ne]8fsf] k]i6 jgfFbf x'g] kmfObf

Tflnsf !! km/d]G6]8 t/sf/Laf6 cfDbfgL

j:t' b]z k|fljlwskmfObf cfly{s cfDbfgL

tf]/L÷

/fof] ;fu

sDjf]l8of Tfhf;fu ! lbg :jflekg k'/fgf] kOtL jf6 km/d]G6;g

u/]sf] !—# lbg /xG5 . k2tLaf6ul/Psf] ! xKtf /xG5 .

)=@$ cd]/LsL 8n/

%)) u|fjf]tn

nfcf]; :yflgo k'/fgf] k4tLeGbf pGgttl/sfckgfO{ km/d]G6];g

;/]sf] /fd|f] /+u, :jfb / jl9lbg bfVg ;lsg]

k|fljlws ;'emfjsf] nfuL

leotgfd pGgttl/sfn] pTkfbg u/]sf]df /fd|f] u'0f:t/ / jl9

;do /xg]

)=)( cd]l/sL 8n/

÷@)) u|fjf]tn

sfpnL g]kfn TffhfsfpnL !—@ lbgdfq /fVg ;lsG5 g'gkfgLdf

8'jfP/ ! xKtf ;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 . o;/L

/flvPsfsfpnLdfz'Id lhjf0f' ;'/lIftcj:yf -vfgfkf]v_

-!) Log CFU / ML_ kfOof] .

)=@% cd]/LsL

8n/÷@%) u|fjf]tn

aGbf sDjf]l8of Nffdf] ;Dd /fVg ;lsg] t/ /+u / :jfb k'/fg} tl/sfsf]

/fd|f]

k|fljlws ;'emfjnfuL

leotgfd /fd|f] :jfb, u'0f:t/, al9 lbg /fVg ;lsg] vr{ / cfDbfgLsf

@#=@Ü a9L cfDbfgL

b]z k|fljlws cfly{s cfDbfgL

j+unfb]z Pl;l6s Pl;8 ^ ld=ln÷lsnf] u'bLdf ld;fpg

/fd|f] gtLhf k|fKt @$—#))

;] df % dlxgf ;Dd

e08f/0f

)=@ cd]/LsL 8n/ X $)) u|f jf]tn

g]kfn d;nf jfnLsf] eGbf d;nf g/fv]sf] ;? pTs[i6 )=!) cd]/LsL 8n/ @)) u|f jf]tn

sDjf]8Lof T56 hftaf6 pQd u'0fsf] k]i6 pTkfbg j,

TLCV !% hft sf] PAST nfdf] ;do;Dd

/xg ;Sg] uf9f /ft kmnaf6 pQd k]i6 k|fKt

)=@% cd]/LsL 8n/ ÷$)) u|f jf]tn

52

lrq #^ uf]ne]8fsf] k]i6 agfpg] tl/sf

Select deep-red fruit; wash Steam for 30 min to ease skin removal; remove skin; slice Prepare flavor ingredients in clean water and scoop out seeds; and blend pulp with a blender (optional)

Dispense paste into sterilized bottles while still hot (about 65oC) Squeeze out juice with meshed cloth; cook to concentrate

with periodic stirring and checking soluble solids to 24% as endpoint (If refractometer is not available, desired soluble solids can be determined through viscosity of paste, i.e. sticky on teaspoon and flows slowly on the paper.); and add flavor ingredients

Pasteurize in 80oC water for 10 min; cool to ambient; put label/brand; and store in a dark place

km/d]G6];g (Fermentation)

Nofs6Ls Pl;6 gfds lhjf0f'sf] s[ofsnfk eP/ t/sf/Lx?df km/d]G6];g k|s[of x'G5 /

Ps k|sf/sf] cldnf] :jfbsf] ljsf; x'G5 . km/d]G6];g ul/Psf t/sf/L kf]lifnf, le6fldg

o'Qm / kfrg zlQm a9fpg] x'G5g\ .

k'/fgf] tl/sf ckgfP/ kmd]{G6];g u/sf] j:t' !—# lbg ;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 eg] /fd|f] tl/sf

ckgfO{ kl//If0f k|of]u ubf{ ! dlxgf ;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 .

lrq #* df km/d]G6];gsf] tl/sf lbOPsf] 5 .

/fd|f] tl/sf ckgfO{ km/d]G6];g u/fpFbf k'/fgf] tl/sfsf ;d:ofx? af6 d'Qm x'gsf ;fy}

/fd|f] cfly{s cfDbfgL x'G5 .

53

lrq @* km/d]G6];g ug]{ tl/sf

sRrf kbfy{ -tfhf t/sf/L_ @= 6'6km'6 ePsf kft x6fpg], kftnfO{ cfwf b]vL !÷$ efu jgfpg], kfgLdf ;fkmf ug]{ / cf]jfgf] ug]{ #=

ldnfP/ hf/df eg]{ -lrq #(_ *Ü sf] g'g kfgL t}of/ ug]{ -$ s_ / hf/df dg]{, %= hf/nfO{ dfyLaf6 RofK6f] 9'ufn] RofKg], 9'uf+sf] tf}n

t/sf/L / g'g kfgLsf] tf}nsf] ^)Ü hlt x'g k5{ uld{df # lbg / hf8f]df $ lbg km/d]G6];g x'g lbg' kb{5 , ^= hf/nfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg]

&= ;kmf ug]{ efF8f] l7s kfg]{ & s= kl/kIfL emf]n tof/ kfg]{ & v= km/d]G6];g t}of/ x'g cufj} efF8f tof/ kfg]{ Knfli6s kfpr cyjf

hf/ / kl//lIf -# Ü lrgL, %Ü g'g, )=$Ü l;l6«s Pl;8 / )=)%Ü ;lj{s Pl;8 cGTodf km/d]G6];g eO;s]kl5 t/sf/LnfO{ kfgLn]

;kmfug]{ / cf]jfgf] u/fpg] * Pp6f Knfli6s kfpr jf hf/df #))—%)) u|fd t/sf/L eg]{, (. Knfli6s kfprnfO{ kl/bIfL emf]nn] #)Ü

sf b/n] eg]{ -cyjf Pp6f kfprdf %)) u|fd t/sf/Ldf #)) ld=nL= kl/bIfL emf]n_ / Knfli6ssf] kfprnfO{ l;n/n] jGb ug]{ . !)

kfprnfO{ ^))

tfkqmd ePsf] kfgLdf /fv]/ tfkqmd a9fpFb} *)) ;] jgfpg] / !) ldg6 pkrf/ ug]{ tt kZrft ;fdfGo kflgdf #%)

;] tfkqmd ;Dd lr:ofpg], !!= kfprnfO{ cj gd{n tfkqmddf lrl;g lbg] !@= cj pTkfbg tof/ eof] .

! sRrf kbfy{

@= 5gf]6, ;kmfO{, 6'qmf

kfg]{

!) kf:r'/fOh];g

% km/d]G6];g ug]{

^ km/d]G6]8 t/sf/L

( eg] / jGb ug]{

# hf/df /fVg]

$ g'g kfgL /fVg]

* efF8fdf /fVg]

& kfgLn] kvfNg]

!! lr:ofpg]

!@ pTkfbg

g'g kfgL tof/ ug]{

$ s

Knfli6s kfpr cyjf

hf/

;kmf ug]{ / :6]l/nfOh

ug]{

kl//IfL emf]n #Ü lrgL

%Ü g'g )=$Ü l;6{s

Pl;8 )=)% ;lj{s Pl;8

5fGg]

pdfNg]

54

lrq g#(+= hf/ / jf]tndf km/d]G6];g u/]sf]

55

!!= Jojxfl/s cEof;

!= ;l6{ª÷u|]l8ª, ;kmfO{ / lgd{nLs/0f

pb]Zo

u'0f:tl/o u|]l8ª ug]{ bIftfsf] ljsf; ug]{ / u|]8 cg';f/ t/sf/L tof/ ug]{ .

t/sf/L ;kmf ug]{ / lgd{nLs/0f bIftfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

s[ofsnfk

k|To]s u|'knfO{ s]xLdfqfdf t/sf/L pknAw u/fpg]

;l6{ª ug]{— 5flgPsf / 5'6fOPsf] tf}n lng]

5flgPsfnfO{ ;j} u'0fx?sf] cfwf/df u]|l8ª ug]{ -h:t} u|]8—! pQd, u|]8—@ _

k'g dfly ul/Psf] u|]8sf cfwf/df cnu cnu 5'6\ofpg] / k|To]s u|]8sf] tf}n lng]

csf]{ n6 sf] t/sf/Ldf # u|'k agfpg] -! —5gf]6 / u|]8Lª gkfs]sf] @= u|]l8ª jl9 kfs]sf] #=

u|]l8ª sd kfs]sf] . o;/L 5'6\ofOPsf t/sf/Lsf] ;xefuL af6 slt ?k}ofdf lsGg ;lsG5 cf+s8f

lnO{ Pe/]h ug]{ / 5nkmn ug]{ .

SofN;Lg]6]8 SofN;Lod sf] )=)!Ü / Snf]l/g !%) lk=lk=Pd sf] emf]n agfO{ lgd{nLs/0f ug{

l;sfpg] .

@= Kofs]lhª k|lalw

p2]Zo

z'/lIft tl/sfn] nfOg/sf] k|of]u u/]/ Kofs]lhË ug{ l;sfpg]

s[ofsnfk M

6f]s/L, Knfli6s qm]6, sf7sf] afs;df ljleGg lsl;dsf nfOg/ -kq klqsf s]/fsf kft_ k|of]u

ug{ l;sfpg] / o;sf] dxTjsf] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ .

al9 dxTjsf] t/sf/LnfO{ ljleGg vfnsf Knfli6s Jofu k|of]u u/L u|'k u|'kdf ug{ nufpg] .

b'Olbg ul3 b]vL s]xL gd'gfnfO{ Knfli6sdf aGb u/]/ /fVg] / s]xLnfO{ v'nf /fVg] ;'?df / @ lbg

kl5 tf}n / /+usf] -/ c? u'0fx?sf] klg_ l/s8{ lng] slt k|ltzt gf]S;fgL eof] lx;fj u/fpg] /

5nkmn ug]{ .

#=lr:ofpg] / e08f/0f

pb]Zo

;fwf/0f tl/sf ckgfO{ pTkfbLt t/sf/LnfO{ lr:ofpg l;sfpg]

t/sf/LnfO{ e08f/0f ug{ l;sfpg]

s[ofsnfk

j/km kfgLn] t/sf/L lr:ofpg l;sfpg]

b'O lbg cl3b]vL t/sf/LnfO{ jfliks/l0fo lr:ofg e08f/ jf s'nj6 e08f/0f afv]sf t/sf/Lsf]

tf}n lng], /+u lng] / v'nfdf ;f]lx ;dodf /fv]sf t/sf/L ;+u t'ngf ug]{ / ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug]{ .

56

$=;f]n/ 8«fOË

pb]Zo

;fdfGo ;f]n/ 8«fo/df t/sf/L ;'sfpg l;sfpg]

lqmofsnfk

:ynut tflnd lbFbf ;xefuLx?nfO{ ;f]nf/ 8«fo/ pknAw ePsf] 7fpFdf nu]/ o:sf] agfj6, dxTj

/ ;'sfpg] t/Lsf jf/] cjut u/fpg] .

s]lx lbg klxnf b]lv 3fddf / ;f]nf/ 8«fo/df ;'sfP/ /fv]/ t/sf/LnfO{ bfh]/ t'ngf ug{ nufpg]

:ynut tflnd -df]jfOn tfnLd_ df ;f]n/ 8«fo/ pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf :nfO8 kmf]6f] b]vfP/

o;leq kl/jt{g x'g] tfkqmd, ;fk]lIfs cfb|{tf ;'sfOg] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{

%=uf]ne]8fsf] k]i6 agfpg] -k|bz{g cyjf agfpg nufpg]_

pb]Zo

— uf]ne]+8fsf] k]i6 agfpg] ljlw l;sfpg]

s[ofsnfk

— kfs]sf /ftf uf]ne]8f *—!) lsnf]nfO{ kfgLdf ;kmf ug]{ .

— kmnx?nfO{ *—!) ldg6 pDn]sf] kfgLdf kfSg lbg] / To;kl5 *—!) ldg]6 lr;f] kfgLdf /flv

lr:ofpg]

— rSs'sf] ;xfotfn] jf]qmf kmfNg], rfgf kfg]{ / rDrfsf] ;xfotfn] jLp lgsfNg]

— ldS;r/ cyf Jn]8G/df /fv]/ n]bf] jgfpg]

— tf/sf] hfnL cyjf kftnf] sk8fn] /; 5fGg]

— ksfpg] efF8f]df /fv]/ dw'/f] cfuf]df 3'ngzLn kbfy{ !@Ü x'g'Hofn ksfpg]

— vfg] g'g @Ü / k]s6Lg !Ü sf b/n] ld;fpg]

— sf7sf] bfljnf]n] a]nf a]nf rnfpFb} ksfpFb} hfg] hj;Dd k]i6 tof/ x'Fb}g . j]nfj]nfdf /]k|mfS6f]

ld6/ n] 3'ngl;n kbfy{ r]s ug]{ @$Ü 3'nglzn kbfy{ ePkl5 tof/ eof] eGg] a'‰g' k5{ . tof/

ePsf] k]i6 rDdraf6 l9nf] ul/ v:5 .

— 5'6\6} efF8fdf lz;fsf jf]tnx?nfO{ pDn]sf] kflgdf @ ldg6 ;Dd 8'jfpg] To;kl5 jf]tn tftf

5Fb} tof/ ePsf] k]i6nfO{ jf]tndf dfyL ;Dd eg]{ / ljsf]{ nufpg] .

— El/Psf jf]tnnfO{ k'g pDn]sf] kfgLdf /fv]/ kf:r'/fOh ug]{

— b'O 3G6f ;Dd To;} /fv]/ jf]tnnfO{ lr;f] x'g lbg] To;kl5 lr;f] 7fpFdf e08f/0f ug]{

/fof] ;fu km/d]G6;g ug]{

pb]Zo

— t/sf/LnfO{ km/d]G6];g ug]{ tl/sf l;sfpg]

s[ofsnfk

— km/d]G6];g x'g t/sf/Lnfo{ slDtdf klg @ lbg nfU5 . /fof] cyf{t d'nfnfO{ lyr]/ jf]tn jf

hf/df /fv]/ u'Gb|'s agfpg nufpg] . :nfO8 af6 k'/} s[ofsnfksf] jf/]df atfpg] cyf{t

— b'Olbg cl3 b]lv km/d]G6];g u/fO{ /fVg] / tfnLdsf] lbg kgL ;j} sfo{ u/]/ gofF u'Gb|'s hf/df

eg]{ / b'Olbg cl3 /fv]sf] nfO{ klg cWoog ug]{ / hf/df /fVg] .

57

!@= zGbe{ u|Gy

Acedo, A.L. Jr., Rahman, M.A., Buntong, B. and Gautam, D.M. 2016.

Establishing and managing smallholder vegetable packhouses to link farms

and markets. AVRDC Publn. No. 16-801. 46p.

Acedo, A.L. Jr. and Weinberger, K. 2010. Vegetables Postharvest: Simple

Techniques for Improved Income and Market, 1st and 2nd ed. AVRDC -The

World Vegetable Center/GTZ Regional Economic Development (RED) Program,

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Acedo, A.L. Jr. and Weinberger, K. 2009. Postharvest management of

vegetables: Training manual for trainers of small producers in Cambodia,

Laos and Vietnam. AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan.

Acedo, A.L. Jr. and Weinberger, K. (eds.) 2008. Economic analysis of

postharvest technologies for vegetables: Proceedings of the GMS workshop,

Siem Reap, Cambodia, 19-21 August 2008. AVRDC-The World Vegetable

Center, Taiwan.

Acedo, A.L. Jr. and Weinberger, K. (eds.} 2007. Best Practices in Postharvest

Management of Leafy Vegetables in GMS countries: Proceedings of a Workshop

held on 28-27 October 2007, Hanoi, Vietnam. AVRDc-The World Vegetable

Center, Taiwan.

Kader, A. and R.S. Rolle. 2004. The Role of Post-Harvest Management in

Assuring the Quality and Safety of Horticultural Produce. FAO Agricultural

Services Bulletin 182. Rome, Italy: FAO.

Kanlayanarat, S. and Acedo, A.L. Jr. 2011. Vegetable Supply Chain

Management and Postharvest Technologies: A Training Manual. Bangkok,

Thailand: KMUTT. 70p.

Kanlayanarat, S., Rolle, R. and Acedo, A.L. Jr. (eds.) 2009. Horticultural chain

management for countries of Asia and the Pacific region: A training package.

FAO-RAP Publication 2009/06. 214p.

Kitinoja, L. and Kader, A. A. 2004. Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices:

A Manual for Horticultural crops. Fourth edition. Davis, University of california,

Postharvest Horticulture Series 8E. 260p.

Weinberger, K., Genova, C. and Acedo, A.L. Jr. 2009. Postharvest training for

supply chain actors in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam: Evaluation report. AVRDC-

The World Vegetable Center Research in Action No. 1. 37p.

t/sf/l afnl pk|fgt tflnd lgb]{lzsf - world vegetable center · 2017. 3. 2. · dff]= clts'/...

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