TheodoreTheodore RooseveltRoosevelt

and the Square and the Square DealDeal

"Roosevelt was a great personality, a "Roosevelt was a great personality, a great activist, a great preacher of the great activist, a great preacher of the moralities, a great controversialist, a moralities, a great controversialist, a great showman. He dominated his era great showman. He dominated his era as he dominated conversations....the as he dominated conversations....the masses loved him; he proved to be a masses loved him; he proved to be a great popular idol and a great vote great popular idol and a great vote getter." – Thomas Bailey, Historiangetter." – Thomas Bailey, Historian

TR’s SQUARE DEALTR’s SQUARE DEAL• “square deal” – plan to help the American

people through Progressive reforms• Helped create the modern presidency as

we know it (an activist approach)•Felt he could influence media, and therefore legislation, from the presidential seat

1.1.Food and Drug LawsFood and Drug Laws

2.2.Trust RegulationTrust Regulation

3.3.ConservationConservation

4.4.Race relations/civil rights – little Race relations/civil rights – little reformreform

Progressive Era Legacies Progressive Era Legacies of TRof TR

““It was only when the ham was spoiled that it came into It was only when the ham was spoiled that it came into the department of Elzbieta…there was never the least the department of Elzbieta…there was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hopper, and made over again for dumped into the hopper, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would rip over it, and thousands of rats leaky roofs would rip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it…a man could run his hand would race about on it…a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then the rats, bread, and meat they would die, and then the rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.” would go into the hoppers together.”

- - The JungleThe Jungle, Upton Sinclair, Upton Sinclair

1. FOOD AND DRUG LAWS1. FOOD AND DRUG LAWS

TR was influence by Sinclair’s The Jungle and took on the meatpacking industry

Meat Inspection Act (1906)Meat Inspection Act (1906)

• Sinclair exposed unsanitary conditions Sinclair exposed unsanitary conditions in meatpackingin meatpacking

• TR forms commission to investigate-TR forms commission to investigate-they back up Sinclair’s claimsthey back up Sinclair’s claims

• TR pushes for TR pushes for Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act in in 19061906• requirements for meatpackersrequirements for meatpackers• federal meat inspectionfederal meat inspection

- food/drug companies making - food/drug companies making false claimsfalse claims

-halts sale of contaminated foods, -halts sale of contaminated foods, medicinesmedicines

-requires truth in labeling-requires truth in labeling

****did not ban harmful productsdid not ban harmful products, , but labels had to provide but labels had to provide accurate information so the accurate information so the consumer could decideconsumer could decide

Pure Food and Drug Act Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)(1906)

T.R.: A Conservative Republican… or was he???

3. Trust Regulation3. Trust Regulation

Trusts – legal; held stocks in many Trusts – legal; held stocks in many countriescountries– Lowered prices to knock out Lowered prices to knock out

competition, then hiked up prices competition, then hiked up prices consumers paid (ie. Standard Oil)consumers paid (ie. Standard Oil)

– Sherman Anti-Trust Acts = uselessSherman Anti-Trust Acts = useless T.R. took on trusts that T.R. took on trusts that hurt public hurt public

interest interest Couldn’t slow business mergersCouldn’t slow business mergers

Coal Strike of 1902Coal Strike of 1902 Coal = most efficient source of fuel Coal = most efficient source of fuel

at the timeat the time Workers strike for safer conditions, Workers strike for safer conditions,

better wages, shorter work hoursbetter wages, shorter work hours T.R. stepped in and threatened to T.R. stepped in and threatened to

take over mines (country threatened take over mines (country threatened by shortage)by shortage)

Workers – won 9 hour work day, 10% Workers – won 9 hour work day, 10% pay raise, but gave up closed shop pay raise, but gave up closed shop and right to strike for 3 yearsand right to strike for 3 years

** federal govt. was expected to ** federal govt. was expected to intervene in strikes**intervene in strikes**

T.R.’s Idea of the Fed. Govt.’s T.R.’s Idea of the Fed. Govt.’s Responsibilities Responsibilities

Intervention for the PUBLIC Intervention for the PUBLIC GOODGOOD–Trust-bustingTrust-busting–Strike interventionStrike intervention–Railroad regulationRailroad regulation

2. Conservation2. Conservation

Before T.R.Before T.R.– Late 1800s pioneers and ranchers exploited Late 1800s pioneers and ranchers exploited

resources in West (cattle grazing, forest resources in West (cattle grazing, forest clearing)clearing)

– Coal companies – dumped refused from Coal companies – dumped refused from miningmining

– Cities – dumped sewageCities – dumped sewage Conservation – not COMPLETE Conservation – not COMPLETE

preservation like Muir (some areas used preservation like Muir (some areas used for the common good)for the common good)

During/After T.R.During/After T.R.– Muir persuaded Muir persuaded

himhim– Set aside over Set aside over

150 million acres 150 million acres for preservationfor preservation

– Over 50 wildlife Over 50 wildlife preserves preserves

– Several national Several national parksparks

T.R. and Muir

4. RACE RELATIONS4. RACE RELATIONS

Pre ClassPre Class

What was the status of African What was the status of African Americans in the South after the Civil Americans in the South after the Civil War?War?

What challenges did African What challenges did African Americans face?Americans face?

““Freedom: A History of US – What is Freedom: A History of US – What is Freedom?” While you’re watching the Freedom?” While you’re watching the

video, define these terms:video, define these terms:

Black codesBlack codes 14th Amendment14th Amendment 15th Amendment15th Amendment Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act 1875 (and its 1875 (and its repeal)repeal)

Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson

Race Relations in the early Race Relations in the early 1900s1900s

Economic, social inequality for Economic, social inequality for African AmericansAfrican Americans

““Jim Crow” South Jim Crow” South – legal segregation; Plessy v. Ferguson legal segregation; Plessy v. Ferguson

est. “separate but equal”est. “separate but equal”– Lynching used as a way to terrorize Lynching used as a way to terrorize

black populations black populations North – de facto segregationNorth – de facto segregation

– Housing, job discrimination, “racial Housing, job discrimination, “racial etiquette,” race riots in northern citiesetiquette,” race riots in northern cities

Jim CrowJim Crow

Come listen all you Come listen all you gals and boys, I’m gals and boys, I’m going to sing a going to sing a little song, My little song, My name is Jim Crowname is Jim Crow

Well about and turn Well about and turn about and do jis about and do jis soso

Eb’ry time I weel Eb’ry time I weel about I jump Jim about I jump Jim CrowCrow

Examples of Jim Crow LawsExamples of Jim Crow Laws In Oklahoma, telephone booths were segregated.In Oklahoma, telephone booths were segregated. Mississippi had separate soft-drink machines for Mississippi had separate soft-drink machines for

blacks and whites.blacks and whites. In Atlanta, Georgia, an African American could not In Atlanta, Georgia, an African American could not

“swear to tell the truth” on the same Bible used “swear to tell the truth” on the same Bible used by white witnesses.by white witnesses.

In North Carolina, factories were separated into In North Carolina, factories were separated into black and white sections.black and white sections.

In some Alabama towns it was against the law for In some Alabama towns it was against the law for blacks and whites to play cards, checkers, blacks and whites to play cards, checkers, dominoes, or other games together on athletic dominoes, or other games together on athletic teams. teams.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/teachers/pdfs/segment11-6.pdf

In Florida, school textbooks for white In Florida, school textbooks for white and black students were segregated and black students were segregated in separate warehouses.in separate warehouses.

In Washington, D.C., black people In Washington, D.C., black people could not bury their dead dogs or could not bury their dead dogs or cats in the same pet cemeteries used cats in the same pet cemeteries used by whites. Public parks were by whites. Public parks were segregated. Even jails and prisons segregated. Even jails and prisons had separate sections for black had separate sections for black prisoners.prisoners.

BACK

You are an African American born into slavery in 1845. When you You are an African American born into slavery in 1845. When you are in your twenties, the U.S. Congress ratifies the Thirteenth, are in your twenties, the U.S. Congress ratifies the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. Still, you know that Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. Still, you know that even though the laws have changed, the hearts and minds of even though the laws have changed, the hearts and minds of certain Americans in your community have not changed. certain Americans in your community have not changed.

Which would you do?Which would you do?– Get a job working on a local farm to improve your Get a job working on a local farm to improve your

way of life; keep quiet about your status in societyway of life; keep quiet about your status in society– Move to a city and try to get an education; join a Move to a city and try to get an education; join a

group that speaks out against prejudicegroup that speaks out against prejudice

Explain your answer…Explain your answer…

Progressive Era ReformersProgressive Era Reformers

Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. Du Bois

W.E.B. DuBOIS: W.E.B. DuBOIS: – ““book book smarts”smarts”

– IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE LEGAL LEGAL EQUALITYEQUALITY

– IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE EQUAL EQUAL ACCESSACCESS

– NAACP NAACP founderfounder

BOOKER T. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON: WASHINGTON:

GRADUAL GRADUAL PROGRESS THRU PROGRESS THRU SELF-HELP & SELF-HELP & EDUCATION EDUCATION (agricultural, (agricultural, trades)trades)

Most respected Most respected by powerful by powerful whiteswhites

Tuskegee Tuskegee InstituteInstitute

What did T.R. do for civil What did T.R. do for civil rights?rights?

Not an advocate of civil rightsNot an advocate of civil rights Supported a few African AmericansSupported a few African Americans

– Appointed head of custom house in SCAppointed head of custom house in SC– Invited Booker T. Washington to dinner Invited Booker T. Washington to dinner

at White Houseat White House

What if??What if??

Write a thoughtful paragraph that Write a thoughtful paragraph that answers this question:answers this question:

What if the 1What if the 1stst civil rights movement civil rights movement had succeeded? How would US had succeeded? How would US history have been changed?history have been changed?

Progressivism Under TaftProgressivism Under Taft Problems:Problems:

– Conservation – appointed Sec. of Interior with Conservation – appointed Sec. of Interior with poor conservation recordpoor conservation record

– Tariff – tax on imported goods; increases cost Tariff – tax on imported goods; increases cost of livingof livingsigned Payne-Aldrich Tariffsigned Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Splits the Republican PartySplits the Republican Party – Support of political boss Joe CannonSupport of political boss Joe Cannon– Progressives (change) v. Conservatives (no Progressives (change) v. Conservatives (no

change)change)

DiscussionDiscussion1.Think about the services and technology you use, 1.Think about the services and technology you use,

products you buy, entertainment you watch, etc. products you buy, entertainment you watch, etc. Do you think that there are still monopolies in Do you think that there are still monopolies in America today. If so, what companies would you America today. If so, what companies would you consider a monopoly? Explain.consider a monopoly? Explain.

2. Do you think that monopolies should be allowed to 2. Do you think that monopolies should be allowed to exist at all? Come up with one example, not exist at all? Come up with one example, not mentioned in class, of a monopoly that could be mentioned in class, of a monopoly that could be good for the country.good for the country.

3. The NFL, NBA, MLB, and NHL are all considered 3. The NFL, NBA, MLB, and NHL are all considered monopolies and have all survived until this point; monopolies and have all survived until this point; however, their status is still questioned today. If however, their status is still questioned today. If you think that monopolies are bad for a capitalist you think that monopolies are bad for a capitalist economic system, how do you explain why these economic system, how do you explain why these

pro-sports leagues should be allowed to exist?pro-sports leagues should be allowed to exist?

Images of Monopolies???Images of Monopolies???

Medicines to cure all your Medicines to cure all your ales!ales!

Pills cure stomachaches, Pills cure stomachaches, prevent suicide!prevent suicide!

These pills cure all!These pills cure all!

Do you have pimples? Want to Do you have pimples? Want to grow a beard? Head hair?grow a beard? Head hair?

Tar for a cough? No more Tar for a cough? No more itching? Ate too much at the itching? Ate too much at the

holidays?holidays?

BACK

The JungleThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair by Upton Sinclair

Read the excerpts from Read the excerpts from The JungleThe Jungle Then, on a separate sheet of Then, on a separate sheet of

paper (to be handed in)paper (to be handed in)– sketch an image that depicts sketch an image that depicts

what is happening in the excerptwhat is happening in the excerpt– Answer the 4 Discussion Answer the 4 Discussion

questions at the end of the questions at the end of the readingreading