TROPICAL LOWLAND EVERGREEN FOREST

Occurrence: Perhumid Lowland Climate with absent

water stress (no reguler annual dry season)

± 1200 m above mean sea level an dry land site

Distributed in Eastern tropics, western Amazonia and Facific coast of South America, Africa (near coast of West Africa; between Guinea and Liberia; between Cameroon and Gabon)

Morphological Characteristics Large number of species. Lofty dense. Evergreen forest 45 m or more tall.2-3 or more canopy tree layers

(conventionally having three tree layers) with the top layers of individual or grouped giant emergent trees, over a main stratum of 24-36 m, and with smaller, shade-dwelling trees below that.

Ground vegetation is often sparse mainly of small trees, where herbs are patchy.

Some of biggest trees have clear bole of 30 m and 4.5 m in girth, maybe decidious or semi decidious. Boles are almost cylindrical.

Buttresses, cauliflory/ramiflory are common feature.

Leaf = pinnate, leafblade of mesophyll size.Big woody climbers, mostly free hanging

are abundant.Shade and sun epiphytes are occasional to

frequent. Bryophytes are rare.

Occurrence: Eastern Tropic Less extensive in Africa (occur in

Cameroon and Zaire river basin)

MONTANE RAIN FOREST

Montain Rain Forest Zones in Malaya

Series10

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

Forest formation Forest formation

Upper montane

Lower montane

Lowland

MontaneericaceousOak-laurelUpper dipterocarp

Hill dipterocarp

Lowland dipterocarp

Florictic zone Impotant groups

Montane ericaceous ConiferaeEricaceaeMyrtaceae

Oak-laurel Fagaceae, Lauraceae

Upper dipterocarp Shorea platyclados, S. Ciliata, S. Ovata, Dipterocarpus retusus

Hill dipterocarp As bellow + Shorea curtisii

Lowland dipterocarp Numerous dipterocarps especially Dipterocarpus spp., Shorea spp. and Dryobalanops aromatica

Morphological Characteristics of Mountain Rain Forest (Whitemore, 1990)Formation Tropical

lowland boleevergreen rain forest

Tropical lower montane rain forest

Tropical upper montane rain forest

Canopy height 25-45 m 15-33 m 1.5-18 mEmergent trees Characteristic,

to 60(80) m tallOften absent, to 37 m tall

Usually absent, to 26 m tall

Pinnate leaves Frequent Rare Very rarePrincipal leaf size class of woody plants

Mesophyll Mesophyll Microphyll

Buttresses Usually frequent and large

Uncommon, small

Usually absent

Cauliflory Frequent Rare AbsentBig woody climbers

Abundant Usually none None

Bole climbers Often abundant Frequent to abundant

Very few

Vascular epiphytes

Frequent Abundant Frequent

Non-vascular epiphytes

Occasional Occasional to abundant

Often abundant

Batas-batas orografik dari flora pegunungan Malesia (Van Stenis, 1972)

Elevasi (m)Batas

terendahBatas

tertinggi Total

-5 - 1 ZONA LITORAL (lamun dan alga) ZONA LAUT

VEGETASI POHON ALAMI

-1 - 0.25 ......................................... MANGROVE

ZONA TROPIK

0.25 - 1 ......................................... FLORA PANTAI1 - 5 ......................................... Formasi BARRINGTONIA & GUMUK PASIR

......................................... ZONA PAMAH5-500 ......................................... ZONA BUKIT (COLLINE ZONE)

500-1000 ......................................... 1000 114 20 134

Hutan tertutup berbatang pohon tinggi dan miskin akan lumut

ZONA SUBPEGUNUNGAN

1100 13 11 241200 44 11 551300 33 16 491400 48 13 611500 61 39 1001600 25 11 36

Hutan tertutup berbatang pohon tinggi di atas elevasi 2000 m, dengan diameter

batang yang bertambah kecil dan lumut yang bertambah banyak

ZONA PEGUNUNGAN

1700 34 19 531800 40 14 541900 16 9 252000 45 32 77       

2100 21 29 502200 10 22 322300 11 16 272400 38 82 120

Elevasi (m)Batas

terendahBatas

tertinggi Total

2500 29 40 69

Hutan rendah rapat dengan pohon-pohon tinggi menyendiri, sering berlumut, atau

terdapat Konifera

ZONA SUBALPINVEGETASI POHON ALAMI

2600 8 30 382700 12 38 502800 9 25 342900 0 6 63000 21 46 673200 5 14 193300 18 52 70

3400 7 4 11 BATAS HUTAN3500 2 6 8 3600 25 13 38 3700 9 27 36 Semak-semak rendah menyendiri atau

berupa rumpun atau Konifera3800 7 22 293900 1 22 234000 4 50 54 BATAS POHON4100 0 0 0

ZONA ALPINVEGETASI

TERNA ALPIN ABADI

4200 0 1 1 GURUN BATU4300 0 0 0 Dengan lumut, lumut kerak dan beberapa

Fanerogam, terutama rumput dan teki4400 0 0 04500 0 0 04600 0 0 0

SALJU ABADI ZONA SALJU (NIVAL ZONE)

4700 0 0 04800 0 0 04900 0 0 05000 0 0 0

Affected by the change of climate at different altitude.

Morphological Characteristic At low to medium altitudeo Rainfall increaseo More luxuriant vegetation

Temperature decrease with increasing altitude.

Above the medium altitudeo Height and diameter of trees decreaseo Number of species decrease

o Three tree canopy layer change become to two canopy layer

o Luxuriant epiphytes (mainly mosses and liverworths)

o Trunks and branches are covered by mosses and liverworths

o Few woody vine

SUBMONTANE FOREST

Alpine Forest or Mossy Forest (above the sub-montane forest) or True Montane Foresto Single storey of twisted trees of massive

growth and rich branching.o Leaves are smaller than those of rain

forest.o Trunks and branches are covered with

thick mat mosses and liverworths.o A number of ferns and flowering plants

grow among liverworths and mosses.o More light penetrates and ground

vegetation is heavier.

o Numerious of flowering trees, shrubs and epiphytes.

o Stranglers are absent.o Small climbers may be found near the

upper limits of the forest.

Above the Alpine Forest (zone of dwarf shrub, followed by Alpine Meadow or Alpine Savanna with short and matted plant). Above those zones is NIVAL ZONE (SALJU).

Heat Forest is called HUTAN KERANGAS in Bahasa Indonesia/Melayu and campina/campinarana/caatinga Amazonica/campina repustre in Brazil.

Occurrance: Rio Negro & Rio Orinoco in South

AmericaKalimantan, Serawak, Brunei in BorneoCoastal sand in Gabon, Cameroon and

Ivory Coast in Africa

HEAT FOREST

Habitat:Soil: siliceous sand (tanah pasir

kuarsa/silikat), either coastal alluvium or weathered sandstones, these become podzolized.o Acidic (pH<4)o Low sesquioxideo Coarse texture, freely drainingo Stream draining heat forest is

black/tea-colored due to precense of organic colloids, acid with low cation content.

Morphological CharacteristicsStorey formed by large number of

saplings and small poles, often difficult to penetrate.

Canopy is low, uniform and usually densely closed.

Big woody climbers are rare.Epihytes are common.Mycrophyte and insectivetons plants

may be abundant, i.e. Nepenthes (Kantong semar)