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3 Plato, The Republic of Plato, trans, F.M. Cornford (New York: Oxford University
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136 PHI 3307
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Ln<ilifu 1 uuiun"ll a.J i.Jflll n'in 1u11 ru. ~~flu 1 UEJfiJ u~1.Jn L ~'" i1fi~u:::fian11L~ EJULLuu 'II q •
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nu"li a Lii-;J-;Ji.J LL~:::nufi~u:::"ll 8..1 n1n LL~:::'Ylq H~ ifn ~-\I 1-inufi~u::: ~1'U 1 'VI qj"ll El..1L~n ~:::1u<ilnl~~~El'llll1
n d ....... .,. d ... ' .,. .,. .r ... 'I '.M .... ' LLll 'Ufl~111H'YI 18 n tl-\1 llfl 'U 'YI L 'VI 'U 11 'YI t'l 'M~ n11 L~ tl 'ULL1J1J 'U tl\1 L "1f LCII El ~
... ... L"li'U "lf11~a- 1J1@)L~a{ 8 (Charles Batteux) L~'Ui1 fl~U:::ll.J'VIll~U'Ua'1ll11rl'YI~~El'U
~-\13.11 L~Lilu'VI;nn17L~tl1 fian11L~t1uuuu L<ilt1L"ll1 L~mh1Li'i1
a Ad 1 d AA I
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fl .,: d ""' .,. ~ 'I ' d "' d bu'Ua'-\I'YI Ln~-;J1nn11b~ ti'ULL1J1J ';111J';J'Un7:::'YI.J L'U".lf1-\lfl~111M'Yl 19 LL~:::~'Ufl<31111M'Yl
20 ~ LL '"1'YI1..1"ll t~.Jti~u:::1~Lu~ ti'ULL~:::~~'", 1111 '"1u LLuu 1 'IIIli Ltlufi~u::: a-11 t11 'IIIli 'II
7 Noel Carroll, Philosophy of Art, p.22.
8Charles Batteux, The Fine Arts Reduced to a Single Principle. Quoted in ibid.,
p.22-23. 91bid.
140 PHI 3307
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(object centered) LtJLi:Jun1'liifi~tJudjuflurfn~1-\l (artist centered) anrY-\IU-\ILn~ 'II
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.d ... ""'til ""'"'""""I"'""" .d 'Yl~13J1'lfla1lU1tlfl~ :: 'U.tlfi'VIfl-\1 b~~n11 b~L".I.I13J1LL'Yl'U.'Yl q
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.... tJ "' ~ ..... d d ""' " I !'I d .d 0 '1 .,.. ';;'I !'I I "" "
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'II q ~
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~flU:: LL~::-\11'U.fl~tl::~1'U.L 'VI qjn LU'U.n1'lL~ ti'U.LLUU~'YlCl M~ n1'lL ~ ti'U.LLU u ~13J1'lfl a~U1 tl "' ., l.d 0 ..... .d "'"" .d d J' !'1 .,: " .. "" ..... b~ LL~'Yl ~1fl ru'Yl ~~nfl an1'l'Yl'Yl q :JYfl'U. "LuWil~ L 'l"3J ~u".l.l a-\lfi113Jfl~ LL~::n1'lflm fl E.J-\1 n u ., q ':.1.1 q
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1 o
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• 'Ylf]1YljnTn~ U'U.LLUU".I.Ie:J-\ILVH~ 1~Llfl::el1ff 1~ L~~
• n1'lL~ t1 "U.LLUU L llu.L~ au L".l.l~':ih LU'U.".I.I e:J-\Ifl~tJ::
• 'YlC)M~n1'lL~ti'U.LLUU".I.Ia-\ILV..~ 1~
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PHI 3307 141
142
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L Vi rJ\1 ~'I~U"a1n DILUUnTna rJ'ULL1J1J~\I L\1. vn:: LL~:: La rJ'ULL1J1J l<il
L Vi rJ\11J1\Ithu"ll a \I~"~ L\1. ~1::~\1 Lilu~n1:LJ"V1\I L Vl rJ\11J1\I thu
~~tl::iith~1 L rta\I'V1n f) ti'Vi1\1Ln~'V1nfl11 :LJ'V1\I vb.i Li1:lJ1"atlL ~ 'II
fi11:LI'~· LL~::iJ'Intl L<ili1LU'U~\Iel'U'il71 rJ L ~71::LiJuL4u\1"1Jtl\l e:l17:LI m 'II
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• ~~tl::L1iLCilLUU~\I~~fln!.~h L ui1 Le:l\1 fi11:LI~1vl ru LL~::fl ru.~h q .. q
"1l e:1 \lff~tl:: e1 ti~ n1-ari e:1 'l ~di 'il tl-a::lrJ"JjU 'Yl1\l i'l fl :LJ ~ milu ltl 'II
' L -w tl i'l fl :lJ LL ~:: ~ ~1i"a"a:LI el 'U~ \11 :lJ fl ni.~1"1J e:l \I~ ~tJ ::'V:: tl n
q ~
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'II
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..,J.,. '1 1 .... Llil.~1::'Yl:LJflrJ u ~n"llfl\Jj:.la'a':: 'II
• fl~tl::~\ILUUn17LU'i!Lj:.JrJf111:LJ'V1\I 1 ~tl-a1nD
• fl~tl::~ \I L iJun1'iLa rJULL1JUfi1 i vt\lfi11:LJi'LL~::fl11 :LJW\I'W a L 'V LLri 'II
PHI3307
• ~~ tl::rl ~Hm1"~<§11'Yl rnlu.nTlari1 tJ U1 U~'Yl1" el11:JJ mLL~::iTJ::~ (§}
'I ... ... &! L 'VI ll1~'Ylli (Catharsis)
q
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• L tlu 'Yl q M~ rl1"1fnu ~~ tl:: thu 1 VI t}j"lHJ" 1~ n (§} ::1u~ n 1~ (§} ~ e1 ~ :u1
~1:JJ11CHJ~ll1 tJ~m.J::rl~1iruu~::ii~fl LfftJ" &t1u LVI ruLuel~~ J" lutt1u ~ ~
.J !'I ""' • I "" ,_, "" muu~~1n11:JJ n11~::f11 u1::<§l:JJ1n11:JJ L~
ttl u 'Yl q M~ rl L tlwii\t<§l fl"ll fl" 'Yl q M~ 'Yl1" ~u 'Yl1tJ ff1 ~<§If~ u 'J 1 u~~ t1
~ fl:JJ1
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~~tl::
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!'I .,.,J% ""Vl.l "".I .J "' ,.J "" Lu'Uo 'Yl ']M11'Yl <§IULnu Lu L 'Vi11::fl~u::'Yl ~:JJll1llieJ1~~::eJ tJ'Ylfl ru~nMrn::
011 'IJ 'II q
m.h"~u~1t1 L-rlu a11:umrlu~~"ae:m fi11:JJfi-3Viuh
'Yl']M~ n11L a tJULLllll iiiJ fl~1 n~ <§11"fiL~ ~1 :IJ11rt el~ll1 tl~~tJ::U1-3 U1::Lll'Yl L"liU ~rt1U~tln11:JJ ~'Uo<§l11l1'ViLiitJU'Uo1:1Jli11:JJL~ anJ-3rJ-3
1~ ~1 :JJ11rt a uu1 t1 ~ ~tl:: ~~tJ 1 VI ~.yl ii ~ ~ iJ uL il uflu ~ n ~1-.1 u~:: 'II
li'flu~~u"t~
11George Dickie, Introduction to Aesthetics, p. 50.
PHI 3307 143
~~a'TVI n'l"'UJ'Yh 1 "'lJ'I'llJTYI LLiil::a'Cll'U.1l1Yi''ll B\lfliiiU1~Wll113Jiii~UB E.ICl B E.liil\1 'l'ltl -atjn11
LL"~'Il fl flmf uii fl i.~-;h LUUfl113J~ tn EJ1~~~~ 1 ~iiatl~rJ'Ilfl'll LU'l-Lfl'l-LV n a1'1111 a-.11~Wil'l"'l"~ 'II
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f;atJ::n"ii:: iJ\1 a-11111n iiunu1 n~ &hi ty ~a ~fl" 1<ii 1 ~ un tl -atj n11LLa-~\l a an 1<ii th 'l"' A II$ ~ .J CLoll Q..ll ft' Q..; dA ~ Q..o ""' fi' Q..O fi' 'lid ::.
l'!atl:: LU'U.a'\1'1'1 a'3JYI'U.linu'111~ LLa::aJ fl113J a'3JYI'U.1mun n fl\.1. L Yi11::B113J ntfl113J7a"n'U." • q 'II
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'II '11'11 ~
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'II
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... "'tl .d "1 • .J ... ... tl tJ .Jvt ... .... • '~~tJ fl113J'U.E.I3J1H L L'U.e:J\l"ii10 b3Ja'13J11Cl'l'l"ii::e:JlilJ1E.Ifliil ::lJ1...1 7::L1l'l'l'l'l b~'V-1~\.1.1~1\1 b
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L~3J'I'l3JE1...1BBO"li1...1'U.flfi fle:J3JB\lfliil ::11L 'U.fi1'l"L~E.I'U.LLlJU (imitation) b~fi1l1E.I'U.e:Jn 3J1
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~hi1 "expression" U'U.3J1"i11n 1l1'a1~1~wniifi113J'V13J1E.Ji1 n~~" 'l"'a an111
"li'1..J'U.e:Jn (pressing outward) i...1J'U. L'U.'I'lt']"atjn11LLa'~\IBBn LLTi'U.LLl1"11B-\Jfl~tl::n~e:J n11U1fl113J~n~ a cln1 u'l "~ 'U.L itl71n n 1~ £Jn11lt 1il'U.a a naJ1"li'1-\J'U.e:Jn 1 ~fl~U'U.LL~::
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Q,.o d I Q,..o
'VI ~1 u~n-am::nLL~n~1..Jn'U.
12 .. Noel Carroll, Philosoply of Art, p. 61.
131bid.
144 PHI 3307
1 d .4 .t .... \19.1-t:'l I
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"ll El~flatlu. 1 u.;nu:ailun1:u1u.n11L u.n11'Yi11V;'Ln~f;a1l: 'V\"ian11LLa-~~ El ana1"il"il: ... .s ~ d ::1 "" .f "" .1 .t
V\ 111 EJ fl~ a'..:I6JI'\I Lu'U.f-1 ~'V\'l"El L 'U.B'V\1"ll El~f'!G4u::'U. U
.d .r 1 9.1 6'A • I <11111 'Yl t)lYlJ nTnLa~ \1 a a n'U. n1:u1u.nTl 'l.l.n11a'11\l ff11fl ffff u: (creative
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I .r... I 1 1 ,dt I d A 1 nE411'U.nL"U'U. LULU.L'I.t<n Iii fl'l"L"U LLG4:ff El <i1ElG4a'<i1El£J LL<iiL'U.El~"il1nLLU1fl~"llel..:l fi'H"U q
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aTv (;l2ltit1'(;l2ltl (Leo Tolstoy, fl.f'!. 1828- 1910) umiitJU.LLa:
irn1l~-uqpi..:~fi11"U1Tra-Lfiu~L~~ua'Yl~wa'Yl1~fi113Jti~"il1n cT..:~ nJ1fl
1a-l6J!' (Jean Jacques Rousseau) 'l!n1l1'-uty1"1511~~~Lf'la'~ii~1<il ati1wrl-h1ff<n1111Y~ 18 ~Liiuu\11'U.~LiJ'U.~i'inn'I.I.L"lfu The Social
'IJ 'IJ 'IJ
Contract (1762), Emile (1762) 1~£J~1'U.Liit1WliB~~Elfila'~El£J~U.LlJ'U.n11Ua'lii~ElEln . ~
~~fi1111L~el'Yl1-\lf'!1a'U.1fl~a-~ ..:J1ULii ti'U.'Yl1-\IU1-unniu'V\a n"lla~ L"ll1n~ a A Confession ...
(1879-82) What I Believe (1882-4) The Kingdom of God is Within You
(1890-3) LLa: What is Art?. (1897-8)
1\eo Tolstoy, What is Art ? trans Alymer Maude in Tolstoy on Art. (Oxford
University Press, 1924) p. 165. Quoted in Monroe C. Beardsley, Aesthetics: From Classical
Greece to the Present., p. 307-8.
PHI 3307 145
n1'l"i\:Jfi11:1J.:J1mi\-~. .. 111 ~Ln~~1n111~~::~a.:J n111~8 Ltli1 fi11:1J.:J1:1J~ 8 8:L 1 n11
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146
151bid.
16 Leo Tolstoy, p.170. Quoted in ibid., p. 310.
1\eo Tolstoy, p. 171. Quoted in ibid.
1\eo Tolstoy, p. 173., Quoted in ibid., p. 311.
PHI3307
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19Noel Carroll, Philosophy of Art., p. 61.
201bid.
PHI 3307 147
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~ ~ ~
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~
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21
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" ..... .that something is art only if it is an intended transmission to an audience of
the seff- same, individualized feeling that the artist has experienced and clarified "
From Noel Carroll, ibid., p. 24. 22
Leo Tolstoy, p. 223. Quoted in Monroe C. Beardsldy, Aesthetics: From Classical
Greece to the Present, p. 312. 23
Leo Tolstoy, pp. 226-227. Quoted in ibid.
148 PHI 3307
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24"The stronger the infection the better is the art, as art."
Leo Tolstoy, p. 275. Quoted in ibid. 25
"Great art .. .is universally accessible and comprehensible."
Leo Tolstoy, p. 225. Quoted in ibid. 26
Leo Tolstoy, p. 295. Quoted in ibid. 27
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PH13307 149
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29Noel Carroll, Philosophy of Art, p. 66.
150 PHI 3307
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· n11LL"~.:~aan
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30Noel Carroll, ibid. p. 75.
PHI 3307 151
152
• T11'i~~L:feJ (infection)
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L~~,:n'l-tfl~U::
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"lleJ~f1atlu ~mL~~~e1e1n 1'1-t~.;~~f1atluiin"ii1~ 'II
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(communication of emotion)
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o...td ... .t .... ,.. "'.I fl113J'i~Tl'Yl LT1~"1JUT1U ~ L~~-31'1-t"'GI u:::
'II 'II
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~1:1J1'ifl L"li1 i.uiHi'Yli"~ anu flU Lba::~i'1\lfl11:JJiin'i1 :!Jrl'l-t~ flfl11:1J LUU 'II
PHI 3307
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o uriuLL 'Yi'"ll D\lfl~tl:: ~a n11"LLt;'~\l a fl n~\1 El11"3J ntT1113J-rnn"lJ fl\1 fl~ilu~·hu 'II
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fl~ilu
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f't ..~ .... ' ....
o fl"l13J b 'VI u 'Yl3J~ El'Yltl~!l n11"Lbt;'~\l fl fln
o t;'13J11"bl L '15an1J1 t1 fl~ tJ:; 1 Uti fi'V\ tr.J 6) ~\I ~b~ tr'Yln1 1"bb3J'U.~ mn~ q
L uuf1113Jmn EJ11"3Jrn LL~::i"l'iiW'l.IEJ~fl~tlu. 1~~n11 'II
o EJ\1 LUU'Ylq~i) ~ LLfi'Ufl~ ~ eJEJ\1 L~ t;'13J11"b1 anu1tlflm..l::u1\l mh:~L~ o A tl .,j fl ""' J "-' A .... ~ tl OS tJ"" b"lf'U. ~~ ::'YJLuU.L"Hl\ILntl"ln'Ufl"l13Jfi~'VI1"EJn11"'il\l 1::b~'U.'Yl1\l 1""1ftlJ1
lfl~~ L'lJ~~ (Clive Ben, fl.~. 1881 - 1964) Llluun1lil11"rnfl~tl::"lf11 ..., VI""..,. .... ..,. .ol 5 .I .Y ..,. tJ J EJ\Inq~ b'ilb"1Jti'U.'V\'U.~t;'Eib1"EI~ .. ,.,~JJ::::" (Art) l-1>1Lt;''U.EI'Yltl~!JJ 'Yl1"\I'Yl
........ 0 .... d ...... - 1 ' ... d .r 3J'U.tlt;'1flqj (significant form) 'Yl3JEI'Yl1l'V'l~ 'U."lf1.J'ii'U.~'il1'l"':l~'Yl 20 "lJU.
1ull R~. 1914 11ilmut'ltfl~1u~'Yln"W~'Yl1.Jfi113J~'il"ii1n ~.m.:JJTf
153
(G. E. Moore) 1Xm.Ji'"ll'qp1 L~rn::,{"ll'11eJ\In{]M~~\Itli'"ll'ty1U1,Hh'U."ll Eh'l L "111 L~i'ue'YI~'Vi a
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il \1 9,; d I d\1 o'VI 9,; tJ
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154 PHI 3307
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q q
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tl d !"I "" .,. .... ..l o .,.. .,. ..... d a d .... 1 "'tJ l 'Yl':i-\I'Yl LLGi~-\ITI1111Lu U~':i-\IVI1tl ~ n Nnt:'YI ~1TI 'fYVI':ieJ~ n '!Ynt::'Yl ~'Yl ~~"11 eJ-\1 111-1. VI ':i1 n !J
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32Ciive Bell, Art (New York: Capricorn Books, 1958), pp. 16-17. Quoted in George
Dickie, Introduction to Aesthetics, p. 54. 33
Ciive Bell, p.17. Quoted in ibid. 34 .d c' d ~ tl ~ d Q..O A _fl I :::. t.l I 1 ::.
L~EH1H'It'l~~n-:J-\!1U~l>'l ::UUL"ll1'VIm£Jn-:JLU'W1::'Yl~U~l>'lu (visual art) L'Y11UU LLWJ1 1.-1.1J1-\Jfi1-\J
L '111~:: L ~1.-1. i1'Ylt)~~"llil\!~ "ll1 v1~~:: 1-tl.'finlJfil.'ltl::~ L tlu~u~(M1 mimll 35
Ciive Bell, pp. 17-18. Quoted in ibid, p. 57.
PHI 3307 155
a~~tl,-::nau~h~ 'J L"lfu ul'u LL«~ i luJULLuu~h-J 'J l~:~-nmJ1ti'VI~1£JLLU1J LL~aTu ..,. "" .... .- .-U ' d '.t..J!'I "" .-.1
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156 PHI 3307
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36Ciive Bell, Art. (New York : Capricorn Books, 1958), p. 29. eh~l'\.b ';l~nJ LmJ'Yli''i!Ul ... ~ .
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PHI3307 165
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16.1 Isolationist
166 PHI 3307