triumph of industry

The Triumph of The Triumph of IndustryIndustry

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

What factors led to the What factors led to the Industrialization of America, Industrialization of America,

and what impact did and what impact did Industrialization have on Industrialization have on

society?society?

TERMS AND PEOPLETERMS AND PEOPLE

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth MonopolyMonopoly Knights of LaborKnights of Labor AFLAFL

Causes of Causes of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources New Immigrants from Europe and AsiaNew Immigrants from Europe and Asia Government policies that encouraged Government policies that encouraged

businessbusiness A culture that favored entrepreneursA culture that favored entrepreneurs

Effects of Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Growth of citiesGrowth of cities New inventionsNew inventions Rise in the standard of livingRise in the standard of living More railroads and industryMore railroads and industry Large corporations dominatedLarge corporations dominated

Technological Advances Technological Advances of the 1890sof the 1890s

ZipperZipper Steel Framed SkyscraperSteel Framed Skyscraper Vacuum Cleaner/DishwasherVacuum Cleaner/Dishwasher SubmarineSubmarine RadioRadio Rubber Tires/Diesel Engine/Gas Rubber Tires/Diesel Engine/Gas

powered carpowered car Aspirin/X-RayAspirin/X-Ray Pencil SharpenerPencil Sharpener Motion Picture Camera/Hershey BarMotion Picture Camera/Hershey Bar

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

Capitalism expanded in the late 1800s. (80-Capitalism expanded in the late 1800s. (80-90s)90s)

Laissez-Faire government approachLaissez-Faire government approach Social Darwinism used to explain Social Darwinism used to explain

inequalities under this capitalisminequalities under this capitalism Corporations formed trusts or monopoliesCorporations formed trusts or monopolies Mass marketing helped retailers maximize Mass marketing helped retailers maximize

profitsprofits Department stores/mail order revolutionized Department stores/mail order revolutionized

shopping for consumers.shopping for consumers.

FAMOUS FAMOUS STRIKES/UNIONSSTRIKES/UNIONS

Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike Great Railroad StrikeGreat Railroad Strike Haymarket Square RiotHaymarket Square Riot AFL (American Federation of Labor) AFL (American Federation of Labor)

1886 founded by Samuel Gompers.1886 founded by Samuel Gompers.

Transformation and Transformation and TransitionTransition

New cultural formsNew cultural forms Music (ragtime)Music (ragtime) New dancesNew dances Different literatureDifferent literature Mass magazines, advertisingMass magazines, advertising Film (Nickelodeons)Film (Nickelodeons) Mass amusementsMass amusements

MusicMusic

Enrico CarusoEnrico Caruso RagtimeRagtime Keep the Home Fires BurningKeep the Home Fires Burning I Didn’t Raise My Son to be a SoldierI Didn’t Raise My Son to be a Soldier

LiteratureLiterature

Carl Sandburg Carl Sandburg Chicago PoemsChicago Poems Robert Frost Robert Frost Mountain IntervalMountain Interval Einstein Einstein RelativityRelativity Frank Baum Frank Baum 1010thth Oz book Oz book Edgar Rice BurroughsEdgar Rice Burroughs The Beasts of The Beasts of

TarzanTarzan Ring Lardner Ring Lardner You Know MeYou Know Me

LiteratureLiterature

Henri Barbusse Henri Barbusse Under Fire: The Under Fire: The Story of a SquadStory of a Squad

Adrienne Bertrand Adrienne Bertrand L'Appel du sol

MoviesMovies

Growing in importance and cultural Growing in importance and cultural appealappeal

Some tackling difficult issues (i.e., Some tackling difficult issues (i.e., Intolerance)Intolerance)

Movie technology improvingMovie technology improving

Challenges Facing Challenges Facing NationNation

High infant mortality rateHigh infant mortality rate PovertyPoverty SlumsSlums Unassimilated immigrantsUnassimilated immigrants Class animosityClass animosity Labor issuesLabor issues Urban-rural issues, including food Urban-rural issues, including food

systemsystem

Challenges Facing the Challenges Facing the NationNation

Lack of preparedness for warLack of preparedness for war Controversy: Controversy:

Some groups (Women’s Peace Party, some Some groups (Women’s Peace Party, some Progressive interests) didn’t want to Progressive interests) didn’t want to prepareprepare

National Security League wanted to National Security League wanted to prepare (banking, commercial interests, big prepare (banking, commercial interests, big capitalists – conservative interests)capitalists – conservative interests)


Some preparedness proponents like Some preparedness proponents like NSL didn’t lobby for war, but did NSL didn’t lobby for war, but did push for measure to militarize push for measure to militarize American society American society Bigger Army/NavyBigger Army/Navy System for universal military trainingSystem for universal military training Promoting patriotic education and Promoting patriotic education and

national sentimentnational sentiment


Some saw work of NSL preparedness Some saw work of NSL preparedness campaign as veiled attack on campaign as veiled attack on Progressive reform effortsProgressive reform efforts

Wilson began to shift to concept of Wilson began to shift to concept of “reasonable preparedness” in 1915“reasonable preparedness” in 1915 Wilson did submit proposals in 1915 to Wilson did submit proposals in 1915 to

Congress to expand military…said there Congress to expand military…said there was “no imminent threat” but America was “no imminent threat” but America must be ready to survive in a world being must be ready to survive in a world being transformed by wartransformed by war


Reaction quick: Leading Progressives form American Reaction quick: Leading Progressives form American Union Against MilitarismUnion Against Militarism

Some viewed preparedness movement as “dangerous Some viewed preparedness movement as “dangerous expression of class and national aggression”expression of class and national aggression”

Lost traction by early 1917 – some saw war as Lost traction by early 1917 – some saw war as idealistic crusade and opportunity to pursue reform idealistic crusade and opportunity to pursue reform policies (home and abroad)policies (home and abroad)

Some thought it would forge a stronger sense of Some thought it would forge a stronger sense of nation, American community, elevate political and nation, American community, elevate political and social life, unify (Lippmann, social life, unify (Lippmann, New Republic…New Republic…Federation of the World)Federation of the World)

Others abandoned effort – lesser of two evilsOthers abandoned effort – lesser of two evils Those who stayed veered to more radical Those who stayed veered to more radical

organizations organizations


War did “wither” the reform spirit – War did “wither” the reform spirit – one of anti-preparedness movement one of anti-preparedness movement concernsconcerns

Neutrality not easy for U.S. Neutrality not easy for U.S. politicallypolitically

Neutrality great for business (war in Neutrality great for business (war in Europe lifted U.S. out of recession in Europe lifted U.S. out of recession in 1913-14, corporate profits 1913-14, corporate profits unprecedented, Golden Age of ag)unprecedented, Golden Age of ag)


Lack of military preparednessLack of military preparedness U.S. Military Power April 1916U.S. Military Power April 1916 127,588 Enlisted (133,000)127,588 Enlisted (133,000) 6,000 officers in Army, 14,000 in 6,000 officers in Army, 14,000 in

National Guard….200,000 neededNational Guard….200,000 needed 80,446 National Guard80,446 National Guard By 11/1918, 4.5 million + deployedBy 11/1918, 4.5 million + deployed

23.9 million registered; 2.8 million drafted 23.9 million registered; 2.8 million drafted (ages 21-30)(ages 21-30)


War Department looking for standard War Department looking for standard gun to adopt as early as 1916…May gun to adopt as early as 1916…May 1918 before significant shipments 1918 before significant shipments began to arrive at the frontbegan to arrive at the front

1916 – National Defense Act passed 1916 – National Defense Act passed authorizing expansion of Army to authorizing expansion of Army to 175,000-286,000 in event of war175,000-286,000 in event of war


Lack of manufacturing readinessLack of manufacturing readiness Munitions production slightly geared up Munitions production slightly geared up

(supplying mostly Allies with (supplying mostly Allies with gunpowder/high explosives since 1914)gunpowder/high explosives since 1914)

All powder being exported – how to All powder being exported – how to supply American troopssupply American troops


Wilson creates a War Industries Board Wilson creates a War Industries Board summer 1917 ($1/year men – example summer 1917 ($1/year men – example of public-private partnerships – of public-private partnerships – institutional development outside of institutional development outside of formal institutions)formal institutions)

War Dept. draws up agreements with War Dept. draws up agreements with DuPont, et al, to build new plantsDuPont, et al, to build new plants

By Armistice (1918), U.S. explosives By Armistice (1918), U.S. explosives manufacturing capacity barely 1/3 of manufacturing capacity barely 1/3 of what had been projectedwhat had been projected


DemographicsDemographics From 1870-1920, nearly 25 million immigrants From 1870-1920, nearly 25 million immigrants

came to the U.S.came to the U.S. From 1900 to 1920, southeastern Europe From 1900 to 1920, southeastern Europe

provided 3,522,000 immigrants. Italy: 3,156,000 provided 3,522,000 immigrants. Italy: 3,156,000 immigrants, while Russia and Poland supplied immigrants, while Russia and Poland supplied 2,519, 000 people. Japan: 213,000. Mexico 2,519, 000 people. Japan: 213,000. Mexico (270,000) than from France (136,000), the (270,000) than from France (136,000), the Netherlands (167,000) and Switzerland Netherlands (167,000) and Switzerland (158,000). Canada (921,000) supplied more (158,000). Canada (921,000) supplied more immigrants than England (867,000).immigrants than England (867,000).

From 1908 to 1914, officials recorded about From 1908 to 1914, officials recorded about 6,800,000 arrivals.6,800,000 arrivals.


In 1910 foreign-born men and women In 1910 foreign-born men and women comprised about 53% of the national comprised about 53% of the national industrial labor force. industrial labor force.

In 1910 75% of the populations of New In 1910 75% of the populations of New York, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and York, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Boston were made up of immigrants Boston were made up of immigrants and their children. and their children.

In 1916 in San Francisco, 75% of the In 1916 in San Francisco, 75% of the population regarded a foreign language population regarded a foreign language as a primary tongue.as a primary tongue.


LaborLabor Rural labor shortagesRural labor shortages Men deploying – 4 millionMen deploying – 4 million 1918 – Wilson forms National War 1918 – Wilson forms National War

Labor BoardLabor Board War Labor Board allocates labor among War Labor Board allocates labor among

various industries, strikes to be avoidedvarious industries, strikes to be avoided


AgricultureAgriculture Much being exportedMuch being exported Not locally sustainable systemsNot locally sustainable systems Railroad limitationsRailroad limitations LaborLabor OverproductionOverproduction Large acreage marginally farmedLarge acreage marginally farmed Tension over pricesTension over prices

PopulationPopulation

About 100 millionAbout 100 million 2.5 million immigrants from Germany2.5 million immigrants from Germany Close to 15% of overall population Close to 15% of overall population

immigrantsimmigrants Lack of unified national purpose, social Lack of unified national purpose, social

cohesioncohesion FearFear

American Census 1910American Census 1910

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

Elected 1912, 28Elected 1912, 28thth president president Intellectual and idealistIntellectual and idealist History professor and political History professor and political

scientistscientist President of PrincetonPresident of Princeton Thoroughly incorruptible, reform-Thoroughly incorruptible, reform-

minded Governor of New Jerseyminded Governor of New Jersey

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Elected on platform of Progressive Elected on platform of Progressive

reform…and deliveredreform…and delivered Introduced income tax, lowered Introduced income tax, lowered

protectionist tariffs, enacted Fed Reserve protectionist tariffs, enacted Fed Reserve Act, reformed currency and banking law, Act, reformed currency and banking law, strengthened anti-trust legislationstrengthened anti-trust legislation

Regulated working conditions for sailorsRegulated working conditions for sailors Created Fed Farm Loan ActCreated Fed Farm Loan Act Labor reform Labor reform

Wilson’s Neutrality Wilson’s Neutrality PolicyPolicy

Committed U.S. to policy of absolute Committed U.S. to policy of absolute neutralityneutrality

U.S. participated indirectly in war (trade)U.S. participated indirectly in war (trade) Germany’s unprovoked declarations of Germany’s unprovoked declarations of

war on France and Russia impossible to war on France and Russia impossible to justifyjustify

Germany’s violation of Belgian neutrality Germany’s violation of Belgian neutrality hard to swallow (and propaganda hard to swallow (and propaganda inflamed public opinion against Germany)inflamed public opinion against Germany)


Germans now portrayed as “Huns”Germans now portrayed as “Huns”


Trade begins to really focus on Allies Trade begins to really focus on Allies (moral revulsion, cultural affinity, (moral revulsion, cultural affinity, good business sense…high demand, good business sense…high demand, gold, favorable shipping, geography)gold, favorable shipping, geography)

Germany continues to outrage U.S.Germany continues to outrage U.S. Bombs civilian LondonBombs civilian London Poison gas at YpresPoison gas at Ypres Unrestricted submarine warfare against Unrestricted submarine warfare against

commercial shipping!!!commercial shipping!!!


Rights as neutral nation was freedom Rights as neutral nation was freedom of the seas – War of 1812of the seas – War of 1812

American firms had done $2B in American firms had done $2B in business with Allies; U.S. banks made business with Allies; U.S. banks made 2.5B in loans…fate of American 2.5B in loans…fate of American economy tied to Allied victory!economy tied to Allied victory!

LusitaniaLusitania sinking May 1915 – Wilson sinking May 1915 – Wilson protestsprotests

ArabicArabic sunk in August sunk in August


Kaiser orders some restrictions on sub Kaiser orders some restrictions on sub operations to avoid pulling U.S. into operations to avoid pulling U.S. into conflictconflict

London sends Edward House to Europe London sends Edward House to Europe to pursue idea of U.S. mediation to end to pursue idea of U.S. mediation to end warwar

Wilson offers to mediate again – Wilson offers to mediate again – Germans suspect collusion between U.S. Germans suspect collusion between U.S. and Allies – peace overtures collapseand Allies – peace overtures collapse


““Peace Without Victory”Peace Without Victory” Germany resumes unrestricted sub Germany resumes unrestricted sub

warfare 2/1/1917warfare 2/1/1917 Wilson severs diplomatic relations Wilson severs diplomatic relations

with Germany 2/3 after U.S. warship with Germany 2/3 after U.S. warship HousatonicHousatonic is torpedoed and sunk is torpedoed and sunk

Moving Toward WarMoving Toward War

2/26/1917 – Wilson asks Congress 2/26/1917 – Wilson asks Congress for authority to arm U.S. merchant for authority to arm U.S. merchant vessels (“armed neutrality”)vessels (“armed neutrality”)

1917 – Zimmerman Telegram1917 – Zimmerman Telegram German gamble that time to mobilize German gamble that time to mobilize

American troops would enable them to American troops would enable them to win warwin war

Germany underestimated American will Germany underestimated American will and industrial/economic capacityand industrial/economic capacity

Moving Toward WarMoving Toward War

German Foreign Minister Alfred German Foreign Minister Alfred ZimmermanZimmerman Pull America into war with Mexico and Pull America into war with Mexico and

Japan, diversionJapan, diversion Capitalize on breach between Capitalize on breach between

U.S./MexicoU.S./Mexico Telegram falls into hands of British, Telegram falls into hands of British,

give it to Wilson, who publishes itgive it to Wilson, who publishes it

Safe for DemocracySafe for Democracy

German refusal to respect U.S. German refusal to respect U.S. neutrality and the Zimmerman neutrality and the Zimmerman telegram make it impossible for telegram make it impossible for Wilson to avoid war.Wilson to avoid war.

Other reasons, as well.Other reasons, as well. Business interestsBusiness interests Feeling/affinity for France/EnglandFeeling/affinity for France/England Popular opinionPopular opinion


4/2/1917 – visits Congress to ask for 4/2/1917 – visits Congress to ask for Declaration of WarDeclaration of War

Approved 4/6/1917Approved 4/6/1917 Idealistic speech – “partnership of Idealistic speech – “partnership of

democratic nations” against a “natural democratic nations” against a “natural foe to liberty”…”a fight for…the foe to liberty”…”a fight for…the ultimate peace of the world.”ultimate peace of the world.”

““The world must be made safe for The world must be made safe for democracy.”democracy.”


““We desire no conquest, no We desire no conquest, no dominion.”dominion.”

Held true to that ideal.Held true to that ideal. ““Think what they are applauding. Think what they are applauding.

My message today was a message of My message today was a message of death to our young men.”death to our young men.”

triumph of industry

Career

progressive interests

tackling difficult issues

prepareinterests didnt

soldieri didnt

nation lack of preparedness

nsl didnt lobby

cultural appealgrowing

labor aflafl