trinity college dublin 2016 rethinking sanitation ecological sanitation

Trinity College Dublin 2016

Rethinking Sanitation

Ecological Sanitation

Sustainable Sanitation

From a Metabolic Rift

Towards a Metabolic Shift

An Appetizer Arne Backlund Backlund ApS www.backlund.dk www.facebook.com/backlund.aps www.researchgate.net/profile/Arne_Backlund

www.linkedin.com/in/arnebacklund

http://www.backlund.dk/

http://www.backlund.dk/

http://www.facebook.com/backlund.aps

http://www.facebook.com/backlund.aps

http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arne_Backlund

http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arne_Backlund

http://www.linkedin.com/in/arnebacklund

Present Human Organized Metabolism

- Open-Flow System

- Premised on Nature as Indefinite

- Exhausting its Sources of

Nourishment

- Without Paying its Bills

Could Human Beings in Politics

Reorganize Humanity in Nature

& Nature in Humanity?

Ancient Rome versus

Ancient China & Japan

Arne Backlund

Main Objectives of Sustainable Sanitation

•To Reduce Health Risks related to Sanitation,Contaminated Water and Waste

•To Prevent Pollution of Surface and Ground Water

•To Prevent Degradation of Soil Fertility

•To Optimise Closing the Loop of Human Excreted Nutrients, Organic Material and The Water Cycle Considering Energy & CO2 Balances

•Economically and Ecologically Sustainable and

Culturally Acceptable Systems

Experienced Problems From Rural Area

Work In Eastern Germany 1989 - 1993

•High Subsidies Building CWWTP

•Very High Subsidies Establishing Sewers - Up To 95 %

•Costs - Up to Euro 50000 to Connect one House

•”HOAI” 10 % of Total Cost

•Mastering the Art of Tendering

•PPP ”Betreibermodelle” & ”Kooperationsmodelle”

•Not Supporting Innovation & Visions about Ecological

& Economical Sustainable Sanitation

My Way - Innovative Production and Waste

Reducing Handling Systems in

Garnment Industri

•Karl Marx stated in Capital in 1867 on England's

Ecological Imperialism toward Ireland: "For a

century and a half England has indirectly exported

the soil of Ireland, without even allowing its

cultivators the means for replacing the

constituents of the exhausted soil.“

•Describing the Ecological Contradiction

between Nature and Capitalist society as "an

Irreparable Rift in the Interdependent Process of

Social Metabolism."

A Rift in the Metabolic Relation

between Humanity and Nature

•A Sustainable Solution to the Global Environmental Rift

requires, a Society of “Associated Producers" who can

“Govern the Human Metabolism with Nature in a Rational

Way, bringing it under their Collective Control instead of

being dominated by it as a Blind Power”.

•Solutions requires Rational Regulation of the Metabolic

Relation of Human Beings to Nature in line with the Needs

of Future Generations. "Even an entire society, a nation, or

all simultaneously existing societies taken together," Marx

stated, "are not owners of the earth. They are simply its

possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an

improved state to succeeding generations as boni patres

familias [good heads of the household].

Tentative Holistic Reflection

•We Can´t Solve Problems by Using More of

the Same Kind of Thinking (Paradigm) we Used

Creating Them!

•Conventional Waste Water Solution – with

Mixing & Dilution – Best Solution to Polution?

•Why do Human Beings with Two Outlets

Design and Use Toilets with Only One Inlet?

•When the Solution is Simple,

God is Answering!

Flow or Stream of Material

•Human urine contributes to about

80 % of the load of N and 50 % of

the P load of conventional domestic

wastewater

•Human Urine treated conventional

requires large amounts of energy

producing problematic sludge

Flow or Stream of Materials

•We Excrete most of the Nutrients we

Consume

•Human Urine contributes with only 1

% of the Volume of Household

Wastewater but contains 80 % of N, 55

% of P and 60 % of K and less than 0.6

% of Cadmium and 0.06 % of Lead

Phosphorus

•One Person Excrete 1 KG P/year.

•0.7 KG in Urine and 0.3 KG in Faeces.

•Human Phosphorus Returned to Soil

Would Cover 80 % of P Demand

•In Agriculture Short of Phosphorus

Human Excreta could be a Golden

Opportunity.

•In 100 years Phosphorus Could Be Gone.

To Make Gold out of Human Urine

Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3• Mg/kg DM

• Mg/kg DM

• Mg/kg P

• Mg/kg N

Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3

Cadmium in Irish & Swedish Soils Ireland Median values 0.33 mg/kg DM

5 % > 1.65 mg/kg DM

25% > 0.64 mg/kg DM

15% > EU Treshold limit = 0.8 mg/kg DM

Sludge Prohibited on soil > 1 mg/kg DM

Sweden Median values 0.19 mg/kg DM

5 % > 0.45 mg/kg DM

Soil Quality Limit Value 0.5 mg/kg DM

Sludge Prohibited on soil > 0.45 mg/kg DM

Cd in Human Bodies, Soil & Willow

WTI based on Kidney tollerance

2.5 microgram Cd/kg BW/W

Average Cd intake in Sweden

1 - 1.45 microgram Cd/kg BW/W

Swedish average agricultural soil 600 g Cd/ha

Cd in Willow steams 0.9 – 2.4 mg/kg DM

Cd removal 7.2 - 20 g/ha/year

Self-Experienced

A Way Out

http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2003/87-7972-734-4/pdf/87-7972-

735-2.pdf

Manure and sludge allowed in

Danish Gardens

http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2003/87-7972-734-4/pdf/87-7972-735-2.pdf















Human Urine from

Diverting ToiletsNot Allowed

As Fertilizer in Danish Gardens

A Way Out















New Paradigm of Closing The Loop With Alternative Sanitation

•Alternative Questions and Answers

•Different Streams and Flows

•Source Control

•Nutrients, Organic Material, Water etc.

•Diversion and Concentrated Collection

•Reuse of Resources to Plant Growth

•Re-Defining

•Re-Designing

Alternative Approach and Design

•Human Urine (Yellow Water or

Golden High Quality Anthropogenic

Nutrient Solution) and Human Faeces

•Diverted and Concentrated Collection

•Waterless or Reduced Water Flush

•Alternative Sanitary Components

•Alternative Sanitary Systems

Alternatives in Recycling

Nutrients and Water

•Nutrients Directly From Toilet

•Direct Local Use or After Transport

•Household Wastewater Directly into

Willow Evapotranspiration System

•Transported Septic Sludge

•Wastewater and Sludge from CWWTP

Selected Components

•Waterless Urinals

•No-Mix/Diverting Toilet Stools

•Vacuum Toilet Systems

•Separator

•Collection and Composting Units

•Willow Evapotranspiration Systems

•Short-Rotation Energy Willow Plantations

Flow or Stream

of Material

•Urine

•Faeces

•Toilet Paper

•Flush Water

•Grey Water

BeerCycling ROSKILDE

FROM PISS TO PILSNER

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_j6oo1tq30





https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_rAakt1tWo

BeerCycling 54000 litres of Pee into 100000 litres of Pilsner 300000 botles



BeerCycling ROSKILDE FESTIVAL


BeerCycling ROSKILDE FROM PISS TO PILSNER

BeerCycling ROSKILDE FESTIVAL



https://www.google.dk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=fra%20tis%20til%20pilsner%20undervisningsmateriale

Great secondary school educational

materials separate for teachers and

pupils













http://www.tv2lorry.dk/nyheder/26-08-2016/1930/fra-tis-til-ol?autoplay=1#player

BeerCycling

Harvesting malt barley fertilized with

human urine. Beer ready in 2017.


























Please sit down and pee

Flow or Stream of Material

•We Excrete most of the Nutrients we Consume

•Human Urine contributes with only 1 % of the Volume of Household Wastewater but contains 80 % of N, 55 % of P and 60 % of K and less than 0.6 % of Cadmium and 0.06 % of Lead

Phosphorus

•One Person Excrete 1 KG P/year.

•0.7 KG in Urine and 0.3 KG in Faeces.

•Human Phosphorus Returned to Soil Would Cover 80 % of P Demand

•In Agriculture Short of Phosphorus Human Excreta could be a Golden Opportunity.

•In 100 years Phosphorus Could Be Gone.

76 m² 2Rooms 86 m² 3Rooms 98 m² 4 Rooms 112 m² 5 Rooms 126 m² 6 Rooms

90 Rowhouses

Permatopia, Karise Denmark

Permatopia, Karise Denmark Agriculture - Diversed sustainable organic production of food

based on permaculture principles. Professional farmers included

Heating - Geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump

(GSHP)

Electricity - Wind turbines – later combined with solar cells

Wastewater - Urine from 90 individual diverting EcoFlush

toilets + further in commen house will be used on the fields

after 6 month storage in collection containers.

Greywater and brownwater go to a very large Zero Discharge

Willow Wastewater Evapotranspiration System

Composting - Organic residuals and harvested willow are

composted

Closing the loop - By taking human urine and compost back to

agriculture based on permaculture principles.

PERMATOPIA 90 Rowhouses

5 EcoFlush + 1 Waterless

Urinal- Møns Museum

Denmark

http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2002/87-7972-355-1/pdf/87-7972-357-8.pdf
















https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/10-families-have-donated-160000-litres-high-quality-liquid-backlund?trk=mp-author-card

Hyldespjældet, DK

10 EcoFlush +

5 x 3 m3 WW Containers

Copenhagen University

Testing Field Plots

























Munksøgård, Roskilde, DK

100 apartments, 100 EcoFlush

+ in common houses

5 x 35 m3 WW containers

Copenhagen University

Testing Field Plots

5 EcoFlush + 1 Waterless

Urinal- Møns Museum

Denmark

















Møn Farming Museum

ØsterGro RoofTop Farmfarm

& Restaurant ”Stedsans”

Copenhagen

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sustainable-sanitation-top-high-up-rooftop-

copenhagen-arne-backlund?trk=mp-author-card

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sustainable-sanitation-top-high-up-rooftop-copenhagen-arne-backlund?trk=mp-author-card






















https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/m%C3%B8d-et-par-der-skifter-stort-og-dyrt-parcelhus-med-toilet-backlund?trk=mp-author-card

A danish “Tiny House” with a

Diverting Closet without water

flush “Separett Villa 9010”





























Urine Containers & Composter

Diverting Toilet with Waterless Collection of Faeces

• http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-811-4/pdf/87-7614-812-2.pdf

EcoDry Diverting Closet without

water flush c ombined with batch or

continuous composting units















Diverting Waterless Toilet •Estimated Values Regarding Urine

•100 % Urine Collection for Most Men

•80 – 100 % for Most Women

•0 – 50 % for Very Few Women

•60 – 100 % Concentration

•Very Small Amounts of Nutrients Lost During Proper Storage.

Waterless Urinals

Waterless Urinal

•100 % Collection used by Men

•100 % Concentration

•Low Storage Volume

•Concentrated Fertilizer

•No Accepted Solution for Women

Double Flushing Diverting/ No-

Mix Toilet Stool

ESTIMATED VALUES FOR

URINE

•Average Collection - 80 %

•Concentration 25 % - 100 %

•Very Small Amounts of Nutrients

Lost During Proper Storage.

One Year of Collection in Kaggen

After One Year Composting in Kaggen

After One Year Composting in Kaggen

After Eight Months in a Garden Composter

Storage - Composting

•Total Reduction in Volume - 88 %

•Big Losses of Nutrients

•High Humidity – 81.8 – 77.0 %

•Low Temperature 3 – 21.4 Degrees C.

•Large Reduction in Indicator Bacterias

•Nice Looking and Smelling Final Product

Ekoporten Norrköping Sweden •Modernized 1995-96.

•Diverting Double

Flushing Toilets

•Aquatron Separators

•Composting Units

Separator Estimated Values for Particle Outlet

•4.0 – 8.8 % DM and 2.7 – 5.8 % VS

•Ideal 10 % DM

•Ideal 80 % of DM and VS

•Ideal 70 % of N, P and K

•Worst Case 0.22 % DM and 0.16 % VS

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/vacuum-demand-sustainable-sanitary-system-greek-islands-arne-backlund?trk=mp-author-card























VOD 230V Diverting Toilet

ESTIMATED VALUES

•Household Power Consumption 4 kWh

•Concentration of DM 1.9 – 5.1 %

•Concentration of VS 1.7 – 4.8 %

Willow Evapotranspiration System

MARJATTA Tappernøje Denmark

From the first known

”unknown” system

in 1991/1992 to best

known practice in

2016 Recommended

by Authorities in

Denmark for

Highest Demands

Zero Discharge Sanitation

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/worlds-first-oldest-known-on-site-zero-discharge-willow-

arne-backlund?trk=mp-author-card

Estimated 7000 – 8000 Households connected

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/worlds-first-oldest-known-on-site-zero-discharge-willow-arne-backlund?trk=mp-author-card


























Willow bed ready for planting april 2004

Sept. 2004 Willow are appr. 3 m tall February 2005

June 2005

Willows August 2005 second

growing season

4 m*38 m Bassin, 1.5 m Deep Møn, Denmark

Premises – Dimensioning Model •8 m WIDE – with a DEPTH of 1.5m and 45° GRADIENT on sides and ends

•Useable PORE VOLUME expected to be 40 %

•EVAPOTRANSPIRATION expected to be 2.5 TIMES calculated Potential Evaporation

• 30-years average MONTHLY RECIPITATION and POTENTIAL EVAPORATION

•SURFACE AREA dim. to avoid water storing on the surface in a year with normal precipitation and with a max. of 10 cm of surface water with a precipitation which statisticly occurs in one out of 10 years

•Same LOAD of wastewater every month

Plant 1: 184 m2

Plant 2: 912 m2

Plant 3: 528 m2

Plant 4: 720 m2

Plant 5: 320 m2

Plant 6: 720 m2

Plant 7: 784 m2

Plant 8: 1.632 m2

Plant 9: udgår

Plant 10: 240 m2

Plant 11: 240 m2

Plant 12: 336 m2

Plant 13: 212 m2

Total 6.828 m2

Precipitation 541 mm/year

Exp. Evapotransp. 1550 mm

Calculated 1406 mm

50 persons

17 houses

2.9 persons/house

1643 m3 WW/year

97 m3 WW/house/year

33 m3 WW/person/year

90 l WW/person/day

Dimensioning value 1.680 m3

Willow System area 1760 m2

95 m3 WW/house

104 m2 area/house

105 m2 area/100 m3 WW

Needed area in Guidelines single

house up to 30 PE

137 m2 area/100 m3 WW/year

1760 m2 area - 1.285 m3 WW

1680 m3 WW - 2302 m2 area

Diverting WC

at school in

Visby Sweden

MULTIFUNCTIONAL

Reduced costs using WW & Sludge

application to EWSRP

•Reduces Demand for Chemical Fertilizers

•By far Most Important Public or Private Cost

Reduction - Allocating Nutrient Removal to EWSRP

•Cost kg N Conventional N-Removal Often 10 Times

Higher than kg N price of Chemical Fertilizer

•Primary Cost Reduction Potential related to

Establishment

•Multifunctional Potential related to Cd uptake

Municipality Task Set Up (Question/Demand)

50 % Reduction in N-Outlet to Enköping Stream

Using Alternatives To Conventional N-removal on

CWWTP.

Consultant Answer/Solution

•30 t N/y Removed by Fertilizing 80 ha Energy Willow

Plantation at Local Farm

•20 t N/y Removed by use of Stored & Hyginized

Sludge from Septic & Black Water Tanks + Small

WWTP on Local Energy Willow Plantations

•10 t/N/y Internal Reductions on CWWTP.

Small steps towards a Metabolic

Shift reducing Metabolic Rift

Human Urine - Golden High Quality

Anthropogenic Nutrient Solution from Stream

Diverting Sustainable Sanitation

& Multifunctional Willow - Plant – Soil -

Systems Reducing among Other Metabolic

Disturbances caused by Cadmium

In Soil – Plant – Food & Human Body

trinity college dublin 2016 rethinking sanitation ecological sanitation

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