A BRIEF REVIEW ON FUTURE PROCESSOR DESIGN

TECHNOLOGIES

ByChinmay Chepurwar

Alhad PeshweDepartment of Electronics Engineering

G.H. Raisoni College Of Engineering, Nagpur.

"THE NUMBER OF TRANSISTORS INCORPORATED IN A CHIP WILL APPROXIMATELY DOUBLE EVERY 24 MONTHS." —GORDON MOORE

PROCESSING EFFICIENCY – THE DRIVE FOR EFFICIENT COMPUTING

Delivered Performance = Frequency * Instructions Per Cycle

(IPC)

Delivered Performance = Frequency * Instructions Per Cycle

(IPC)

Goal is higher performance and lower power

Power α Cdynamic * V * V * FrequencyPower α Cdynamic * V * V * Frequency

Cdynamic is roughly a product of area and activity “how many bits” * “how much they toggle”

efficiency: the ratio of the output of a machine, engine, device etc., to the energy supplied to it..

Higher IPC usuallyresults in wider data pathsand/or more speculation :directly increasing C dynamic

Leakage current and the ability to move charge through the channel have an impact on power

Mutually Exclusive

Silicon TechnologyIntel Execution

On-Time 2 Year Cycle

90 nm2003

180 nm1999

130 nm2001

65 nm2005 45 nm

2007

22 nm2011

On Track

32 nm2009

WHAT IS 22 NM TECHNOLOGY…..?

INTEL ANNOUNCED THIS TECHNOLOGY IN MAY 2011.

COMMONLY REFERRED AS TRI-GATE.

WORLD’S FIRST 3D TRANSISTOR TECHNOLOGY.

22 NM IVY BRIDGE CHIP

TRADITIONAL PLANAR TRANSISTORS…

Microscopic view of 32nm transistor

MODIFICATIONS IN PLANAR TRANSISTORS…..

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRI-GATE TRANSISTORS…

Reduction in power

dissipation

Increased pathway for

electrical signals

Drives 20% more current than

traditional planar transistors

High switching speed

High performance

with reduced size

Better control over leakage

current due to 3D structure

TRI-GATE TRANSISTORS BENEFITS…

Dramatic performance gain at low operating voltage , better than Bulk, PDSOI,FDSOI37% performance increase at low voltage 50% power reduction at constant performanceImproved switching characteristics Higher drive current for a given transistorOnly 2 – 3% cost adder

Will it be the end of Processor era???

…Surely not!!!!!!

Because a new material is all set to replace semiconductors…

THE GRAPHENE…..

Electron microscopic image on Sio2 surface

2D Hexagonal structure

Van der wall’s force of attraction

Strong bonds with interlinked hexagonal lattice

Why Graphene is a better candidate for further shrinkage of Processors …???

First ever 2D Crystalline materialThinnest possible materialHigh mobility & conductivity at room temperatureExhibits pronounced response to perpendicular electric fieldsGNRs and carbon nanotubes could be basic building blocks for future processors Low cost, Higher Switching speed & less leakage current

It is projected that shrinkage of graphene processors will last around 2030 , giving birth to a new era of Quantum Computing

IDEA OF QUANTUM COMPUTING

Quantum properties are used to represent data

Operations done by manipulating quantum

numbers representing Qubits

Qubits exist in three states viz 0,1 and both

simultaneously

Single atom will replace transistor as the basic

building block

Still a distant dream

Advantages of Quantum computing

Ultra high speed

Removes drawbacks of traditional computers due to its structure

Calculations related to quantum mechanics would be solved

easily

Parallelism with single processor

Ability to perform certain algorithms which classical computers

are unable to perform

THANK YOU..!