Trichoderma Production and Use

in India

Dr. S. Nakkeeran Assoc. Professor

Dept. of Plant Pathology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

Coimbatore – 641 003

Precision Farming – Brinjal

90 Days old

Profuse bearing

Precision Farming – Bitter gourd Yield :14 t/ha

Income:Rs.1,50,000

Turmeric inter crop onion

Soil Borne Diseases

Wilt

Diverse Microbial community

Discovery in the dirt – Weindling (1932) – Trichoderma lignorum

Biocontrol in India – Introduced - Punjab Mukhopadyay et al. (1980) – Trichoderma

Biocontrol– Introduced – Tamil Nadu - Jeyarajan et al. (1990) – Trichoderma

Trichoderma – The Micro fungi Doing a Macro Role

Trichoderma – Cosmopolitan saprophyte Promote plant health Promote soil health Induce polygeneic resistance Bioremediation Phytobiation

Antagonism – P. aphanidermatum

Antagonism – S. rolfsii

Associated Antimicrobials in Plant Health Alkyl pyrones Pentyl analogues Dermadin Isonitriles Polyketides Peptaibols Steroids Diketo piperazines

Multi hydrolytic enzymes… Cellulase Esterase Proteases Chitinases 1,6 Glucanases 1,3 Glucanases Chitobiosidases N acetyl D glucosaminidase

T.viride T.harzianum

Bio Reactors

Talc pumping unit

Blending unit

Sieving unit

Packing unit

Starter Culture

Blending unit

Packing unit

Growing in TC Bottles

Incubating in racks

Low Cost Technology – Bottle culture technique

Low Cost Technology – Tray culture technique

Low Cost Technology – Bottle culture technique

Use of Trichoderma in India Crop Diseases and Nematodes Biocontrol

Agent

Pigeon pea Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. udum

Macrophomina phaseolina

T. viride (10g/Kg)

Cotton Rotylenchulus reniformis+

M.phaseolina complex

T. viride

(ST + SA)

Red gram

Black gram

Green gram

Heterodera cajani Consortia of Pseudomonas and T. viride (ST)

Black gram Rhizoctonia bataticola T. viride (ST) Green gram Rhizoctonia bataticola T. viride (ST) Cowpea Macrophomina phaseolina

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum

T. viride (ST)

Crop Diseases and Nematodes Biocontrol Agent

Chick-pea Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri Rhizoctonia solani

T. viride

Groundnut Rhizoctonia bataticola

Macrophomina phaseolina

T. viride

Gingelly Macrophomina phaseolina

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. sesami T. viride

Sunflower Rhizoctonia bataticola T. viride

Cotton Rhizoctonia bataticola

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum

T. viride

Mulberry Fusarium moniliformae

Macrophomina phaseolina

T. viride

Use of Trichoderma in India

Crop Diseases and Nematodes Biocontrol Agent

Sugarcane Colletotrichum falcatum

Ceratocystis paradoxa

T. harzianum – Sett treatment (10g/Litre)

Tobacco Pythium aphanidermatum T. viride (4g/Kg) Tomato Pythium aphanidermatum

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

T. viride (10g/Kg) Soil – 2.5 Kg/ha Flowering, fruit formation

Brinjal Pythium aphanidermatum

Rhizoctonia bataticola

T. viride (10g/Kg) Biohardening

Chillies Pythium aphanidermatum

Colletotrichum capsici T. viride (10g/Kg) Biohardening

Betelvine Phytophthora parasitica T. viride (50g/vine in Sorghum based)

Coconut Ganoderma lucidum T. viride (100g/tree)

Use of Trichoderma in India

Crop Disease and Delivery Sys. Dosage

Fenugreek Root rot – R.solani Seed Trt Soil Application

4g/Kg (106 cfu/g) 1.5Kg/ha with 250Kg NC

Black Pepper – Foot rot

Phytophthora capsici – Nursery Pre Plant/pit Field Application

T. harzianum

0.2% drenching 1 Kg NC+ T.V 50g/Pit 50g/vine – Twice

Coconut Ganoderma lucidum Soil Application

100g/tree

Pulses and Oil seeds

Root rot – Seed Trt. Soil Application

4g/Kg 2.5 Kg/ha in 250Kg FYM

Delivery system of Trichoderma

Crop Disease and Delivery Sys. Dosage

Ginger Dry rot – M.phaseolina Rhizome rot - Pythium Soil Application

TH 50g/Plant (Thrice – Multiplied in Sorghum grains)

Cardomum Phytophthora meadii – Field Application

TH or TV 50g/vine – Twice (Sorghum grains)

Turmeric Rhizome rot Soil Application

TH or TV 2.5 Kg/ha + 250 Kg FYM on 3, 5, and 7th month

Cumin and Fenugreek

Root rot – Seed Trt. Soil Application

TH or TV 10g/Kg 2.5 Kg/ha in 250Kg FYM

Delivery system of Trichoderma

Bio-hardening – Trichoderma – Protected Cultivation Mixing in Nursery mix: 1Kg/100 Kg of DCP. Soil Drenching: 5g/Litre

Bio-Fertigation – 1Kg of Trichoderma/1000 sq.ft. Frequency : At monthly intervals. Delivery sysytem : Through Drips

Soil Application – Trichoderma – 2.5 Kg/ha for Annual crops Coconut and Arecanut – 100g/tree Betelvine – 50g/vine Noni – 100g

Training on Biopesticide production and its Impact

Preparation of selective media

Inoculation and culture maintenance

Impact on Biopesticide production

Establishment of Green World Agri Clinic Centre

Preparation of media

Development of Mother culture

Horizontal Spread of technology…

Trichy Kuzhithalai Pettavathalai Cuddalore Ramapuram Chellancherry Theni Madurai Dindigul

Banana Vegetables Paddy Sugarcane Groundnut Sesame

15000 Kg 1000 Km Radius 7900 acres

covered

Registration requirements of biopesticides:

FORMULATION A. Biological Characteristics and Chemistry Systematic name (Genus and species, strain if any) Common name Source and origin Specification of the product Composition of the product Manufacturing process

B. Bioefficacy Results of two trials in two agro climatic conditions

C. Toxicity

a. For primary culture and Formulation - Mammalian Toxicity Testing of Formulations

D. Environmental Safety Testing for formulations: Details on Infection and pathogenicity in mammals i. Non-target vertebrates: Birds (two species), Fresh water fish

ii. Non-target invertebrates Terrestrial invertebrates Soil invertebrates E. Processing, packaging and labeling

Province Place of Production

Kerala Kottayam, Manarcadu, Moonar, Trivandrum, Palghat

Karnataka Mysore, Hyderabad, Secuderabad, Guntar Maharashtra Yavatmal, Pune, Mumbai, Nashik, AP Vihjayawada, Vishalapatnam, Nellore, Rajasthan Rajasthan, Nohar, Jaipur MP Mandasur, Indore West Bengal Medinipur, Bollygunje, Calcutta Gujarat Gujarat Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Chennai, Theni, Others Varnasi, Ghaziabad, Allahabad

Total Firms

86 – Production capacity: 17200 tonnes/annum

Role of private sectors in spread of technology in India through TNAU

Crop Irrigated Area (ha)

Area under dry land (ha)

Requirement of Trichoderma (Tonnes) Irrigated Dry land

Paddy 1906530 143925 - - Jowar 29818 286456 - 744.78

Bajra 6873 75052 195.14

Ragi 13608 85941 223.45

Maize 59911 142919 371.59

Other cereals

159 40208 104.54

Pulses 29032 496205 81.29 1389.37

Chilies 19826 1270706 99.13 6353.53

Requirement of Trichoderma / annum in Tamil Nadu

Crop Irrigated Area (ha)

Area under dry land (ha)

Requirement of Trichoderma (Tonnes)

Irrigated Dry land

Sugarcane 335382 29207 - - Other food crops

331079 15 0.039

Cotton 43985 65757 - 329.0

Groundnut 189705 429130 - 2574.78

Gingelly 21678 43440 - 217.2

Other Hort.crops

409114 431442 - 2588.65

Total 3396700 969769 180.42 15797

Requirement of Trichoderma / annum in Tamil Nadu

Trichoderma viride: 15977 tonnes/annum

Average Requirement of Trichoderma spp. in India: Four Lakh tonnes

Government Support for the Spread of Technology

Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science and Technology National Horticultural Mission Mini Mission in Cotton KVK Agricultural Departments NGO SHG NABARD

TOT issues …. Stringent registration formalities should be

relaxed. Provisions should be made for the registration of

consortia based formulations. Village level iPM should be promoted Liquid formulations suited to meet precision

farming systems has to be developed and popularized.

Awareness should be made among the extension functionaries and farming community.

Public private partnership has to be strenthened for the rapid spread of the technology.

Acknowledgement

Support by the Agriculture Office within the Bureau for

Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade (EGAT) of the

U.S. Agency for International Development, under the

terms of the Integrated Pest Management Collaborative

Research Support Program (IPM CRSP).