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    Tree squirrel

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,search

    This article has multiple issues. Please help improve itor discuss these issues onthe talk page.

    It may containoriginal research orunverifiable claims. Tagged since October2010.

    It may contain material not appropriate for an encyclopedia. Tagged sinceOctober 2010.

    It may contain improper references to self-published sources. Tagged sinceOctober 2010.

    Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

    Tree squirrels include over a hundred species that are found on all continents except

    Antarctica, and are the members of the squirrel family (Sciuridae) most commonlyreferred to as "squirrels".[1] They do not form a single natural, ormonophyletic, group,but instead are related to the various other animals in the squirrel family, includingground squirrels,flying squirrels,marmots, and chipmunks. The defining characteristicthat is used to determine which of the various species of Sciuridae are tree squirrels istherefore not so dependent on their physiology, but theirhabitat. Tree squirrels livemostly among trees, as opposed to other squirrels that live in burrows in the ground oramong rocks. However, there is one exception to this rule, as physiological distinctiondoes make a difference in regard to flying squirrels, who also make their home in trees,but have unique physical characteristics that separate them from their tree squirrelcousins (specifically, special flaps of skin that act as glider wings, allowing them to

    "fly").

    The most well-known genusof tree squirrels isSciurus, which includes theeastern graysquirrel of North America (and which was introduced to Great Britain), thered squirrel ofEurasia, and the North American fox squirrel, among many others. Since many treesquirrel species have readily adapted to human-altered environments (includingintensely-cultivated farms and urban cities), and because they are mostly diurnal(activeduring the daytime), when most people are outdoors to see them, they are perhaps the

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    most familiar members of the rodent family to most humans. Indeed, in some largercities, they are often the only wild animals (not counting birds) that most people ever see.It is no surprise, then, that tree squirrels and humans have had a very complex and long-lasting relationship.

    Contents

    [hide]

    1 Classification 2 Relationship with humans

    o 2.1 As pests

    o 2.2 As pets

    o 2.3 As food

    2.3.1 In the U.S. 2.3.2 In the U.K.

    3 In culture 4 Albino and white squirrels

    o 4.1 Albino and white squirrels in folklore

    5 Red and gray squirrels in the UK 6 References 7 Literature cited

    8 External references

    [edit] Classification

    Indian palm squirrel(Funambulus palmarum)

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    o GenusFunambulus (Asian palm squirrels, introduced into Australia)[3]

    o Genus Glyphotes(sculptor squirrel)

    o GenusNannosciurus(Asian dwarf squirrel)

    o GenusProsciurillus(Sulawesi dwarf squirrels)

    o GenusRubrisciurus (Sulawesi giant squirrel)

    o Genus Sundasciurus(Sunda squirrels)o Genus Tamiops (Asian striped squirrels)

    Subfamily Xerinaeo Tribe Protoxerini (African tree squirrels)

    GenusEpixerus(African palm squirrels) GenusFunisciurus (rope squirrels) GenusHeliosciurus (sun squirrels) Genus Myosciurus (African pygmy squirrel) GenusParaxerus (bush squirrels) GenusProtoxerus (African giant squirrels)

    [edit] Relationship with humans

    This squirrel, who was looking for a treat, has become desensitized to humans. Thedistance between the squirrel and the camera was less than 18 in.

    Squirrels are generally intelligent and persistent animals. In residential neighborhoods,they are notorious for discovering clever methods to circumvent obstacles in order to eatout of bird feeders. Tree squirrels also create minor annoyances by digging in plantingpots and flower beds to pull out bulbs which they chew on, to either bury or recover seedsand nuts, and for building nests within human domiciles, including atticsandbasements.Squirrels use their keen sense of smell to locate buried nuts and can dig extensive holes inthe process. Birds, especiallycrows, will sometimes watch a squirrel bury a nut, then dig

    it up as soon as the squirrel leaves. Although they are expert climbers, and primarilyarboreal, squirrels also thrive in urban environments, where they have adapted to humans.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funambulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannosciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannosciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosciurillushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosciurillushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrisciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundasciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundasciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerinaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoxerinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epixerushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epixerushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funisciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraxerushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoxerushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYCsquirrel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYCsquirrel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funambulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannosciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosciurillushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrisciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundasciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerinaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoxerinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epixerushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funisciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosciurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraxerushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoxerushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal
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    This ironbird feederis advertised as being "squirrel proof and bear resistant"

    [edit] As pests

    Squirrels are sometimes consideredpestsbecause of their propensity to chew on various

    edible and inedible objects. This characteristic trait aids in maintaining sharp teeth, andbecause their teeth grow continuously, prevents over-growth. Homeowners in areas witha heavy squirrel population must keep attics and basements carefully sealed to preventproperty damage caused by nesting squirrels. A squirrel nest is called a "drey". Somehomeowners resort to more interesting ways of dealing with this problem, such ascollecting and planting fur from pets such as domestic cats and dogs in attics. This furwill indicate to nesting squirrels that a potential predator roams and will encourageevacuation. Fake owls and scarecrows are generally ignored by the animals, and the bestway to prevent chewing on an object is to coat it with something to make it undesirable:for instance a soft cloth orchili pepperpaste or powder. Squirrel trapping is alsopracticed to remove them from residential areas. However, otherwise squirrels are safe

    neighbors that pose almost zero risk of transmitting rabies.[4]

    Squirrels are often the cause ofpoweroutages. They can readily climb a power pole andcrawl across a power line. The animals will climb onto transformers orcapacitors lookingfor food. If they touch a high voltage conductor and a grounded portion of the device atthe same time, they are thenelectrocutedand cause ashort circuitthat shuts downequipment. Squirrels have brought down the high-techNASDAQ stock market twice andwere responsible for a spate of power outages at the University of Alabama.[5] To sharpentheir teeth they will often chew on tree branches or even the occasional live power line.Rubber plates (squirrel guards) are sometimes used to prevent access to these facilities.

    Squirrels are blamed for economic losses to homeowners, nut growers, forest managers inaddition to damage to electric transmission lines. These losses include direct damage toproperty, repairs, lost revenue and public relations. While dollar costs of these losses aresometimes calculated for isolated incidents, there is no tracking system to determine thetotal extent of the losses.[6]

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    Painting of a Colonial American boy holding a pet squirrel.

    [edit] As pets

    Squirrels can be trained to be hand-fed. Because they are able to cache surplus food, theytake as much food as is available. Squirrels living in parks and campuses in cities havelearned that humans are typically a ready source of food. Urban squirrels have learned to

    get a lot of food from generous humans. A commonly given food ispeanuts, but recentstudies show that raw peanuts contain a trypsininhibitor that prevents the absorption ofprotein in the intestines. Therefore offering peanuts that have been roasted is the betteroption.[7][dubious discuss] However, wildlife rehabilitators in the field have noted that neitherraw nor roasted peanuts norsunflowerseeds are healthy for squirrels, because they aredeficient in several essential nutrients. This type of deficiency has been found to causemetabolic bone disease, a somewhat common ailment found in malnourished squirrels.[8][9][dubiousdiscuss]

    Squirrels are occasionally kept as household companions, provided they are selectedyoung enough and are hand raised in a proper fashion. They can be taught to do tricks,

    and are said to be as intelligent asdogsin their ability to learn behaviors.[citation needed] Petsquirrels are usually kept without cages, but a large cage and a balanced diet with goodvariety will keep a pet squirrel healthy and happy. The pet owner must beware of "springfever" at which time a female pet squirrel will become very defensive of her cage,considering it her nest, and will become somewhat aggressive to defend the area.[citationneeded]

    [edit] As food

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States#Colonial_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tree_squirrel#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tree_squirrel#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_bone_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_bone_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tree_squirrel#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tree_squirrel#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tree_squirrel#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badger_attributed_Two_Children_Detail_of_Boy.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badger_attributed_Two_Children_Detail_of_Boy.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States#Colonial_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tree_squirrel#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_bone_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tree_squirrel#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=5
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    The hunting and consumption of squirrel goes back to the beginning of the human race.[citation needed]

    [edit] In the U.S.

    Squirrel meat is considered a favored meat in certain regions of the United States[10]

    where it can be listed as wild game.[11] This is evidenced by extensive recipes for itspreparation found in cookbooks, including older copies ofThe Joy of Cooking. Squirrelmeat can be exchanged forrabbit orchicken in recipes, though it may have a gameytaste[12] if handled improperly. In the bookWhite Trash Cooking[13](which containsrecipes for squirrel dishes), one of the contributors describes squirrel meat:

    Squirrel is one of the finest and tenderest of all wild meats. Its flavor is mild,rarely gamey. There is no need forsoaking, and seldom any need forparboiling.

    They should be cleanedas soon as possible after shooting, butskinningmay wait

    until they're ready to be cooked...This is a real sweet meat.[13]

    Although squirrel meat is low in fat content, unlike most game meat it has been found bythe American Heart Associationto be high incholesterol.[14]

    In many areas of the U.S., particularly areas of the American South, squirrels are stillhunted for food, as they were in earlier years.[15] During the 2008 U.S. election,Republicanpresidential candidate and Governor of ArkansasMike Huckabee mentionedhis experiences eating squirrel during an interview with Meet the PressanchorTimRussert. The following is a brief excerpt from the transcript of that interview:

    Eleanor Rooseveltin squirrel fur coat

    Tim Russert:All right. Before you go, I have to ask you about this commenton...Morning Joe's program back in January: "When I was in college, we used to take apopcorn popper, because that was the only thing...they would let us use in the

    dorms...and we would fry squirrel in the popcorn poppers in the dorm room."Governor Huckabee: Yeah. Yeah. We really did that. We really did.Tim Russert:Did you eat them?Governor Huckabee: Well, of course you...we ate them.Tim Russert: What does it taste like?

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    Governor Huckabee:I should say it tastes a lot like chicken, but it doesn't.Tim Russert: What's it taste like?Governor Huckabee:It, it tastes like squirrel. It's not the best thing in the world but,you know, when you go squirrel hunting, you got to do something with those things. And

    part of it was just to say we could do it. I mean, it was a college thing. I mean, but fried

    squirrel is a Southern delicacy. You got to know that.Tim Russert:But you're off the squirrel now?Governor Huckabee:I haven't eaten fried squirrel I think since college. Thank the Lord.I don't...

    Tim Russert: This may help you in Virginia.Governor Huckabee:It may kill me up--in other states, however.[16]

    As with other wild game and fish species, the consumption of squirrels that have beenexposed to high levels ofpollutionortoxic waste poses ahealth riskto humans. A recentexample of this took place in 2007 in the northernNew Jerseycommunity ofRingwood,where theNew Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services issued a warning to

    anyone who eats squirrel (especially for children and pregnant women) to limit theirconsumption after a lead-contaminated squirrel was found near theRingwood MinesLandfill,[17]which had been the location of illegally-dumped toxic waste for many yearsbefore authorities cracked down on this practice in the 1980s.[18] This especially affectsthe local Ramapough Mountain Indians, who have hunted and consumed squirrels frombefore European contact. The hunting and eating of squirrels is considered to be one ofthis people's time-honored traditions, linking them through a process ofcultural identityto their ancestors, and to each other.[18] On learning of the ban on squirrel meatconsumption, one member of the Ramapough Tribe told a reporter that: "I feel myancestry is disappearing, my heritage".[18]

    [edit] In the U.K.

    For most of the history of the United Kingdom, squirrel has been a meat not commonlyeaten, and even scorned by many.[19]

    But in the early 21st century, wild squirrel has become a more popular meat to cook with,[20] showing up in restaurants and shops more often in Britain as a fashionable alternativemeat.[19] Specifically, U.K. citizens are cooking with the invasivegray squirrel, which isbeing praised for its low fat content and the fact that it comes from free range sources.[20]

    Additionally, the novelty of a meat considered unusual or special has added to the spreadof squirrel consumption.[19]Due to the difficulty of a clean kill and other factors, themajority of squirrel eaten in the U.K. is acquired from professional hunters, trappers, andgamekeepers.[19]

    Some Britons are eating the gray squirrel as a direct attempt to help the native redsquirrel, which has been dwindling since the 19th-century introduction of the graysquirrel, resulting in dramatic habitat loss for the indigenous red squirrels.[19] This factorwas marketed by a national "Save Our Squirrels" campaign that used the slogan, "Save ared, eat a gray!"[19]

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    [edit] In culture

    Further information:List of fictional squirrels

    Despite periodic complaints about the animal as a pest, general public opinion towards

    the animal is favorable, thanks to its agreeable appearance, intelligence and its eatingstyles and habits.[citation needed] Squirrels are popular characters in many forms of media.Perhaps the first cultural reference to a specific-named squirrel isRatatoskr, amythological Norse squirrel that carries messages by running up-and-down the world treeYggdrasil. The Ratatoskr myth dates back to the Early Middle Ages, and possibly earlier.The title character inMiriam Young's 1964 children's bookMiss Suzy is a squirrel

    Literary references to squirrels include the works ofBeatrix Potter, Brian Jacques'Redwall series (including Jess Squirrel and numerous other squirrels), Pattertwig in C. S.Lewis'Prince Caspian, Michael Tod's Woodstock Saga of novels featuring squirrelcommunities in the style ofWatership Down, and the Starwife and her subjects from

    Robin Jarvis's Deptford novels.

    Squirrels are also popular characters in cartoons, such asScratfromIce Age, SlappySquirrel of theAnimaniacs, Sandy CheeksfromSpongeBob SquarePants, Hammy fromOver the Hedge, Benny inThe Wild,Rodney and Leon and Darlene from Squirrel Boy,Secret Squirrel, Screwy Squirrel,Nutty fromHappy Tree Friends, and Rocky,Bullwinkle's adventuringpartner.Bubbles from The Powerpuff Girls cartoon has thesuperheroability to communicate with squirrels, which she does by saying "Chee, chee,che-chee, chee, chee...".

    Video games include squirrel characters such asRare's Conkerseries starringConker the

    Squirrel, as well as Ocean Software's Mr. Nutz. There is even a squirrel-themed super-heroine, Squirrel Girl. The popularPokmon game includes a squirrel character by thename ofPachirisu.

    There are also numerous references to squirrels in the music industry, including theNorthCarolinagroup Squirrel Nut Zippers, the electronica group Techno Squirrels, the now-defunct Florida band calledFor Squirrels (who claimed that they performed their musicfor squirrels), a children's music group called The Nutty Squirrels, and even a recordlabel with the name Blank Squirrel Musics. There is also a student-run radio station atKent State University called Black Squirrel Radio.

    [edit] Albino and white squirrels

    Further information:Albinism#In other animalsFurther information:Leucism

    One of the ways that squirrels impact human society is inspired by the fascination thatpeople seem to have over local populations of white squirrels (often misidentified as

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatoskrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Younghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Younghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Younghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_Potterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jacqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Caspianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Caspianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watership_Downhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Jarvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Jarvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slappy_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slappy_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaniacshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Cheekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Cheekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Hedgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Squirrel_Boy#Rodney_J._Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Squirrel_Boy#Leonopolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Squirrel_Boy#Darlenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwy_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwy_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutty_(Happy_Tree_Friends)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Tree_Friendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Tree_Friendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_the_Flying_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullwinkle_J._Moosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullwinkle_J._Moosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_The_Powerpuff_Girls#Bubbleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_The_Powerpuff_Girls#Bubbleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superherohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superherohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker_(series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker_the_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker_the_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker_the_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Nutzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9monhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachirisuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Nut_Zippershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno_Squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno_Squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutty_Squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposure#On_Blank_Squirrel_.282007-Present.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposure#On_Blank_Squirrel_.282007-Present.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Squirrel_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism#In_other_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism#In_other_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatoskrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Younghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_Potterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jacqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Caspianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watership_Downhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Jarvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slappy_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slappy_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaniacshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Cheekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Hedgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Squirrel_Boy#Rodney_J._Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Squirrel_Boy#Leonopolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Squirrel_Boy#Darlenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwy_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutty_(Happy_Tree_Friends)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Tree_Friendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_the_Flying_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullwinkle_J._Moosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_The_Powerpuff_Girls#Bubbleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superherohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker_(series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker_the_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker_the_Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Nutzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9monhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachirisuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Nut_Zippershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno_Squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutty_Squirrelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposure#On_Blank_Squirrel_.282007-Present.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Squirrel_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_squirrel&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism#In_other_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society
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    being albino).[21]This manifests itself by the creation ofsocial groupcommunities thatform from a commonly-shared interest in these rare animals. These groups demonstrateclassic sociological group dynamics, including personal identity by belonging to a group,as well as hierarchicalcompetition between white squirrel groups with each other overwhich has the best local white squirrel population. Other impacts on human society

    inspired by white squirrels include the creation of organizations that seek to protect themfrom human predation, and the use of the white squirrel image as a cultural icon.

    Welcome sign for Kenton, Tennessee, an example of competition for "White SquirrelCapital".

    Some examples of this cultural impact include:

    Olney, Illinois, known as the "White Squirrel Capital of the World," is home ofthe world's largest known white squirrel colony. These squirrels have the right ofway on all streets in the town, with a $500 fine for hitting one. The Olney PoliceDepartment features the image of a white squirrel on its officers' uniform patches.[22]

    Along with Olney, there are four other towns inNorth Americathat avidlycompete with each other to be the official "Home of the White Squirrel", namely:Marionville, Missouri,Brevard, North Carolina,Exeter, Ontario, andKenton,Tennessee, each of which holds an annual white squirrel festival, among otherthings designed to promote their claim of "White Squirrel Capital".[23]

    Other towns that have reported white squirrel populations in North America(although not necessarily at war with other towns to be the "official" whitesquirrel capital) include Columbia, Mississippi,[24]Dayton, Ohio,[citation needed]

    DeForest, Wisconsin,[25]Stratford, Connecticut,[26] and some of the snowbelt citiesin the Western, Centraland Finger Lakes regions ofNew Yorkstate (Buffalo,Rochester, andSyracuse).[citation needed]

    In addition to the various towns that boast of their white squirrel populations, a number ofuniversity campuses in North America have white squirrels, including:

    The University of North Texas has an Albino Squirrel Preservation Society,founded in 2001. In 2006, the University of North Texas held a studentreferendum to name their white squirrel as the university's secondary mascot,however the vote was narrowly defeated by the student body.[27]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science)#Identity_in_social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney,_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionville,_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionville,_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard,_North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard,_North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenton,_Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenton,_Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenton,_Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeForest,_Wisconsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Connecticuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowbelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino_Squirrel_Preservation_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino_Squirrel_Preservation_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenton_tn_home_of_white_squirrel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenton_tn_home_of_white_squirrel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science)#Identity_in_social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney,_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionville,_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard,_North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenton,_Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenton,_Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeForest,_Wisconsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Connecticuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowbelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino_Squirrel_Preservation_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-26
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    Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan is home to frequently-sighted white squirrels that live on and around the campus.[28]A Facebookgroupdedicated to these squirrels, calledI've Seen the Albino Squirrel of MichiganTech, was created for people to post photographs and anecdotes of theirencounters with the white squirrels, and includes some stories from Michigan

    Tech alumni that recall seeing white squirrels in Houghton dating back to the1930s. The University of Louisville in Kentucky has established its own chapter of "The

    Albino Squirrel Preservation Society", which maintains contact with its membersand interested parties through a Facebook group by that name. The university hasan open policy to give away a free t-shirt to anyone who brings a photograph tothe administration offices that was taken of an albino squirrel on campus grounds.[29]

    Other university campuses that have albino squirrel populations includeOberlinCollegein Ohio,[30]Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio,[31]WesternKentucky Universityin Bowling Green, Kentucky (which has had a population of

    albino squirrels since the 1960s),

    [21]

    and Youngstown State UniversityinYoungstown, Ohio.[citation needed]

    A true albino squirrel. Note the pink eyes.A white squirrel. Note the non-pink eyes.

    Although these squirrels are commonly referred to as albinos, most of them are likelynon-albino squirrels that exhibit a rare white fur coloration known asleucism that is as aresult of a recessive gene found within certain Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)populations, and so technically they ought to be referred to as white squirrels, instead ofalbino.[21]Dr. Michael Stokes, a biology professor at Western Kentucky University,commented that the probable cause for the abundance of white squirrels on universitycampuses was due to them being originally introduced by someone:

    We're not sure how they got here, but I'll tell you how it usually happens...When you seethem, especially around a college campus or parks, somebody brought them in becausethey thought it would be neat to have white squirrels around.[21]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisvillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wsquirrel.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wsquirrel.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNTalbinosquirrel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNTalbinosquirrel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisvillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel#cite_note-Sainlar-20
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    Dr. Albert Meier, another biology professor at Western Kentucky University, added that:

    ... white squirrels rarely survive in the wild because they can't easily hide. But on acollege campus, they are less likely to be consumed by other animals.[21]

    A list of white squirrel sightings around the world is maintained by the White SquirrelResearch Institute, a group based in Brevard, North Carolina. [32]

    [edit] Albino and white squirrels in folklore

    A story in which aNgashapeshiftsinto a white or albino squirrel, is killed by a hunter,and magically transformed into meat equal to 8,000 cartloadsfigures prominently in thefolklore ofrocket festivaltraditions and the origin ofNong Han Kumphawapi Lake inNortheast Thailand.

    [edit] Red and gray squirrels in the UK

    Red squirrel at a feeding tray in theLake District,England.

    A decline of the red squirrel and the rise of the eastern gray squirrel has been widelyremarked upon in British popular culture. It is mostly regarded as the invading graysdriving out the native red species.[33] Evidence also shows that gray squirrels are vectorsof the Squirrel parapoxvirus for which no vaccine is presently available and which isdeadly to red squirrels but does not seem to affect the host.[34]Currently the red squirrelonly resides in a few isolated areas of the UK, notably in Scotland, and in EnglandFormby, the Lake District, Brownsea Island, and the Isle of Wight. Special measures arein place to contain and remove any infiltration of gray squirrels into these areas.

    Under British law, the eastern gray squirrel is regarded asvermin, and at one point it wasillegal to release any into the wild; any caught had to be either destroyed or kept captive.In 2008 the law was altered, allowing those with the proper license to release capturedgray squirrels.[35]

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