JOURNAL OF THE

FRANKLIN INSTITUTE O F T H E S T A T E O F P E N N S Y L V A N I A

FOR T H E PROMOTION OF T H E MECHANIC ARTS

VOL. CLXIII , No. 3 82ZVlO YEAR MARCH, I9o 7

The Franklin Institute is not responsible for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to the Journal.

T H E F R A N K L I N I N S T I T I J T D ; .

(Read at the Stated ikfeetz?GG held ll/edlzesdaj,, Febr,ary 20, z9o7)

Treatment of Written Historical Documents for Preservation.

PROFESSOR CHARLES F. HINES, P H . D .

In the preparation of old written documents for mount ing and filing, it is a practice of many historical societies to remove the creases and flatten them by moistening the documents first, rather thoroughly with water, by passing a sponge or brush filled with it over the face, and then subjecting them to pres- sure between blotters. A sheet of less absorbent paper, as blank newspaper, is in some cases placed next to the document. Whilst in some or even many cases this t reatment may not produce a perceptible change in the intensity or color of the writing, or affect its clearness, it does have in others a very perceptible effect in both respects, and it may ahnost be

VoI,. C L X I I I . No. 975 i i

I62 Himes: [J. F. I.,

assumed that in all it has a tendency to impair the vigor and permanency of the writing. In many cases the dampened ink will set off under the pressure onto the blotters, and whilst the writing may still be clear and legible, the hard protective out- side coating of the ink will be removed, or rendered n~ore pervious to atmospheric and other influences and a strong, vig- orous writing give place to one of feebler appearance. It is

also a pertinent question as to how far moistening the paper may affect the size and physical condition of the paper, and thus the strength and permanence of the paper as well as the writing. These remarks apply of course equally to such docu- ments as it may be found necessary or advisable to reinforce with some light, semi-transparent fabric, as silk gauze, and in such cases it is worth considering whether reinforcement of the

Marcil. I9o7.] Notes and Comments. I63

w e a k par t s , gene ra l l y the folds, by s t r ips of such ma te r i a l m i g h t no t be sufficient and pre fe rab le . Such s t r ips could be a t t a c h e d m o r e easily, by any one, w i t hou t m u c h pract ice , by m e a n s of a quickly d ry i ng p h o t o g r a p h i c pas te , w i thou t the s a m e effect upon the wr i t ing or paper .

Whi l s t wi th m a n y d o c u m e n t s of s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e these c o n s i d e r a t i o n s m a y m a k e litt le difference, wi th o the r s it is a g r a v e ques t ion w h e t h e r the f l a t t en ing of d o c u m e n t s is not ac- c o m p l i s h e d at cons iderab le loss or r isk in m a n y direct ions, and wi th no c o r r e s p o n d i n g ga in in legibil i ty, and m o s t l ikely loss u n d e r magni f ica t ion .

T h e a c c o m p a n y i n g ha l f - tone of a d o c u m e n t , one half of w h i c h was t r e a t e d as descr ibed, and the o the r half s imply sub jec t ed to p res su re a t the s a m e t ime, will i l lus t ra te and em- p h a s i z e the p r e c e d i n g s t a t e m e n t s . T h e d o c u m e n t bea rs da te " I 7 8 9 , " the wr i t ing is un i fo rmly b lack and distinct, and the p a p e r in exce l len t condi t ion. T h e pr int , d i rec t f rom the nega - t ive, one of a lot, shows plainly the t r e a t e d por t ion , but not as d i s t inc t ly as the d o c u m e n t itself. T h e document. , se lec ted f r o m a n u m b e r , was the first e x p e r i m e n t e d with in this way.

I t seems in place to add, tha t such va r i a t ion in intensity of d o c u m e n t s , so to speak, m a y be g r e a t l y reduced in the p h o t o - g r a p h , o r even e l iminated , in m a n y cases by sui table p h o t o - g r a p h i c m a n i p u l a t i o n in the p r o d u c t i o n of the nega t i ve or pr int .

STREAM POLLUTION BY ACID-IRON WP~STES. A discussion of stream pollution by acid-iron wastes, based on investi-

gations ,made at Shelby, Ohio, has recently been published by the United States Geological Survey as Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. I86. The author, Mr. Herman Stabler, gives the history of the pollution and the .attendant litigation, explains the effect of acid-iron liquors upon sewage purification processes, describes the conditions along the streams, and dis- cusses methods of disposing of acid-iron wastes without discharge into watercourse or sewerage system. The investigations conducted by Mr. Stabler were made under a co-operative agreement between the United States Geological Survey and State Board of Health of Ohio, each bureau participating equally in the expenses involved.

Stream pollution by iron works effluents has always been an important .question in countries where the iron industries are prominent. The polluting liquors, commonly known as "acid-iron" liquors, are derived :from the~ "pickling process" common to galvanizing, tin plating, tube and sheet iron treatment. This "waste pickle" is not a desirable addition to

:streams 0) because it produces a reddish discoloration and turbidity, mak-