Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol•Professor Electrical and Computer EngineeringPI, Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA)

UPRMUPRM Campus VerdeCampus Verde

Esta información se encuentra en:

wwwwww.uprm.edu.uprm.edu//campuscampusverdeverde

En estas gráficas se compara los eventos naturales y antropogénicos con las medidas reales.

Para meditar…

Terrestre: China – adiós a las bicicletas Autos, transporte en masa: trenes, buses

Barcos: de carga: mercancía importada Aviones : los que menos contribuyen aGHG Soluciones:

Tecnologías: MPG in Japan and about Electric, Hybrids, H, smartCar, biofuel

Cities: renting bikes and cars on the spot UN Uchicago: Reports,

Surprising Climate Impact Larger than Transportation

Petroleum that supplies 95% of the total energy used by world transport.

In 2004, transport was responsible for 23% of world energy-related GHG emissions with about ¾ coming from road vehicles.

Vehicle ownership as a function of per capita income Data source: World Bank, 2004.

$

Worldwide 1950 - 50 million vehicles 1997 580 million vehicles 5x faster growth than populationIn China, vehicle sales (not including

scooters, motorcycles and locally manufactured rural vehicles) have increased from

2001- 2.4 million 2005 -5.6 million 2006 - 7.2 million

Rail transport is one of the most energy efficient modes today

Further efficiency improvements: Reduced aerodynamic drag lower train weight regenerative breaking higher efficiency propulsion systems

Around 90% of global merchandise is transported by sea

For many countries

sea transport represents the most important mode of transport for trade

Shipping has potential for up to 40% increased efficiency.

Passenger airplanes today are 70% more fuel efficient than 40 years ago & continued improvement is expected.

A 50% improvement over 1997 aircraft efficiency is likely by 2050 .

Sulfure emissions (-)

Still potential novel designs such as blended wing body, or propulsion systems such as the inducted turbofan.

… new policy frameworks need to be developed. Now we have a voluntary scheme. Other policies would include

international emissions trading schemes, fuel taxes and regulatory instruments

Biofuels have the potential to replace a part of petroleum use by transport. (caña, algas, hibiscos) Recent IEA estimates that biofuels’ share of

transport fuel could increase to about 10% in 2030.

Public transports systems and promoting non-motorized transport whenever possible. Renting cars/bikes on the spot

Large increases in prices or taxes Many countries do heavily tax motor fuels and have

lower rates of fuel consumption

… varies across regions: levels of economic development, the nature of economic activity, geography, population density culture all influence the effectiveness and

desirability of policies affecting modal choices, infrastructure investments and transport demand management measures

(Environmental Protection Agency) in 2005:

New car’s MPG would have been 24% higher had the cars remained at the weight and performance distribution it had in 1987.

US cars cannot be sold in Japan!

There is an on-going debate about the date when conventional oil production will peak, with many arguing that this will occur within the next few decade$!

Politically unstable countries

U.S. transportation is responsible for about a 1/3 of country’s climate-changing emissions. Compared to 15-23% globally (cars, trucks,

airplanes, ships, and other vehicles.)

Need to Regulate greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles and raise national fuel economy standards

Typical: 17 MPG

with driving tricks on next slide: 27 MPG

With driving tricks AND a Prius 120 MPG

1. Usa aceleración mínima 2. Guía menos, combina viajes3. No dejes auto prendido > 1min4. Remueve exceso de equipaje5. Estaciona en la sombra6. Mantén auto tune-up & gomas infladas7. Considera un auto Híbrido8. Apaga A/C cuesta arriba & cuando está fresco9. Evita hoyos y muertos10. Usa cambios Overdrivewww.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/fuel_economy/practical-driving-

tips.html

*Cada milla ahorra 20 libras de CO2 de ser emitidas al aire!

Respeta máximo de velocidad, y ahorrarás $ Velocidad óptima

55

0-60mph in 3.8 seconds!

125 MPG equivalence!

Too clean!

Destroyed in 1996

Watch trailer

Advanced technologies that provide great promise include greater use of electric-drive technologies, including hybrid-electric power trains, battery electric vehicles. The use of alternative fuels such as natural gas, biofuels, electricity and hydrogen, in combination with improved conventional and advanced technologies; provide the potential for even larger reductions. Plug-in hybridsBattery electricSmall 2-passenger Hybrid; electric/gasoline

Highlander Hybrid 25-40 mpg

Toyota Prius 45-60 mpg

Now other hybrids & electric …

Hummer: 3-12 mpg

Según reportes de las Naciones Unidas, de EPA, y estudios de U Chicago, dejar de comer carne es mejor para el planeta que si quitáramos todos los autos y camiones del mundo!

2006 United Nations report found that the meat industry produces more greenhouse gases than all the SUVs, cars, trucks, planes, and ships in the world combined.

Due to deforestation, water use, flatulence, transport, and other processes involved in livestock industry.

Si no tienes $ para un Prius, y quieres ayudar al planeta ( y a tu salud) …

Come menos carne o se vegetariano.

Flooded roads and subways deformed railroad tracksweakened bridges Lost of permafrostExpensive travellingCost of productsAdverse weatherEx. In Holland, 1986-2004, loss in waterway transport due to low water level; €21M

Concreto PorosoEl Concreto Poroso es resistente pero a la vez deja pasar el agua a través de la superficie. Eso es importante en sitios donde llueve mucho.

Filtración NaturalSe traduce en agua menos contaminada que llega a los acueductos, a riachuelos y a cuerpos de agua subterráneos.

References www.ipcc.ch "Global Warming: Methane," U.S. EPA, 8 Mar. 2006. World Business Council for Sustainable Development

Mobility 2001 (2002), prepared by MIT and Charles River Associates Inc.

Automotive News Data Center: www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/search?Category=DATACENTER01archive

Andrew Pierce, "Global Warming Is Mankind’s Greatest Challenge, Says Prince," The Times 28 Oct. 2005.

http://ldesign.wordpress.com/2007/01/29/55/#GW1Part6

www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/climate_law_institute/transportation_and_global_warming

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20772&Cr=global&Cr1=environment

H. Steinfeld et al., Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Livestock, Environment and Development (2006).

"Sources and Emissions: Methane," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2 Jun. 2006.

International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT).