transport problems. causes 1. suburbanization new town development since 1970s large difference in...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Transport Problems
![Page 2: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Causes
![Page 3: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Suburbanization• New town development since 1970s Large
difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial) and suburbs (residential ) require spatial interactions between them
• People becomes better-off prefer live in suburbs , but work in urban area
greater no. of commuters, commuting time and cost
![Page 4: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2.Lack of land use and transport planning in inner city
• Transport networks were built no time ago can’t meet today’s traffic demand
Bottle neck problem
e.g. Beijing transport network within the second road are old and narrow
![Page 5: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3. Economic prosperity
• Higher income and purchasing power increase in no. of private cars ; journey to work , to shop , to relax etc.
• Economic integration of HK and South China more cross-border flow of people and goods (logistics)
![Page 6: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How we are affected by transport problems?
![Page 7: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
(A) TRAFFIC CONGESTION INCREASE
Increasing/ high transport cost Increasing commuting time
reduces regional economic health Decreasing in economic productivity
less time on productive activities Increase in production cost Waste in vehicle fuel Wear and tear on vehicles
result of idling in traffic, and frequent acceleration and braking frequent repairs and replacements
![Page 8: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Worsening air and noise pollution Increased fuel use may also in theory Stressed and frustrated motorists Higher accident rates Delays may result in late arrival
resulting in lost business, or other personal losses Emergencies Spillover effect from congested main arteries to secondary
roads and side streets
![Page 9: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
(B) INADEQUATE PARKING SPACE
Especially in the CBD Lack of parking space for the coaches and taxis in shopping
areas adversely affect tourism Large space consumption in central areas Parking on narrow street
accelerate the traffic congestion Hinder the smooth movement of traffic
![Page 10: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
(C) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Air pollution heat island effect
burning of fossil fuels increases more carbon dioxide rise in urban temperature increases greenhouse effect global warming
![Page 11: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Noise pollution Water pollution
pollutants emitted by transport vehicles may enter the water supply and pollute surface and ground water
Deteriorating the quality of life and the health of urban populations
![Page 12: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Inadequate provision of public transport services. Overused public transit systems: During peak hours, crowdedness creates discomfort for
users. Limited coverage of public transport. Underused public transit systems: Low ridership makes many services financially
unsustainable. Public transit systems cannot generate sufficient
income to cover its operating and capital costs in spite of strong subsidies.
(D) Public transport inadequacy
![Page 13: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Accidents account for a significant share of recurring delays.
(E) Accidents and safety
![Page 14: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
These public activities may shift to shopping malls or be abandoned adversely affect social interactions and street activities.
Between 30-60% of a metropolitan area may be devoted to transportation.
The disappearance of traditional rural culture. Adverse effect on natural ecosystem and visual
pollution.
(F) Loss of public and Land consumption
![Page 15: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 16: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1. Land Use Planning• Land use planning: reduce the land use differences between
places and develop self-sufficient towns (e.g. Shatin)
• Establish self-contained towns or towns with balanced land uses in suburbs.
• Decentralize population and economic activities to outer suburbs and set up different functional zones there. This can offer more employment opportunities for local people in outer suburbs.
• Urban renewal attracts more to move back and live in urban areas and hence reduce the amount of the commuting journey.
![Page 17: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1. Evaluation
• The above mentioned urban projects take much time and public funds.
• It is difficult to establish a self-contained town. Besides, a self-contained new town may not curtail the commuting problems as people living in new towns are used to working in inner city.
![Page 18: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2. Traffic management : priority given to the economical and efficient road
land users• Plate number systeme.g.- Before the 2010 Asian Games in
Guangzhou and 2008 Olympics in Beijing the provincial governments adopted ”even-odd license plate restrictions”(單雙號行車 )
-ve: people reacted by purchasing one more car (cheaper and environmentally unfriendly)
![Page 19: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Electronic road pricing system e.g. in London, Britain -ve: immediately dropped flow of vehicles , but
months after, people failed to find better substitutes back to run on the original route
-ve: high operating costs -ve : only divert the traffic problems to other areas
• First Registration Taxe.g. tax rate in HK is 40-60% of car prices; further
risen by 15 % in 2011
![Page 20: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
3. Adopt “flexi-working time”
To lessen excess demand of public transport in rush hours
-ve : difficult to alter transport behavior and working habit of the public; some jobs have rigid working time e.g. financial and banking industries not applicable
![Page 21: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
4. Urban renewal, Improving road network and inner city transport
Renewal Allows more land available for buildingroads and other transport facilities in inner city.
Decentralize some of the economic activities in down town to outer areas to reduce the commuting time
![Page 22: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Build outer ring road around the large city people can travel within cities without getting through the congested inner city
EXAMPLE :1. The larger M25 orbital motorway which circles Greater London.2. The Eastern Corridor in HK island .
![Page 23: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
4. Evaluation
it is very expensive to build highways Building roads would consume much the
green areas in the outer suburbs Improvement in transport facilities would lead
to vicious circle of congestion
![Page 24: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pollution Control Methods
![Page 25: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Encourage car owners to shift to ……
• provide incentive for those who are still using old diesel/ Euro I diesel commercial vehicles
• encourage them to shift to Euro IV~V standard
• Switch to LPG vehicles• And electrified vehicles
![Page 26: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1.Encourage car owners to shift to Euro V diesel
Case: In HK,
The government introduced a concessionary duty of $0.56 for Euro V diesel.
All petrol filling stations in Hong Kong are offering this fuel.
Starting from 14 July 2008, the duty rate for Euro V diesel has been waived to further encourage drivers to use this more environment-friendly fuel.
![Page 27: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2.LPG Commercial Vehicles
Encourage the use of environment-friendly petrol private cars/commercial vehicles through Tax concession--- Motor Vehicle First Registration Tax (汽車首次登記稅 )
![Page 28: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Evaluation
![Page 29: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Evaluation• Effective ENVIRONMENTALLY!• less respirable suspended particulates are
emitted from cars
• government has to spend a high cost on subsidizing the vehicles
• car owners are reluctant to change because• uncertain LPG price• uncertain long term price as the subsidies
from government will end one day…
![Page 30: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3.electrified vehicles
Case: In Paris,provide rental services of electrical eco-friendly motors & bicycles for citizens and touristscan freely choose parking areaalleviate the pressure put on public transportreduce emission of pollutants from traditional vehicles
![Page 31: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
4.Switching off engines while waiting
Case: In HK,
Motor Vehicle Idling (Fixed Penalty) Ordinance
Driver s are prohibited from operating engine for more than three minutes within continuous sixty-minute period while the vehicle is stationary .
Fixed penalty of HK$320
![Page 32: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Evaluation• Effective ENVIRONMENTALLY!!• reduce incentive to use private cars• e.g. X air-conditioning!• lessen respirable suspended particulates are emitted from cars• Ineffective• in order to avoid fine, drivers may drive
around• more RSP are emitted around the inner city
![Page 33: Transport Problems. Causes 1. Suburbanization New town development since 1970s Large difference in land use between major urban areas (industrial)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649db15503460f94aa0b2b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The End
•