transpiration

EnergyEnergy from from the sunthe sun drives the drives the Water CycleWater Cycle..

EvaporationEvaporation occurs when occurs when waterwater particles are particles are heatedheated, then spread , then spread out and out and turn into a gasturn into a gas that that risesrises into the atmosphere. into the atmosphere.

transpiration

Condensation Condensation occurs when water vapor (occurs when water vapor (a gasa gas) ) cools downcools down on a on a solid and solid and returns to liquidreturns to liquid form. form.

transpiration

TranspirationTranspiration is the process where is the process where plantsplants give off extra water give off extra water through their leaves and the through their leaves and the water evaporateswater evaporates into the into the atmosphere.atmosphere.

Can be represented using Can be represented using topographic topographic mapsmaps..

Is important because it identifies the Is important because it identifies the high high pointspoints on the land. on the land.

Since Since water runs downhillwater runs downhill, you can see , you can see where the where the run-off is coming fromrun-off is coming from and what it and what it might be carrying with it.might be carrying with it.

Portion of United States Geological Survey Portion of United States Geological Survey topographic map of Ubehebe Peak, California.topographic map of Ubehebe Peak, California.Wavy lines in the map are topographic contours. Wavy lines in the map are topographic contours. Numbers in the map represent the elevation in feet Numbers in the map represent the elevation in feet above sea level. above sea level.

A A GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF A OF A FAMILYFAMILY AND AND THE THE TRAITS TRAITS THAT ARE SHOWN WITHIN THE THAT ARE SHOWN WITHIN THE FAMILYFAMILY..

MalesMales are represented with are represented with squaressquares..

FemalesFemales are represented with are represented with circlescircles..

If the If the shapeshape is is coloredcolored in then the individual in then the individual

shows the traitshows the trait..

If the If the shapeshape is is half coloredhalf colored in then the individual in then the individual does not showdoes not show the trait, but the trait, but does carry does carry the gene.the gene.

If the If the shapeshape is is blankblank, the individual , the individual does not showdoes not show the trait and the trait and does not carrydoes not carry the gene. the gene.

Is the result of Is the result of half of the geneshalf of the genes from each of from each of twotwo

parentsparents. .

Offspring get Offspring get ½ ½ of their of their genetic materialgenetic material from from mommom

and and ½ from dad½ from dad..

OffspringOffspring are are differentdifferent from their parents. from their parents.

Is the result of a Is the result of a single organism creatingsingle organism creating an an exactexact

clone of clone of itselfitself..

Offspring get Offspring get 100%100% of their of their genesgenes from from one parentone parent

And are an And are an exact copyexact copy of the parent. of the parent.

The The differencesdifferences between organisms that are between organisms that are

created sexuallycreated sexually is necessary because the is necessary because the

differences make each individual differences make each individual capable of capable of

adaptingadapting to different situations. This means that to different situations. This means that

given given any particular circumstance, the species will any particular circumstance, the species will

be able to survivebe able to survive..

Asexual organismsAsexual organisms are all are all identicalidentical and are and are

therefore therefore more likely to be wiped outmore likely to be wiped out by extreme by extreme

circumstances because circumstances because all organisms have the all organisms have the

same weaknessessame weaknesses..

Are found Are found on chromosomeson chromosomes and and determine determine the types of traits that will show up in an the types of traits that will show up in an organism.organism.

DominantDominant = Always represented with a = Always represented with a capital capital letter. letter. Overpowers a recessive Overpowers a recessive traittrait..

RecessiveRecessive = represented with a = represented with a lower-caselower-case letter. It is a letter. It is a weaker geneweaker gene and can be and can be overshadowed by a dominantovershadowed by a dominant trait. trait.

Means “Means “Type O’ GenesType O’ Genes””

Represented by Represented by lettersletters..

HeterozygousHeterozygous means means two differenttwo different gene gene strengths and is represented with one strengths and is represented with one upper-case and one lower-case letter. upper-case and one lower-case letter. Example: Example: BbBb

HomozygousHomozygous mean mean two same strengthstwo same strengths (either both dominant or both recessive). (either both dominant or both recessive). Example: BB or bbExample: BB or bb

The actual traits that are showing in the organism.The actual traits that are showing in the organism.

If brown fur is If brown fur is dominant (B) and dominant (B) and

yellow fur is yellow fur is recessive (b) and a recessive (b) and a

critter was critter was heterozygous then heterozygous then

its Genotype is (Bb), its Genotype is (Bb), but its Phenotype is but its Phenotype is

brown fur.brown fur.Examples:Examples:

Hair colorHair color

Eye colorEye color

A tool used to predict what kind of offspring A tool used to predict what kind of offspring will be the result from two parents.will be the result from two parents.

Example:Example: A heterozygous brown critter A heterozygous brown critter (Bb) is mated with a homozygous (Bb) is mated with a homozygous

recessive critter (bb).recessive critter (bb).

What color hair will the babies have?What color hair will the babies have?

= Brown= Brown

= Yellow= Yellow

2 = Brown2 = Brown

2 = Yellow2 = Yellow

To be To be LivingLiving an organism must: an organism must:

- Exchange gases (breathe)Exchange gases (breathe)

- Need waterNeed water

- Need nourishmentNeed nourishment

- Be able to reproduceBe able to reproduce

- Produce wastesProduce wastes

- GrowGrow

NonlivingNonliving: Means the item was : Means the item was never alivenever alive

DeadDead: Something that : Something that was livingwas living, but is no longer., but is no longer.

AHHHH!AHHHH!

Dormant: When an organism does not show Dormant: When an organism does not show evidence of being aliveevidence of being alive

Until it is put into the proper environmentUntil it is put into the proper environment

Animal Cell Plant CellAnimal Cell Plant Cell

The BasicThe Basic Building Blocks Building Blocks ofof ALL LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS

AreAre Living Living

Carry out all life functionsCarry out all life functions

Have Have specific structuresspecific structures that carry out that carry out specific jobsspecific jobs

NucleusNucleus: : BrainBrain of the cell. Tells all other parts of the cell. Tells all other parts what to do. This is where what to do. This is where DNADNA is found. is found.

MitochondriaMitochondria: Where cell : Where cell respirationrespiration occurs. occurs.

((Energy is made hereEnergy is made here))

Cell MembraneCell Membrane: : Skin Skin of the cell. Keeps of the cell. Keeps bad stuff bad stuff out out of the cell and keeps all theof the cell and keeps all the insides in insides in..

CytoplasmCytoplasm:: Jelly Jelly like stuff that keepslike stuff that keeps everything everything in in the cellthe cell floating floating..

Cell WallCell Wall:: Only found Only found in Plants.in Plants. It is the It is the

outer shellouter shell of a plant of a plant cell provides cell provides structurestructure and and

protectionprotection..

ChloroplastChloroplast:: Only Only found in Plants.found in Plants.

Where Where photosynthesis photosynthesis occurs in plantsoccurs in plants

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis:: Plants cells usePlants cells use sunlight, water sunlight, water andand carbon dioxide carbon dioxide to maketo make sugar (food). sugar (food).

Cell RespirationCell Respiration: Both : Both Plant and Animal CellsPlant and Animal Cells use use sugarsugar and and oxygen oxygen to to make energymake energy to live. to live.

Humans eat sugar, breathe to get oxygen and Humans eat sugar, breathe to get oxygen and have blood to carry sugar and oxygen to the have blood to carry sugar and oxygen to the

cells, so the cells, so the cells can make energy to keep us cells can make energy to keep us alivealive..

SolidSolid

LiquidLiquid

GasGas

SolidSolid: Particles have the: Particles have the least movement, heat least movement, heat energy and space energy and space between the particles.between the particles.

Liquid: Liquid: Particles haveParticles have medium movement, heat medium movement, heat energy, and space energy, and space between particles.between particles.

Gas: Gas: Particles have theParticles have the most movement, heat most movement, heat energy, and space energy, and space between particles.between particles.

SolidSolid

LiquidLiquid

GasGas

Remember, as matter changes from gas, to Remember, as matter changes from gas, to liquid, to solid…liquid, to solid…

The particles The particles do not increase in numberdo not increase in number..

The particles The particles do not increase in sizedo not increase in size..

SolidSolid

LiquidLiquid

GasGas

Definition: The amount of Definition: The amount of STUFFSTUFF or matter in a or matter in a certain certain SPACESPACE

FORMULA FOR DENSITYFORMULA FOR DENSITY

DENSITY = MASS DIVIDED BY VOLUME OR DENSITY = MASS DIVIDED BY VOLUME OR

MASS = AMOUNT OF STUFFMASS = AMOUNT OF STUFF

VOLUME = SPACEVOLUME = SPACE

To help you remember the formulaTo help you remember the formula

I LOVE DENSITYI LOVE DENSITY

I DENSITY I DENSITY

OR OR

= D OR = D OR

To find density, you must first be able to find the To find density, you must first be able to find the mass and volumemass and volume of an object. of an object.

To find the mass, place the item on a To find the mass, place the item on a triple beam or triple beam or an electronic balancean electronic balance. The basic . The basic unitsunits of mass are of mass are

gramsgrams or or kilogramskilograms..

TO FIND THE TO FIND THE VOLUME OF A REGULAR SHAPEVOLUME OF A REGULAR SHAPE OBJECT OBJECT (ONE YOU CAN (ONE YOU CAN MEASURE WITH A RULERMEASURE WITH A RULER))

EXAMPLE: BLOCK OF WOODEXAMPLE: BLOCK OF WOOD

LENGTH X WIDTH X HEIGHTH OR LXWXH = VLENGTH X WIDTH X HEIGHTH OR LXWXH = V

What is the volume of the metal cube shown here What is the volume of the metal cube shown here (to the nearest tenth of a cm)? (to the nearest tenth of a cm)?

L X W X HL X W X H OR OR 3 X 3 X 33 X 3 X 3

TO FIND VOLUME OF AN IRREGULAR SHAPED TO FIND VOLUME OF AN IRREGULAR SHAPED OBJECT (OBJECT (SUCH AS A NAIL, A ROCK, OR SOMETHING YOU SUCH AS A NAIL, A ROCK, OR SOMETHING YOU

CAN’T MEASURE WITH A RULER.)CAN’T MEASURE WITH A RULER.)

YOU MUST USE A CONTAINER SUCH AS A YOU MUST USE A CONTAINER SUCH AS A GRADUATED CYLINDERGRADUATED CYLINDER

BEFOREBEFORE AFTERAFTER

TO FIND THE VOLUMETO FIND THE VOLUME

SUBTRACT THE BEFORE SUBTRACT THE BEFORE READING FROM THE READING FROM THE

AFTER RESULTAFTER RESULT..

180 ML – 150 ML 180 ML – 150 ML

THE VOLUME IS 30 ML THE VOLUME IS 30 ML OROR

150 ML150 ML180 ML180 ML

Is a property that can be used to identify a pure Is a property that can be used to identify a pure substance because all pure substances have their substance because all pure substances have their

own unique density.own unique density.

Densities of Common Elements and Densities of Common Elements and CompoundsCompounds

  SubstanceSubstance  DensityDensity

grams per grams per CMCM

  Pine woodPine wood 0.35 -0.500.35 -0.50

  WaterWater 1.001.00

  Salt, NaClSalt, NaCl   2.162.16

  Aluminum, AlAluminum, Al   2.702.70

  Iron, FeIron, Fe   7.807.80

  Gold, AuGold, Au   19.3019.30

  Mercury, HgMercury, Hg   13.513.5

Take a look at the two boxes below. Each box has Take a look at the two boxes below. Each box has the same volume. the same volume. If each ball has the same mass, If each ball has the same mass,

which box would weigh more? Why?which box would weigh more? Why?

The box that has more balls has more mass per The box that has more balls has more mass per unit of volume. This property of matter is called unit of volume. This property of matter is called

density. The density of a material helps to density. The density of a material helps to distinguish it from other materials. Since mass is distinguish it from other materials. Since mass is usually expressed in grams and volume in cubic usually expressed in grams and volume in cubic centimeters, density is expressed in grams/cubic centimeters, density is expressed in grams/cubic

centimeter. centimeter.

If put together If put together in a container, in a container, matter with the matter with the

least density least density floatsfloats..

Matter with the Matter with the most density most density

sinkssinks..

I DENSITY

VOLUME = L X H X W

THERE ARE 3 MATERIALS. WHICH ONE WOULD YOU USE TO BUILD THE BEST FLOATATION DEVICE.

MATERIAL 1 – HAS A MASS OF 36 GRAMS. IT MEASURES 7cm in LENGTH – 4cm in HEIGHT and 2cm in WIDTH

MATERIAL 2 – HAS A MASS OF 30 GRAMS. IT MEASURES 1cm in LENGTH – 5cm in HEIGHT and 2cm in WIDTH

MATERIAL 3 – HAS A MASS OF 80 GRAMS. IT MEASURES 5cm in LENGTH – 5cm in HEIGHT and 5cm in WIDTH

A combination of A combination of two or two or more substancesmore substances that form a that form a new substancenew substance that has that has characteristics from each.characteristics from each.

Example: Example: Salt waterSalt water

A solution has two parts:A solution has two parts:

A. A. SoluteSolute: Matter that : Matter that dissolves.dissolves.B. B. SolventSolvent: Matter that : Matter that causes another to causes another to

dissolve.dissolve.

In salt water the In salt water the solvent is solvent is the waterthe water..

The The solute is saltsolute is salt..

When there is so much When there is so much solute in a solvent that it can solute in a solvent that it can

no longer dissolveno longer dissolve and the and the solute settles to the bottomsolute settles to the bottom

of the container.of the container.

Heat can increaseHeat can increase the the amount of stuff that can amount of stuff that can

dissolve in a solvent.dissolve in a solvent.