transmission systems and the telephone network
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 in Leon Skip in Chapter 3 Articles 3.8.7, 3.8.8 (polynomial math for CRC codes) I will ask you do to the long division in mod-2 arithmetic that we did last time Skip in Chapter 4 4.2.2 (SONET frame structure) 4.6 Signaling in POTS. Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication NetworksCopyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network
• Chapter 4 in Leon
• Skip in Chapter 3 Articles 3.8.7, 3.8.8 (polynomial math for CRC codes) I will ask you do to the long division in mod-2 arithmetic that we did last time
• Skip in Chapter 4 4.2.2 (SONET frame structure) 4.6 Signaling in POTS
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B B
C C
A A
B
C
A
B
C
A
MUXMUX
(a) (b)
Trunkgroup
Figure 4.1
Sharing of an expensive channel by multiplexing (MUX)
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A CBf
Cf
Bf
Af
W
W
W
0
0
0
(a) Individual signals occupy W Hz
(b) Combined signal fits into channel bandwidth
Figure 4.2
Frequency Division MUX (FDM)
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(a) Each signal transmits 1 unit every 3T seconds
(b) Combined signal transmits 1 unit every T seconds
tA1 A2
tB1 B2
tC1 C2
3T0T 6T
3T0T 6T
3T0T 6T
tB1 C1 A2 C2B2A1
0T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
Figure 4.3
Time Division MUX (TDM)
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2
24
1
MUXMUX
1
2
24
24 b1 2 . . .b2322
frame
24 . . .
. . .
Figure 4.4
Standard T1 Carrier (TDM of 24 PCM voice channels)
(1+24channels*8bits/channel)*8000 frames/sec = 1.544 Mbps
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North American Digital Hierarchy
PrimaryMultiplexEg. DigitalSwitch30 chan PCM
4th orderMultiplex
x4
2nd orderMultiplex
x4
3rd orderMultiplex
x4
34.368 Mbps2.048 Mbps 8.448 Mbps139.264 Mbps
CEPT 1CEPT 4
European Digital Hierarchy
28
M13Multiplex
M23Multiplex
x7
PrimaryMultiplexEg. DigitalSwitch24 chan PCM
M12Multiplex
x4
1
DS3 44.736 Mbps
DS1 1.544 Mbps DS2 6.312 Mbps DS3 44.736 Mbps
Figure 4.5
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12345 12345
t
Figure 4.6
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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication NetworksCopyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Figure 4.7 (Optical fiber network for long distance carrier in 1998) could not be reproduced well enough for inclusion.
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Low-SpeedMappingFunction
MediumSpeed
MappingFunction
High-Speed
MappingFunction
DS3
44.736
DS1
DS2
CEPT-1
CEPT-4
139.264
ATM
150 Mbps
STS-1
STS-1
STS-1STS-1STS-1
STS-1STS-1STS-1
STS-3c
STS-3c
OC-n
Scrambler E/O
51.84 Mbps
High-Speed
MappingFunction
MuxSTS-n
Figure 4.8
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MUX DEMUX MUX DEMUX
MUX DEMUX
(a) pre-SONET multiplexing
removetributary
inserttributary
ADM
removetributary
inserttributary
(b) SONET Add-Drop multiplexing
Figure 4.9
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a
b
c
3 ADMs
physical loop net
OC-3nOC-3n
OC-3n
Figure 4.10
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a
b c
logical fully-connected net
(a)
a
b
c
3 ADMs connected inphysical ring topology
OC-3nOC-3n
OC-3n
(b)
Figure 4.11
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a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
(a) Dual ring (b) Loop-around in response to fault
Figure 4.12
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Inter-OfficeRings
MetroRing
RegionalRing
Figure 4.13
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STE: Section Terminating Equipment, e.g. a repeaterLTE: Line Terminating Equipment, e.g. a STS-1 to STS-3 multiplexerPTE: Path Terminating Equipment, e.g. an STS-1 multiplexer
optical
section
optical
section
optical
section
optical
section
line
optical
section
line
optical
section
line
path
optical
section
line
path
(a)
(b)
STSPTE
LTESTE
STS-1 Path
STS Line
Section Section
Mux Muxreg reg regSONET
Terminal
STE STELTE
STSPTE
SONET Terminal
Figure 4.14
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B BB 87B
InformationPayload
9 Rows
125 sTransportoverhead
90 bytes
SectionOverhead 3 rows
6 rowsLineOverhead
Figure 4.15
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Pointer87 columns
9rows
first column is path overhead
SynchronousPayload
Envelope
framek
framek+1
Pointer
first octet
last octet
Figure 4.16
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STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1
Map
Map
Map
STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1B
yteInterleave
STS-3
IncomingSTS-1 Frames
Synchronized NewSTS-1 Frames
Figure 4.17
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1
2
m
OpticalMUX
1
2
m
OpticaldeMUX
1 2.m
Opticalfiber
Figure 4.18
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Figure 4.19 (Optical signal in a WDM system) could not be reproduced well enough for inclusion.
Figure 4.19
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(a) WDM chain network
ab c d
(b) WDM ring network
a
b
c
3 ADMs
Figure 4.20
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User 1
SwitchLink
User n
User n-1
(a) Network
(b) Switch Control
123
N
123
N
Connectionof inputs to outputs
Figure 4.21
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N
1 2
1
N
2
N-1
Figure 4.22
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nxk
nxk
nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n
N/n x N/n
N/n x N/n
kxn1
2
N/n
Ninputs
1
2
3 3
N/n
Noutputs
1
2
k
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)2 crosspoints
kxn
kxn
kxn
Figure 4.23
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nxk
nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n
N/n x N/n
N/n x N/n
kxn1
N/n
Desiredinput
1
jm
N/n
Desiredoutput
1
2n-1
kxn
kxn
n-1
N/n x N/nn+1
N/n x N/n2n-2
free path freepath
n-1busy
n-1busy
Figure 4.24
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12
24
12
24
FromTDM
DeMUX
ToTDMMUX
24 23 12
2 241 23
Read slots inpermuted order
Figure 4.25
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nxk
nxk
nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n kxn1
2
N/n
Ninputs
1
3
1
12
n
input TDM frame with n slots
output TDM frame with k slots
Figure 4.26
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nxk N/n x N/n
N/n x N/n
N/n x N/n
kxn1 1
2
N/n
1
2
k
kxn
kxn
nxk2
nxkN/n
first slot
kth slot
first slot
kth slot
Figure 4.27
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nxk
nxk
nxk
nxk
N/n x N/nTime-Shared
SpaceSwitch
kxn1
2
N/n
Ninputs
1
2
3 3
N/n
Noutputs
TDMn slots
n slots
n slots
n slots
kxn
kxn
kxn
TDMk slots
TDMk slots
TSI Stage TSI StageSpace Stage
Figure 4.28
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2x3
2x3
3x21
2
1
23x2D1
B1 A1B2 A2
C1D2 C2
B1 A1
C1D1
A1
B1
C1
D1
A1 C1
B1 D1
Figure 4.29
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Signal
Source
Signal
Release
Signal
Destination
GoAhead Message
Figure 4.31
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(a) Routing in a typical metropolitan area
(b) Routing between two LATAs
1
2 3
4
5
LATA 1 LATA 2
net 1
net 2
A B
C D
Figure 4.32
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local telephone office
Dis
trib
utio
n F
ram
e
Serving Area I/f
Serving Area I/f
Pedestal
feeder cable
Switch
distribution cable
Figure 4.33
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Original signal
Hybrid transformer
Received signal
Echoed signal
Receive pair
Transmit pair
Figure 4.34
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Localanalog
Localdigital
Digitaltrunks
LocalSwitch
Tie lines
Foreign exchange
Channel-switched traffic (digital leased lines)
Circuit-switched traffic
Digitalcross-connect
System
Figure 4.35
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Physical SONET
Topology usingADMs and DCCs
Logical Topology
Switches see thistopology
DCC
Figure 4.36
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
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Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B+D
Primary Rate Interface (PRI): 23B+D
BRI
PRI
BRI
PRI
CircuitSwitched Network
ChannelSwitched NetworkPrivate
SignalingNetwork
PacketSwitched Networks
Figure 4.37
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SPC
Control Signaling Message
Figure 4.39
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Switch
Processor
Office B
Switch
Office A
ProcessorSignaling
ModemModem
Trunks
Figure 4.39
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STP
STP
STP
STP
SSP SSP
Transport Network
Signaling Network
SSP = Service switching point (signal to message)STP = Signal transfer point (message transfer)SCP = Service control point (processing)
SCP
Figure 4.40
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SSP
SSP
Transport Network
ExternalDatabase
SignalingNetwork Intelligent
Peripheral
Figure 4.40
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Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
SCCP
MTP Level 3
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 1
ISUPTCAPTUP
Figure 4.42
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FewerTrunks
ManyLines
Figure 4.43
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N(t)
t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
all trunks busytr
unk
#
Figure 4.44
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0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
# trunks
Blo
ckin
g Pr
obab
ilit
y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
9
10
offered load
Figure 4.45
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Tandem Switch 2
Tandem Switch 1
B CA
(b) Trunkgroup
10 Erlangs between each pair90 Erlangs
E
F
D
B
C
A(a)
E FD
Figure 4.46
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Switch SwitchHigh Usage Route
Tandem Switch
Alternate Route
Figure 4.47
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High Usage Route B-E
Tandem Switch 1
Alternate Routes for B-E, C-F
High Usage Route C-F
Switch ASwitch B
Switch C
Switch E
Switch D
Switch F
Tandem Switch 2
Figure 4.48
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High Usage Route
Alternate Routes
Tandem Switch 3
Tandem Switch 1
Tandem Switch 2
Switch A Switch B
Figure 4.49
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Car
ried
Loa
d
Offered Load
Network Capacity
Figure 4.50
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6
1
2
5
4
3
7
2
6
1
3
1
7
2
4 5
4
6
37
5
Figure 4.51
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AC = authentication centerBSS = base station subsystemEIR = equipment identity registerHLR = home location register
wirelineterminal
MSC
PSTN
BSS BSS
STP SS#7HLRVLR
EIRAC
MSC = mobile switching center PSTN = public switched telephone networkSTP = signal transfer pointVLR = visitor location register
Figure 4.52
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LAPDm
radio
RRM
MM
CM
radio
LAPDm
RRM
LAPD
64 kbps
SCCP
MTP Level 3
MTP Level 2
CM
MM
RRM
64 kbps
64 kbps
LAPD
RRM
64 kbps
MTP Level 3
MTP Level 2
SCCP
Um Abis A
mobile station base transceiver station
base station controller
MSC
Figure 4.53
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satellitemotion
(a) (b)
Figure 4.54