transmission media
TRANSCRIPT
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Fundamentals of Information Technology
Transmission Media
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What is a Channel?The communications path between two communications devices.
Bandwidth: Width of the communications channel
The higher the bandwidth, the more data
and information the channel can transmit
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Transmission Media
• Materials or techniques capable of carrying one or more signals
• When you send data from your computer to another device, the signal carrying the data most likely travels over a variety of transmission media
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Can you identify two examples of transmission media in the picture?
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Characteristics of Transmission Media
1. Voiceband: transmit data at a rate of 300bps(bits per second). Eg. Via telephone lines (twisted pair wires)
2. Broadband: transmits data at a rate of thousands of characters per second (cps). Eg. Via coaxial cable (used in Cable TV)and fibreoptic cables (used in video conferencing).
3. Narrowband: transmits data at rates less than 300bps. Eg. Used in telegraph lines
4. Physical Media: transmits data through physical cables/wires that can be touched.
5. Wireless Media: transmits data through the air.
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Baseband vs Broadband
• Baseband media can transmit only one signal at a time
• Broadband media can transmit multiple signals simultaneously
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Physical vs Wireless Media
Physical Media
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fibre Optic Cable
Wireless Media
• Broadcast radio
• Cellular radio
• Microwave
• Satellite
• Infrared
• Bluetooth
• 802.11
• Wi-fi
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Physical Transmission Media: Transfer Rate
• Transfer Rate refers to the speed with which a line carries data and information.
• The faster the transfer rate, the faster you can send and receive data and information
• This is measured in bps(bits per second).
• Larger units include: Kilobits Per
Second(kbps) Megabits Per Second
(mbps) Gigabits Per Second
(gbps)
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Twisted Pair Cable
• Consists of one or more twisted pair wires bundled together
• Each twisted pairwire consists of two separate insulated copper wires
• Twisted together to reduce noise
• Two types are:– Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP)– Unshielded Twisted Pair
(UTP)
twisted pair
cable
twisted pair
wire
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Twisted Pair Cable
Advantages
• Inexpensive and readily available
• Flexible and light weight
• Easy to set up and install
Disadvantages
• Susceptible to interference and noise– Noise is an electrical
disturbance that can degrade communications
• Low bandwidth
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Coaxial Cable
• Consists of a single copper wire surrounded by at least three layers
• Often called coax
• Often used for cable television wiring
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cables
Advantages
• Less susceptible to interference than twisted pair
• Higher bandwidth than twisted pair
• Better shielding allow for higher transfer rates
Disadvantages
• Bulky
• Expensive over long distances
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Fibre Optic Cable
• Contains a core of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic
• Uses light to transmit signals• Each strand is called an optical fibre
Thin as a human hair
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Advantages and Disadvantages of fibre-Optic Cables
Advantages
• Able to carry significantly more signals than wire
• Faster data transmission
• Less susceptible to noise from other devices
• Better security for signals during transmission
• Smaller physical size
Disadvantages
• Costs more than twisted pair and coaxial cable
• Can be difficult to install and modify
• More expensive over shorter distances
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Wireless Transmission Media
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Broadcast Radio
• …distributes radio signals through the air over long distances such as between cities, regions and countries and short distances such as within an office or home.
• Transfer rate = up to 54 Mbps
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Cellular Radio
• a form of broadcast radio that is used widely for mobile communications, specifically wireless modems and cellular telephones.
• Transfer rate = 9,600 bps to 384 Kbps
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Infrared Transmission
• Uses infrared light signals to transmit signals to transmit data
• used for very short range communication purposes such as television and it’s remote.
• Infrared travels in a straight.
• Infrared cannot cross wall-like obstacles. i.e it requires line-of-sight transmission.
• Many computers and devices have an IrDA port that enables transfer of data using infrared light rays.
• Transfer rate= 1 Mbps- 4 Mbps
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Bluetooth
• Uses short-range radio waves to transmit data at a rate of 1 Mbps among Bluetooth-enabled devices.
• To communicate between each other a small chip is embedded in the devices.
• Bluetooth-enabled devices include desktop PC, notebook PC, hand-held computers, Internet appliances, cellular telephones, fax machines and printers.
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Microwaves
• …radio waves that provide a high- speed signal transmission.
• Earth-based reflective dish that contains antenna, transceivers, and other equipment necessary for microwave communications.
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Communications Satellites
• a space station that receives microwave signals from an earth-based station, amplifies (strengthens) the signals, and broadcasts the signals back over a wide area to any number of earth-based stations.
• Transfer rate = Up to 1Gbps
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Wi-Fi (short for Wireless Fidelity)
• Provides high-speed wireless access to a network using radio waves
• Wireless LAN (or WLAN) provides easy access to information between wireless devices from different manufacturers
• Devices with Wi-Fi can connect to the Internet if a wireless network is in a certain range
• Hotspot is a public area as small as a room or as large as many square miles that offers Internet access over a wireless LAN. These might include cafes, airports, and hotels.