transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {peke[ p4kc>*ge6 z8j : e¨...

17
HAL Id: hal-00322171 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00322171 Submitted on 16 Sep 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium nitride Olivier Dezellus, J. Andrieux, F. Bosselet, M. Sacerdote-Peronnet, T. Baffe, F. Hodaj, N. Eustathopoulos, J.C. Viala To cite this version: Olivier Dezellus, J. Andrieux, F. Bosselet, M. Sacerdote-Peronnet, T. Baffe, et al.. Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium nitride. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Elsevier, 2008, 495 (1-2), pp.254-258. 10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.104. hal-00322171

Upload: others

Post on 23-Feb-2021

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

HAL Id: hal-00322171https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00322171

Submitted on 16 Sep 2008

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.

Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminiumnitride

Olivier Dezellus, J. Andrieux, F. Bosselet, M. Sacerdote-Peronnet, T. Baffie,F. Hodaj, N. Eustathopoulos, J.C. Viala

To cite this version:Olivier Dezellus, J. Andrieux, F. Bosselet, M. Sacerdote-Peronnet, T. Baffie, et al.. Transient liquidphase bonding of titanium to aluminium nitride. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Elsevier,2008, 495 (1-2), pp.254-258. �10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.104�. �hal-00322171�

Page 2: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

��������� ������� �����������������! ��!�"#�!$% '&��(��)���* �,+-�) .�'� �!+/ �� ��+ �*0�)�1���

243�54687969:;:=<'> ?A@CBED�3�FHG�I1JLKM6N<POE?�B1Q*3�RTSU>A>�6�:;6NV�?�B1WX3EYPZ�[�6)J�I1S\V#6�]C^_6`J#SaGbGP6NV�?�BEc�39RTZ8d�d�Ke68fgB�Qh39ijS�IEZ�kLlmBn 3�o"<'>CV#Z(V�pESEqES1<P:;SU> l BED�3srH3\tuKMZ�:eZ ?

?wv Wyx�B�z{GEK=|P68JA>�K}V#~ v"� S�G � B�r n�� YPBE�P��RHI4I\< �E� G�S�|a69����J�6 �)����� B�� � �1�E�4tuK;:e:M6N<PJ0��Z�GEGE6r�6�IE6�OaB�QUJ�Z8GP[�6

f r"oF���J�6�G�S��P:M6�B v x�c�o n�� 5jc�i � v c�i{B �)� J0<�6HIE6\>_��Z8J�V � JA>�BP� �b��� ���HJ�68G�S��P:�6Hr�6�I�68O � BQ'JgZ9G�[�6

l_YEx0W�F�^�B1o n Y1o"o��HBPr n�� YPB �E� � � J0<�6HIE6�:;Z�qPKC>�[�K;GP6\BP� � �E� � YPZ8K;G\V'W�Z8J0V�K;G4Iw�=i4�8Jg6�>hr�6�IE6�OaBQ'JgZ9G�[�6

�j�'�L �¡)¢E£8 

c_K}V#Z�GEK}<��¤pEZ�>h�a6�6�G�>0<�[�[�6�>`>�de<w:M: � k�S�K;GP6�I�V�S4Z�:}<��4K¥GPK=<w�¦GEK}V�J�KMIE6�F�: n ZNV�Z�V#68��qP6)J�ZNVC<PJ�6HZ\>�:;S�§

Z�> �E���b¨ r!B1<'>�K¥GE©4FH©P] r"<ªr"<�>�K;:M«¦[�S��4��68J�[�KMZ9:E�EJgZ87b6HZ9:;:;S � 3�¬XpEKe:M6�J�6�Z�[NV K=|a6�§46NVMV�K;G1©�Z�GEI

>#qEJ�6�Z�IEK;G1©4qEJ�SP[�6�6�I�>hZNVwV�pE6�Fu: n�� �EJ�Z8796HZ9:;:;S � K;G�V#68J�d�Z�[�6�B�[)pE6��4Ke[�Z�:PK¥G�V#68J�Z�[`V K;SEG�>hIE6�|a6�:;Saq�ZNV

V�p�6�V�K}V#Z)GEK�<��­>�KeIE6�Jg69G�IE68J�K;G1©4qPSU>A>�K=�P:e6HKC>�S1V�pE68J��4Z�:'>�S�:;KmIaK;d�Ke[�ZNV#K;SEG4SEdUV�p�6hkgS�K;G\VA3�c_pE6

IE6`V#68J �4K;G�K;GE©�d�Z�[NV#SaJ®K;G�V�pE6�>gSa:;KMIaKMd KM[�ZNV#K;SEG�qEJ�SP[�6\>(>*Ke>®V�pE6Hd Z\>�V®d�SaJ��4ZNV#K;SEG4SEd�c*K;r"<P¯*[8J � >�V#Z�:°>®� �

p�6NV#68J�SE©P68G�6�S�<'>�G\<�[�:;6�ZNV�K;SEG4Z�GEI�©EJ�S1§HV�p4K¥GuV�pE6H:¥K�±\<wKMI²qEp�Z1>�613�F�>*ZH[�SEG�>g6�±\<'6�G�[�6�B1V�pE6��EJgZ87�6

Z�:;:;S � K°>hIE68q�:M6NV#6�I²K;G4r"<ªZ9G�I�>�SE:¥KMI4FH©²qEJg6�[�K=q�KsV#ZNV#6\>`3�FudeV#68J*Z8GEGE6�Z9:MK;GE©PB�V�p�6�J�6�]0�46�:}V#K;GE©

V#6)��qP68J�ZNVC<PJg6�SEdUV�p�6�J�6\>�<w:}V#K;G1©,k�S�K;G\V�[�Z8Gu��6�K;GE[)J�6�Z1>�6�I�<Pq�V°S�ZN�aS�<bV ���)�E¨ r%§{pEKe[�p4KC>*GE6�Z8J�: �

� � �E¨ r³pEK;©�p�68J�V�pEZ)G�V�pE6H�46�:}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V�SadwV�p�6�>0V#Z8JCV�K=G1©4�EJ�Z)7�6HZ�:¥:�S � 3

´�µ`¶E·4¸ ¡)¹'�8º'»!¡8¢E¼®�(½ µ ¼w _¾e½M¿'À�½M¹ÂÁ'Ã'¢E� µ � ¸ ¼w¹'½M¼�ÄbÅ�½M� ¸  #à µ ¡�Æ�¢a¾�� ¸ ¾M½e¹'½¥Ç#½e£�¢1 g½ ¸ ¼'Å�Æ µ  �¢1¾P  ¸£ µ ¡)¢EÆ�½e£H��¡)¢1È�½M¼�ÄEÅ1�jÄ1É�Ê�À�¢1¾;¾ ¸\¶ Å µ8Ë Á µ ¡)½eÆ µ ¼w �¢1¾w�� �À'¹ ¶ Å�½;¼w  µ ¡`Ç ¢E£�½e¢E¾'¡ µ ¢E£8 �½�Ì�½;  ¶

ÍEÎwÏ`ÐMÐCÑ(ÒeÓ�Ï`Ô�Õ`Ö}Ô�×"Ø�Ù`Ú=Û�Ï`Ð#Ü Ï`Ý=ÖßÞ�Ö=Ñ�Ð à Õ8Ñ�á(Ñ�Ý=ÝßÙ9Ò0â�Ù)Ô8ÖßÞ�ã;Ýßä�Ï`ÔPå(à æMÐç Ñ�ÝCÜ`è;éEê)ê(ëEì"í)î*ì8ìï8ê*ï`ðhñ�òbØAó�Ü8è=é�ê8ê`ë1ì*í8î*ì)ì"ô)ðHå�ï

Page 3: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

����� ¼w �¡ ¸ ¹'À'£8 �½ ¸ ¼

D SaK;GEK;GE©�V#Sa©P6(V�pE6)J�V�K}V#Z8GEK=<��¦SaJ'V�K}V#Z8GEK=<�� ��Z\>g6HZ�:e:;S � >�V#S4[�68J�Z��4KM[\>��L>�<�[�p4Z\>*F�:���2gB�YPK� n ¯ B�YEK;r!B

c_K�`YPKMr�� 3¥3;3� _Z)J�6�K;�²qPSEJCV#Z8G\V®Ke>`>�<�6\>�V#S��P6HZ�IEI1Jg6\>(>g6�I²K;G�V�p�6�>�[�SEqP6HSad'qEJ�SPI\<�[8K;G1©�:;S1§4]°§j6�K=©Pp\V

pEK;©PpE]L>�V�J�68Gb©1V�p4[�SE��qPSaG�6�G\V�>�>�<�[9pjZ\>_pP6�ZNV�6NOa[�pEZ�G1©P68JA>"qPZ)J°V�>�SaJwVC<PJ0�PK;G�6��P:eZ�I�6\>*d�SEJ�<'>�6HZNV

��6�IEK=<w� V#6���qP6)J�ZNVC<PJ�613�F/§4Z � Sad'©EJ�6�ZNV®qES\V#68G�V�K;Z�:�d�SEJ*Z�[8pEKM68|PK;GE©jV�p�6\>A6�©PSPZ8:C>*[�SEG�>�KC>0V�>*K;G

kgS�K;G�K;GE©�V�pE6��aZ\>A6��j6NV#Z�:1V�S�V�pE6H[�6)J�Z��²KM[\>_� � ��J�Z87�K;GE©²§4KsV�p4Z�d�K;:e:M68J*Z�:e:�S ��� � Ba���(3

c_pE6�qEJg6\>�6�G\V'§{SEJ���KC>*d�S�[`<'>(>�6�I²SEG�V�p�6H[8pE6���KM[�Z�:M]0qPp � >�KM[�Z�:�Z\> qP6�[NV®SEd1kgS�K;GEK¥GE©4q1<PJ�6�V�KsV#Z8GEK}<��

V°S�>�K¥G�V#68J�6�I�Fu: n §jK}V p�>�K¥:=|�68Jg]#�aZ\>A6�I��EJgZ87�6HZ�:e:;S � >`3PY1<�[8p4Z�:;:;S � >"pPZ8|a6��P6�6�G4[8pESw>�6�G�>�K;GP[�6�q1<PJg6

:MKM±\<wKMI�>�K;:�|�6)J"p�Z\>*Z�:;J�6�Z�I � ��6�6�G�<'>g6�I�V�S�kgS�K;G�V�K}V#Z8GEK=<��¤Z�:;:;S � > � ���(3�W S1J�6)S1|P68J�B\V�p�6�FH©P] c"K

[�Sa��qPS1<PGEIw>_FH©���c*KPZ9G�I�FH©Pc"KwZ)J�6�GES1Vw|P6)J � >0V#Z`�P:e6��9V�pP6 � IE6�[�S���qPSw>�6HZNV � � � Z8G�I �)� � �E¨ r!B

Jg6\> qP6�[`V�K�|�6�: ��� ���A31c_pE68Jg69d�SEJ�6�BEZ�pEK ©�p�V�KsV#Z8GEK=<w� Z�[NV#K=|PK}V � K;G�V�pE6H:¥KM±\<�KMI²d�Z8|PS1<PJ�ZN�P:M6�V#S�d�Z1>0V

Jg6�Z�[NV�K=|P6�§j6NVCV�K;G1©�SEd'F�: n [�Z9G��a6H6�O�qP6�[NV#6�Iw3b2HG�V�pE6,S\VCpE6)J_pPZ9G�IEB\V�pE6H�4K°>���ZNV#[)p²K;G�[�SP68d�d KM[9KM6�G\V

SEdwV�pE68J��4Z�:�68OEqPZ�G�>�K;SPG�� r!c�o� ��P6`VC§46�6)G4chKPZ�G�IjFu: n [�Z8G4K;GPI\<�[�6�V�pE6HIE6`|P6�:;SEq���6�G\V�SEd

Jg6\>�K;I\<�Z�:�>�V�J�6\>A>�6\>gB�[8JgZ�[��PK¥GE©�SEdwV�pE6H[�68JgZ9�4KM[HZ�GEI4d�Z9KM:=<wJ�6,SadwV�p�6HZ\>(>g69����: � 3 v S1§46)J K;G1©�V�pE6

��J�Z87�K;GE©�V#68��q�68J�ZNVC<PJ�6�KM>��P6 � V#S4:¥K;��K}V K;GE©�V�pE6H6�d�d 6�[NV®SEd�r!c�o��4KC>���ZNV#[8pEB1�1<EV�K}V�Z8:e>gS�K¥�4qP:eKM6\>*Z

IE6�[8J�6�Z\>g6HSadwV�p�6�§4SEJ��EK;G1©�V#68��q�68J�Z`VC<PJ�6�d�SaJwV�p�6��EJ�Z8796�I�Z\>A>�6����w: � V�p�ZNV*> p�S�<�:;I���6�pEK;©�p

6)GES1<P©Ep²d�SEJ_©ESESPI�§46(VeV�K;Gb©�Z�G�Iª>#qEJ�6�Z�IEK;G1© � ���(3bc�J�Z8GP>�KC68G�V®:¥KM±\<�KMIjqPpEZ�>A6��PSEGEIEK¥GE©�� c v ^'R� �BaKm3}6b3

KC>gS�V�p�68J��4Z�:�>gS�:;KeIEK;d KM[�ZNV�K;SEG4SadwV�p�6T��J�Z87�6HZ�:;:;S � B�KC>*Z�qEJ S1��KC>�K¥GE©���6NV�pESPI�V�S�>gZNV�Ke>�d � �aS�V�pjSad

V�p�6\>�6H[�SaG�V�J�Z�I1K;[NV#SEJ � J�6�±\<�K=J�6���6�G\V�> � � ] � �L3

c_pE6)J�6�d�SaJ�6�Bad�S1<PJ*Z8:;:;S � K;GE©�6�:;6���6�G�V�>�V�pEZNV®d�SEJ �¦Z�pESP��SE©P68G�6�S�<'>�:¥KM±\<�KMI{§jK}V�p4FH©�Z`V

V#6)��qP68J�ZNVC<PJg6\>*:;S�§j68J'V�pEZ8G�V�p�6��j69:sV K;GE©4qPSaK;G�V_SEd'q1<PJ�6�FH©�pEZ8|P6���6�69GuV#6\>0V#6�I��NV�p�6\>�6HZ)J�6�Y�K;BP�u6�B

YEG4Z)GEI4r"<®3\Fu�4S�Gb©jV�p�6��4B�r"<ªpEZ\>_©PK=|�6�G�V�pE6��a6\>0V®J�6\>�<w:sV�>"K;G�V#6)J ��>*SEd_>0<�[�[�6\>`>�de<�:��EJgZ87�K¥GE©

Z�[�[�SE��qwZ�GEKM6�I�� � KC>�S1V�pE68J��4Z�:'>�S�:;K;IEKed KM[�Z`V K;SEGw3

Page 4: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

����� ¢1  µ ¡8½M¢1¾e�¢E¼�¹ µ8Ë Á µ ¡)½CÆ µ ¼U g¢1¾wÁ®¡ ¸ £ µ ¹�À®¡ µ

¬ pE6�G¤Z8|aZ9KM:MZ��P:M6�B²V�p�6 >�V#Z8J°V�K;Gb© ��ZNV#6)JLK�Z9:C>.<'>�6�I¤K;G¤V�pE6XqEJ�6\>�6)G\V §{SEJ�� §j68J�6�[8SE�4��6)J�[�KeZ�:

qEJgS�I\<�[(V�>`3�^'<�J�6yV�KsV#Z8GEK=<w� c_� � SEJ�©EJ�Z�IE6�� �0q1<PJ�6�chK�§jK}V p�B�K¥GX§�VA3�� �H2�� � 3 � ��� Q®6� � 3s� ��

i�� � 3 ������� r�� � 3 �)� ��n � � 3 � � �§jZ\>�>�<PqEq�:MKM6�Ij� � n K;GPZNV#6�[HK;G�V�pE6Hd�SaJ��¦SEd�:MZ\>g68J*[N<EV*>��4Z�:e:EqP:MZNV#61>

§jK}V�p Z�V�pEKM[��PGP6\>A>,Sad � ����3'Y�K;G\V#6)J�6�I F�: n [�68J�Z���KM[1>�§j68J�6²>�<PqEq�:MKe6�Iª� � RHSPSw>0V#6�[�K;G4V�pE6²d�SEJ��

SEd�qP:MZNV#6\>_§4K}V�p�Z�V�pEKM[���G�6\>`>Sad � 3 � �²��3Ec_pP6Hq�:MZNV#6\>*pPZ�I�Zj>�<PJ�d�Z�[�6HJ�S�<P©EpEG�61>(>S�d�V�p�6�SEJ�IE68J*SEd

� 3 ��� � Z�G�I V�p�6�K=JHJ�6\>�KMI\<�Z�:"qPSEJ#SU>�K}V � §4Z\>�Sad!� |aS�:C3���3'c_pE6 � [�SaG�V#Z�K¥GP6�I �E] � §uV�3�� SEd � VCV�J KMZ

��� ��2 � �Z8G�I³S1O � ©P69G%§jZ1>4qEJ�6\>g69G�V4Z`VHV�pE6�K=J >0<PJ�d#Z�[�6%IES1§{G%V�S/Z.IE68q�V�p Sad{Z d#6N§ V#68G�V�p�>�Swd

G�Z�GES��46`V#68J(> � �)� �(3 n SÂ>0<PJ#d�Z�[�6�V�J�6�Z V��46�G�V*S\V�pE6)JhV�p�Z9GªIE68©EJ�6�Z�>�K¥GE©ªZ�GEI²J�K;Gw>�K;GE©²§�Z�>�Z)qEq�:MKe6�I²V#S

Fu: n §4pE6)J�6�Z1>_V�pE6�>0<PJ�d�Z�[�6uS�d�V�KsV#Z8GEK=<w� §jZ\>IE6�S1OPKMIaK;7b6�Ij� � ��6�[�pEZ�GEKM[�Z�:w©EJ�K¥G�IaK;GE©Hk <'>0V®�P6�d�SEJ�6

��J�Z87�K;GE©'3�c_pE6 FH©P] r"<%��J�Z87�K;GE©�Z�:;:;S � §²Z\>4>0<PqEqP:¥KM6�I � � ��SPS�I1d�6�:M:;S�§ K;G V�pE6 d�SEJL� SPd �b��� �

V�pEK�[�� >�p�6�6NV�>`3chp�6 [�SaqEqP68J�[)SaG�V#68G\V{SEdu� � §uV�3�� �0� � Z`V�3��.r"<� �[8SEJ0Jg6\> qPSEGEI�>�V°SyV�p�6 FH©P]#r�<

6`<EV#6�[ V�K�[H[�S���qPSw>�K}V#K;SaGu§4K}V�p4ZH��69:sV K;G1©4qPS�K;G�V_Z(V ���b�E¨ rH3

c*S�6N|PZ�:}<�ZNV#6H§46NVCV�K;Gb©�SaG�Z�GEI > qEJg6�Z�IEK¥GE©�SPd�V�pE6j��J�Z87�64Z�:;:;S � S�G\V#S F�: n Z�GEI c"K;B_>�S��j6ª>g61>(>�Ke:m6

I1JgSaq�6NO�qP68J�K¥��6�G\V�>_§j68J�6u[�Z8J J�K;6�I�S1<1V�<PG�IE68J_|PZ�[N<E<�� � �)����� ^�Z� �K;G�Z8G�68OEqP68J�Ke��6�G\V#Z�:�Z8qEqPZ8J�Z`VC<'>

[�Sa��qEJ�KC>�K;GE© Z9G Z9:=<���K;GPZ VC<E�P6 pE6�ZNV#6�I � � Z¤Y�KMr J�6\>�KC>�V#S1J V�pEZ`V §jZ\> Z�:=Jg6�Z�I � IE61>�[8J�K=��6�I

6�:C>�6`§4pE68Jg6 � �E� �(3aR,J�Z87�K;G1© 68OEq�68J�K;��6�G�V�>�§468Jg6jJg6�Z�:eK;7�6�IÂK;G�Z²p�S�V*§4Z�:;:_pESEJ K=79SaG�V#Z9:®±\<�Z8J�V�7jVC<E�a6

V�p�ZNVH§jZ\>�qP:;Z�[�6�I�K;G Z [�SaG1|a69G�V K�SaG�Z9:�VC<E�b<w:MZ8J4dC<PJ GEZ�[�613*chp�6 68OEqP68J�KM��6�G�V�>�§j68J�6 [�Z)J J�Ke6�I�S�<EV

<PG�IE68J²|aZ�[N<E<�� � �)��� @�^�Z� �§4K}V�p c"K,qPS�§jIE68J�Z\>4©PZ\>�©P6NVeV#6)J�V�S�J�6�I\<�[�6ÂV�p�6 Jg6\>�K;I\<�Z�:HS1O � ©�6�G

qPZ)J0V�K;Z�:wqEJ�61>(>�<PJ�613Pc_pE6�qP:MZNV#6�ZN< V#68�{qP68J�ZNVC<PJ�6H§4Z\>J�68©1<P:MZNV#6�I²V°Sª�a6NVeV#6`J_V�pEZ8G��®���{B�V�p�6�pP6�ZNV#K;G1©

Z)GEI [�SPSE:¥K;GE© JgZNV#6\>!§468Jg6�Z8:C>�S.[�SEG\VmJ SE:;:M6�Iw3wx G V�pE6�d�S�:;:CS1§{K¥Gb©PB_Z�:¥:�V�p�6²J�6)qPSaJCV#6�I���J�Z87�K;G1©ÂV�K;��61>

[�SaJ�J�6\>#qPSaG�IjV�S�V�p�6�6�d�d 6�[`V K=|P6HqP68J�K;SPI�d�SaJ_§{pEK;[�pjV�p�6j>gZ��²qP:M6�pEZ�>"�P6�69G���Z9K;G�V#Z9K;GP6�I�ZNV*[�SaGP>0V#Z8G�V

V#6)��qP68J�ZNVC<PJg6�B�V�JgZ8G�>�K;6�G�VHpP6�ZNV�K;Gb© Z9G�I%[�SPSE:¥K;GE©.V�K¥��61>46`OP[�:=<�IE6�Iw3�¬XpE6�G%G�6�[�6\>`>�Z)J � B�[)J0<�[�K���:M61>

Page 5: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

§j68J�6.:;K¥GP6�Iy§4KsV�p�� ��2 ��(YPc"2�^ ��c �1�EFuB�WySaJ#©PZ8G%¬X61>#©PS �V°S³K;G�>�<PJ�6.[�SaGEd�K;GP6���6�G�V4SEd�V�p�6

:MKM±\<wKMI��EJ�Z)7�6HZ�:e:;S � 3

FudeV#68JHp�6�ZNV�V�J�6�Z V��46�G�V,Z�GEI [�SPSE:¥K;GE©ÂV#S J#SESa�­V#6���qP68JAZNVC<PJ�6)B�V�pE6 >�Z��4q�:M6\>�§j68J�6�[�pEZ8J�Z�[NV#68J�K=7�6�I

� � Saq1V�K�[\Z�:���6`V#Z9:;:;SE©EJ�Z8qPp � �#2TW �B�>A[�Z�GEGEK¥GE©¦6�:M6�[NV�J#SaG �4KM[8J�Sw>�[�SEq � �AY�o*W Z9G�I 6�:M6�[NV�J#SEG

qEJgS��a6 �4KM[8J�SPZ8GEZ�: � >(KC> �°o*^�WyF `3/x G qPZ8J�Z�:;:M69: V#S V�pE6 >0VC<�I � SaG K¥G�V#68J d�Z�[�6\>gB Z qEp�Z�>g6

[)pEZ8J�Z�[NV#68J�K=7�ZNV#K;SEG §jZ\>.[�Z8J J�K;6�I S1<1V�� � � ]0J�Z � IEK¥d#d0J�Z�[NV�K�SaG � �H� 54B4r"< �αJgZ�IaKMZNV�K�SaG .Z�GEI

o*^'W�F¦SEG�FH©P] r"<�] c*K'[�S�:;IE]�qEJ�6\>`>�6�I�qPS�§jIE68J�>gZ9�{q�:M6\>!p�6�ZNV#]°VmJ�6�Z(V#6�I Z V®V�pE6²>gZ���6HV#68��q�68J�ZNVC<PJ�6

Z)GEI�d�SEJhV�p�6j>AZ���6TV#K;��6 � � ���A31x°V®§4Z�>hV�p�<'>"|a68J�K¥d#Ke6�IjV�pPZNV'V�pE6u[8J � >�V#Z�:¥:;K;GP6�qPpEZ\>A6�>�d�SEJh§4pEKM[�p�V�pP6

K;G�V#68J�d�Z\[�6%J�6�Z�[NV#K;SEGX:eZ � 68J(>�SEJ qPZ8J0V�K;[�:M6\> Z�GEZ�: � >�6�I/§�68J�6�6�d�d 6�[NV K=|a69: � S1�1V#Z�K;GE6�I³<�GEIE68J�V�p�6�>g6

[�SaG�IaK}V#K;SEG�> 3

�����{µ �(Àw¾; ���¢E¼'¹�¹�½M�(£�À'�A�(½ ¸ ¼

�������� ������������������� �������� �"!#�$��%&��')(+*�,-'�./*&0-1

x#G�Z²d�K¥JA>0V,>0V#68qPB'K}V"§jZ\>�|�68J�K;d KM6�I�V�pEZNV*V�pE6�Fu: n [�68J�Z���KC[\>�<'>g6�IÂK;G�V�pEKC>�§jSaJ � �°§{K}V�p�K}V�>u>0<PJ�d�Z�[�6

S1OPK;IE6H:MZ � 68J� �§�Z�>�§�6NVMV#6�I�� � Z�:eKM±\<�K;I�FH©P] c"KPZ�:M:;S � qEJ�68qPZ8Jg6�I ����,324� ��5 � � IEK=JA6�[NV_�j69:sV K;GE©�S�d�Fu©

Z)GEI�c*K'SaG�V�p�6�F�: n >0<P�w>�V�J�ZNV#6 �L>�6\>A>�K;:e6{I1J�Saqª[�SEG1d�K¥©1<PJAZNV�K�SaG `31FuG 68OEqP68J�K;��6�G\V*��Z�IE6uZNV �E�E�E¨ r

6�d�d 6�[NV K=|a69: � >�pES1§46�I�©PSESPIª§j6(VeV�K;G1© S�dZª>���Z�:e:_Fu: n q�:;Z`V#6{� � :eKM±\<�KMI >�KM:�|�6)J�§jK}V�p � 3 � ZNVA3�� SEd

c_KPZ�IEIE6�Iw3bF�deV#68J*Z)G²K;G�I\<�[NV K�SaG�qP6)JLK�S�I4SEd�� �E� >gB�[)SaJ#J�69>#qPSaG�IaK;Gb©jV#SHV�pE6HIEKe>`>�S�:s<EV�K;SaGjS�d_>�S�:;K;I4c�K

K;G�:eKM±\<wKMI4FH©PB�Z8Gj6�±\<wKM:eK=�PJ�K=<w� [�SEG\V#Z�[NV�Z8Gb©�:�6HS�d®� ��¨ §jZ\>*ZNVCV#Z8K;G�6�I²K;G�� �E� >`3\¬Xp�6�G²�jSaJ�6�V�p�Z�G

� 3 � ZNVg3�� c_K"§�Z\>{qEJ�6\>A6�G\VuK;G�:MKe±\<�KMI�FH©PB!Z >���Z�:e:M68Jj[\SEG\V#Z�[ V{Z8Gb©�:�6 ��� �E¨ �§jZ1>4ZNVCV#Z8K;G�6�I�K;G�Z

>#pESEJ0V#68J�V�K;��6 � � �E� > `3�5468qP6)GEIEK¥GE© SEG V�p�6 c_K!Z�[NV#K=|PK¥V � B�> qEJ�6�Z�IaK;G1© SPd�V�pE6 :;Ke±\<�KMI�Z�:¥:�S � §jZ1>

Z�>(>�SP[�K;ZNV#6�I�§4K}V�p V�pE64d�SaJ��4Z`V K;SEG�ZNV*V�pE6�V�J K=qP:M6²:MK¥GP64S�d�69KsV�pE68J,Z�>�K;GE©P:M6{V�pEK;G :MZ � 6)J�SEd�GEK}V�JgSa©P68G�]

qPSESEJ�V�K}V#Z8GEKs<w�­GEK}V�J�KMIE6 �#c"K n @ �76 �SEG\V°S�F�: n � :;S1§ c"K'Z�[�V�K=|PK}V � �SEJZ�IES1<E�P:;6HJ�6�Z�[NV�K;SEG�:MZ � 68J_§4K}V#p

Page 6: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

c_K n @ ��6 SaG4V�pE6�Fu: n >�KeIE6{Z9G�I Z4[�S���qP:M6�O�[�S���qPS1<PGEI � c_K;B¥FH©PB=Fu: �� n SaG4V�pE6�:eKM±\<�K;I >�KMIE6 � pEK;©Pp

c_KPZ�[NV#K=|PK}V � `3

� 6�Z�[NV K=|a6 §46NVCV�K;Gb© §jK}V�p³V�pE6�d�SEJL�jZNV K�SaGXSEd�c"K n�� � ¯ �ZNV�V�p�6%F�: n�� :;Ke±\<�KMI K;G\V#6)JLd�Z�[\6 §jZ\>�Z�:C>�S

S1�w>g68J0|a6�I²§4pE6�G�c_� � §jZ\>"��J�Z87b6�IjV#S�Fu: n ZNV �E�E�E¨ rXd SEJ ��� �4K¥G4<'>�K;GE© Z �)�E� � � V�pEKM[�� >�p�6�6NV

SEd�q1<PJ�64FH©.Z\>Hd�Ke:M:M68JH��6NV#Z�:C3_YEqEJ�6�Z�IEK;G1©.SEd!:¥KM±\<�KMI Fu©.SEG >gSa:;KMI c"K�B_IaKe>`>gSa:s<EV K;SEG Sad"V�p�6�:MZNVCV#68J

6�:;6���6�G\VjZNVHV�pE6.c_K � :eKM±\<�KMI³K;G\V#68J�d�Z�[�6.Z�GEI ��K;©EJ�ZNV#K;SEG Sad{c"K�K;G%V�p�6 :eKM±\<�KMIyV#S1§4Z)J�I�>�V�p�6 Fu: n

>�<PJ�d�Z�[�6 V�p\<'> Z8qEqP6�Z8J�6�I Z\>¦d#Z\>0V�qEJ�SP[�6\>A>�6\> 3 W�SaJ#6�S1|P68J�B�SEGE[�6 Z [9p�6���KM[�Z�:³�PSEGEI §jZ1>

6�>0V#ZN�P:;KC>�pP6�I ZNVHV�pE6 K;G\V#68J#d�Z\[�6 �a6NVC§j6�68G F�: n Z9G�I V�pE6 FH©P]0J�KM[�p�:eKM±\<wKMIEB"V�pE6 :MZNVMV#68J�J�6�Z�[NV#6�I�Z(V

�E�E�E¨ r³§4K}V#p c"K�V°S�©EK=|a6²>�S�:;KMI�FH©Pc"K�� FH©Pc"K'��3ßq'3�� �)� � �E¨ r `3��T<�K;[���V�pEKM[��P6�GEK;GE©�Sad�V�p�6�FH©Pc�K

:MZ � 6)J*IE69�jS�Gw>0V�J�Z(V#6�I�V�pE6Hd�6�Z1>�K=�PKe:MK}V � S�d1k�SPK¥GPK;GE©�Fu: n V�S�c_K1§4K}V#p4FH©²� � V�JgZ8Gw>�KM69G�V_:;KM±\<wKMI�qPpEZ1>A6

�aSaG�IaK;GE©X§4K}V#p Z�J�6�Z�>�SEGEZ8�P:M6yV�K;��6�]°V#6���qP68JgZNVC<PJ�6 [ � [�:M613Hc_pE68Jg69d�SEJ�6�pEZ8|PK;GE© Z8J#JLK=|�6�I�ZNV4V�pEKC>

qPSEK;G\V#BwV�pE6���ZNVeV#6)J�§jZ\>�V°S :;S�§j68J!V�pE6j��J�Z87�K;GE©ÂV#6���q�68J�ZNVC<PJ�6�� � Z�IEIEK¥GE© Z�G 69:M6���6�G\V�V°S FH©�V�S

IE6�[8J�6�Z\>g6�KsV�>"�j69:sV K;GE©4qPSaK;G�VA3

������� � %�� 5�% ��� �� ���������%���� �$�&, 1 5���� %���� %�� � ��/2 %&��.��/*&0-1

Q�<PJ0V�pE68J���J�Z87�K;GE© 68OEqP6)JLK;��6�G\V�>�§j68J�6u[�Z8J#JLK�6�I�S1<1V�ZNV �E���E¨ r/d�SaJ_� � �²K;G�§4K}V#p�V�pE6HFH©P] r"<���J�Z87b6

Z�:;:;S � 3EF�>68OEqP6�[NV#6�I²dCJ�SE� qEJg6N|PK;S1<�>�§jSEJ��PB � � �EB � ���_[9:M6�Z)G�c*K�>�<PJLd�Z�[\6�>�§46)J�6�6�Z\>�Ke: � §�6NVMV#6�I�� �

V�p�6Â:;KM±\<wKMI%Z�:M:;S � V�pPZNVuZ)qEqP6�Z8J�6�I 68G\V#K=J�6�: � >�SP:¥K�IaKMd KM6�I%KeG V�pE6 d�SEJ�� S�d,q1<PJ�6ÂFH© Z�deV#68Ju� � �4KeG

��J�Z87�K;GE©'3�x�V!KC>�§4SEJCV�p GES1V�K;G1© V�pEZNVTZ [)SaG�V�K;G\<�S1<'>uc"K 6 r"<��TJ�6�Z�[NV#K;SEG.:eZ � 68J�§4K}V�p.Z²V�pEKM[��PGE6�>`>uS�d

��� ]�� � � � §4Z\>ªd�SaJ��46�I�ZNV�V�p�6%c_K � Z�:M:;S � K;G\V#6)JLd�Z�[\6�B�J�68qP:;Z�[�K;GE©³V�pE6 V�pEK;[��XFH©Pc"KH[�S���qPS1<PGEI

:MZ � 6)J"qEJ�68|PK;S1<'>�: � [�pEZ8J�Z�[NV#68J K;7�6�I�ZNV �E�E�E¨ r�§4pE6�G4q1<PJA6�FH©�§jZ\>"<'>g6�Iw3E�uS�SPI²Jg6�Z�[(V�K�|a6�§j6NVCV�K;G1©

Z)GEI�[�pE6���KM[�Z�:��PSEGEIEK¥GE©%§jZ1>4Z�:C>�S S���>�68J�|P6�I�ZNVHV�p�6ÂFu: n >0<PJ�d#Z�[�6�§jK}V p.V�pE6 d�SEJL�jZNV K�SaGySad{Z

IES1<E�P:;64:eZ � 68J,chK n @ ��6�� � chK�B�FH©PB�r"<�B'F�:� �� n 3�chp�6\>A6�J�6\>�<w:}V�>,Z)J�6²K;G�Z8©EJ�6�69��6�G\V*§{K}V�p qEJ�6N|PK;S1<®>

S1�w>g68J0|aZNV K�SaGw>*�4Z�IE6HZ`V�Fu: nj� FH©P]#c"K;] r"< K;G�V#68J d#Z�[�6\> � ��� ] �)� �A3

Page 7: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

Q�SaJ ��ZNV�K�SaG�S�d�c"K n @ �76 ZNV'V�pE6uF�: n�� �EJ�Z8796�Z�:e:�S � K¥G�V#68J�d Z�[�6uZ�[�[�SaJ�I1K;Gb©²V#SjV�p�6�[)pE6���KM[�Z�:'6�±\<�ZNV�K;SPG

�a6�:;S�§ qEJ�S��4S1V#6\>H> qEJg6�Z�IEK¥Gb© SPdhV�p�6j�EJgZ87b6²Z�:M:;S � SEG�V�pE6²Fu: n >0<P�'>0V�J�Z(V#6�� � J�6�Z�[NV#K=|P6�§�6NVMV�K;G1© �

� ��� �

�������������� ����� �� ��+→+

x#GjV�pEKC>*J�6�Z�[NV�K;SEGEB�Fu: n Z9G�I�c"K n @ �76 Z8J�6�K;G�V�pE6�>�S�:;KMI�>�V#ZNV#6�§�p�68J�6�Z\>c"K�Z8G�I�F�:'Z)J�6�IEKC>(>gS�:=|P6�I�KMG

V�p�6�:¥KM±\<�KMI²�EJ�Z8796�Z�:e:;S � 3�F�V �E�b�E¨ r�B�V�p�6���K=�E�w>!dCJ�6�6�6�G�68J © � |PZ8J�KMZNV�K;SEG d�SaJ*V�pEKe>�J�6�Z�[NV#K;SaG KC>!G�S�V

|a68J � G�68©�ZNV�K=|�6�B�SEd"V�pE64SEJ�IE68J,SEd�] �E���PD�3}�jS�: � @ � �)� �(3wFu[�[�SEJ�IEK¥Gb©�: � B�V�pE6�J�6�Z�[NV�K;SEG [�Z�GÂqEJ�SP[�6�6�I

SEGE: � Ked�V�p�6H[�pP69�4KM[�Z�:wZ�[`V K=|PK}V � S�d®c"KwK;G�V�pE6H:eKM±\<�KMIj�EJgZ9796HZ9:M:;S � KC>*pEK¥©Pp�6�GES1<P©Ep�� pEK=©�pP6)J�V�pEZ�G4�

�)� � §jK}V p J�6�d 68Jg69G�[�6�V�S%:;KM±\<wK;I�>0V#ZNV#6 `3'chp�ZNVT[�SEGEIEK}V K�SaG.KC>�dC<w:;d KM:e:M6�I §4pE6�GÂV�p�6ª��J�Z87b6 Z�:e:;S � K�>

6�K}V�p�68J_q1<PJ�6HFH© SEJ*Z8G4FH©P]0W Z�:e:;S � V�pEZNV�IESP6\>*GES\V®d�SaJ#� |P68J � >0V#Z`�P:e6Hc*K 6 W �*[�S��{qPS�<PG�I�>�Z`V�V�p�6

c_K � :MKe±\<�KMI K;G\V#68J�d�Z�[�6 � [�Z\>g6³SEd r"<� `3�Q�SaJ�S\V�p�68J Z�:;:;S � K;GE© 69:M6���6�G\V�> V�pEZNVªd�SaJ#� �4SEJ�6 >�V#ZN�P:M6

[�Sa��qPS1<PGEIw>�§4KsV�pÂV�K}V#Z8GEK=<�� >�<�[9p Z\>4Y�K�B"�u6 Z�GEI�YEGEB�V�pE6 Z�[NV�K=|PK}V � Sad,c"K*K;GÂV�pE6 :;Ke±\<�KMI ��J�Z87b6

Z�:;:;S � KC>�V#SES³:;S1§ V�S�[8SEG\|a68J0V{F�: n K;G\V#S/c_K n @ ��6 B�Z�> 6NO�qP68J�Ke��6�G\V#Z�:;: � |P68J�K;d KM6�I Z�deV#68J4� � �4KeG

��J�Z87�K;GE© ZNV �E�b�E¨ rH31F �jSaJ�6u±\<�Z�G\V�K}V#Z`V�K�|�6uZ8qEqEJ�SPZ�[8p�[�SEG�>�KC>0V�>K¥Gª[�SE��qwZ)JLK;Gb©²V�pE6{69G�V�pEZ�:;q�KM6\>Swd

d�SEJ��4ZNV#K;SEG4S�d®c"K;]°W �PSEGEI�>�<'>�K;GE©�V�pE6�W KM6�IE6���Z��ß>*�4SwIE6�: � � � �(3�Q'J�SE� V�pE6HJ�6\>�<w:}V�>�qEJ�6\>A6�G\V#6�I4K;G

c*ZN�P:M6 � B�K}V*Ke>[�:M6�Z8J_V�pEZNV�FH© Z8G�I�r"<�d�SaJ�� V�pE6�§46�Z��P61>0V��aSaG�I�>_§4K}V�p�c"KC31x�V�KM>hV�p�6�G�K;G4q1<PJ�6�FH©

Z)GEIÂK;G V�pE6²FH©P]#r< Z�:e:;S � >�V�pEZ`V"V�p�6²Z�[NV�K=|PK}V � SPd�c"K®KC>�V�pE6²pEK;©PpE61>0V#Bw§�pEK�[9puk <'>0V#K;d KM6\>�V�pE6�<®>�64Z1>

��J�Z87�6HZ�:M:;S � S�d®6N<EV#6�[NV�K;[�FH©P]#r<4§4KsV p�� � ZNVg3��.r"<��0� � §uV�3��.r"<�B1� 3ßq'3�� ���b�E¨ r� 3

W∆i ����� � �ED � �4S�:PSEd®ZNV#SE��>� c_K=W � c_K=W chK � W chK

�W

FH© ] �)� ]0� � ] ��� ] �)�r"< ]0�E� ]0� � ]0� � ] �E�YEG ]0�P� ] �1� ] �E� ] �1��u6 ] � � ] � � ] �1� ] �E�YPK ] � � ] � � ] � � ] � �c*ZN�P:M6 � 3br�Z�:;[`<w:MZNV#6�I�|aZ9:=<�6\>*d�SEJ�V�p�6�pE6�ZNV�SEd�d�SEJ �4ZNV#K;SEGEB

∆i������aSad®c"K;]CW [�SE��qPS�<PG�IU>hSad®d�S�<PJ

IEK;d0d#68J�6�G�V_[�Sa��qPSw>�K}V#K;SEG�>*Z�[�[�SaJgIaK;G1©�V°S{V�p�6�W K;6�IE6���Z�� >*�4SPIE69: � � � �(3

Page 8: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

Q®K;©'3 � 3EY�o*W K;��Z8©P6HSEd�ZHc*K � FH©P] r"<P� � ZNV�� � F�: n k�S�K;G1Vw��J�Z87�6�I²d�SEJ � �²K;G4Z`V �E�b�E¨ r �\J�6�Z�[`V�K�|�6

§j6NVMV�K¥Gb©�ZNV'�PS\V�p�K;G\V#6)JLd�Z�[�61> � V�p�6��EJ�Z8796HZ9:;:;S � p�Z\>*6�G1J�KM[�pE6�I4K;G²FH©4�1<EV®K}V�>*[)J � >�V#Z9:;:MK¥79ZNV K�SaG

SP[�[N<PJ#J�6�I�<Pq�SaG4[�SESa:;K;GE©��0FH©P] r"<ª6N<EV#6�[NV�K;[���6`VC§46�6)G�qEJ Ke��Z8J � FH©4©EJ�Z�K;Gw>�

Q®K;©'3 � >#pES1§�>TZ�c_K � FH©P] r"<P� � ZNV�� � Fu: n kgS�K;G\V,Z�deV#68J��EJgZ87�K¥GE©.d�SEJ � �4K;G.ZNV �E�b�E¨ rH3wx°V!KM>H[�:M6�Z8J

V�p�ZNV�Z V�V�pE6H6�GEI4SEdUV�pP6��EJgZ87�K¥GE©�SEqP68J�ZNV�K�SaG�B��4Sw>0V®SEdwV�pP6��EJ�Z87b6HZ�:e:�S � K°>!>�V�K¥:M:wK;G�V�pE6H:eKM±\<wKMI >0V#ZNV#6�3

x#GEIE6�6�IEB²V�p�6 �4Ke[)J�SU>�V�J0<�[(VC<PJ�6XSadÂV�pEKC>yZ�:¥:�S � 68OPpEK=��K}V(>yK¥G ��Z�G � q�:MZ�[�6\>.V�pE6�[�pEZ8J�Z�[NV#68J�Ke>0V#KM[

�jSaJ qPpESE:;SE© � S�d*Z�>gS�:;KeIEK;d KM6�I FH©P] r"< 6N<EV#6�[NV#K;[�Z�:e:�S � §4K}V�pªIEZ8J�� J�S1<PGEIE]L>#pPZ8qP6�I [8J � >0V#Z�:C>!SEd�r"<

6����P6�IEIE6�I K¥G Zj§{pEK}V#6�FH©.��Z`V�J K=O'3 v Z8J ©P64qEJ�K¥��Z8J � FH© ©EJ�Z�K;Gw>H[�Z9G�pES1§j6�|a68J��a6�>g6\6�G §�pEKM[�p

K;GPIEKM[�ZNV#6\>�Z9G�6�GbJLKM[�pE��6�G\VK¥G Fu©�S�d�V�p�6²Z�:M:;S � I\<PJ�K;GE© �EJ�Z87�K;GE©'3'YPS��46�F�:®d0JgS��­F�: n pEZ\>,Z�:C>�S

IEKe>`>gS�:=|P6�IÂK;G�V�p�6²:;KM±\<wKMI�Z9:M:;S � 3az{qPSEG�[�SESa:;K;GE©PB�Fu:�qEJg6�[�K=q�KsV#ZNV#6�I�§4K}V�p�r"<.Z)GEI�c"K�K;G�V�pE64d�SaJA�

SEd"V�p�6�d K;GP6²©EJ�6 � qPZ8J0V#K;[�:e6�>�|PKC>(K=��:e6²�a6NVC§j6�68GÂV�p�6²qEJ�K;��Z)J � FH© ©EJ�Z�K;Gw>HGP6�Z8J!V�pE6�Fu: n >0<PJ�d�Z�[�6E3

2HG�V�pP64c"K">�KMIE6�B®Z�[�SEG\V#K;G\<�S1<'>!J�6�Z�[`V K;SEG 7�SEGE6�§4K}V#p�ZjV�pEK;[��PGP6\>A>HSEd �)� ]0� � � � KC>,S1�'>�68J |PZ8�P:M613

Fu[�[�SaJgIaK;G1©�V#S�o*^�WyF�Z8GPZ�: � >g61>�B1V�pE6�J�6�Z�[NV�K;SEG²:MZ � 6)J�>A6�±\<�68GP[�6HK;G�V�pEKC>"79SaG�6�KC>*c"K � c"K � c"K � r"< �

Page 9: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

c_K���r"< � c"KMr"< � c"K�gr< ¯ � c"K���r"<� � v 3�2�G�V�pE64F�: n >�KMIE6�B�V�p�6²[�68J�Z��4Ke[�>�<PJLd#Z�[�64KC>H[�SPZNV#6�I�§{K}V�p�Z

V�pEK;G�� :M6\>(>*V�pEZ�G � � � V�pEKM[��� Z8GEI [�SaG�V�K¥G�<�S�<'>:MZ � 68JSad*c"K n @ �76 BwK}V�>g69:;d*[�S1|�68J�6�Ij§4K}V�pªZ�:MZ � 68JS�d

©EJg6 � qPZ8J0V#K;[�:M6\>[�SEG\V#Z�K;GEK¥GE©�c"K�B n B�Fu:wZ�GEI�r"< ��K=O�6�I�§4K}V�p4��6NV#Z�:;:eKM[j>�KM:=|�68J`3bchp�6�J�6�Z�[NV#K;SEG�7�SEGP6

SEG�V�pE6�Fu: n >�KMIE6�KC>*V�pE6²>gZ9��6�Z�>"V�pEZ`V*[8p�Z8J�Z�[NV#6)JLK 7�6�I�� � r!Z8J�K;� Z�G�I v S�68pE��Z�G � �)� ��§4KsV�p²VC§jS

>�<E�P:MZ � 6)J(> ��ZX:;Z � 68J SEd c"K n � � ��� SEG F�: n Z�G�I Z�GES1VCp�68J�>0<P�P:MZ � 68J%��Z�K;GE: � [�SEGw>�KC>0V#K;G1© Sad Z

±\<�Z`V#68J GEZ)J � q�p�Z\>A6�� c"K;B®r"<�B�Fu:� �� n §jpESw>�64[8J � >�V#Z9:*>0V�JC<�[NVC<PJ�6�pEZ�>���6�6�G�IE6NV#68J��4K¥GP6�I�� � 5�<PJ�:=<

6`V_Z):C3 � � � �L3

���&�+��� � %�� ������%&� ( '��)0-1 � � � ! %��#�$�, 1$5��5�� ��������� %�� � �

Q®K;©'3�� > pES1§�>�V�p�6ªV � qPKM[�Z�:��4SEJ q�p�S�:;SE© � SadTZÂc"K � FH© ]ur"<�� � Z(VA3 � � F�: n k�SPK¥G�VuZ�deV#68J � �4KeG

��J�Z87�K;GE©�ZNV �E���b¨ r!B�§{pEKM[�p²KC> �E��¨ r :;S�§j68J�V�p�Z8G�qEJ�68|PK;Sa<'>�: � Z�G�I²SEGE: � ����¨ r³Z8�PS1|P6�V�p�6��j69:sV K;GE©

qPSEK;G\VhSad'V�pE6���J�Z87�6�Z�:M:;S � 3EF²>K¥G4V�pE6�d�SEJ���68J�[�Z\>A6�Bwc"KUZ8GEI�Fu: n pEZ8|P6H�P6�6�G²Jg6�Z�IEKe: � §j6NVCV#6�I�� �

V�p�6�:¥KM±\<�KMI�FH©P] r"< Z�:e:;S � 3�2�G�V�p�6jFu: n >�KMIE6�B'Z�V�pEK;G � Z8�PS1<EV � 3 � � � ��1<EV[�SaG�V�K¥G�<�S�<'>!:�Z � 68J,S�d

V�KsV#Z8GEK=<w� GEK}V�J�K;IE6Âp�Z1>�IE68|a69:�SaqP6�I Z�:e:!S1|P68JHV�pE6�F�: n >0<PJ�d�Z�[�6 Z�G�I%Z8J�S1<PGEI�>�S��j6ÂF�: n ©EJ�Z�K;G'>

:�S�[�Z`V#6�I [�:;SU>g6�V�S²V�p�6²>0<PJ#d�Z�[�6 �°Q®K;©'3a�� 3EchpEKM>!��6�Z9Gw>*VCp�ZNV_V�pE6�:;KM±\<�KeI��EJgZ87�6�Z�:;:;S � p�Z\>!GES1V*SEG1: �

>#qEJ�6�Z�I4SEG\V#S4F�: n >�<PJ�d�Z�[�6T�b<EV�p�Z1>*Z�:°>gS�K;GEd Ke:}V�JgZNV#6�I�©EJ�Z�K;Gj�aS�<PG�IEZ8J�KM6�>hS�dwV�pE6�>�K¥G�V#68J�6�I4[�6)J�Z���KM[

� � J�6�Z�[NV�K=|�6�§j6NVCV�K;G1©'3P2�G�V�p�6�c"K_>�KMIE6�B�Z�Jg6�Z�[NV#K;SEG 7�SaG�646�ObV#68GEIEK;GE©�S�|a68J��jSaJ�6HV�pEZ�G Z4pEZ�:edS�d

V�p�6²k�SPK¥G�V�§{K;I\V�p KC>�S��'>g68J |PZ8�P:M613"x G%V�pEKC>4J�6�Z�[NV#K;SaG�79SaG�6�B�V�p�6 :;Z � 6)JÂ>�6�±\<�69G�[�6 KC>�c"K � c"K���r"< �

c_KMr"< � c"K�gr< ¯ � FH© � c"K;r"< ¯ � FH©'3Pr�SP��qPZ8J�6�I�§4K}V�p�§{pEZ`V_§4Z\>�S��'>g68J |P6�I Z`V �E�b�E¨ r!B�V�pE6�VC§jS�]

qEp�Z1>�6�I >0<P�P] :MZ � 68J,c"K � c*K���r"<.pPZ\>,IEKC>�Z8qEq�6�Z8J�6�IÂZNV_VmpE64K¥GEGP6)J�>�KMIE64S�d_V�pE6�J�6�Z�[NV K�SaG 7�SEGE64Z�GPI

V�p�6jV�pEK;G c"K���r"<�H:MZ � 68JH:;SP[�ZNV#6�I ZNV!K}V�>TS1<EV#6NJu>�K;IE6�pEZ1>��a6�6�GÂJ�6)q�:MZ�[�6�IÂ� � Zj§4KMIE6jVC§jSP]0qEpEZ\>g6�I

:MZ � 6)J���Z�K;G�: � [�SEGw>�K°>�V K;Gb©%SPd�>gS�:;KMI FH©%��K=O�6�I§4K}V#p%[�J � >0V#Z�:C>uSEd�V�p�6Â[�S���qPS1<PGEI.c"KMr"< ¯ 3�xCV,KC>

§jSEJ°V�p G�S\V�K¥Gb©�V�p�ZNV_V�pE6�|aS�:}<���64SEdhV�p�6²:;KM±\<wKMI J�6���Z9K;GEK;GE© K;G�V�pE6!k�S�K;G\V�Z�deV#68J � �4K;G �EJ�Z87�K;GE© K�>

��<�[�p%>���Z�:e:M68JTZNV �E��� V�p�Z9G ZNV �E�b�E¨ rH3wx G S1V�pE68J!§4SEJ I�>gBhKC>gS\V�pE68J��4Z�:!>�S�:;KMIaK;d KM[�ZNV�K;SEG qEJ�SP[�6�6�I�>

d#Z\>�V#68J*ZNV �E���b¨ ryV�p�Z8G4ZNV �E�b�E¨ rH3

Page 10: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

Q®K;©'3��'3EY�o*W K;��Z8©P6HSEd�ZHc*K � FH©P] r"<P� � ZNV�� � F�: n k�S�K;G1V®Z)deV#68J��EJ�Z)7\K;Gb©�d�SEJ � �4K;G4ZNV �E���b¨ r �

>#qEJ�6�Z�IEK;G1©4� � J�6�Z\[`V�K�|�6�§j6NVMV�K¥Gb©�ZNV'�PS\V�p�K;G\V#6)JLd�Z�[�61>*Z8GPI�KC>�S1V�pE68J ��Z�:w>�SP:¥KMIEKed KM[�Z`V K;SEG4SEdwV�pE6

��J�Z87�6HZ�:M:;S � S�|a68J"�jSaJ�6�V�p�Z8G4Z�p�Z9:Md®S�d�K}V�>®|PS�:}<���6 �°V�pE6HIES\VMV#6�I�:;K;GP6�>�pES1§�>®V�pE6H:¥K�±\<wKMIE]L>gS�:;KeI

�aS�<PG�IEZ8J � ZNV �E���b¨ r

�����+��� �� � ����� � � %&��5�� � � ��� ������� %��� 24 �� ���� ����� %&��� ���� � � !�%�����2��

F4>�>gS�SEG Z�>"V�pE6�Fu©P] r"< Z�:e:;S � ��6�:}V�>gB�V�p�6�c"K'�PZ\>g6²��68V#Z8:w�P68©PK;Gw>�V#SÂI1Ke>`>gS�:=|P6�K;G�V�pE6�:eKM±\<�KMIw3�F

c_KP[�pE6���KM[�Z�:PZ�[NV#K=|PK}V � ©EJ�Z�IEKe6�G�VwV�p\<'>*Z)qEqP6�Z8J(>��a6NVC§j6�6�GjV�p�6�>0<PJ d�Z�[\6�>*SadwV�p�6T�aZ\>�6H��6NV#Z�:��°§4pE6)J�6

V�p�6�c*KwZ�[`V K=|PK}V � KC>_V�pE6�pEK;©PpP6\>0V Z8G�I�F�: n �°§4p�68J�6�KsV*K°>*V�pE6�>���Z9:M:M6\>0V `3�¬XpE6�G�V�pE6uc"K'Z�[`V K=|PK}V � K�>

>�<wd�d KM[�KM69G�V : � pEK;©�p/K;G�V�pE6 |PKM[�K;G�K}V � S�d�V�p�6%c_K�>�<PJLd#Z�[�6�BHc_K;r"<P¯ [8J � >0V#Z�:e>�qEJ�6�[�K=qPK}V#ZNV#613!c_pE6 c"K

Z�[NV�K=|PK}V � ZNV�V�p�6�F�: n�� :;Ke±\<�KMI K¥G�V#68J�d Z�[�6�Z�:C>�S.K¥GP[)J�6�Z\>A6\>�Z8GEIEB_Z�deV#68JTZ�[�68J�V#Z9K;G K;GPI\<�[NV#K;SEGÂqP6)JLK�S�IEB

�a6�[�S��j6�>upEK;©PpE68J�V�p�Z9G�V�pE6²V�p1Jg6\>�pES�:�I |�Z�:=<�6 d�SaJ�V�p�6�d�SaJ��4ZNV#K;SEG.S�d,c"K n @ ��6 3'F�V�V�pEKM>��jS���69G�V#B

V�p�6�:;KM±\<�KeI��a68©�K;Gw>_V#S�> qEJ�6�Z�I4SaGHV�pE6H[�6)J�Z��²KM[1>_� � Jg6�Z�[�V�K=|a6�§46NVCV�K;Gb©'39Qw<PJ�V�pE68J_©EJ�S1§HV�p{Sad®c"K n @ ��6Z)GEI c"KMr"<P¯ÂV�pE6)G qEJ�SP[�6�6�I�>�� � :eKM±\<�KeI qPpEZ�>�6/IEKed�d°<®>�K;SEG S�d�c*K4Z�GEI r"< ZNV#SE��>.IES1§�GXV�pP6

[)pE6���KM[�Z�:"qPS1V#68G\V�K�Z9:*©EJ�Z�IEKM6�G\V�>{SadTSaqEq�SU>�KsV#6 >�K=©PG V�pEZNV,p�Z�|a6Â6�>0V#ZN�P:MK°>�pP6�I%K¥G V�p�6Â:;Ke±\<�KMI ��J�Z87b6

Z�:;:;S � 3'�HJ�S1§HV�p�Sadc"KMr"<P¯�[)J � >0V#Z�:e>HKC>,Z�[�[�SE��q�Z�GEKe6�I�� � V�pE6�qEJ�6�[�K;qPK}V#ZNV#K;SaG�SPd�>gS�:;KeI�FH©Â©EJ�Z�K;G'>

Page 11: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

�)�

dCJgS�� V�pE6H:eKM±\<�KeI4FH©P] r"<���J�Z87�6HZ�:e:�S � 31c"pEKC>_©PK=|�61>_J�Ke>A6TV°S�V�pE6�d�SEJL�jZNV K�SaG4Z�G�Ij©EJgS�§uV�p4SEd�Z�VC§{SP]

qEp�Z1>�6�I�c"K;r"< ¯ � FH©�>�S�:;K;I�:MZ � 68J 31F�G�Ke�4qPSEJ°V#Z8G�V_d�6�Z`VC<PJ�6j>#pES1§�G�K;G²Q®K;©'31� Ke>_V�pEZNV�:MZ8J ©P6uchKMr"< ¯

[)J � >�V#Z9:C>!©EJ�S1§ Z(V_V�pE6��PS1<PGEIPZ8J � �P6`VC§46�6�G�V�p�6ª>gS�:;KMIÂFH©Â©EJgZ9K;Gw>,Z�GEI�V�pE64:eKM±\<�KeI�FH©P] r"<.Z�:e:�S � 3

c_pEKC>H��6�Z�Gw>�V�p�ZNV,K;d�[)J � >0V#Z�:;:eK;7bZNV�K;SEG.SEd!c"KMr"< ¯ Z�GEI.F�©.6�d�d 6�[NV K=|a69: � �P6)©�K;Gw>uZNVV�pE6�c*K�>0<PJ�d�Z�[�6

§{pE6)J�6 V�pE6 c"K Z�[NV�K=|PK}V � K°> V�pE6¤pEK;©�p�61>0V#B K}V qEJ�SEqPZN©PZ`V#6\>³� � p�6NV#68J#Sa©P68G�6�S1<'>X:¥KM±\<�KMIE]L>�S�:;KMI

G�<�[�:e6�ZNV K�SaG Z�GEI ©EJ�S1§�V�p�3 xCV KM> V�p�6 :MZNVCV#6)J qEJ SP[�6�>(> V�p�ZNV�J�6\>0<�:}V�> K¥G J�Z)q�KMI KC>gS�V�p�68J��4Z\:

>gSa:;KMIEKed KM[�ZNV#K;SEG4SEdUV�p�6��EJ�Z)7�6HZ�:e:;S � ZNV�:;S�§XV#68�{qP68J�ZNVC<PJ�6b3

F4>,:;S�G1© Z1>,Z�GÂFH©P] r"<.:MKM±\<wKMIÂKC>,qEJ�6\>�6�G�V!K;G�V�p�6�k�S�K;G�V�BwV�pE6�J�6�Z�[`V�K;SaG�:MZ � 68Ju>�6�±\<�6�GE[�64S1|P68J!� �

V�p�6HchK'>�KMIE6�KC> �1c"K � c*K��Ar< � c"K;r"< � c"K�gr< ¯ � FH© � c"KMr"< ¯ � FH© � v 3bc_pE6u[�SaJ#J�6\> q�SaG�IaK;Gb©�IEKed�dC<�>�K;SPG

qPZ`V�pÂp�Z\>��P6�69G I1J�ZN§jG K;G�V�p�6²FH©P] r"<�] c"K®q�p�Z\>A6�IEK;Z8©EJAZ�� Z`V �E���b¨ r qEJ�6�>�6�G\V#6�I�K¥G Q®K;©'3'� �mV�p�6

[�Z9:�[N<w:MZNV#6�I KC>gS\V�pE68J�� KC>��PZ�>�6�I SEG � �E���(3Px°V,[�Z8G��a6²J�6)��Z)J��P6�I�V�p�ZNV"V�p�6�c_K���r"<�H[�Sa��qPS1<PGEI K�>

��KC>`>�K¥GE©PB1§{pEKe[�p4[�Z9Gu�P6H68OEqP:MZ9K;GP6�I�� � �PK;GP6NV#K;[1>*[�SEG�>�KCIE6)J�ZNV�K;SEG�> � � ���(3

Page 12: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

�E�

Q®K;©'3b�w3\FH©P] r"<�] c_KEqEpPZ\>g6HIaKMZ8©EJ�Z��¦ZNV �E���b¨ r³Z�GEI4IEK;d0d0<'>�K�SaG�qPZ`V�p4Z\>(>gS�[�KMZNV#6�I�§{K}V�p4KC>�S1V�pE68J��4Z�:

>gSa:;KMIEKed KM[�ZNV#K;SEG4SEdUV�p�6�:;KM±\<�KeI���J�Z87�6HZ�:e:�S � ��q�p�Z�>g6HIaK�Z8©EJAZ9�¦[�Z9:M[N<�:MZNV#K;SaGu��Z\>�6�I4SEG � �E���

���������� �� � � 2 �"%&� � � � �� 5���� �� � �"!�� ��� %���� ��� ����&��%������� , � � � ������� � ��� � ��� %&��5�� �

Q�SaJ*Z�k�SEK;G\V'�EJgZ87�6�I4ZNV �E���b¨ r K¥Gu§�pEKM[�p4K°>gS�V�p�68J��4Z�:�>gSa:MKMIaK;d KM[�ZNV�K;SEG4K°>Pk <'>0V�[�SE��qP:M6NV#6�IEB\V�pE6

Jg6�Z�[NV�K;SEG4:MZ � 68J�>�6�±\<�69G�[�6HZNVwV�p�6HchKw>�KMIE6HKC>�BPchK � c"K���r"< � chK�r< � c"K��r"< ¯ � FH© � c"K;r"< ¯ � FH©

�AY�6�[NV�K;SEG4�w31�EB\Q®K=©'3��� `3�Fu[�[�SaJ�I1K;Gb©jV#SHV�pE6�J�6�Z�[NV�K;SEG�>�[�pE6���6�©PK�|�6�G�� � o�J�6��46�G �PS�6NV®Z):C3 � �P���

SEJwV�S�V�pE6�qPZ)J°V�K;Z�:P:eKM±\<�KeI\<'>�qEJ�SNkA6�[`V K;SEG4I1J�Z`§�G4K;G�Q�K;©'3��PB � � ���UV�p�6�J�6�]0�j69:sV K;GE©�V#68��qP68JgZNVC<PJ�6

>#pES1<w:�I{V�p�6�SEJ�6NV�K;[�Z�:M: � �a6 �b���E¨ r�3�x G�IE6�6�I²K;G�V�p�6�FH©P]#r�<�] c_K1V#68J G�Z8J � > � >0V#6��4B1V�pEZNV'|PZ�:}<�6

[�SaJ�J�6\>#qPSaG�I�>�V�S�V�p�6�V#68��qP68JgZNVC<PJ�6�SEdwV�pE6HK;G1|PZ8J�KMZ�G\VwV�J�Z`G�>�d�SEJ���ZNV K�SaG �

������ ���� � ��� +→+

x#G²d�Z�[NV#B�c_K��r"< ¯ §4K;:;:��a6�d�SEJ��46�I²K;G�qP:MZ�[�6HSEd®c"K���r"<� � � �����b<EVwV�pE6�J�6�]0�46�:}V#K¥Gb©�V#69�{qP68J�ZNVC<PJ�6

§jK¥:M:�G�S�V'�a6�|P68J � IaK;d d#68J�6�G\VA3br�SE��qPZ8J�6�I{§jK}V�p�V�pE6H��6�:}V K;Gb©jV#6)��qw6)J�ZNVC<PJ�6,SadwV�pE6�FH©P]#r<4��J�Z87�6

Z�:;:;S � � ���b�P¨ r �B1V�pE6�J�6�]0�46�:}V#K¥GE©�V#68�{qw68JgZNVC<PJ�6�Ke>*SEGE: � >�:eK;©Pp\V#: � K;GP[8J�6�Z1>�6�I �C� � :M6�>A>�V�pEZ�G4� �E¨ r `3

n S1§ K;dwV�pE6_k�S�K;G\V®KC>*�4Z�K¥G�V#Z�K¥GP6�I²Z`VwV�pE6���J�Z87�K;GE©jV#6)��qw6�J�Z`VC<EJ�6,Sad �E���b¨ r Z9deV#6)J_Ke>�S1V�pE68J��4Z�:

>gSa:;KMIEKed KM[�ZNV#K;SEG4K°>h[�Sa�{q�:M6NV#6�IEB\V�p�6�J�6�]0�j69:sV K;GE©�V#6���qP68J�Z8VC<PJ�6�§�K;:e:E©EJgZ�I\<'Z�:;: � K;GP[8J�6�Z\>A613�x GEIE6�6�IEB

>gSa:;KMI�>0V#ZNV#6H[)pE6��4Ke[�Z9:PJ�6�Z�[NV K�SaGP>�§4Ke:;:PqEJ�SP[�6�6�I�<PqPSEG4Z8G1G�6�Z�:eK;GE©²�a6NVC§j6�68G�V�p�6Hc"K1�PZ1>�6H��6NV#Z�:

Z)GEI�V�pE6Hc"K 6 r"<��*K¥G�V#68J���6NV#Z8:;:eKM[H[�S��{qPS�<PG�I�>_qEJ�6\>g69G�V�ZNV�V�p�6HchKw>�<PJ�d�Z\[�6HSaJ®K¥GuV�pE6�>�SP:¥KMIEK;d KM6�I²FH©

�aZ1>�6H�4ZNV�J�K=O'3bchp�6H[8pE6���KM[�Z�:EqPS�V#6)G\V�K;Z�:E©EJ�Z�IEKM6�G\V�>*SEd®S1qEqPSU>#K}V#6�>�K=©PG²d�SEJ*c_KPZ9G�I4r<4V�p�ZNV®6NOPKC>0V

�a6NVC§j6�6�G�V�pE6��aZ\>�6H��6NV#Z�:PZ9G�I�V�pE6�Fu: n [�68J�Z��4KM[1>��EJ�K;G�©uV�pE6HI1J�K=|PK¥Gb©�d�SEJ�[�6Hd�SaJ�>�<�[8p�>gSa:;KMI�>0V#ZNV#6

|aS�:}<���6HIaK;d dC<'>�K;S�G�qEJgS�[�6�>(>�6�>"K;G�V�p�6�§4pESE:M6�V�J�Z8GP>�K}V K�SaG�79SaG�613

Page 13: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

� �

Q®K;©'3��'38^_Z)J°V�K;Z�:w:;KM±\<�KeI\<®>_qEJ�S`k�6�[`V K;SEG4SEdwV�pE6�FH©P] r"<�] c"KPqEpEZ1>g6HIaK;Z)©EJ�Z�� �P6NVC§j6�68G �E�b� Z)GEI

���b�E¨ r³Z�deV#68J 3 � � �PB1�P���

Fu[�[�SaJgIaK;G1©P: � BPZ�:e:1V�pE6Hc*Ker"<P¯*K;GEK}V KMZ�:;: � d�SEJL�j6�I4ZNV�Z�pEK=©�p{J�ZNV#6�§{K¥:M:a�a6H[�SEG1|P68J0V#6�Ijd�K;J(>0V®K;G\V#S

c_K r"<P¯*Z�GEI�V�p�68G4K¥G�V#S�c_K;r"<ªZ9G�I4chK � r< � c*K � r"< KC>*�4K0>A>�K¥GE©��a6\[�ZN<'>�6�>gS�:;KeI�>�V#ZNV#6�©1J#S�§HV�pjSaGE: �

qEJgS�[�6�6�I�>�>�:;S1§�: � � � ��� `3�Q�K ©'3 � > p�S�§�>*Z�k�SPK¥G�VwV�pEZ`V�p�Z\>_�P6�6�G4Z�GEG�6�Z�:e6�I²Z`V �E���b¨ r³d�SEJ ��� pES1<PJ(>

Z�deV#68J_p�ZN|PK;GE©²�a6�6�G��EJ�Z�7�6�I²Z`V �E�b�E¨ r�d�SEJ � �4K¥G�312uGE: � VC§{S�K;G\V#68J��46`V#Z9:;:MKe[H[�S���qPS1<PGEI�>�§j68J�6

[)pEZ8J�Z�[NV#68J�K=7�6�I�� � o*^'W F K;G�V�p�6�V�J�Z8G�>�KsV K;SPG�7�SEGE6��P6`VC§46�6)G�V�pE6Hc"K1��Z�>�6H��6`V#Z9:PZ)GEI�V�pE6HF�: n

[�68J�Z��4Ke[1> � � K� *chK�r<4§4KsV p�qPZ)J0V�K;Z�:wr"< � FH© >0<P�w>�V KsVC<EV�K;SaGuV�pEZNV'd�SEJ���>*ZH[�SEG\V�K;G�<�S�<'>*K;G\V#68J��46�IaKMZNV#6

:MZ � 6)J�§4K}V�p4Z�V�pEK;[ ��GP6\>`>hSad �)� ] ��� � �¦Z�G�I � K;K� *c"K � r"<²V�p�ZNV�Z8qEqP6�Z8JA>"K;G�V�p�6�d�SaJ��¦SEd�d�:MZ��P61>

��K=O�6�I�§4K}V�p4c"KPS1|P6)J*ZHIE68q1V�p�SEd®� � � �4B�SEd®Z�>�K;G1©P:e6�]0q�p�Z1>�6�I4K¥GEG�68J*:eZ � 68J*Z8GEI4SEd'©�:;SE�1<�:eZ)J

[)J � >�V#Z9:C>*K;G4[�SEG\V#Z�[`Vw§�KsV�p�V�pE6�FH©P]0J�KM[�p4�4ZNV�J�K=O��°Q®K;©'3 � `3�xCV®Ke>_G�S�V#ZN�P:M6�V�p�ZNV�V�p�6�§�p�S�:;6�J�6�Z�[NV#K;SaG

:MZ � 6)J*[�SaG�V#Z�K¥GP>*ZHd�6N§¦ZNV#SE�4KM[�qP68J�[�68G�V�>*SEd�Fu:MB�§{pEKM[�p²KMGEIEKM[�ZNV#6\>�V�p�ZNV*>�6�[�SaG�IEZ8J � J�6�Z�[NV#K;SEG�>*K;G

Jg69:�ZNV K�SaG�§jK}V�p�V�pE6�|PKM[�K;G�KsV � S�dwV�pE6�Fu: n [�68JgZ9��KM[\>*SP[�[N<PJ(>*Z)deV#68J":�SaGb©jV�K;��6HZ�GEGE6�Z�:MK¥GE©'3

n 68©P:;6�[NV�K;G1©�F�:PIEKed�d°<®>�K;S�G�B�V�p�6�J�68�46�:}V#K;GE©�V#68��q�68J�ZNVC<PJ�6!d�SaJ�>�<�[8p4Z_k�S�K;G\V®K;G�§4pEKM[�p4Z�:;:aV�p�6Hc"K;]

r"<ª[�SE��qPS1<PGEI�>*K;G�K}V#KMZ�:¥: � d�SaJ��46�I4Z8Jg6H[�SaG�|�68J0V#6�I�K;G\V#S{chKMr"<ªZ8GEI4c"K � r<4<PqPSEG4Z�GEGE6�Z�:MK¥GE©�KC>

[�:;Sw>�6�V°S�V�pEZNVUSadwV�p�6�K;G1|PZ)JLKMZ�G\V�VCJ�Z8GP>�d�SaJ��4Z`V K;SEG��

Page 14: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

� �

���������� ���� �+→+

Q�SaJ'V�pEZNVPV�J�Z8GP>�d�SaJ��4ZNV#K;SEGEB1o�Jg68�46�G �PS�6NV®Z8:C3�J�68qPSEJCV®Z�V#6`�4qP68J�ZNVC<PJ�6,Sad �E���b¨ r � �P���(3�r!SE��qPZ8J�6�I

§jK}V�p�V�pE6�>�V#Z8JCV�K¥Gb©�FH©P] r"<ªZ�:;:;S � V�pPZNV®�46�:}V�>*ZNV ���b�E¨ r!B\VmpE6�J�6�] �46�:}V#K;GE©�V#68��q�68J�ZNVC<PJ�6,SadwV�p�6

��J�Z87�6_k�S�K;G�V_Z�deV#68J ��� pES1<PJ(>*Z8GbGE6�Z�:¥K;GE©�K°>®V�pE6�G�GE6�Z8J�: � � � �E¨ r³pEK;©PpE68J 3

Q®K;©'3 � 3EY�o*W K;��Z8©P6HSEd�ZHc*K � FH©P] r"<P� � ZNV�� � F�: n k�S�K;G1V®Z)deV#68J��EJ�Z)7\K;Gb©�d�SEJ � �4K;G4ZNV �E�b�E¨ r Z8G�I

>�<E�'>�6�±\<�6�G�V_Z)GEGE6�Z�:eK;GE©�ZNV �E���b¨ r d�SaJ �E�E� �4K;G

��� Ê ¸ ¼�£)¾eÀ'�A½ ¸ ¼

c_K}V#Z�GEK}<��¤pEZ�>h�a6�6�G�>0<�[�[�6�>`>�de<w:M: � k�S�K;GP6�I�V�S4Z�:}<��4K¥GPK=<w�¦GEK}V�J�KMIE6�� � c v ^�R K¥GuV�pE6�V#6���qP68J�Z`VC<PJ�6

JgZ8G1©P6 �E��� ] �E�b�E¨ r!B�<'>�K;GE©�Z�FH©P] r"<ªr<'>�KM:M« [�SP�²��68Jg[9KMZ�:E�EJ�Z87b6HZ�:;:;S � 3\F�V �E�b�E¨ r!B1V�pE6�:;KM±\<wKMI

Z�:;:;S � J�Z8qPKMIa: � > qEJg6�Z�I�>_� � Jg6\Z�[NV�K=|�6�§46NVMV�K;G1©�SaG�V�S4F�: n §{pEK;:M6Hr<ª[�SEG\V#Z�K;GE6�I²K;G�V�pEKC>*Z�:e:;S �

Jg6�Z�[NV�>�§{K}V�p4c*K1V�S²d�SEJ �¦d�S�<PJ_K;G�V#68J��46NV#Z�:;:eKM[H[�SE��qPS�<PG�IU> �1c_K���r"<�B�c*K;r"<�B�c_K��r"< ¯ Z�GEI4c"K��gr<� 3

F4>*Z�J�6�>0<�:}V®SEdUV�p�ZNV®K;G\V#68J�Z�[NV�K;SEGEB1V�pE6��EJgZ87�6HZ�:;:;S � KC>*Ke��qPS�|a68J�Ke>�pE6�I4K;G�r"<4�1<EV�V�pE6H�4Z k�SaJ�K}V � KC>

>�V�K;:e:wK;G�V�p�6�:;KM±\<wKMI�>0V#Z`V#6HZ8deV#68J � �4K;G²��J�Z87�K;G1©'31F�V �E���b¨ r!BEJ�6�Z�[(V�K=|�6�§46`VeV�K;G1©�Z�GEI�> qEJg6�Z�IEK¥GE©�ZNV

V�p�6�F�: n�� �EJgZ87�6HZ�:e:;S � K;G\V#68J�d#Z�[�6HSP[�[N<PJ(>gB�§{pE68Jg6�Z\>*KC>�S1VCpE6)JL��Z�:'>�S�:;KMIaK;d KM[�Z`V K;SEG4SEdwV�pE6��EJgZ87b6

Page 15: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

� �

Z�:;:;S � � � [�pE6���KM[�Z�:PJ�6�Z�[NV#K;SEG�§4K}V�puV K}V#Z)GEK}<w�¦qEJ�SP[�6�6�I�>�d Z\>�V#68J�V�p�Z�G4ZNV �E�b�E¨ rH3bchpbK°>>0<PJ qEJ�Ke>�K;GE©

d#Z\>�V">gSa:;KMIEK¥d#Ke[�ZNV�K�SaG4KC>*68OEqP:MZ9K;GP6�I�� � V�p�6�G�<�[�:e6�ZNV K�SaG4Z�GPI�©EJ#S�§HV�p4K;G�V�pE6�:;KM±\<�KeI��EJ�Z)7�6HZ�:¥:�S � S�d

V�p�6Hr"<�]0J K;[�p4[�SP��qPS�<PG�I4c"K;r"< ¯ 3

W�SaJg6�©P68GE68JgZ9:;: � BPZ�©PSESPI{<PG�IE68J(>�V#Z8GEIEK;G1©�SadwV�p�6�qEp � >AKC[�Z�:;] [�p�69��KM[�Z�:�qEJ�SP[�6\>A>�6\>®V�pEZNV�IE6N|a69:�Saq

I\<PJ�K;G1©��aSaG�IaK;GE©4pPZ\>_�P6�6�G4Z�[9pEKM68|P6�I²SEG�V�p�6��PZ\>�KC>*S�dwVmpE68J��4SPI � GPZ���KM[HZ�GEI ��K;G�6NV K�[

[�SaGP>�KeIE6)J�ZNV�K;SEGw>*K¥GuV�pE6�FH©P] r"<�] c"K1V#6)J GEZ8J � > � >�V#69�ª3 � 6�Z�[NV�K=|P6�§j6NVCV�K;G1©�ZNV�V�pE6�Fu: n�� ��J�Z87�6HZ�:e:�S �

K;G�V#68J�d�Z\[�6�K;G1|PSP:�|PK;GE©�c"K n @ � 6 d�SaJ��4Z`V K;SEG4pEZ\>_�a6�6�G4S���>�6�J0|a6�I�V�S²qbJ SP[�6�6�I�SaGE: � d�SEJ*ZH[8pE6��4KM[\Z�:

Z�[NV�K=|PK}V � S�d®c"KPK;G�V�pE6H:;Ke±\<�KMIj��J�Z87�6HZ�:;:;S � pEK;©�p�68J�V�pEZ)G4Z�V�p1J�6�>�pES�:;I�|aZ9:=<�6�B1§{pPZNV®Ke>*K¥G

Z)©EJ�6�6��46�G\V'§4K}V�puV�pE68J��4SPI � GEZ���KM[HIEZNV#Zb3 � 6�Z�[(V�K;SEG4:eZ � 68J�>g6�±\<�68G�[\6�>*ZNVwV�p�6HchK � ��J�Z87�6HZ�:M:;S �

K;G�V#68J�d�Z\[�6�pPZ�|a6��P6�6�G�J�6�:;ZNV#6�I�V�S�V�pE6�FH©P]#r<�]#c"KEqEpEZ1>�6HIEK;Z8©EJgZ9� <®>�K;GE©�V�pE6HIEK¥d�dC<'>�K;S�G�qPZNV�p

[�SaG�[�68q1VA3 � 6�] �46�:}V#K¥Gb©�V#69�{qP68J�ZNVC<PJ�6�>_pEZ8|P6���6�69Gj6N|�Z�:�<UZNV#6�I�dCJ�SE� J�6�Z�[NV�K;SEG�>A[�pE6���6HIEZNV#Z13�Q'SEJ*Z

��J�Z87�6�I�k�S�K;G�VEk0<'>�V">gSa:;KMIEK¥d#Ke6�I²Z`V_Z���J�Z87�K;G1©�V#6���qP68J�Z`VC<PJ�6!Sad �E����¨ r!B�V�p�6�J�6�]0�j69:sV K;GE©

V#6)��qP68J�ZNVC<PJg6�K°> �b���b¨ r!B�KC3s6131:�6\>`>�V�pEZ)G4� ��¨ r³Z8�aS�|a6�V�pE6H��6�:}V#K;G1©�V#6���qP68J�Z`VC<PJ�6�SEdwV�pE6�>0V#Z)J°V�K;G1©

��J�Z87�6HZ�:M:;S � � ���b��¨ r `3 n S1§ d�SEJ�V�p�6�>�Z���6hkgS�K;G\V®de<PJ0V�pE6�J*Z8GbGP6�Z�:M6�I²d�SEJ ��� pES1<EJ(>*Z(V �E���b¨ r!B\V�pE6

Jg6�]0��6�:}V K;Gb©jV#6���qP6)J�ZNVC<PJ�6�K;GE[)J�6�Z\>A6\>®V#S �E���b¨ ry§{pEKM[�p²KC>_G�6�Z8J�: � � � �P¨ r�pEK;©PpE68J�V�p�Z8G�V�pE6

��6�:}V#K;GE©²qPSEK;G\V®SEdwV�pE6�>�V#Z8J°V�K;Gb©²�EJgZ87�6HZ�:;:;S � 3

Fu[ ��G�S�§4:�6�I1©w6���6�G\V�> 3 c_pE6HZN<bV�pESEJ(>_©EJ�Z(V#68de<�:;: � Z�[ ��G�S�§4:�6�I1©P6�V�pE6�Q'Jg69G�[�p�W K;G�KC>0V�J � d�SEJ

� 6\>g6�Z8J�[�p4d�SEJ_de<wG�IaK;GE©�V�pEKC>_J�6\>g6�Z8J�[�p�§jSaJ ��K;G�V�pE6HdCJ�Z���6N§4SEJ��4SEdwV�pE6�©P68G�68J�KM[�qEJ�Sa©EJgZ8�

�`Y1<PqP68JA>�SEGEK;±\<'6��`39W�Z9G � V�pEZ�G ��>*Z)J�6HZ�:e>�S�I\<�6�V�S�V�p�6�>0V�Z�d�d®S�dwW Ke[)J�SU>g[�SEq � r!6�G\V�J�6�dCJgSa�

z{GEK=|�68J(>�K}V ��v*� S�G � � r!c � �§�p�68J�6�Y1o*W S���>�68J |PZ`V K;SEG�>Z8G�I�o"^'W�F�Z�GEZ�: � >�61>�§j68J�6

qP6)J d�SaJ��46�Iw3

Page 16: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

���

�{µ Ç µ ¡ µ ¼'£ µ �

� � � n 38o"<'>�V#Z V�p�Saq�S�<P:;Sw>�B1WX3b��3 n K;[�p�S�:;Z\>gB�R{3�5�J�6`|P6NV#B\¬ 6NVCV#ZN�PK;:eKsV � Z`V�pEK ©�p�V#6)��qP68J�ZNVC<PJg6\>�B

^�68J#©PZ9�jSaG�BaFu� >0V#68J�IEZ��4B n 6NV�pE68J�:;Z�G�I�>�B �)�E�E� 3

� ����WX3EYP[8p\§jZ8J0V�79B\R�JgZ87�K;G1©�d�SaJ�V�p�6�o�Gb©�K;GE6�68J�K¥GE©�c*6�[8pEG�S�:;SE©�Ke>�V#B�r�p�Z8q���Z�G4Z8G�I�i4Z�:e:�B

v SEGEIESEGEB �)�E��� 3

� ����i�3 �43br�pEZ�GEB � 3 ��3PYEpEK}<�6�BED�3�W ZNV#68JA3EYP[�KC3 v 6`VeVA3��E���0� �E� � � � �b� ] � �E�E��3

� ����WX3 v K;B�rH3 v K;B1Q*39¬ Z9Gb©PB�¬ 3��*pEZ�G1©PBPr�F v ^'i4FH5 � � �0� �E��� ®�P� � ]0� ��� 3

� � � �43\x K GESPBaD�39W�Z V#68J 3EY�[)KC3 v 6`VCV�3 �)� � �)�E��� �)� �P] �)� �w3

� ����F439W 3���:MZ�6\>g68J�BPchJgZ8G�>�KM6�G\V®:;KM±\<wKMI�qEpPZ\>�6H[�68J�Z���KM[��PSEGEIEK;GE©PB�zªY�^_Z(V#68G�V � 3ß�P�1�'3 ��� ��B�zªYEFuB

�)�E� �'3

� � ��¬ 3�Q*3b��Z8:�6�B�5ª3�F439R!<EVeV�>#B'YP[8KC3bc"6�[)pEGES�:C3�¬ 69:MIw3�D`S1KC3 � �0� �E� �� _� � �E] � �E� 3

� � ��5�3�Yw3�5u<E|PZ�:;:;Ba¬ 3\F43b2T§j[87�Z)J(>��PK;B15 3�Q*3�^_Z`<w:;SEGEKC>�B1¬X6�:MIw3�D�3 � � � �)�E� �� �� � �E]�� � �'3

� � ��D�385ª38WX3PY�<P©PZ`J�B1D�3}c�3 � F �PZ1>�pEK;B�c!3 � ijSEG1©PB'Yw3 WX3 ��n Z��PZ\>�pEKM��Z�B ��3�� ��:;Z�6\>�6)J�BaF43�WX3sBED�3

o*<PJ`3�r!68J�Z)� 3�YPSP[13��P���0� �E� � *�E�E�b] � � �'3

� �)� �_��3 � Sw>�Z)7�7�Z�^®J K;GEBPc�3�RTZ8d�d KM6�B�W 3\D 6 � �4S�G�IEB n 38o_<'>0V#Z(V�pESEqES1<P:;Sw>�B1W ZNV#6)J`3EYP[8KC3�o�Gb©'3\F

FH� ��� �0� �E��� *�1�P]��P��3

� �E� ��Yw3 �{Z�:;SE©P68J�SEqES1<P:;S1<�BErH3 � Z�IbS�B n 38o"<'>CV#Z(V�pESEqES1<P:MSU>gBwY�[)J`38W ZNV#6`J`3�� � � �)�E�E� � �P�1] � � � 3

� � ����D�3�FHGEI1J�KM6N<POPBP2²3�5j687�6�:;:�<'>gB�Qh39RTSw>(>�6�:;6`V#B�W 3EY�Z�[�68J�IES\V#6�]e^�68J#SaGbGE6NV#BPrH3EYaK ©PZ9:MZ�B � 3

r�pEK;J�KMZ�[�BED�3br�3�tuK;Z�:eZ�BaD�39^®pEZ�>�6�o�±\<wK;:eK=�U3954KMd0dA3bZ�[�[�68q1V#6�I ��� �E�E� (3

� � ����WX38Q*3�¬³<�B��,3PYw3 �H<PBPr�3 ��3�DAKMZ9Gb©PB�rH3 v KMZ9Gb©PB�W�ZNV#68JA3�YP[8Km31c*6�[8pEG�S�:C3 ��� ��� �E� � � � � �E]

� � ��� 3

� � ����i�3 �43br�pEZ�GEB15 3�¬ 3 v K;Z8§jB � 3 ��3�YEpEK}<�6�B�W�ZNV#68J`3 v 6NVCV�3 �E� �0� �E� � �E� � � ] �E� �P�w3

� ��� ��F439^*3�c_SE� >�KMZ�B � 3�o,3 v S�6)pE�4Z�GEB1W ZNV#68J 39W�Z8G\<�d�39^®J#S�[�6\>(>g6\> � � �)�E� �� � � � ] � � � 3

� � ��� n 3 �43bc"Z`J�Z8G�6NV�>�B1iª3�D`SEGE6\>gB�W�ZNV#68JA3EY�[�KC3�oG1©'3�F Fu� �E� �0� �E� �� _� �'� ]�� �b� 3

� �)� ��F439i�3br!Z8J K;�4B � 3�oT3 v S�68pE��Z�GEBED�3�W Z`V#6NJ`3 � 6\> 3 � � �)�E�E� ��� � � ] ��� � � 3

Page 17: Transient liquid phase bonding of titanium to aluminium …...r% {pEKe[ p4KC>*GE6 Z8J : E¨ r³pEK;© p68J V pEZ)G V pE6H 46 :}V#K¥GE©4qPSEK;G\V SadwV p6 >0V#Z8JCV K=G1©4 EJ Z)7

� �

� ��� � ��31r�pE6)GEB1R�3PY1<PGEIE��Z9G�BaD�39^®p�Z\>�6�o�±\<wK;:;K=�®3 �)� � �)�E��� � �P�E] � � � 3

� �)� ��WX38¬ 31r�pEZ�>A6�B n x`YPc_]0DAF n F�Q c_pE6)JL�jS�[�pE6���Ke[�Z9:Uc"ZN�P:�6�>gB�� ��� o�I1K}V#K;SEGEB15 3 � 3 v K;IE6�B

n ZNV�K;SEGEZ�:ER!<PJ�6�ZN<ªSEd"Y1V#Z8G�IEZ8J�I�>gB �)�E��� 3

� � � ��Q*3 � 395j6�R,SP68J B � 38RTSESa�4BEF43 � 3�W�K�6�I�6���Z�B1^®p � >�KM[�Z�B1R � r �)��� � �)���b� �� � �P]#� �)� 3

� � � � n 395u<PJ :}<�B1z 3b��J0<E�a68J�B1WX3�F439^®K;6NV�7 �PZ�B�i�3PYP[8pE�4KCI\V°BaD�3�r�3EYP[8p�<'>0V#68JgB �,38W�6NV#Z8:;: �PIw3 �E�

� �)�E�E� *� �E� ]0� �E� 3

� �E��� � 3�FHJ#J�S � Z8|P6�B�c_pE68J��4SPI � GEZ���Ke[1>*Z)GEI ��K;GP6NV#K;[\>hSad®[�68J�Z��4KM[ � ��6NV#Z�:�K;G\V#6)JLd�Z�[9KMZ�:

K;G�V#68J�Z�[NV#K;SEG�>gB�^®p\5 chp�61>�K°>gB�5j68qPZ8J�V#68�46�G\V�SEdUW�ZNV#68J K�Z9:�>!YP[�K;6�GE[�6HZ�GEI�oG1©PK;GP6�68J�K;GE©PB

W�Z\>`>�Z�[9p�<'>`>�6NV�>�x G�>�V K}VC<EV#6!SEd®c"6�[)pEGES�:;SE© � BE� �E� �'3

� �P����t43 n 3�o*J�68�46�G �PS�B���3�x 38R�< � Z�GES1|PB n 3�WX38^�Z8G�[8pP68G �PSPB'YES�|U39^�S�§jIE68J�W�6NV#Z8:;:C3�W 6NVA3

r!68JgZ9�ª3 � � �)�E�E� *� ��� ] � � �'3