transformation of energy by plants. efficiency - how well do plants utilize the solar input?...
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![Page 1: Transformation of Energy by Plants. Efficiency - How well do plants utilize the solar input? Ecological (or Lindeman) efficiency –(GPP/solar radiation)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d3e5503460f94a16c4e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Transformation of Energy by Plants
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Efficiency - How well do plants utilize the
solar input?
• Ecological (or Lindeman) efficiency
– (GPP/solar radiation)
– wild and cultivated plants ~1.6%.
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• Assimilation efficiency - GPP/light absorbed
– 8% at full light to 18% in dim light.
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Light saturation point
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• Assimilation efficiency - GPP/light absorbed
– 8% at full light to 18% in dim light.
– Light saturation point
– Bonner hypothesis
– Many temperate leaves:
»Adapted to low light conditions
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Chlorophyll concentration
From AJB 92(2) - Jan 05
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• Biochemical efficiency
– molecules of glucose produced/amt. of light absorbed by the photosystems.
• Photosynthesis is most often limited by CO2 concentrations
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Solar radiation within the forest
• PAR is light at 380-710 nm - about 40% of the total irradiation reaching the plants
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Changes with seasons
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Leaf Area Index (LAI)
(Surface area of leaves over given area of ground)/(area of ground itself)
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LAI
LAI
Leaf Area
LAI=4.01
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Light attenuation
Typical LAI for deciduous forest = 3 to 5;for coniferous forest = 2 to 4; tropical rain forest = 6 to 10
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Color spectrum
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Attenuation of PAR is dependent on:
• LAI at a given level above the ground
• Arrangement of leaves (multi- or monolayers)
• Angle at which leaves are held to the horizontal.
Very little light between 500 and 700 nm gets through the canopy.
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Successional age
• Eastern deciduous trees
• # of layers also declines with successional age
• Data from Henry Horn
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
% light/branch
LAI
EarlysuccessionMidSuccessionLateSuccession
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Sunflects
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Sunflects• Decrease as tree height & LAI increase
• Short duration (1-30”) normally
• Varies from 10-85% of daily photon flux density in a given area
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Production
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Sunflects• Decrease as tree height & LAI increase
• Short duration (1-30”) normally
• Varies from 10-85% of daily photon flux density in a given area
• Leaf “induction” important for efficiency
• As duration efficiency of utilization
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Victoria Lily
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Leaf Unit Placement• Placed under gaps in upper layer
• Under upper leaves - can receive light from three sources:– Passed through other leaves– Reflected off other surfaces– Direct light passing through
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Umbra (RDZ)• Shadow cast by circle
• Distance for influence to be gone
• ~70*diameter– Clear day– Sun @ zenith
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Leaf angle
• Umbra decreases as a leaf orientation moves toward vertical
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Henry Horn’s hypothesis
• Trees growing in the open– leaves arranged in depth in a random array
– Small leaves; irregular shape– LAI>1
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Open sun plants
Choke Cherry
Northern Red Oak
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Henry Horn’s hypothesis
• Understory trees in dense shade– Leaves nonrandom; short vertical distance
– Regular shape; larger than leaves in open
– LAI~=<1• Single branch of a tree adapted to growth in the open should cast less shade than a single branch adapted for dim light.
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Shade plants
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Growth Rate• R=E*F• F is comprised of:
– Ratio of leaf wt. To plant wt. (LWR)
– Ratio of leaf area to leaf weight or specific leaf area (SLA)
• LWR is fairly steady• SLA can change markedly if plant is moved from sun to shade
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C3 vs. C4 Photosynthesis
Characteristic C3 C4
Initial CO2 fixing enzyme RuBP carboxylase PEP carboxylase
Location of carboxylase Mesophyll Bundle sheath
Operating internal CO2
concentration cm3 m-3
220-260 100-150
Effect of O2 Inhibitory(photorespiration)
None in range 2-21kPa
Temp. response 20º-40º C Usually slight Strong
Water use efficiency Low High
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C3
C4
CAM
Mesophyll cell
Mesophyll cell
Mesophyll cell
Bundle sheath cell
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Larch (Larix)
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N. Amer. Larch distribution
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LarchLarch
Red Maple
Black Spruce Light
absorption & height/radius ratio
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