transcriptomicsinbios21/pdf/fall2010/kuchka...transcriptomics the study of the complete set of rnas...

26
TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions

Upload: others

Post on 21-Aug-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

TRANSCRIPTOMICS

The study of the complete set of RNAsThe study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificof a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions  

Page 2: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

What is the relationship between transcriptome size 

Q

p pand organismal complexity?

How do basic steps of gene expression contribute to transcriptome size?transcriptome size?

What do new studies tell us about transcriptome size and complexity?

Page 3: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

From:  Essential Genes, Lewin

base pairs

Page 4: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

500 genes

1,500 genes

5,000 genes

20,000 genes0,000 ge es

25,000 genes

22,000 genesFrom:  Essential Genes, Lewin

Page 5: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

C h bditi lCaenorhabditis elegans

Homo sapiens

Page 6: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

C h bditi lCaenorhabditis elegans

959 somatic cells

Homo sapiens

100 trillion cells

Page 7: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

C h bditi lCaenorhabditis elegans959 somatic cells

~20,000 protein coding genes

Homo sapiens100 trillion cells~20,000 proteincoding genes

Page 8: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

m “transcripts”

Page 9: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS
Page 10: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

Alternative splicing adds to the size (complexity) of the transcriptome. 

From:  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Page 11: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

RNA editing adds to the size (complexity) of the transcriptome. 

From:  Maas Lab website

Page 12: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) launched a public research consortium named ENCODE the Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements in September 2003 to carryconsortium named ENCODE, the Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements, in September 2003, to carry out a project to identify all functional elements in the human genome sequence. The project started with two components ‐ a pilot phase and a technology development phase.

The pilot phase tested and compared existing methods to rigorously analyze a defined portion of the human genome sequence.  1 percent (30 Mb) of the human genome was selected as the target for the pilot project.

Page 13: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

Experimental Approaches Used to Characterize the Human Transcriptome

Microarray AnalysisMicroarray Analysis

Tiling Array

Figure 23‐20

Page 14: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

Experimental Approaches Used to Characterize the Human Transcriptome

RNA SequencingRNA Sequencing(RNA Seq)

Page 15: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

The human genome is pervasively transcribed. One stretch of DNA can encodemultiple (m)RNAs.  p ( )

From:  Kapranov et al. (2007) Nature Reviews Genetics, 8: 413 – 423.

Page 16: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

The human genome is pervasively transcribed.  DNA sequences far apart can befound on a single RNA (“fusion transcripts”).  g ( p )

From:  Kapranov et al. (2007) Nature Reviews Genetics, 8: 413 – 423.

Page 17: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

The human genome is pervasively transcribed. One stretch of DNA can encodean mRNA together with many other types of RNAs.  g y yp

Thomas R. Gingeras Genome Res. 2007; 17: 682‐690

Page 18: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

pasRNAsnatsiRNAs

rRNAs tRNAsendo siRNAs

microRNAst iRNA

endo‐siRNAs

RNA

microRNAstasiRNAsgRNAs

snRNAssnoRNAs

lincRNAspiwiRNAs sRNAs

tasRNAs casiRNAs

Page 19: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

pasRNAsnatsiRNAs

rRNAs tRNAsendo siRNAs

microRNAst iRNA

endo‐siRNAs

RNA

microRNAstasiRNAsgRNAs

snRNAssnoRNAs

lincRNAspiwiRNAs sRNAs

tasRNAs casiRNAs

Page 20: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

microRNAs are FUNCTIONAL gene products 21 – 22 nucleotides long .

synthesis

From:  discovermagazine.com

Page 21: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

• 1 microRNA can control the expression of many target mRNAs.  

i RNA i t t f d l t d ll d ti ifi• microRNAs are important for development and cell‐ and tissue‐specific gene   expression.   

Page 22: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

microRNAs are mis‐regulated in human cancers.g

This is important for cancer diagnosis.  

Page 23: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

Complexity of human genome/transcriptome.  What is a gene?

From:  Gernstein et al. (2007) Genome Research, 17: 669 – 681.

Page 24: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

“Rick Young, a geneticist at the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts,  says that when he first started teaching as a young professor two decades ago it took himteaching as a young professor two decades ago, it took him about two hours to teach fresh‐faced undergraduates what a gene was and the nuts and bolts of how it worked.  Today, he and his colleagues need three months of lectures to conveyand his colleagues need three months of lectures to convey the concept of the gene, and that’s not because the students are less bright.”  

From:  Pearson (2006) Nature, 441: 399 – 401.

Page 25: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

SOME ANSWERS

Transcriptome size scales with organismal complexity.

Alternative splicing and RNA editing contribute to t i t itranscriptome size.

The human genome is pervasively transcribed. OneThe human genome is pervasively transcribed.  One stretch of DNA can encode many different RNAs. 

Many new functional species of RNAs have been identified (e.g.microRNAs).  

Page 26: TRANSCRIPTOMICSinbios21/PDF/Fall2010/Kuchka...TRANSCRIPTOMICS The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specificQUESTIONS

The need for a more RNA‐centric viewpoint?  p

RNA