trance forms: a theory of performed states of consciousness

7/21/2019 Trance Forms: A Theory of Performed States of Consciousness

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Valkcda HaricasDn ntkccy sn lid fy Valkcda HaricasDL7ol8Valkcda Haricas,a8Ylnvirsnty aePistirl _ydliy,au8_omaac ae Oahhulnoktnal Krts,ihknc8r.haricasJuws.idu.ku,o8KYDkti76::>.;:.6?;47:67::+;;'::'


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OALTILT_

;. _ZNVNT HKTTIV_........................................................................................................................................................ ;

Nltraduotnal ............................. .......................................... .................................... ..................................... ................... 6

Visikrom Zraoiduris.....................................................................................................................................................0

Tawkrds k Tmiary ae Zirearhkloi............................................................................................................................;;

Tawkrds k Tmiary ae Nlduotnals................................................................................................................................;4

_truoturi ae tmi _tudy.................................................................................................................................................;=

6. OYCT_ KLD KI_TMITNO_ AE TVKLOI ...................................................................................................................66

[uistnals ae _ice ............................. ......................................... ..................................... ..................................... .......... 6?

Tmi Ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ............................................................................................................................?;

K _pnrntukcnty ae _arts ............................... .......................................... ..................................... ................................... ?0

?. ZIVEAVHID _TKTI_ AE OAL_ONAY_LI__......................................................................................................... 44

Tmiktri7 Tmi Hiitnl` @rauld...................................................................................................................................45

Oucturis kld Lkrrktnvis .............................................................................................................................................40

Trkloi kld Ihirìlt Oalsonausliss........................................................................................................................94

_ornpts ar _pnrnts..........................................................................................................................................................50

Nlduotnals kld _tktis ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ................................... 5>

Pmy Oalsonausliss1 Pmy Trkloi1...........................................................................................................................0:

4. ZIVEAVHNL@ TMI HK_B.......................................................................................................................................... 04

Hksb Nlduotnal............................................................................................................................................................05

Nlduotnal ae _pnrnts......................................................................................................................................................=:

Tmi Zirearhir nl Trkloi............................................................................................................................................=6

Fksnos kld Ficnies7 Oalstruots kld Oaltrkots .............................. .......................................... .................................. =?

Fauldkrnis kld Funcdnl` Fcaobs................................................................................................................................=>

Tmiktri kld tmi Zassnfncnty ae _pnrntukcnty .............................. .......................................... .................................... ....>?

Oucturkc Zra`rkhhnl` kld _urvnvkc Tiomlnquis....................................................................................................>5

_ustknlhilt kld Nltirruptnal ae _tktis ............................ .......................................... .................................... .......... >=

9. Z_ÔMACA@NOKC VIKCN_H K_ ZIVEAVHID _TKTI_ AE OAL_ONAY_LI__ ............................................... ;:6

Erah Kuùst _trnldfir` ta Hnbi Cin`m .................................................................................................................;:5

Erah Hasoaw ta Maccywaad7 K Ouct ae tmi Tnhis.............................. ......................................... .......................... ;;5

Hkttirs ae Hidnuh7 Fckob Fax ta Onlihk ............................. .......................................... ..................................... .;;=

5. OYCT_ AE TMI H^_TNOKC KLD TMI VKDNOKC................................................................................................... ;69

Krtkud ........................................................................................................................................................................;6>

Fiobitt ............................... .......................................... ..................................... .................................... ...................... ;??

@ratawsbn. .................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ............... ;?=

Icihilts ae Nlduotnal ............................... .......................................... ..................................... ................................. ;46

0. KL@IC_ AE FKCN KLD OMKLLIC_ AE TMI LIP K@I ....................................................................................... ;45

_kl`mykl` Didkrn nl Fkcn.........................................................................................................................................;4>

Trkloi Omkllics nl tmi Ylntid _tktis ............................... ......................................... ..................................... ........ ;54

Ixaronsh kld Zirearhkloi ............................. .......................................... .................................... ........................... ;00

=. _AONKC DVKHK KLD TMI ZIVEAVHKLOI AE VACI_ NL OALECNOT............................................................... ;=?

Pkr kld _aonkc Drkhk tmi Ivilt ks Nlntnktnal kld Nlvaoktnal.........................................................................;=4

Tmi Larhkc _tkti, tmi Oalecnotukc _tkti kld tmi Tmiktrnokc _tkti ............................. ......................................... .;=>

Tmi Zkrkland Hiltkcnty Ficnie kld _yhfacnsktnal .............................................................................................;>;

Ndiltnty kld Vacis Omkrkotirnsktnal kld Oucturi...............................................................................................;>9

Nlearhktnal kld Nsacktnal tmi Hidnk Ekotar kld Oucturkc Hihary ................................................................;>5

>. TMI ZIVEAVHKLOI TMKT OMKL@ID TMI PAVCD........................................................................................... 6:;

Oaloiptnals ae Diktm tmi Vaci ae Vicn`nal kld Nhk`nlktnal ............................. ......................................... ....... 6:;

Hamkhhid Kttk tmi Vnl`cikdir ..........................................................................................................................6:9

@iarì P. Fusm tmi Zrisndilt ............................ ......................................... ..................................... .................... 6;>

Tmi Vkccy Ieeiot.........................................................................................................................................................6?5

;:. TMI VACI AE K _ACDNIV7 NLDYOTNAL KLD OALECNOT...................................................................................64?

Erktirlkc Nlduotnal kld tmi Hkrnli Oarps............................................................................................................64?

_pionkc Apirktnals Earois tmi Dipcayhilt ............................... .......................................... ................................ 69?

Oalocusnals al Oalecnot Euldkhiltkcnshs..........................................................................................................65=

;;. OALOCY_NAL_7 ZIVEAVHIV_ KLD ZIVEAVHKLOI_ ................................................................................... 60?

Tmi Trkloi Zirearhkloi _tkti ............................. .......................................... ..................................... .................... 609

FNFCNAFVKZM^ ............................................................................................................................................................6=?

KZZILDN] K.................................................................................................................................................................. 6>>

Nltirvniw [uistnals ear Omkptir 4 .............................. ......................................... ..................................... .............. 6>>

KZZILDN] F.................................................................................................................................................................. ?::

Tmi Ckst Ln`mt ............................... .......................................... .................................... ..................................... ......... ?::

KZZILDN] O.................................................................................................................................................................. ?:?

Vihkrbs erah Zrisndilt @iarì P. Fusm..............................................................................................................?:?

NLDI]............................................................................................................................................................................. ?:9


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KOBLAPCID@IHILT_

Tmns study ns `riktcy nldiftid ta Zitir Iobirskcc kldKlìck AFrnil ear tminr suppart kld ùndkloi. N kh hast

`rktieuc ta Dkvnd Cktmkh, Taly ^kp, kld kcc tmi atmirnltirvniwiis wma pkrtnonpktid nl tmns study nl ckti 6:::ear tminr oaltrnfutnals. N kh kcsa `rktieuc ear tmi suppartrioinvid erah tmi Ylnvirsnty ae Hicfaurli, pkrtnouckrcyerah tmi Ekoucty ae Krts, tmi _omaac ae @rkdukti _tudnis,kld tmi Visikrom Aeenoi. Tmi study filienttid erah tmi

warb ae tmi ulnvirsntys cnfrkry stkee kld tmi stkee ae tmi_omaac ae Oriktnvi Krts avir tmi yikrs. Nl pkrtnouckr, ZitirHarsi, Bil Pkom, Dillns Ockrnl`facd, Cii Omrnstaens,Dilnsi Ukrliy kld Zkuc Halk`mkl mkvi kcc hkdi vkcukfcioaltrnfutnals ta tmi study kt vkrnaus stkìs. Avir tmi

oaursi ae tmi pragiot, tmi suppart kld kdvnoi rioinviderah Hai Hiyir, Fritt Mau`m, Tmahks Viutir, Vnomkrd_kccns kld Bkti Dalickl mkvi kcsa fiil hast kpprionktid.N kh kcsa `rktieuc ear tmi tmarau`m kld ìliraus rispalsisae Fkz Birsmkw kld Zitk Tknt.


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricasnnn

CN_T AE TKFCI_, EN@YVI_ KLD NCCY_TVKTNAL_

Enùri ;7 Erah Tmi Kì(Hicfaurli) ;6 _iptihfir 6:::, p. ;6.Enùri 67 Okvi krt nl Omkuvit kld Cksokux nl Erkloi dktnl` fkob fitwiil ;9,::: kld ?:,::: yikrs. Zmata7 Gikl

Ocattis (Omkuvit) kld Dau`cks Hkzalawnoz (Cksokux).Enùri ?7 K somihk hadic ae ihirìlt oalsonausliss fksid al tmi warb ae _pirry (;>5>-;>=;), Gkylis (;>05), kld

Idichkl (;>>6).Enùri 47 K ocasid systih stkti tmkt ìlirktis kl ixpirniltnkc enicd.Enùri 97 Kdvirtnsihilt ear warbsmaps nl Hicfaurli, 6::;.Enùri 57 Vyszkrd Onisckb nlTmi Oalstklt Zrnloi(;>59). Zmata7 Tiktr-Ckfarktarnuh (_auroi7 Tawkrds k Zaar Tmiktri,

@ratawsbn ;>5=)Enùri 07 _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhirs kri trkdntnalkccy twa pri-kdacisoilt `nrcs siciotid kld trknlid ta pirearh

nl wmkt ns oalsndirid ta fi k passissnal-trkloi stkti nlduoid fy rntukc. !Zmata7 Tktnkl @riilcike"Enùri =7 _kl`mykl` Didkrn nl tmi ;>?:s (ciet) kld tmi ;>>:s (rn`mt). (Zmata7 @riàry Fktisal, Fica ;>5: kld Fkcn

Trnfuli Huctnhidnk)Enùri >7 Tmi ocasid iyis ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrnpirearhir kri nldnoktars ae k trkloi stkti. !Zmata7 Tktnkl

@riilcike kld @riàry Fktisal"Enùri ;:7 Tmi hahilt ae birkwumklae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrnpirearhir ns siil ta hkrb tmi fi`nllnl` ae tmi

passissnal-trkloi stkti. !Zmata7 @riàry Fktisal kld Vafirt _. Zitirsil"Enùri ;;7 Kt _kl`mykl` Didkrnpirearhklois kt Yfud nl 6::;, ear caokcs kld taurnsts, tmi pirearhirs wkcb al mat

oakcs ks pkrt ae tmi dihalstrktnals ae k supirlkturkc passissnal-trkloi stkti. !Zmata7 Tktnkl @riilcike"Enùri ;67 Zrahatnalkc hktirnkc ear hkrbitid pufcnoktnals kld praduots ae omkllicid iltntnis _itm kld Ckzkrns.

!_aurois7 _itm Oiltir kld Oaloipt _ylir`y"

Enùri ;?7 Tmi kppikc ae _itm kld Ckzkrns wks ricktid ta k disnri ta ficnivi nl supirlkturkc finl`s kld micpirs, tmkttaab macd nl tmi Lartm Khirnokl hncniu, ks ivndilt nl tmns TNHIhk`kznli nssui erah Lavihfir ;>>?.!_aurois7 _itm Oiltir, TNHI kld Oaloipt _ylir`y"

Enùri ;47Gkom Zursic omkllicnl` Ckzkrns. Fimnld mnh, al tmi rn`mt, kri dnk`rkhs al k fckobfakrd tmkt Ckzkrnsdrkws wntm iyis ocasid, siil ks ivndiloi ae k supirlkturkc praoiss kt warb. !_auroi7 Oaloipt _ylir`y"

Enùri ;97 Erah tmi Mirkcd _ul(Hicfaurli) ;6 _iptihfir 6::;.Enùri ;57 Tmi oyoci ae tmi oalecnotukc trkloi stkti.Enùri ;07 Zkhpmcits usid fy Y._. hncntkry nl Ke`mklnstkl.Trklscktnal - EVALT7Tmi pkrtlirsmnp ae lktnals ns miri

ta micp, FKOB7 Tmi pkrtlirsmnp ae lktnals ns miri ta kssnst tmi piapci ae Ke`mklnstkl(_auroi7 Y_Dipkrthilt ae Dieilsi)

Enùri ;=7 Tmi enrst pkì ae tmi eaur-pkì Ckst Ln`mt daouhilt eauld nl Hamkhhid Kttks suntoksi kld twaatmir caoktnals. (_auroi7 EFN Lktnalkc Zriss Aeenoi)

Enùri ;>7 Fusm ns tacd ae tmi sioald pckli orksm nl Liw ârb, kld tmkt Khirnok nl uldir kttkob. ( Zmata - Zkuc G.Vnomkrds, KEZ)

Enùri 6:7 Y._. Hkrnli Oarps Fksno Trknlnl` ixironsis. Zmata7 Hnomkic G. _uppcis (_auroi7 Khirnokl Earois Zriss _irvnoi)

Enùri 6;7 Y._. Hkrnli Oarps Fksno Trknlnl` ixironsis. Zmata7 Hnomkic G. _uppcis (_auroi7 Khirnokl Earois Zriss _irvnoi)Enùri 667 Y._. Hkrnli Oarps Fksno Trknlnl` pkrkdi. Zmata7 Hnomkic G. _uppcis (_auroi7 Khirnokl Earois Zriss _irvnoi)Enùri 6?7 Y._. _pionkc Apirktnals Earois nl tmi Ke`mklnstkl apirktnal nl 6::;. (_auroi7 Kssaonktid Zriss)Enùri 647 _pionkc Earois ADK904 Tixks;6 wntm Mkhnd Bkrzkn. (_aurois7 Erah Haari 6::? kld OLL)

Tkfci ;7 Ukrnaus kpprakomis ta tmi study kld ixpcklktnal ae spnrnt passissnal. Erah Ihfadynl` Oacalnkc Hiharnis7_pnrnt Zassissnal nl Pist Kernokfy Zkuc _taccir (;>>97 ;0-6:). Vautcidì, Caldal kld Liw ârb.

Tkfci 67 Ixoirpt erahHnss Gucnify Kuùst _trnldfir` (;===).Tkfci ?7 Ixoirpt erahTmi _ikrom ear tmi _tkti ae _mntnl Ta Mkvi Dali Pntm Tmi Gud`hilt Ae @ad fy Kltalnl

Krtkud (;>40).Tkfci 47 Ixoirpt erah Kcc Prntnl` ns Zn`smntfy Krtkud.Trklscktnals erah Micil Pikvir(;>05) nl Kltalnl

Krtkud, _iciotid Prntnl`skldDkvnd Vkttrky(;>59) nl Kltalnl Krtkud Kltmaca`y.Tkfci 97 Ixoirpt erah Pkntnl` ear @adatfy _khuic Fiobitt (;>94).Tkfci 57 Kdvirtnsihilt ear _kl`mykl` Didkrnpirearhklois knhid kt tmi taurnst hkrbit.Tkfci 0k7 _al`s usid nl _kl`mykl` Didkrnnlduotnals.

Tkfci 0f7 _al`s usid nl _kl`mykl` Didkrnixnt praoiss.Tkfci =7 Trklsornpt ae Ckzkrns kudnatkpi. (_auroi7 Oaloipt _ylir`y, mttp7//www.ckzkrns.oah/pufcnfrkry/pufkooipt.oeh)Tkfci >7 K cittir erah Ckzkrns nl 6::;. (_auroi7 Oaloipt _ylir`y, mttp7//www.ckzkrns.oah/pufcnfrkry/ckzkrnshisskì.oeh)Tkfci ;:7 Trklscktnal ae Kttks ckst wncc kld tistkhilt.Tkfci ;;7 Ixoirpts erah tmi [urklrieirrid ta nl Tmi Ckst Ln`mt daouhilt.Tkfci ;67 Ixoirpts erah tmi [urklrieirrid ta nl Tmi Ckst Ln`mt daouhilt.Tkfci ;?7 Ixoirpts erah tmi [urklrieirrid ta nl Tmi Ckst Ln`mt daouhilt.Tkfci ;47 Ixoirpts erah tmi [urklrieirrid ta nl Tmi Ckst Ln`mt daouhilt.Tkfci ;97 Ixoirpts erah tmi [urklrieirrid ta nl Tmi Ckst Ln`mt daouhilt.Tkfci ;57 Ixoirpts erah Tmi Ckst Ln`mt daouhilt.Tkfci ;07 Ixoirpt erah Tmi Ckst Ln`mt daouhilt.Tkfci ;=7 Ixoirpt erah Vihkrbs fy tmi Zrisndilt nl Zmata Appartulnty wntm tmi Lktnalkc _iournty Tikh kt Tmi Okfnlit

Vaah, ;6 _iptihfir 6::;Tkfci ;>7 Ixoirpt erah Kddriss ta tmi Lktnal, 0 Aotafir 6::;.Tkfci 6:7 Y._. _pionkc Earois riorunts hiharnsi kld ripikt tmns oriid nl trknlnl`.

Tkfci 6;7 Biy prnlonpcis ae tmi Y._. _pionkc Earois.


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;. _pnrnt Hkttirs

Tmns study ns kl nlvistn`ktnal ae tmi pmilahilal ae trkloi, pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi wky tmkt

nt ricktis ta tmi pirearhnl` krts. Tmi study klkcysis hadics kld struoturis wmnom

disornfi tmi ixpirniloi ae finl` nl k trkloi eiicnl`s ae dnssaonktnal, passissnal,

myplatno stktis kld kctirid stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmi eaous ae tmi study ns tmi

stkti ae oalsonausliss iltirid nlta fy tmi pirearhir nl ardir ta ihfady vkrnaus earhs

ae trkloi stktis. Tmns study klkcysis tmi lkturi ae tmi trkloi stkti, tmi vkrnaus earhs ae

trkloi prkotnoi wmnom nlocudi omkllicnl`, smkhklnsh, kotnl`, spnrnt passissnal, hncntkry

trknlnl`, kld atmir prkotnois. Tmi study kcsa klkcysis tmi tiomlnquis ae trkloi

pirearhkloi, pkrtnouckrcy tmi icihilts ae nlduotnals kld ixnts ae trkloi stktis.

Tmi oiltrkc prapaskc ae tmns study ns tmkt trkloi okl fi usid ks k erkhiwarb fy

wmnom ta divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae pirearhktnvnty kld k`iloy, tmrau`m nccustrktnl`

tmi praoissis fy wmnom k pkrtnouckr earh ae nldnvndukc ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt okl

risuct erah oucturkccy (`raup) spionenid pkrkhitirs. Tmi study ns tmirieari oaloirlid

wntm tmi ficnie systihs tmkt kri lioisskry nl ardir ta ixpirniloi tmi vkrnaus kld

pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss riqunrid nl tmi pirearhkloi ae trkloi. Aut ae tmns

nlvistn`ktnal, tmi uctnhkti knh ae tmns study tmi divicaphilt ae k tmiary al tmi prkotnoi

ae trkloi nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi pirearhnl` krts. Tmns ns k study ae trkloi ks kl

ixpirniloi kld k prkotnoi.

Tmi study erkhis trkloi ks kl kistmitno praoiss, kld nlvistn`ktis tmi

pmilahilal ae trkloi ks nt ricktis ta tmi prkotnoi ae tmi pirearhnl` krts fy caabnl` kt

tmi orket ae tmi pirearhir. Fy ri`krdnl` tmi pmilahilal ae trkloi erah tmi dnsonpcnli ae

Zirearhkloi Tmiary, quistnals ae maw tmi pmilahilal eulotnals kri kddrissid erah

tmi panlt ae vniw ae tmi prkotntnalir. Tmi oiltrkc mypatmisns ae tmns study ns tmkt kcc

hadis ae pirearhkloi nl tmi frakdist silsi riqunri dnstnlot kld pkrtnouckr stktis

ae oalsonausliss ta fi skcnilt nl ardir ta fi ieeiotnvicy ihfadnid kld ilkotid, kld

tmkt pkrtnouckr ihfadnhilts kld ilkothilts pirearhklois tmihsicvis `ilirkti

kld divicap dnstnlot stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmi oiltrkc prafcih oaloirlnl` tmns

study ns tmi quistnal7 maw dais tmns warb1 Tmi study tists tmi mypatmisis tmkt tmiri

kri fksno praoissis kld prkotnois tmkt nlduoi kld oalstntuti tmi trkloi stkti2 tmkt

trkloi prkotnoi okl fi ri`krdid ks k tiomlnokc kld kistmitno ixpirniloi2 tmkt


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oalsonausliss nl nts hkly earhs ns oahprnsid ae syhfacs ficnies kld vkcuis kld

wmil trkloi stktis kooiss tmisi syhfacs nt ns tmi ficnies kld vkcuis ae tmi

oalsonausliss tmkt ns oahhulnoktid kld hklneistid. Tmus tmrau`m tmi oaloiptukc

cils ae prkotnoi, tmi study nlvistn`ktis tmi ixpirniloi kld prkotnoi ae pirearhnl` trkloi

ks k stkti ae oalsonausliss.

Nltraduotnal

Kpkrt erah finl` k study ae tmi pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss, tmns study ns

pkrtnouckrcy oaloirlid wntm k rklì ae pirearhkloi prkotnois wmnom ihpcay vkrnaus

earhs ae trkloi stktis. Tmi tapno ixpcaris tmi oaloipt ae trkloi ks k pirearhktnvi

prkotnoi, wmnci nt kcsa caabs ìlirkccy kt tmi oaloipt ae stktis ae oalsonausliss nl

pirearhkloi. Erah smkhklno nhkìry ta psyomaca`nokc rikcnsh, tmi euldkhiltkc

nhpucsi ta ri`krd muhkl ixpirniloi kld patiltnkc wntm tmi qukcnty ae sice-kwkriliss

mks cid us ta oalstruot !nllir warcds" kooardnl` ta aur oucturkc, saonkc, kld

psyomaca`nokc ilvnralhilts.;Tmisi nllir warcds ihirì ks sice-rieciotnals erah tmi

fnaca`nokc muhkl frknl, ihfadnhilt kld ixpirniloi tmi muhkl ar`klnsh. Tmisi

sice-rieciotnals okl riprisilt tmi !spnrntukc" urì ae tmi ar`klnsh. _pnrnts kri siil ks

trkls`rissnvi pawirs kld drnvis wntmnl k pkrtnouckr !oalsonausliss sit", sirvnl` fatm ta

rinlearoi larhktnvnty ks wicc ks ta riciksi atmir-liss ar trklsearhktnvnty tmi

trklsearhktnvi patiltnkc ae tmi ar`klnsh.6Tmi ihfadnhilt ae spnrnt ntsice ixprissis tmi

trklsearhktnvi patiltnkc ae muhkl oalsonausliss. Nl trkloi, ihfadnhilt ns k wky nl

wmnom tmi ar`klnsh nl turl ns kfci ta kpprimild kld kppraprnkti tmi atmir. Oiltrkc ta

tmi praoissis ae oahprimilsnal kld kppraprnktnal ns tmi ndiltnenoktnal ae tmi sice kld

tmi atmir. Tmi kot ae ndiltnenoktnal ns kl kot ae dienlntnal. Ali ns ndiltnenid ks, wntm, ar

fi ndiltnenid fy, nl kl kot ae dienlntnal. Ndiltnenoktnal ns k praoiss, ndiltnty ns tmi praduot.

Tmns study ns prnhkrncy oaloirlid wntm tmi praoiss. Tmi pirearhktnvi kot ae

ndiltnenoktnal ns fatm k okpkonty kld k susoiptnfncnty. Tmi stril`tm ae kl kot ae

ndiltnenoktnal kld tmi di`rii ae nlvacvihilt ìlirktid kri ivkcuktid kcal` k

oaltnluuh fitwiil pritildnl` kld finl` nldnoktnl` tmi kppkrilt civics ae

oahhnthilt ta pirearhkloi nhpirktnvis. Tmi kot ae ndiltnenoktnal ns fatm cikrlt kld

kotnvktid. Tmns ns tmi silsi nl wmnom tmi tirh spnrnt ns ihpcayid nl tmns study tmi

;

Bnrfy, I. T. (;>05). Tmi _mkhklnstno Arn`nls ae Zapuckr Iltirtknlhilts. Vntukc, Zcky kld Zirearhkloi. V. _omiomlir kld H._omuhkl. Liw ârb, _ikfury Zriss7 pp. ;?>-;4>.6 Dikoal, Tiriloi P. (;>>0). Tmi _yhfacno _pionis7 Tmi Oa-ivacutnal ae Cklùkì kld tmi Frknl. Liw ârb kld Caldal, P. P.

Lartal.7 pp. 4?5-44;.


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klnhktnl` ar vntkc prnlonpci kld tmkt wmnom `nvis cnei ta tmi pmysnokc ar`klnsh nl

oaltrkst ta nts puricy hktirnkc icihilts.?

Tmi study ixkhnlis ficnie systihs. K ficnie ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi oalvnotnal

ae tmi trutm ae sahi stktihilt ar tmi rikcnty ae sahi finl` ar pmilahilal ispionkccy

wmil fksid al ixkhnlktnal ae ivndiloi ar k stkti ar mkfnt ae hnld nl wmnom trust ar

oalendiloi ns pckoid nl sahi pirsal ar tmnl`.4 Ficnies kri tmi fksno kld nhpcnont

kssuhptnals stktihilts tmkt kri nltirlkcnsid wmnom ilokpsuckti kl uldirstkldnl`

ae tmi sice, nts ilvnralhilt kld nts ixnstiloi. Tmrau`m aur ficnies, wi dienli aur

ilvnralhilt, aur ixnstiloi, kld aur ndiltnty. !Ficnie systihs" kri tmi ocustirs ae

kssuhptnals tmrau`m wmnom wi ri`krd kld divicap aur silsi ae aur sicvis kld ae aur

warcd2 ocustirs wmnom kri oahprnsid ae fatm nldnvndukcnsid kld saonkcnsid icihilts._ahi ae tmisi kssuhptnals kri smkrid wntm atmirs, wmnci sahi kri ulnqui ar

uloahhal. Ficnie systihs kri ae pkrtnouckr nhpartkloi ta tmns study, nl tmkt tmi

pirearhnl` krts lioissntkti tmi hklnpucktnal ae ficnies tmrau`m tmi min`mtilnl` ae

pkrtnouckr alis kld tmi riduotnal ae oirtknl atmirs ear tmi durktnal ae k pirearhkloi.

Tmi !suspilsnal ae dnsficnie"riqunrid ae kudnilois kld pirearhirs ns tmi oalviltnal fy

wmnom tmi warcd ae tmi pirearhkloi ns iltirid. Oalstkltnl _tklnsckvsbn oalsndirid

trutm ta fi nlsipkrkfci erah ficnie pkrtnouckrcy nl ricktnal ta drkhktno pirearhkloi. 9Nt

ns passnfci ta sufstntuti tmi ward trutm wntm tmi ward rikcnty nl tmns kssirtnal nl ardir

ta kcn`l wntm past-hadirl silsnfncntnis.

Ta ockrney wmkt ns ìlirkccy ficnivid fy tmi biy tirhs ae tmi tntci, nt ns usieuc ta

caab kt tmi Axeard Il`cnsm Dnotnalkrydienlntnals ae tmisi tirhs. Trkloi ns siil ks k

stkti ...{k} pracalìd suspilsnal ae oalsonausliss ...k oktkciptno ar myplatno oaldntnal

...{k} stkti fitwiil sciipnl` kld wkbnl` ...k stullid ar dkzid stkti ...k stkti ae hiltkc

kfstrkotnal erah ixtirlkc tmnl`s ...kfsarptnal, ixkctktnal, rkpturi, iostksy. Tmi tirhoalsonaus ns vniwid ks k qukcnty ae mkvnl` tmi wntliss ae ali "s awl gudìhilt ar

eiicnl`s ...nlwkrdcy silsnfci ar kwkri ...mkvnl` nltirlkc piroiptnal ae k ekot, ae ali "s

silsktnals, eiicnl`s, tmau`mts, ae ixtirlkc afgiots ...mkvnl` ali "s hiltkc ekouctnis

kotukccy nl kl kotnvi kld wkbnl` stkti ...kwkri ae wmkt ali ns danl` ar nltildnl` ta da

...mkvnl` k purpasi kld nltiltnal nl ali"s kotnals ...kwkri ae ntsice, kwkri ae nts awl

ixnstiloi. Oalsonausliss ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi stkti ar ekot ae finl` hiltkccy

? Erah tmi Axeard Il`cnsm Dnotnalkry (6ldidntnal) iltry al spnrnt.4 Erah tmi Hirrnkh-Pifstirs Oacci`nkti Dnotnalkry (;:tmidntnal) iltry al ficnie.9 _tklnsckvsbn, Oalstkltnl (;>?0/;>56) Kl Kotar Zripkris. Caldal, @iaeeriy Fcis7 p. ;6=.


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oalsonaus ar kwkri ae klytmnl` ...ri`krdid ks tmi larhkc oaldntnal ae mikctmy wkbnl`

cnei ...ks k oaldntnal kld oaloahntklt ae kcc tmau`mt, eiicnl`, kld vacntnal.

Oalsonausliss okl kcsa rieir ta tmi tatkcnty ae tmi nhprissnals, tmau`mts, kld

eiicnl`s, wmnom hkbi up k pirsal"s oalsonaus finl` ...k oacciotnvi ekoucty ta kl

k``ri`kti ae {nldnvndukcs} ...sa ekr ks tmiy tmnlb ar eiic nl oahhal.5

Tmi ndik ae oalsonausliss ns kcsa uldirstaad ta mkvi fatm nldnvndukc kld saonkc

dnhilsnals. Tmisi dnhilsnals kri hkdi passnfci kld kpprimilsnfci tmrau`m earhs ae

cklùkì, ks tmi icihilt tmkt wikvis taìtmir tmi ekfrno ae aur saonity.0 Tmi

pmilahilal ae trkloi mks kcsa fiil disornfid ks k tihparkry stkti ae

oalsonausliss tmkt ns ixpirniloid ks k trklsoildiloi ae tmi silsi ae tmi larhkc

sice tmrau`m kl nltilsnenoktnal ae hiltkc ar pmysnokc praoissis.

=

Tmns trklsoildiloiae larhktnvnty okl kcsa fi siil ta fi oalstruotid kld ixpirniloid tmrau`m cnlùnstno

systihs.

Trkloi, ks k pirearhktnvi prkotnoi, kooissis kl kspiot ae tmi ekfrno ae

cklùkì tmkt ns rivikcid ta nts kudniloi, ks mn`mcy syhfacno kld sn`lnenoklt. _uom

kspiots risalkti praeauldcy tmrau`m tmi silsi ae finl` risalktnl` hiklnl` fy

kotnvktnl` kfstrkotnals kld oaloiptukcnsktnals tmkt hkbi up tmi wiccsprnl` ae tmi tatkc

nldnvndukc ixpirniltnkc hihary ae tmi ar`klnsh. Nl ardir ear trkloi ta risalkti

hiklnl`, nt hust fi oucturkccy kooissnfci. Tmi pawir tmkt nt nlvabis ns oaltknlid nl nts

syhfacno vkcui. Tmns study oaloirls ntsice wntm tmi kotid trkloi ks nt dais wntm tmi

dnssaonktid trkloi. Nt ns lat tmi oaloirl ae tmns study ta kttihpt ta dienlntnvicy

dnstnlùnsm fitwiil tmi kotid kld dnssaonktid, ks nt ns hy ficnie tmkt tmisi qukcntnis

fical` nl k spiotruh ae prkotnoi tmkt mks fiil oalstruotid ks trkloi.

Oalsonausliss ns ieeiotnvicy ìlirktid fy suom ekotars ks cklùkì, fimkvnaur,drnvis, ks wicc ks hihary nl tmi earh ae rioacciotnals kld rieciotnals, ficnies kld

ihatnals. Aur !nllir warcds" aur warcds ae oalstruots kri funct upal tmisi icihilts.

Tmisi icihilts oahprnsi aur enicd ae typis kld tihpcktis. Aur oaloiptukcnsktnals kld

aur kfstrkotnals ditirhnli tmi qukcnty ae aur piroiptnals kld ixpirnilois. Tmus tmi

ar`klnsh ìlirktis k enicd ae oalsonausliss kl kttulid kwkriliss tmkt ns kwkri ae

nts awl sice kld ae atmirs.

5

Erah tmi Axeard Il`cnsm Dnotnalkry (6ld

idntnal) iltrnis al trkloi, oalsonaus kld oalsonausliss.0 Lkpacn, Dallk Ga (;>>5).Cnlùnstnos7 Kl Nltraduotnal. Liw ârb, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. v.= Vauìt, @ncfirt (;>=9).Husno kld Trkloi7 K Tmiary ae tmi Vicktnals Fitwiil Husno kld Zassissnal. Omnokà, Ylnvirsnty ae

Omnokà Zriss.7 pp. ;6-;5.


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Oiltrkc ta tmi prafcih ae oalsonausliss ns tmi latnal ae ndiltnty wma ar wmkt ns

kwkri. Ndiltnty okl sirvi ks k disn`lktnal ae k pkrtnouckr oalsonausliss sit. Nt ns

passnfci ta tkcb kfaut oalsonausliss sits tmkt kri disn`lktid kcal` ri`nalkc kld/ar

cnlùnstno tirhs, suom ks kl Kustrkcnkl oalsonausliss, ar k Iurapikl oalsonausliss.

Nldiid, tmi cklùkìs (virfkc it kc) tmkt wi oahhulnokti wntm, ks wicc ks tmi sittnl`s

kld stycis nl wmnom wi cnvi, `riktcy nlecuiloi tmi oalsonausliss tmkt wi divicap. Ta

tkcb kfaut k Omnlisi oalsonausliss, ear ixkhpci, ns ta eaous upal k pkrtnouckr enicd ae

vkcuis, cnlùnstno fimkvnaurs, oucturkc hihary, ks !enctirs"ae piroiptnal kld ixpirniloi.

Pntmnl tmisi enicds ae hihary tmiri kri tmi sufsits kld hutktnals. Eurtmirhari,

sufoucturis aetil ihirì ks k rispalsi ta k dahnlklt oucturkc pkrkdn`h. Al tmi civic

ae nldnvndukcs, tmiri kri kcsa dneeiriltnktnals. Al tmi saonkc civic, drnvis wmnom sirvi kslarhktnvi prissuris kld sufvirsnvi nlecuilois kri afsirvkfci.

K fksno icihilt ae tmi enctirs ae piroiptnal kld ixpirniloi ns eauld nl tmi

siciotnal kld kssaonktnal ae hiharnis wmnom aoour nl tmi praoiss ae !lkrrktnsktnal "

tmi earhucktnal kld rioacciotnal ae alànl` starnis wmnom fioahi tmi wkys fy wmnom wi

hkbi silsi ae aur nldnvndukc kld oacciotnvi ixpirnilois.> Lkrrktnsktnal ae ixpirniloi

kccaws us tmi kfncnty ta ar`klnsi hihary nl wkys tmkt kri oalsnstilt wntm aur pkrtnouckr

nltirlkcnsid ficnie systihs. Lkrrktnsktnal okl kcsa disornfi tmi praoiss fy wmnom wi

earhuckti kld rinlearoi aur ficnie systihs. Tmns lkrrktnsktnal kld nts sufsiquilt

pkttirlnl` nl tmi praoiss ae !mnstarnonsktnal" ns eurtmir ar`klnsid al k saonkc civic fy

dahnlklt oucturkc enicds kld fy dahnlklt oalsonausliss sits.

Tmi ixpirnilois tmkt kri dienlid ks tmi sice kld ks tmi larhkc ar ivirydky

kspiots ae ixnstiloi riprisilt tmi silsi ae larhktnvnty tmkt sirvis ks tmi eulotnalkc

fidraob ae hiklnl`-hkbnl` praoissis il`kìd nl al nldnvndukc kld `raup civics. Tmiixpirniloi dienlid ks rikc riprisilts hiksuris ae kutmiltnonty kld kutmarnty fy

wmnom nldnvndukc kld `raup vkcuis kri ditirhnlid kld dienlid, kld fy wmnom

nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi ixpirnilois kri kpprimildid kld oktiàrnsid.

Nl tmns study, trkloi ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi risuct ae sustknlid nlvacvihilt wntm

ditkncid nlearhktnal tmkt ns struoturkccy ar`klnsid, nlvabnl` nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi

il`kìhilts tmkt kri hknltknlid ks nltirkotnals fitwiil tmi pirearhir, atmir

> Ekrtmnl`, @. Pnccnkh (;>>6). Tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Oalsonausliss. Liw Girsiy, Zriltnoi Mkcc.7p. ?42 Gkylis, Gucnkl (;>05).


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pirearhirs, tmi ilvnralhilt kld kudniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi. Trkloi stktis kri

hknltknlid kld min`mtilid fy di`riis ae ficnie ihir`nl` erah kots ae ndiltnenoktnal

il`kìd nl fy pirearhirs kld kudnilois. Tmirieari, tmi latnal ae trkloi ns usid ks k

wky ae oaloiptukcnsnl` kld uldirstkldnl` tmi dipkrturis erah larhktnvnty tmi

trkls`rissnals kld trklsoildiloi ae ardnlkry ivirydky ixpirniloi tmkt kri

il`kìd nl fy tmi pirearhir kld ta k oirtknl ixtilt fy tmi kudniloi ae tmi

pirearhkloi. Trkloi ns siil ks k hiomklnsh fy wmnom ta `rksp tmi dylkhnos ae

dnssaonktnvi pmilahilk. Trkloi ns kcsa ns ri`krdid ks k wky ae uldirstkldnl` tmi

hatnvktnal ae kotars nl pirearhkloi.

Tmirieari, tmi tirh stkti ae oalsonausliss disornfis k qukcnty ae kwkriliss. Nl

trkloi, tmns qukcnty ns aetil ndiltnenid ks k snhnckr qukcnty ta tmkt wmnom ns eauld nl tmimyplatno stkti. Tmns study caabs kt tmns qukcnty ae kwkriliss ks ali tmkt ns fksid al

ficnies. Tmi ficnie systihs ae tmi ar`klnsh, ta k ckrì di`rii, ditirhnli tmi qukcnty ae

ixpirniloi ae tmkt finl`. Ficnies kri tmi enctirs tmrau`m wmnom wi sii aur rikcnty.

Zmilahilk suom ks trkloi riprisilt smnets kld kctirktnals nl tmi larhkc enctirs tmkt

wi ardnlkrncy ar rautnlicy usi ta piroinvi kld nltirprit aur ixpirnilois. @ncfirt Vauìt

disornfid trkloi ks k trklsoildiloi ae ali"s larhkc sice, ks k cnfirktnal risuctnl`

erah tmi nltilsnenoktnal ae k hiltkc ar pmysnokc dnspasntnal, ...ks kl ixkctktnal ...ae tmi

sice.;:Mawivir, tmi prafcihs kld cnhntktnals nlmirilt nl tmi latnal ae k larhkc sice

okllat fi kccawid ta ditrkot erah tmi oiltrkc nlvistn`ktnal. Nl studnis ae myplasns,

trkloi mks fiil disornfid ks k risuct ae ndiks, kssaonktnals, hiltkc praoissis kld

uldirstkldnl`s tmkt kri nlduoid fy tmi oahhulnoktnal ae ndiks kld tmi icnontnl` ae

trknls ae tmau`mt kld kssaonktnals;; k vniw tmkt mn`mcn`mts tmi latnal tmkt trkloi

stktis risuct erah nltirkotnals wntm atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt, tmrau`m wmnom

nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt ns komnivid. Trkloi ns vniwid ks k stkti ae

oalsonausliss, ks wicc ks k saonkc-psyomaca`nokc praoiss kld k hadi ae ihfadnhilt.Tmirieari, tmns study kcsa oalsndirs tmi latnal ae k trkloi ae larhktnvnty wmirinl tmi

trknls ae tmau`mt kld kssaonktnals, tmkt ditirhnli tmi qukcntnis ihfadnid kld ilkotid,

kri fksid upal `raup-dienlid ixpiotktnals ae larhkc ixpirnilois kld eulotnals.

Tmisi pirspiotnvis rivikc tmi vkrnaus kspiots ae trkloi.

Tmi Arn`nl ae Oalsonausliss nl tmi Frikbdawl ae tmi Fnokhirkc Hnld . Fastal, Mau`mtal Hneecnl7 pp. 6>, 5?-54, 6;=.;:Vauìt.7 p. ;4;;Mkrtckld, Gaml kld _tklciy Tnlbcir (;>0;). Hidnokc kld Diltkc Myplasns kld nts Ocnlnokc Kppcnoktnals. Caldal, Fknccnri Tnldkcc.7 p.

?09.


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Visikrom Zraoiduris

Tmns study ihpcays oksi study klkcysis, pkrtnonpklt afsirvktnals, prkotntnalir

nltirvniws, pirearhkloi kooaults kld riparts ks dktk wmnom kri praoissid kcal` k

`rauldid tmiary hadic. Tmrau`m nltirvniws wntm kld kooaults ae pirearhirs kld

prkotntnalirs nl vkrnaus pirearhnl` krts, trkloi prkotnoi, saonkc drkhk kld oucturkc

trkdntnals, tmi study nlvistn`ktis vkrnaus kspiots ae trkloi stktis wntm ri`krd ta k frakd

rklì ae pirearhkloi prkotnois. Ear ali siotnal ae tmi study, sufgiots wiri ksbid nl

nltirvniws ta rispald ta k luhfir ae quistnals al tmi sufgiots ae trkloi,

oalsonausliss kld pirearhkloi. _ufgiots wiri ksbid ta dnsouss kly ixpirnilois tmiy

hn`mt mkvi mkd tmkt hky fi oalsndirid ta fi trkloi stktis, pkrtnouckrcy tmasi

ixpirnilois tmkt wiri ricktid ta tmi pirearhnl` krts. _ahi sufgiots wiri nltirvniwid

hari tmkl aloi nl ardir ta eaccaw up cnlis ae nlqunry. Zirearhirs kld prkotntnalirs wiri

kcsa afsirvid (kt tnhis daouhiltid al vndia) nl pirearhklois, nl rimikrskcs kld nl

warbsmaps. Nl atmir siotnals ae tmi study, cntirkturi al kld kooaults ae pirearhktnvi

prkotnois erah k rklì ae saonkc kld oucturkc trkdntnals kri utncnsid ta divicap kl

uldirstkldnl` ae trkloi tmkt eaousis al tmi ficnies kld praoissis fy wmnom pkrtnouckr

stktis ae oalsonausliss kri ihfadnid kld ilkotid.

Tmi nlvistn`ktar nl tmns study oahis erah k fkob`rauld ae drkhktno krts trknlnl`,

tikomnl` kld praeissnalkc prkotnoi nl kddntnal ta k `rauldnl` nl tmi kokdihno dnsonpcnli

ae Tmiktri kld Zirearhkloi _tudnis. Tmirieari tmi study mks eaousid qunti ixtilsnvicy

al tmi ixpirniloi kld praoiss ae pirearhkloi kld trknlnl`. Tmns eaous wks rieciotid nl

tmi kppcnoktnal ae tmi risikrom hitmadaca`y.

Tmns study fi`nls wntm k rivniw ae cntirkturi ricktid ta tmi sufgiot kld tmi

prafcihs nhpcnid. Tmi cntirkturi rivniwid mks fiil drkwl erah tmi enicd ae Zsyomaca`y

nl ricktnal ta tmi quistnal ae oalsonausliss pkrtnouckrcy wntm ri`krd ta kctirid stktis

ks wicc ks tmi prkotnoi kld tmiary ae myplasns2 erah tmi enicd ae Kltmrapaca`y nl ricktnal

ta tmi nltir-oucturkc study ae trkloi prkotnoi kld ricktid pmilahilk2 kld erah tmi enicd

ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary nl ricktnal ta tmi orket ae tmi pirearhir kld stktis ae

oalsonausliss tmkt kri nhpcnoktid. Tmi rivniw ae cntirkturi panltid ta tmi nhpartkloi ae

ficnie systihs ks tmiy ricktid ta tmi prkotnoi kld tmi piroiptnal ae trkloi stktis. Tmi

cntirkturi kcsa nldnoktid tmi prisiloi ae k sit ae oahhalkcntnis nl tmi vkrnaus prkotnois

wmnom ihpcay trkloi stktis. Tmisi oahhalkcntnis, taìtmir wntm dui oalsndirktnal ae

tmi dneeirilois su`ìstid, aeeir k fksns ear k tmiary ae pirearhid stktis ae


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas=

oalsonausliss. Klatmir eaous ae tmi study mks fiil al kl nlntnkc fktom ae nltirvniws ae

prkotntnalirs nl tmi enicds ae dkloi kld drkhk. Ks pricnhnlkry enicdwarb, tmi nltirvniws

mkd fiil issiltnkc nl tistnl` tmi cnlis ae quistnalnl` ta fi ihpcayid, ks wicc ks sahi

ae tmi biy oaloipts tmkt mkvi fiil su`ìstid fy tmi cntirkturi kld tmkt wiri dikct wntm

nl tmi study. Tmi nltirvniws mkd kcsa fiil hast usieuc nl ndiltneynl` prkotntnalirs kld

cnlis ae nlqunry tmkt wiri cktir nlvistn`ktid ks nl-diptm oksi studnis ae prkotnoi.

Tmns study lioisskrncy awis nts divicaphilt ta Kltmrapaca`y, _aonaca`y,

Liuraca`y, Zsyomaca`y, Zmncasapmy kld Kistmitnos. Mawivir, tmns study ns oalstruotid

wntmnl tmi dnsonpcnli ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary. Tmi tmiaritnokc kpprakom ae tmi study ns

lioisskrncy caoktid fatm nl kotar trknlnl` dnsoaursis kld nl rioiptnal tmiary. Trkloi

pirearhkloi okllat aoour wntmaut kl kudniloi, kld k pirearhkloi okllat fipiroinvid ks trkloi ulciss nt ns erkhid kld pripkrid ks suom - nt ns kl nltirkotnal, k

oalvirsktnal, fitwiil tmi orket ae tmi pirearhir kld tmi pirearhkloi oaltixt ae nts

kudniloi. @nvil tmi paraus lkturi ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary, tmi ricktnalsmnp fitwiil

kotar trknlnl` dnsoaursi kld rioiptnal tmiary riqunris ickfarktnal nl tmi divicaphilt ae

tmi uldirstkldnl` ae trkloi ks pirearhktnvi prkotnoi. Tmi purpasi ae tmns study ns ta

ndiltney praoissis ae ihfadnhilt tmkt aoour nl tmiktrnokc kld saonkc spkois, kld ta

nlvistn`kti tmi hiklnl`-hkbnl` praoissis tmkt aoour nl suom spkois. Ks suom, nt ekois

tmi omkccilì ae liàtnktnl` k vaokfuckry tmkt koblawcidìs tmi ci`koy ae kcc tmisi

trkdntnals, wmncst hknltknlnl` k civic ae vkcndnty tmkt ns fatm kooiptkfci ta tmisi trkdntnals

ae blawcidì kld hky oaltrnfuti ta tmi divicaphilt ae tmisi trkdntnals, ks wicc ks ta

tmi dnsonpcnli ae Tmiktri kld Zirearhkloi _tudnis, tmkt ns nts awl `rauldnl`.

Nl tirhs ae pirearhkloi trkdntnals, tmns study ixkhnlis strklds ae prkxns tmkt kri

drkwl erah Oalstkltnl _tklnsckvsbn ta Cii _trksfir`2 erah Kltalnl Krtkud ta _khuic

Fiobitt kld Girzy @ratawsbn2 erah tmi Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhkloi earh ae _kl`mykl`Didkrn nl tmi ;>?:s ta tmi ;>>:s2 erah tmi Omkllicnl` prkotntnalirs nl tmi Y._. nl tmi

;>?:s ta _itm kld Ckzkrns nl tmi ;>0:s ta tmi ;>>:s2 kld erah trkdntnals ae hncntkry

trknlnl`, pirearhkloi vnaciloi, kld rmitarno kssaonktid wntm tmi kttkobs ae tmi ;; tm ae

_iptihfir 6::; nl tmi Y._. kld nts ketirhktm. Tmi vkrnaus prkotnois nlvistn`ktid kri

oalsndirid ta fi prnhkrncy syhfacno kld kistmitno pmilahilk ihir`nl` erah tmi

ihfadnhilts kld ilkothilts ae pirearhirs2 tmi prnhkry eaous ae tmns study smkcc fi

tmi ixpirniloi ae suom pmilahilk erah tmi pirspiotnvis ae tmi prkotntnalirs ae trkloi

pirearhkloi. Fy klkcysnl` tmisi pirearhkloi trkdntnals ks oksi studnis, tmns study


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas;:

Tmi praoissis nlvistn`ktid nl tmns study kri ihpcayid ta vkrynl` di`riis nl

oalviltnalkccy rioa`lnsid trkloi pirearhkloi, nl tmiktri kld drkhk prkotnois, kld nl

saonkc kld oucturkc prkotnois. Tmns study nlvistn`ktis tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhir nl

tmisi dylkhnos, kld tmi icihilts tmkt kri riqunrid ear ieeiotnvi pirearhkloi. Nl

pkrtnouckr, tmns study nlvistn`ktis tmi qukcntnis ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri oalduonvi ta

tmi nlvaoktnal ae tmi trklsearhktnvi patiltnkc ae tmi pirearhkloi ivilt. Kotars okl

pirearh nl vkrnaus pkrkmyplatno stktis wmirinl ivilts !rikccy mkppil". Tmi civic ae

ficnie tmkt tmi kotar hklkìs ta ìlirkti nltirlkccy okl nhpkot upal tmi !ficnivkfncnty "

ae tmi pirearhkloi kld tmi civic ae !suspilsnal ae dnsficnie" tmkt ns ieeiotid nl nts

kudniloi.

Tmns study ns kcsa oaloirlid wntm tmi pirearhkloi ae stktis ae oalsonausliss nltmi frakd saonkc kld oucturkc sittnl`. Gal HoBilzni pravndis k oaloiptukc erkhiwarb

fy wmnom ta nlvistn`kti pirearhktnvnty nl tmi oaltixt ae kotukcnty ar nl rikc warcd

ivilts. HoBilzni dnsoussis tmrii kriks ae study tmkt oalvirì upal tmi latnals ae

pirearhkloi kld pirearhktnvnty Zirearhkloi _tudnis eaousnl` al oucturkc

pirearhklois, Zirearhkloi Hklkìhilt eaousnl` al ar`klnsktnalkc pirearhklois,

kld Tiomla-Zirearhkloi eaousnl` al tiomlaca`nokc pirearhklois. HoBilzni krùis

tmkt ks tmisi hadis ae pirearhkloi oahi ta fi siil ks ihfiddid nl ali klatmir,

tmi uldirstkldnl` ae pirearhkloi ks k hadi ae pawir fioahis hari passnfci. Tmus,

pirearhkloi ns siil ks tmi strktuh ae pawir/blawcidì nl ardir ta ri`krd dnsoursnvi

pirearhktnvis kld ihfadnid pirearhklois nl tminr larhktnvi kld trklsearhktnvi

patiltnkcntnis.;0 Ysnl` tmisi erkhiwarbs, nt fioahis passnfci ta nlvistn`kti tmi

pmilahilal ae trkloi nl pirearhkloi nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi saonkc drkhk nl wmnom nt ns

ihfiddid.

Tmi usis ae snl`ci kld daufci quatktnal hkrbs tmrau`maut tmns study, wmiri tmiyda lat nldnokti dnriot quatis, riprisilt kppikcs ta tmi orntnokc ekoucty ae tmi rikdir

wmil suom tirhs kri iloaultirid. Ks kl nlvistn`ktnal ae hiklnl` kld ficnies, nt ns

nhpartklt ta kpprakom sahi tirhs kld pmrksis wntm k di`rii ae risirvktnal nl ardir ta

ri`krd tmi wkys nl wmnom ndiks fioahi ihfadnid kld ilkotid blawcidì. Fy danl`

sa, tmns study strnvis ta klkcysi tmi pirearhktnvnty ae tmi cklùkì ae blawcidì.

;0HoBilzni, Gal (6::;). Zirearh ar Icsi7 Erah Dnsonpcnli ta Zirearhkloi. Liw ârb, Vautcidì.7 pp. 64-69.


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas;;

Tawkrds k Tmiary ae Zirearhkloi

Tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi kppcnoktnal ae tmi oaloiptukc erkhiwarb ae

trkloi ks pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss ta divicap k frakd tmiary ae

pirearhkloi. Tmi trkloi stkti ns oalsndirid ta fi k earh ae oaloiltrktnal ae

nltilsnenid kld eaousid kttiltnal. Mawivir, ta sky tmkt trkloi ns snhpcy stral` hiltkc

eaous waucd fi nloahpciti2 nt riqunris keeiotnvi, nhk`nlktnvi kld kotnvi nlvacvihilt.

Trkloi riqunris hari tmkl gust hiltkc ieeart, Girzy @ratawsbn tkcbs kfaut tmi tatkc

kot2;= tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae ficnie

(nhk`nlktnal). Ks oksi studnis nl tmi oahnl` omkptirs wncc dihalstrkti, tmi ickfarktnal

ae trkloi ks k oaloiptukc erkhiwarb nccuhnlktis tmi praoissis fy wmnom kìloy kld

rispalsnfncnty kri fatm kttrnfutid kld ixpirniloid. Tmi pirearhklois ae trkloi stktis

kri nlvistn`ktid ta divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi typis ae praoissis kld oaloipts

tmkt kri diihid lioisskry ear k suooisseuc ar ieeiotnvi pirearhkloi. Tmi trkloi

prkotntnalir ns k pirearhir nl tmi silsi tmkt tmiy usi tminr awl sice ks tmi nlstruhilt ae

k erkhid ixprissnal kl ixpirniloi micd kld stkìd ks kl ivilt nhfuid wntm

oalviltnals kld sn`lnenoklois, n.i. oucturkccy cakdid.

Tmns study ns oiltrkccy oaloirlid wntm tmi ficnies tmkt erkhi kld ekoncntkti

pirearhklois ae pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmi il`kìhilt ae suom ficnies

riqunri tmi pirearhir ta fioahi sueenoniltcy pripkrid ta ihfady kld ilkot tmi

issiltnkc icihilts ae tmi saonkc kld oucturkc ixpiotktnals ilokpsucktid fy tmasi

ficnies. Fatm _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir`, ear nlstkloi, ripiktidcy ihpmksnsi tmi latnal

tmkt tmi kotar riqunris tmi ekoucty ae susoiptnfncnty, tmi wkbilnl` ae ficnie nl tmi

kotar.;> Tmns study kssuhis tmkt tmi pirearhid trkloi kld tmi myplatno trkloi kri

ocasicy ricktid. Nt ns lat sa huom k erkhnl` ae pirearhid trkloi ks myplasns, rktmir nt ns

kl nlvistn`ktnal ae ricktid pmilahilk kld wmkt tmkt ricktnalsmnp rivikcs kfaut tmi

dylkhnos ae suom pirearhktnvi stktis. Myplatnskfncnty okl fi ricktid ta tmi kfncnty kld

prapilsnty ta suspild dnsficnie, su`ìstnl` tmkt k pirearhir "s kfncnty ta il`kì nl kld

sustknl omkrkotirnsktnal ns ricktid ta tmi hiksuris ae myplatnskfncnty2 eurtmir su`ìstnl`

tmkt eikturis ae pirsalkcnty kld ndiltnty systihs afsirvid nl myplatnskfncnty hiksuris

kri ricktid ta tmi praoiss ae omkrkotirnsktnal.6:

;=

@ratawsbn, Girzy, Hkro Euhkracn kld @iarì Vikviy (;>5>). Ixtirlkc Ardir, Nltirlkc Nltnhkoy. TDV;47;(T49) Ekcc ;>5>7pp. ;06-;00.;>_trksfir`, Cii (;>=0). K Drikh ae Zkssnal7 Tmi Divicaphilt ae tmi Hitmad. Fastal kld Taralta, Cnttci Frawl.7 p. ;;.6:_pniìc, Mirfirt kld Dkvnd _pniìc (;>0=). Trkloi kld Trikthilt7 Ocnlnokc Ysis ae Myplasns. Liw ârb, Fksno Faabs.7 pp. 66-;5;.


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas;4

okhi ta tmih wmil tmiy apilid up ta omkllicnl`. Nl danl` sa, tmi ekoncntktar

disornfis k snhnckr praoiss ta warbnl` wntm nhpucsi pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi oaltixt ae

nhpravnsktnal nl pirearhkloi. Nhpucsis, eiicnl`s, ar nhprissnals kotnvkti tmi

nlstruhilt, tmi fady ae tmi pirearhir.64Tmi pkrkccic oaloirls ae oriktnvnty kld nlsn`mt

sau`mt nl omkllicnl` prkotnoi kld tmi oriktnvi stkti prapasid fy _tklnsckvsbn panlt ta

tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss fy wmnom tmi nhk`nlktnvi ekoucty ae tmi pirearhir ns

divicapid kld ihpcayid nl pirearhkloi.

Trkloi stktis kld pirearhklois kri cakdid wntm tmihis tmkt kri mnstarno, hytmno,

euturnstno, ar rikcnstno dipildnl` upal tmi oucturkc vkcuis kld liids ae nts kudnilois

kld prkotntnalirs. Tmirieari tmi trkloi pirearhkloi lioisskrncy oahhulnoktis

syhfacno kld kistmitno qukcntnis tmkt su`ìst kl atmir warcd. _uom syhfacno kldkistmitno qukcntnis kri nlti`rkc ta tmi nlduotnal praoiduris ae trkloi pirearhklois, kld

ta tmi drkhktno omkrkotirnsktnals ae k wndi rklì ae pirearhkloi trkdntnals.

Tawkrds k Tmiary ae Nlduotnals

Pards uttirid, ivilts ixpirniloid, wrnttil kld rioardid krtiekots oalstntuti tmi

oalsonausliss kld, tmil, tmi drnvi kld hihary ae tmi ar`klnsh. Tmi kfncnty ae tmi

ar`klnsh ta hkbi silsi ae nts ixnstiloi kld ixpirniloi `riktcy nlecuilois tmkt

pkrtnouckr ar`klnsh"s kotnals kld ixprissnals. Oiltrkc ta tmns study ns tmi oalsndirktnal

ae k tmiary ae nlduotnals fy wmnom tmi ixpirniltnkc kld piroiptukc enctir ae tmi pirearhir

ns nlvabid kld dnsruptid.

Nlduotnals kri nltirlkcnsktnals ae pkrtnouckr vkcuis kld ficnies fy wmnom tmi

kotnals ar ixprissnals ae tmi ar`klnsh kri àvirlid kld oahpiccid. Tmi praoiss ae

nltirlkcnsktnal ns k praoiss ae hiharnsktnal kld ulorntnokc kooiptkloi ae nlearhktnal,

tmi kttrnfutnal ae dienlntnals hiklnl`s ks gustnenoktnal kld vkcuktnal ae kotnal ar

omanoi. Mkfntuktnal ns kcsa k praoiss ae nltirlkcnsktnal. Hatnvktnal ns tmi nltirlkcnsid

ficnie systih wmnom hast rikdncy ar dnriotcy nlecuilois dionsnals kld kotnals. _uom

praoissis kri ickfarktid upal nl psyomaca`nokc studnis oaloirlid wntm tmi wkys nl

Muhkl Divnkloi, _aonkc Zrafcihs, kld _aonkc Oaltrac. Il`ciwaad Ocnees L.G., Zriltnoi-Mkcc.2 _omiee, Tmahks G. (;>09). Ckficnl`Hkdliss. Il`ciwaad Ocnees L.G., Zriltnoi-Mkcc.64Frawl, Hnomkic E. (;>>0). Tmi Omkllicnl` Wali7 Khirnokl _pnrntukcnty nl kl Klxnaus Kì. Okhfrndì, Mkrvkrd Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7

pp. 09-00.


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wmnom kttntudis apirkti.69 Tmi nltirlkcnsktnal ns ieeiotid tmrau`m praoissis tmkt kri

disornfid ks myplatno2 kld tmi fady ae tmi prkotntnalir pirearhs kooardnl`cy.

Myplasns ns k oaapirktnvi nltirkotnal. Tmi myplatno oaltrkot riqunris tmkt tmi

ocnilt ar kudniloi suspilsnal ae dnsficnie ar il`kì nl pkrtnouckr oalviltnals, kld ta

pkrtkbi nl spioneno ficnie systihs. Myplasns ns lioisskrncy k oacckfarktnvi praoiss k

prkotnoi fy wmnom oahpcnkloi ns icnontid. Myplasns aoours ks k pkrt ae rautnli ar

ardnlkry ixnstiloi kld ixpirniloi, nl dkncy saonkc nltirkotnals kld racis. Nl pirearhnl`

krts prkotnoi, tmi praoiss fy wmnom k pirearhir !hkbis kl aeeir"ta eiccaw pirearhirs

sirvis ks kl nlntnktnl` stip nl suom kl nltirkotnal tmi aeeir okl alcy fi ks oahpiccnl`

ks nt ns myplatno.

Tmns study krùis tmkt trkloi ns k oalviltnalkc praoiss, ricnklt upal `raup

oalviltnals kld ixpiotktnals. Ikom stkti ae oalsonausliss ns àvirlid fy sits ae

nhpcnont ar ixpcnont oalviltnals kld ixpiotktnals wntmnl wmnom kl nldnvndukc pirearhs k

omkrkotir, raci ar eulotnal. Fadncy eulotnals kld sixukc kots okl fi disornfid ks trkloi

stktis, ks dneeirilt stktis ae prisiloi. Fut wma ns prisilt1 Tmi sice ns, nl ieeiot,

oalstkltcy rioalstruotid wntmnl hadics ae ixnstiloi. Tmi wkys ae ar`klnsnl`

ixpirnilois kri ta da wntm tmi lkrrktnvis tmkt kri oriktid krauld, kld ndiltnenid wntm,

suom ixpirnilois. Tmisi kri tmi hihary sits tmkt wi usi ta hkbi silsi ae ixnstiloi.

Tmisi kri tmi dneeirilt hihary sits tmkt wi ilkot kld ihfady, tmkt wi kotnvkti, nl

pirearhkloi stktis.

Pmkt eaccaws ns k pricnhnlkry oalsndirktnal ae tmi praoiss ae nlduotnal, nts

nltiltnals kld nts piroiptnals ar hiksuris ae ieenokoy. Eurtmir rieciotnals al tmi

tiomlnquis ihpcayid nl nlduotnal, wmnom kri nltirpritid ks saonkc, pmysnokc kld

psyomaca`nokc praoissis, kri divicapid cktir nl tmi study. Tmisi rieciotnals kriprisiltid ks spioucktnals al tmi ekotars tmkt oaltrnfuti ta suooisseuc nlduotnal, kld

tmi qukcntnis ar tmi oaltixt ae tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri komnivid.

Tmiri okl fi sknd ta fi sivil fksno icihilts nl tmi praoiss ae nlduotnal. Tmisi

icihilts da lat lioisskrncy eulotnal nl tmi skhi siquiltnkc ardir wntm ikom

pkrtnouckrnty, lar waucd tmiy kcwkys aoour ks dnstnlot stkìs. Tmiy nlvacvi praoissis

kld silsktnals. Tmiy okl fi siil ks divicapnl` strklds ae ixpirniloi. Tmi nlduotnal

69Ear ixkhpci Ekzna, Vussicc M., Dkvnd H. _klfalhktsu, Hkrtmk O. Zawicc kld Erklb V. Bkrdis (;>=5). Al tmi Kutahktno


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praoiss fi`nls wntm tmi nldnvndukc. Tmi nldnvndukc ixpirnilois kl ndiltnenoktnal praoiss,

kl nltilsnenid nlvacvihilt, k silsi ae nsacktnal erah tmi larhkc ilvnralhilt, k

oirtknl khault ae nlstruotnal, k silsi ae nlntnktnal, kl nlvaoktnal praoiss, kld tmi

nhk`nlktnal ae tmi nldnvndukc hust fi kotnvktid kld il`kìd. Tmi nlduotnal praoiduri

risacvis nlta k praoiss ae nltirkotnal wntm tmi ilvnralhilt. Tmisi kri fksno icihilts

ae tmi nlduotnal praoiss.

Ndiltnenoktnal

K prnhkry afgiotnvi ae kl nlduotnal praoiss ns tmi rierkhnl` ae kl nldnvndukc "s

silsi ae sice tminr ndiltnty. Ne tmi nldnvndukc ns ta kdapt kld nltirlkcnsi k pkrtnouckr

ocustir ae vkcuis, tmkt ocustir ns ieeiotnvicy ilokpsucktid fy k oalsonausliss sit wntm

kl ndiltnty struoturi. Tmi ndiltnty struoturi ns ae kl nldnvndukc ar k `raup lkturi, ks suomnt riprisilts k pkrtnouckr sit ae omkrkotirnstnos kld vkcuis tmkt ns fatm nltirlkcnsid kld

nlvabid fy tmi nldnvndukc. _uom ndiltnty struoturis kri siil ta ihirì erah kots ae

ndiltnenoktnal il`kìd nl fy tmi pirearhirs.

Nlvacvihilt

Tmi praoiss ae nlduotnal riqunris tmi nltilsnenid nlvacvihilt ae tmi nldnvndukc nl

ardir ta tkbi ieeiot. Tmns nltilsnenoktnal ae nlvacvihilt okl tkbi tmi earh ae kl kot ae

oaloiltrktnal ks nl tmi eaousnl` ae kttiltnal upal kl afgiot ar kl kot ae cnhntktnal

ks nl tmi oalenlnl` ae kttiltnal ta pkrtnouckr afgiots. Nltilsnenid nlvacvihilt ns kl

issiltnkc pripkrktnal ear tmi silsi ae min`mtilnl` ae sufgiotnvi ixpirniloi, ks wicc ks

ear tmi ìlirktnl` ae stktis ae rioiptnvnty ta ricivklt stnhucn nl tmi nldnvndukc.

Nsacktnal

Tmi nldnvndukc hust fi nsacktid erah tminr larhkc ilvnralhilt ear tmi durktnal

ae kl nlduotnal praoiss. Tmi durktnal ae tmi nsacktnal `riktcy vkrnis dipildnl` upal tmi

pkrtnouckr nlduotnal praoiss, nt hky fi k hkttir ae hnlutis ar k hkttir ae wiibs. Tmi

nsacktnal dais lat lioisskrncy iltknc tmi pmysnokc sipkrktnal ae tmi nldnvndukc erah tminr

larhkc ilvnralhilt. Tmi nsacktnal ns komnivid tmrau`m hiltkc kld psyomaca`nokc

praoissis. Ixtildid nlduotnal praoiduris ìlirkccy riqunri k pmysnokc earh ae

nsacktnal2 wmiriks nlduotnals utncnsid nl kl istkfcnsmid prkotnoi ìlirkccy nlvabi k

silsi ae nsacktnal tmrau`m hiltkc tiomlnquis wmnom ihpcay nltilsnenid nlvacvihilt.

Kotnvktnal ae Kttntudis.Gaurlkc ae Zirsalkcnty kld _aonkc Zsyomaca`y9:(6) pp. 66>-6?=.


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Nlstruotnal

Tmi nldnvndukc hky cikrl k oirtknl khault ae nlearhktnal kld tiomlnqui nl tmi

nlduotnal praoiss. Tmi nldnvndukc hky fi ùndid kcal` k pkrtnouckr dnriotnal ae

divicaphilt. Tmi nldnvndukc hky uldirà kl nldaotrnlktnal praoiss durnl` tmi

nlduotnal praoiduri. Nlstruotnals kri lioisskry ks sn`lpasts nl tmi ixpirniloi ae

nlduotnal pkrtnouckrcy wmil tmi nldnvndukc ns put nlta stktis ae rioiptnvnty ar pkssnvnty.

Tmi nlstruotnal pripkris tmi nldnvndukc nlticciotukccy kld keeiotnvicy ear tmi pirearhkloi.

Tmi nlstruotnal drnvis tmi nlduotnal praoiss fy eaousnl` tmi nldnvndukc "s kttiltnal upal

tmi pripkrktnals ear pirearhkloi.

Nlntnktnal

Tmi nlduotnal praoiss `nvis tmi nldnvndukc k silsi ae nlntnktnal nlta k ouct k

ocasid systih ae ficnies kld vkcuis ar k saonkc iltnty. Tmi nlntnktnal ntsice hn`mt fi nl

tmi earh ae k oirihaly ar k rnti. Tmi nldnvndukc hky ixpirniloi tmi nlntnktnal ks kl

nlvabid silsi ae fical`nl` ta k pkrtnouckr iltnty, ispionkccy nl kl nlduotnal praoiduri

tmkt ns usid ks pkrt ae kl istkfcnsmid prkotnoi. Pmkt ns issiltnkc nl tmi ixpirniloi ns

tmi silsi ae mkvnl` fiil nlntnktid tmi silsi tmkt ali ns iltntcid kld iqunppid ta

il`kì nl k pkrtnouckr prkotnoi.

Nlvaoktnal

Tmi nldnvndukc hust cikrl ar utncnsi kl nlvaoktnal praoiss nl tmi oaursi ae kl

nlduotnal praoiduri. Tmi nlvaoktnal ns tmi kot ae frnl`nl` kfaut tmi stkti ar tmi praoiss

tmkt ns riqunrid. Tmi nlvaoktnal ns k hiltkc pripkrktnal kld k trn`ìr ear tmi trkloi

prkotnoi stkti tmi nldnvndukc komnivis tmns fy nlvacvnl` tmi nhk`nlktnal nl tmi praoiss

ae nlntnktnl` pkrtnouckr psyomaca`nokc kld pmysnokc praoissis tmrau`m tmi usi ae nllir

warcd kotnals. Tmi nlvaoktnal praoiss praduois tmi lioisskry suspilsnal ae tmi

larhkc silsi ae sice, nl ardir ta fi ripckoid fy tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt wks

cikrlt ar dnsoavirid nl tmi oaursi ae nlduotnal.

Nhk`nlktnal

Tmi nhk`nlktnal ae tmi nldnvndukc hust fi il`kìd kld kotnvktid fy tmi nlduotnal

praoiduri. Tmi nhk`nlktnal riprisilts tmi kfncnty ae tmi nldnvndukc ta eaous al k silsi

ar kl nhkì wmnom frnl`s kfaut tmi kppraprnkti stkti ae oalsonausliss kld tmi saonkc-

psyomaca`nokc praoiss tmkt ns riqunrid. Tmi nldnvndukc hn`mt nhk`nli k priditirhnlid

sit ae nltirlkc kotnals ks nl tmi oksi ae kl nlduotnal praoiduri nl kl istkfcnsmid


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas;=

prkotnoi ar kl ulditirhnlid ecaw ae nltirlkc kotnals kld nhkìs ks nl tmi oksi ae

pirearhklois tmkt utncnsi nhpravnsid nltirkotnals.

Tmi Ocasid _ystih

Tmisi icihilts eulotnal wntmnl k systih ae praoissis tmkt okl kttknl k oaldntnal

ae finl` ocasid ks k oyoci. Nl kttknlnl` suom k ocasid stkti, k dylkhno ns ìlirktid

fy wmnom k enicd ae ixpirniloi oahis nlta ixnstiloi. Pmncst tmi oyoci ns hknltknlid, tmi

silsi ae tmi rikcnty ae tmi ixpirniloi oaltnluis, kt dneeirilt tnhis fioahnl`

min`mtilid ar dnhnlnsmid kooardnl` ta tmi nltilsnty ar hahiltuh wntmnl tmi ocasid

systih. _uom k systih ns kotnvktid fy trknlnl`, pripkrktnal, nltirkotnal, ks wicc ks fy

ivilts ar oalviltnals.

_truoturi ae tmi _tudy

Tmi enrst pkrt ae tmi study oalsndirs tmi dneeirilt typis ae trkloi stktis, ks wicc ks

tmi ourrilt uldirstkldnl` ae tmi lkturi ae trkloi stktis. Nl tmi enrst tmrii omkptirs, tmi

study lioisskrncy dikcs wntm tmi latnal ae oalsonausliss kld tmi latnal ae stktis.

Oiltrkc ta tmns ns tmi fady ae warb tmkt oahis erah risikrom nlta tmi prkotnoi ae

myplasns. Nt mks fiil oalsndirid tmkt tmi lkturi kld tiomlnquis ae myplasns prkotnoi

pkrkccic hkly ae tmi praoissis kld uldirstkldnl`s ihpcayid nl pirearhnl` krts

prkotnoi kld trknlnl`. Tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmisi oahhalkcntnis nl sa ekr ks nt

rivikcs sahitmnl` kfaut tmi nlecuiloi wmnom ficnie systihs mkvi upal tmi ixpirniloi

kld piroiptnal ae pirearhkloi earhs. Kcsa oiltrkc ta tmisi oalsndirktnals ns tmi

oalstruotid silsis ae ndiltnty, tmi latnal ae !racis" ks saonkc ixpiotktnals kld tmi

lkturi ae hihary. Tmns siotnal ae tmi study oalsndirs tmi ekotars wmnom nlecuiloi

muhkl kotnal kld oahhulnoktnal ta tmi ixtilt nl wmnom tmiy rickti ta tmi pirearhnl`

krts. Nl omkptir eaur, tmi study nlvistn`ktis tmi tiomlnquis tmkt kri ihpcayid fy

prkotntnalirs ae trkloi pirearhkloi, tawkrds tmi oalsndirktnal ae tmi vkrnaus issiltnkc

icihilts ae tmi oaltihparkry prkotnoi ae Hksb pirearhkloi kld trknlnl`, ks wicc ks

oaltihparkry prkotnois tmkt ihpcay tmi latnal ae trkloi ks pirearhkloi. Nl pkrtnouckr,

tmns study oalsndirs tmi biy icihilts nl tmi nlduotnal kld nl tmi ixnt ae trkloi stktis.

Nlduotnals kri tmi praoissis fy wmnom trkloi stktis kri frau`mt kfaut ar iltirid nlta.

Nlduotnals okl kcsa fi siil ta hkrb, nl k rntukcnsid earh, tmi fi`nllnl` ae k trkloi

pirearhkloi. Tmirieari tmi nlduotnal sirvis ks fatm k trn`ìrnl` hiomklnsh kld k

trknlnl` ear tmi trkloi stkti. _nhnckrcy, tmi ixnt praoiduris kri tmi praoissis fy wmnom

tmi trkloi stkti ns tirhnlktid kld fy wmnom tmi riturl ta tmi !larhkc" ilvnralhilt ae


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas;>

tmi prkotntnalir ns nlntnktid. Tmi ixnt praoiduri okl kcsa fi sknd ta hkrb tmi ildnl` ae k

trkloi pirearhkloi stkti. Kctmau`m tmi nhpkots ae tmisi praoissis kri cnbicy ta fi eict

fy fatm tmi prkotntnalir kld tmi afsirvir, tmns study ns prnhkrncy oaloirlid wntm tmi

ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhir ae tmi trkloi stkti rktmir tmkl tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi

kudniloi ae tmi trkloi pirearhkloi.

Tmi sioald pkrt ae tmi study nlvistn`ktis tmi latnal ae !trkloi" ks nt ricktis

spionenokccy ta pirearhnl` krts prkotnoi. K rklì ae pirearhkloi stycis erah dneeirilt

oucturkc oaltixts kri caabid kt erah tmi pirspiotnvi ae k tmiary ae pirearhid stktis ae

oalsonausliss. Nl omkptir envi, tmi pirearhkloi styci prapasid fy Kuùst _trnldfir`,

kld tmi prkotnoi kld tmiary divicapid fy Oalstkltnl _tklnsckvsbn tmil cktir fy Cii

_trksfir` kri ixkhnlid. Ks pkrts ae k oaltnlukccy ivacvnl` ficnie systih wntm ocikrprkotnokc pirearhkloi kppcnoktnals, tmiy mkvi, krùkfcy, mkd k praeauld nlecuiloi upal

tmi `cafkcnsid oucturi ae tmi 6:tmoiltury ks tmi !ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh". Atmir

pirearhkloi stycis ta fi oalsndirid nlocudi tmi styci divicapid kld utncnsid fy Frntnsm

ench-hkbir Hnbi Cin`m. Nl omkptir snx, tmi study nlvistn`ktis tmi pirearhktnvi hadis

prapasid fy biy prkotntnalirs ae tmi Kvklt @krdi pirearhkloi trkdntnal ae tmi enrst mkce

ae tmi 6:tmoiltury Kltalnl Krtkud, _khuic Fiobitt, kld Girzy @ratawsbn. Tmi warb ae

tmisi prkotntnalirs kri oalsndirid nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi dnsoursnvi strikhs tmiy

riprisilt kld nl oaltrkst ta tmi trkdntnals ae Vikcnsh ta wmnom tmiy wiri rispaldnl`. Nl

omkptir sivil, ks k eurtmir oaltrkst, k pirearhktnvi hadi wmnom ns oalviltnalkccy

rioa`lnsid ks k trkloi pirearhkloi prkotnoi ns nlvistn`ktid, nl tmi ixkhpci ae tmi

Fkcnlisi trkloi earh _kl`mykl` Didkrn. Tmns pkrtnouckr pirearhkloi styci ns ri`krdid

nl tmi euccliss ae nts prkotnoi, erah riorunthilt ta trknlnl` ta nlduotnal, erah pirearhkloi

ta ixnt. Enlkccy, tmi prkotnoi kld oucturkc pmilahilal ae !omkllicnl`" ns klkcysid,

pkrtnouckrcy erah tmi panlt ae vniw ae tmi quistnal ae tmi sauroi ae oahhulnoktnals kld

hktirnkc praduoid nl trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` ns k hkgarnlecuiloi nl tmi frakdir oucturkc pmilahilal ae tmi !Muhkl Zatiltnkc" havihilt2 ks

suom, nt ns kl ndikc oksi study ae k divicapnl` ficnie systih eastirid fy kld cikdnl` ta

divicaphilts wntmnl k pkrtnouckr oucturkc enicd. Eurtmir, tmi tixtukc fksns kld lkturi ae

tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` pravndi kl ixkhpci ae tmi racis ae cklùkì kld syhfacnsh

nl tmi praoiss ae trkloi pirearhkloi.

Tmi tmnrd pkrt ae tmi study klkcysis tmi ndik ae !trkloi" nl frakd tirhs ae muhkl

ildikvaur, ta oalsndir eurtmir tmi latnal ae !racis"kld !oucturi"ks tmiy rickti ta muhkl


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas6:

kotnal nl tmi !rikc" warcd. K biy kspiot ae tmns oalsndirktnal ns tmi ndik tmkt trkloi

stktis kppcy ta k wndir rklì ae muhkl praoissis tmkl ns ìlirkccy kooiptid. Nl

omkptirs in`mt kld lnli, tmi study caabs kt tmi trkloi stkti tmkt ns nlduoid fy

pawireuccy omkrìd nlstklois ae saonkc drkhk kld oalecnot suom ks tmi ivilts ae tmi ;;tm

ae _iptihfir 6::; nl tmi Ylntid _tktis, tmrau`m tmi pirearhklois ae biy pckyirs nl

tmns drkhk Hamkhhid Kttk kld @iarì P. Fusm kld tmrau`m tmi nhpkots tmkt

tmisi ivilts mkd al tminr prnhkry kudniloi `raups. Nl omkptir til, tmi study oalsndirs

tmi typi ae trkloi stkti tmkt okl fi sknd ta fi iloucturktid kld nlduoid nl erktirlkc

hncntkry oucts suom ks tmi Ylntid _tktis Hkrnli Oarps kld Krhy _pionkc Earois, wmiri

tmi pirearhkloi ae riqunrid kotnals okl kt tnhis tkbi al cnei-kld-diktm prapartnals. Nl

tmns silsi, tmi trkloi stkti nl nts issiltnkc earh ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi utncnsktnal ae

nltilsi kfsarptnal kld oaloiltrktnal, wmnom sirvis ta kctir tmi sufgiot"s silsi ae

ndiltnty kld vkcuis, nl ardir ta ekoncntkti tmi pirearhkloi ae pkrtnouckr kotnals kld

fimkvnaurs ks hatnvktid fy pkrtnouckr wkys ae piroinvnl` kld ixpirnilonl` ixnstiloi.

Tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss wmnom `nvi rnsi ta vkrnaus kld pkrtnouckr earhs ae kotnal ar

fimkvnaur wncc fi smawl ta fi nlduoid tmrau`m vkrnaus tiomlnquis kld ilvnralhilts.

Tmns pkrt ae tmi study oalsndirs k rklì ae dneeirilt typis ae trkloi stktis, kld tmi

ficnie systihs wmnom kri issiltnkc nl tmi praduotnal ae suom stktis.

Tmi enlkc pkrt ae tmi study oalsndirs tmi nhpcnoktnals ae tmi risikrom enldnl`s nl

ricktnal ta tmi enicd ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary. Nl omkptir icivil, tmi latnal ae pirearhid

stktis ae oalsonausliss ns ri`krdid nl nts patiltnkc ta hkbi silsi ae tmi frakd rklì ae

ricktid pmilahilk suom ks huctnpci pirsalkcntnis, tmi latnal ae racis, passissnal,

dnssaonktnal, kld oucturkc larhktnvnty. Kctmau`m tmi oalocusnals ae tmi study kri

`rauldid nl tmi dnsonpcnli ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary, tmi soapi aeeirid nlocudis tmi

vkrnaus wkys nl wmnom tmi ihfadnid prisiloi ns hklneistid kld nltirpritid, wmitmir nt

fi siil ks dihalno ar tmirkpiutno ar krtnstno. Nl k euldkhiltkc silsi, tmns study nsoaloirlid wntm tmi wky nl wmnom tmi muhkl ar`klnsh nltirkots wntm kld ns nlecuiloid

fy atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt tmi wky nl wmnom tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss ae tmi

ar`klnsh ditirhnlis tmi kotnals tmkt nt pirearhs.

Tmi purpasi ae tmns study ns ta divicap ourrilt uldirstkldnl`s ae trkloi ks k

pirearhktnvi hadi ae ixprissnal kld oahhulnoktnal, kld ks k sit ae praoissis fy

wmnom pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss hky fi ihfadnid kld ilkotid fy pirearhirs.

Nlntnkccy tmns study nlvistn`ktis pirearhkloi prkotnois tmkt kri oalviltnalkccy ri`krdid


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas6;

ks pirearhnl` krts. Tmi klkcysns frakdils ta iloahpkss pirearhkloi trkdntnals eauld

wntmnl saonkc kld oucturkc oaltixts tmkt ri`krd kld kooahhadkti latnals ae trkloi ks k

pirearhktnvi oahpalilt ae k ficnie systih. Enlkccy, tmi study frakdils aloi hari ta

iloahpkss pirearhktnvi praoissis tmkt kri pckyid aut nl tmi oaltixt ae saonkc drkhk

nl wmkt ns tmau`mt ae ks tmi krilk ae kotukcnty. Tmrau`m tmisi nlvistn`ktnals, tmns study

wncc kppcy kld divicap tmi oaloiptukc erkhiwarb ae stktis ae oalsonausliss ks k

fksns ear uldirstkldnl` tmi praoissis fy wmnom qukcntktnvicy dnstnlot pirearhklois ks

tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae pkrtnouckr dnsoursnvi strikhs kri nlduoid nl

rispiotnvi pirearhirs. Tmns study uldirtkbis tmi divicaphilt ae k tmiary ae nlduotnals

kld pirearhkloi ta kooault ear tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmi pirearhir ns trknlid kld

iloucturktid nl vkrnaus trkdntnals kld hadis ae pirearhkloi, kld tmi kistmitno

praoissis fy wmnom suom pirearhklois `ilirkti pkrtnouckr ficnies kld stktis nl fatmtmi pirearhir kld tmi kudniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi eaccawnl` twa omkptirs

nlvistn`kti, hari ocasicy, mnstarnokc latnals ae trkloi kld oalsonausliss ta fi`nl ta

ulrkvic tmi hystirnis tmkt surrauld suom latnals. Tmi erkhiwarbs wntmnl wmnom ficnie

systihs oakcisoi ks sn`lnenoklt nlecuiltnkc ekotars ear nldnvndukcs kld `raups kri

ri`krdid tmrau`m tmi latnal ae oucts nl ardir ta uldirstkld tmi praoissis fy wmnom

kdiqukti civics ae oahhnthilt kld oalvnotnal ta pkrtnouckr dienlntnals ae rikcnty kri

ivabid kld divicapid nl tmi pirearhir kld tminr kudniloi, kld fy wmnom pkrtnouckr

pirearhklois okl nlecuiloi kld smkpi fatm tmi nhhidnkti kld tmi frakdir saonkc kld

oucturkc hncniu. Ks ixkhpcis, tmi study frniecy oalsndirs tmi oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs ae

psyomaca`nokc rikcnsh kld spnrnts nl ardir ta divicap kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi

dnsoursnvi strikhs tmkt mkvi ditirhnlid tmi hari wndicy-micd vniws ae tmi latnals ae

trkloi kld oalsonausliss, ks wicc ks ta divicap kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi nlecuiloi

ae suom oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs upal tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae larhktnvi kld

trklsearhktnvi ndikcs.


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6. Oucts kld Kistmitnos ae Trkloi

[uists kld _pnrntukcnty

Tmns study ns prnhkrncy oaloirlid wntm ficnies kld tiomlnquis. Mawivir nt ns kcsa

oaloirlid wntm wmkt drnvis tmasi ficnies kld tiomlnquis. Tmns study krùis tmkt trkloi

pirearhkloi riprisilts k enicd ae prkotnoi, wmnom nlocudis tmiktri prkotnoi, tmkt

kooissis kld earhs oacciotnvi oucturkc hihary. Fiokusi ae nts cnhnlkc risalkloi,

trkloi ns k wnldaw nlta rieciotnvi tmau`mt ar nlspnrid nltuntnal. Pmnci trkloi tkps nlta tmienicd ae ndikcs kld trklsoildiloi, nt hust hknltknl k cnlb wntm tmi kotukcnty ae dkncy

oaloirls kld tmi dnkcaùis ae trkloi pirearhklois wntm nts kudnilois hust oaloirl

tmihsicvis ks suom.

Trkloi prkotnoi tmrnvis al tmi ficnie ae trklsoildiloi ae tmi hktirnkc rikch, nlta

tmi rikchs ae oaloipts kld ndiks, tmi rikchs ae nlticcnìloi kld nltuntnal rikchs tmkt

kri oahhalcy disornfid kld oaloiptukcnsid ks spnrntukc. Tmns study vniws spnrntukcnty

ks k pmilahilal ihirìlt ae tmisi rikchs ae oaloipts kld ndiks, ae nlticcnìloi kld

nltuntnal. Fy danl` sa nt kttihpts ta frndì tmi hystnokc kld soniltneno tmrau`m suom

spkls ks tmiarnis ae ihirìlt nltirkotnalnst oalsonausliss, tmi latnal ae

lkrrktnsktnal, myplasns risikrom, oahhulnoktnals tmiary, kld hkly atmirs.

Trkloi stktis kri aetil nlvabid ks ekoncntktnvi kìlts ae mikcnl` prkotnois. Tmns

patiltnkc ta mikc sirvis ks k filient dirnvkfci erah hkly trkloi prkotnois, kld tmus k

rktnalkci ear suom prkotnois. Kctmau`m nt ns fiyald tmi soapi ae tmns study ta tist tmisiocknhs ta ieenokoy, tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi hkllir nl wmnom tmasi ocknhs kri

hkdi kld suppartid. Pmiri passnfci, tmns study, ixkhnlis tmi hiksurkfci rispalsis

ae tmi kudnilois ae tmi pirearhkloi, fut ns lat oiltrkccy oaloirlid wntm suom

rispalsis, ks oari ivndiloi.

Mnstarnokc Uniws

Trkloi ks pirearhkloi ns aetil siil erah tmi oaltixt ae rntukc kotnvnty. Nt okl kcsa

vniwid erah tmi pirspiotnvi ae tmiktri, ks nt oaltknls tmi issiltnkc icihilts ae


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas6?

tmiktrnokc kotnvnty, n.i. pirearhir, pirearhkloi kld afsirvir. Tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi

pirearhkloi hust fi vniwid nl tmi oaltixt ae nts mnstarnokc daouhiltktnal pkrtnouckrcy

tmasi praduoid fieari tmi ;>9:s. Hkly ae tmisi ikrcy rioards, wntm tminr uldircynl`

micd kssuhptnals, tildid ta erkhi ixpirnilois ae trkloi pirearhkloi ks intmir

syhptahs ae prnhntnvi/pk`kl tildilonis ar pktmaca`nokc tildilonis mkrlissid ear tmi

filient ae k oucturkc prkotnoi.;Ficnie systihs wiri vniwid nlivntkfcy nl oahpkrnsal ta k

Pistirl-fksid soniltneno pkrkdn`h wmnom kssirts kld kssuhis supirnarnty avir tmkt

wmnom nt afsirvis kld oaltihpcktis. Tmns study ns kl nlvistn`ktnal ae tmi oucturkc

oaltixt tmkt spkwls trkloi prkotnoi, fut hari spionenokccy nt ns k study ae tmi prkotnoi

ntsice, ae wmnom pirearhkloi ns fut ali kspiot.

Tmns study fi`nls fy klkcysnl` tmi wkys nl wmnom tmi pmilahilal ae trkloipirearhkloi mks fiil kooaultid ear kld ixpcknlid nl studnis nl tmi pkst. Tmi

eaccawnl` tkfci (_ii Tkfci ;) oalsndirs vkrnaus hadics ae klkcysis tmkt mkvi fiil

kppcnid nl tmi study ae spnrnt passissnal. Tmau`m dnstnlotnals okl kld mkvi fiil

drkwl fitwiil tmi prkotnois ae trkloi kld spnrnt passissnal, tmns study oalsndirs tmi

ricktnalsmnp fitwiil tmisi prkotnois ta fi dienlid fy tmi ihpcayhilt ae ficnie

systihs tmkt ilkfci tmi pirearhkloi ae stktis ae oalsonausliss wmnom kri

trkls`rissnvi ae tmi larhkc ar lkturkc ndiltnty struoturis fy wmnom tmi pirearhirs

kri atmirwnsi blawl nl tmi sirvnoi ae k dienlkfci saonkc kld oucturkc oahpcixis tmkt kri

ihfadnid ar ilkotid fy suom pirearhirs.

[uistnals ae _ice

Tmi nssui ae dnssaonktnal mks fiil oiltrkc ta tmi quistnal ae trkloi. Huctnpci

pirsalkcntnis kld dnssaonktnvi tildilonis mkvi cal` eksonlktid psyomaca`nsts,

psyomnktrnsts kld liuraca`nsts. Kt tmi oari ae tmns eksonlktnal ns tmi prafcih ae sice.

Tmi nssui pirtknls ta tmi silsi ae oahhulkc ar pirsalkc ndiltnty2 nt kcsa pirtknls ta tmi

kttrnfutnal ae rispalsnfncnty. Ns Mkhcit rispalsnfci ear kl nlgury !mi" hn`mt okusi kt k

pirearhkloi, ar ns nt tmi kotar pckynl` Mkhcit, ar ns nt tmi tmiktri oahpkly tmkt stkìs

tmi praduotnal1

; Ear ixkhpci Oavkrrufnks, Hnùic kld Vasi Oavkrrufnks (;>?0). Nsckld ae Fkcn. Liw ârb, Blape.2 Di Waiti, Firyc kld

Pkctir _pnis (;>?=/;>0?). Dkloi kld Drkhk nl Fkcn. Bukck Cuhpur kld Caldal, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.2 Hikd, Hkr`krit,@riàry Fktisal, Gkli Fica, Oacnl HoZmii kld Gasie Famhir (;>9;). Trkloi kld Dkloi nl Fkcn. Omkrkotir earhktnal nl dneeiriltoucturis. RYlntid _tktisX, @riàry Fktisal Hkr`krit Hikd.2 Fica, Gkli (;>5:). Trkloi nl Fkcn. Liw ârb, Oacuhfnk YlnvirsntyZriss.


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KZZVAKOM _TVIL@TM_ PIKBLI__I_

Eulotnalkcnsthadics

* spnrnt passissnal ks k dktuh tmkt putktnvicyrivikcs uldircynl` ernotnals nl saonkc struoturi

* spnrnt hidnuhs !ks"kl keecnotid `raup !wma"pkrtnonpkti nl spnrnt passissnal oirihalnis tavilt tminr erustrktnals nl ardir ta ilgayeciitnl` hahilts ae saonkc pristnì

* nlvkrnkfcy oahpkrktnvi klkcysis oalsndirnl`ricktnals ae hidnuhsmnp, ìldir kld saonkcstruoturi nl k vkrnity ae saonitnis

* mn`mcn`mts spnrnt passissnal ks k saonkcpraoiss wntm saonkc oalsiquilois

* eaousis iltnricy upal hidnuhsmnp

* ekncs ta oalsndir tmi saonkc pirspiotnvi aewahils ixpirniloi

* avircaabs tmi oucturkc kld fadncydnhilsnals ae spnrnt passissnal

Zsyomaklkcytnohadics

* eaous kttiltnal al spnrnt hidnuhs

* oalsndir tmi psyomadylkhnos ae hidnuhs

* oalsndir pri#passissnal hkckdy tkltkhault

ta k psyomatno ipnsadi tmkt saonity triktstmrau`m nlntnktnal nlta tmi spnrnt passissnalouct2 tmi nlntnktnal ns oktmkrtno2 hidnuhspirearh usieuc saonkc eulotnals

* !pravndis"usieuc mnstarnokc nlearhktnalkfaut tmi psyomadylkhno divicaphilt aespnrnt hidnuhs

* ekncs ta kddriss tmi saonkc, oucturkc$syhfacno%, ar mnstarnokc dnhilsnals ae spnrntpassissnal

* !oalsndirs"k oahpcix caokc pmilahilal nltirhs ae Pistirl oktiàrnis

* risucts nl studnis tmkt eknc ta kddriss tminhpartkloi ae saonkc hiklnl`

Fnaca`nokcixpcklktnals

* oalsndir tmi pmysnaca`y ae tmi trkloi stkti2su`ìst tmkt passissnal stktis kctir frknlwkvis, i.`. spnrnt passissnal ns tmi fnaca`nokcrisuct ae eaad pramnfntnals, ar erah okconuhdienonilonis

* tmi ricktnal ae husno ta tmi alsit ae trkloi,i.`. tmi alsit ae trkloi !tmrau`m"

dnsturfklois ae tmi nllir ikr frau`mt al fyrmytmhno swkynl`

* !li`ciots"tmi saonaca`y kld syhfacnsh aespnrnt passissnal

* !riduois"tmi fady ta nts pmysna#omihnokcissiltnkcs

_yhfacnokpprakom

* stkrts erah !tmi"prihnsi tmkt passissnal nsk earh ae nlticciotukc oahhulnoktnal2 prafisnts oucturkc oaltilt&passissnal ks k tixt tmktriprisilts oucturkc blawcidì, k tixt tmkttrklshnts nlearhktnal kfaut tmihis aeoucturkc sn`lnenokloi2 klkcyzis wmkt tmi spnrntssky ta tminr vkrnaus kudnilois

* ixpcaris tmi oahpcixntnis ae caokcixprissnal kld caokc ndiks

* nl oalsndirnl` tmi oucturkc oaltilt, klkcystssahitnhis li`ciot tmi saonkc kld tmipsyomaca`nokc kspiots

* pckois taa huom ihpmksns al passissnalstixtukcnty, ricynl` taa huom upal tmikssuhptnal tmkt nhkìs kld atmir silsktnals$sauld, shicc, tksti%kri tixts2 ìlirkccy, lativil tmi fist studnis, wmnom oahfnli tmisyhfacno, psyomaca`nokc kld/ar saonkc kspiotsae tmi pmilahilal, prisilt macnstnokooaults ae spnrnt passissnal

* fypkssis tmi latnal ae spnrnt passissnal kskl ihfadnid oucturkc prkotnoi.

Tmiktrnokc /pirearhkloi

kpprakom

* su`ìsts tmkt passissnal ns k earh aeoucturkc tmiktir2 prnists fioahi nhpriskrnas2hidnuhs kri kotars2 husnonkls earharomistrks2 spnrnt riontktnals fioahi sornptstmkt kri oiltrkc ta tmi drkhk ae tmiixprissnal ae oucturkccy spioneno ixnstiltnkctmihis

* kl uldircynl` kssuhptnal ns tmkt tmiieeiotnviliss ae spnrnt passissnal nsihfiddid nl nts pirearhkloi

* n`laris tmi saonkc kld psyomaca`nokcdnhilsnals ae hidnuhsmnp

* nlsornfis Pistirl oktiàrnis&hitkpmarsae pirearhkloi&alta lal#Pistirl oucturkcearhs

* tmi hitkpmar ae tmiktir oaucd tkbi us alcysa ekr, ear nt pravndis hiricy k stkì ear tmikpprimilsnal ae spnrnt passissnal

Tkfci ;7Ukrnaus kpprakomis ta tmi study kld ixpcklktnal ae spnrnt passissnal.Erah Ihfadynl` Oacalnkc Hiharnis7 _pnrnt Zassissnal nl Pist Kernokfy Zkuc _taccir (;>>97 ;0-6:).

Vautcidì, Caldal kld Liw ârb.


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Zassissnal, fy spnrnt ar fy raci, sirvis k dnstklonl` eulotnal tmkt cnets tmi

pirearhir, pirearhkloi kld afsirvir nlta tmi rikch ae tmi kistmitno kld tmi kfstrkot

tmi wiccsprnl` ae muhkl blawcidì kld ixpirniloi tmkt eulotnals ks k enicd ae

oacciotnvi oucturkc hihary.

Tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi pirearhkloi ns euccy ricnklt upal k pkrtnouckr vaokfuckry

kld erkhnl` struoturi tmkt kri `rauldid nl spioneno saonkc kld oucturkc trkdntnals kld

oaltixts. Tmns ns tmi syhfacno cklùkì ae trkloi prkotnoi kld tmi krtnstno erkhnl` ae tmi

trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmi lkrrktnvis kld hytmaca`nis kooissid fy suom prkotnois kri

kcsa `rauldid nl pkrtnouckr saonkc kld oucturkc trkdntnals.

Enùri ;7 Erah Tmi Kì(Hicfaurli) ;6 _iptihfir 6:::, p.;6.

Tmi prihnsi ae tmns study ns tmkt nt ns filienonkc ta tmi divicaphilt ae k tmiary ae

pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss ta vniw trkloi ks iltirtknlhilt, kld iltirtknlhiltks trkloi. Tmns study oalsndirs trkloi ta fi k earh ae kfsarptnal nlta pkrtnouckr

ficnie systihs. Eaccawnl` Irvnl` @aeehkl"s ndiks al tmi sice-ks-omkrkotir,6tmi latnal

ae k trkloi ae larhktnvnty tmkt ns fksid al ficnies ilìldirid fy oalsilsukccy

dirnvid dienlntnals ae rikcnty smkrid fy pkrtnouckr oahhulntnis ar `raups fioahis k

oalsndirktnal. Eurtmirhari, tmi latnal ae trkloi stktis dienlid fy racis, saonkc

ixpiotktnals ar kots ae ndiltnenoktnal fioahi k panlt ae dnsoussnal ks pirearhkloi.

6 @aeehkl, Irvnl` (;>9>). Tmi Zrisiltktnal ae _ice nl Ivirydky Cnei. @krdil Onty L.^., Daufcidky.7 pp. 666-669.


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Tmi hadirl study ae trkloi okl fi trkoid fkob ta oaloiptukcnsktnals divicapid

erah tmi prkotnois kld tmiarnis ae Hishirnsh nl tmi ;=tmoiltury, k trkdntnal tmkt cid ta

tmi papuckrnsktnal ae _tkì Myplasns nl tmi ;>tmoiltury. Tmisi ndiks wiri divicapid

nl studnis ae _pnrnt Zassissnal, kld tmi ikrcy oaloiptukcnsktnals ae hadirl Zsyomaca`y

kld Zsyomnktry nl tmi ckti ;> tmoiltury.?Nl tmi ikrcy pkrt ae tmi 6: tmoiltury, tmi studnis

kld prkotnois ae _pnrnt Hidnuhs fiokhi tmi fksns ae hkly ae tmi latnals tmkt kccawid

tmi divicaphilt ae tmi prkotnoi ae Omkllicnl`24 wmncst nl tmi tmiktrnokc kld drkhktno

krts, tmi ndiks ae _tklnsckvsbn kld Krtkud nl ricktnal tmi kotar "s prkotnoi ae

Omkrkotirnsktnal wiri ckrìcy nlecuiloid fy tmisi ourrilts ae tmau`mt tmkt fiokhi tmi

fksns ae tmi hast papuckr pirearhkloi trkdntnals ae tmi ckti 6: tmoiltury.

Tmi dahnlkloi ae k latnal ae oalsonausliss krtnoucktid fy Pnccnkh Gkhis (;=>:)

kld divicapid fy _n`huld Eriud kld Okrc Gul`, khal` atmirs, mks risuctid nl k

ricnkloi upal suom latnals ks uloalsonaus, sufoalsonaus, dnssaonktnal,

kromitypis, riprissnal kld luhiraus atmir sn`lnenirs ear k sahiwmkt erkoturid

ixpirniloi ae tmi sice kld tmi warcd. Tmau`m suom oaloipts mkvi ilarhaus vkcui

ks systihs fy wmnom ta oaloiptukcnsi tmi oahpcixnty ae muhkl ixpirniloi, tmiy mkvi

aetil fiil risartid ta ks tmi alcy eiksnfci mkldci upal kl nlieekfci pmilahilal.

Tmns fkrrnir ae nlieekfncnty mks lat fiil iltnricy micpeuc nl divicapnl` kl uldirstkldnl`

ae tmi ixpirniloi ae oalsonausliss, pkrtnouckrcy wmil oirtknl pmilahilk pasi stralòmkccilìs ta cnhnts ae blawcidì sit fy psyomaca`y nl nts vkrnaus earhs erah

struoturkcnst ta fimkvnaurnst kld psyomaklkcytnokc, ta muhklnst kld oa`lntnvi ks tmi

prnlonpkc dnsonpcnli fy wmnom oalsonausliss ns soniltnenokccy kpprimildid. Tmirieari, ne

oalsonausliss wks lat dilnid ixnstiloi autrn`mt nt waucd aetil fi sipkrktid nlta

civics wmil tmi cnhnts ae kooiptkfci blawcidì kri vnacktid. Tmi pmilahilal ae

trkloi mks kt vkrnaus tnhis fiil rici`ktid ta tmi fksbit ae passissnal ar

dnssaonktnal siihnl`cy al tmi fksns ae k piroinvid tmrismacd ae nlieekfncnty tmi

ulixpcknlkfci wks oalsndirid ta fical` ta tmi diptms ae oalsonausliss tmkt wiri

fiyald uldirstkldnl`. _uom latnals ae nlieekfncnty kri la hari usieuc ta k divicapid

uldirstkldnl` ae tmi ixpirniloi ae oalsonausliss tmkl tmi Okrtisnkl `mast nl tmi

hkomnli ar vkrnaus earhs ae hystnonsh.

?

@nccn`kl, _tipmil @. (;>=0). Tmirkpiutno Trklois7 Tmi Oaapirktnal Zrnlonpci nl Irnobsalnkl Myplatmirkpy. Liw ârb, FrullirHkzic.7 pp. ?;-?=.2 Nl`cns, F. (;>=>). Trkloi7 K Lkturkc Mnstary ae Kctirid _tktis ae Hnld . Caldal, Zkckdnl @rketal.7 pp. 0-;55.4 Mkstnl`s, Krtmur (;>>;). Pntm tmi Talùis ae Hil kld Klìcs7 K _tudy ae Omkllicnl`. Omnokà, Mact Vnlimkrt kld Pnlstal.7 pp.

5-;:.


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Nl tmi klkcysns ae prkotnoi, tmi biy nssuis tmkt hust fi oalsndirid kri ricktid ta

tmi struoturis kld ixpiotktnals tmkt kri nlmirilt ta tmi pirearhkloi stktis nlvacvid.

Ear ixkhpci, nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi ixpcnont kld nhpcnont oaltrkots iltirid nlta

fy pirearhirs kld tminr kudnilois tmi dihkld omkrkotirnstnos nl tmi pirearhkloi

ivilt kld nts rioiptnal. Tmi prafcih ae dihkld omkrkotirnstnos mks cal` fiil

oalsndirid nl tmi enicds ae psyomaca`y, psyomaca`nokc ixpirnhiltktnal, kld myplasns

risikrom tmi latnal wks enrst oalsndirid fy psyomaca`nst Hkrtnl Arli nl ;>5; kld mks

snloi fioahi kl nhpartklt prafcih nl psyomaca`nokc risikrom nlvacvnl` muhkl

sufgiots.9Tmns latnal tkbis nlta kooault tmi praoissis fy wmnom ixpirnhiltkc sufgiots

kotnvicy oaapirkti wntm ixpirnhiltirs fy ekvaurkfcy rispaldnl` ta tmi ouis wmnom

oalviy kl ixpirnhiltkc mypatmisns, tmus tkbnl` al tmi raci ae tmi àad sufgiot al

tmi fksns ae kl ndiltnenoktnal wntm tmi àkcs ae soniloi nl ìlirkc kld tmi suooiss aetmi ixpirnhilt nl pkrtnouckr. Tmirieari, sufgiots nl tmi ixpirnhiltkc sittnl` okl

fioahi oaloirlid kfaut tminr pirearhkloi nl tirhs ae rinlearonl` tminr sice-nhkì

kld ivil hari oaloirlid wntm tmi utncnty ae tminr pirearhklois.5

Nl tmi pirearhnl` krts, tmi ndiks fimnld tmi latnal ae suspilsnal ae dnsficnie

kld tmi tmiktrnokc oalviltnals aetil tkbil ear `rkltid ks pkrt ae tmi pirearhkloi ivilt

suom ks tmi eaurtm wkcc kld tmi raci ae tmi kudniloi ihpcay tmi skhi prnlonpcis

ae oalviltnalkcnsid fimkvnaur wntmnl pkrtnouckr oaltixts ks dihalstrktid fy tmi latnal

ae dihkld omkrkotirnstnos. Tmus nt waucd kcsa fi lioisskry ta oalsndir tmi

nhpartkloi ae rntukc prataoac nl nlduotnal praoissis, fatm nl tmi kotukc nlduotnal pmksi

kld nl tmi hknltilkloi ae trkloi stktis kld oaldntnals ear ixkhpci, studnis mkvi

eauld tmkt aoourrilois ae pastmyplatno khlisnk nl sufgiots kri tatkccy ricnklt upal

nlstruotnals erah tmi myplatnst ta intmir earìt ar rihihfir kspiots ae ixpirniloi

durnl` myplasns.0

Tmns study wncc klkcysi tmi ieeiots ae lkrrktnsktnal ks k saonkc kld oucturkc

praoiss, kld nts ricktnal ta oucturkc hihary upal tmi kotnvktid ixpiotktnals ae fatm

pirearhirs kld tminr kudnilois nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi pirearhkloi ivilt. =Lkrrktnvis kri

nlvabid fatm nl kld aut ae tmi pirearhkloi warcd tmkt ns prisiltid, tmi ivilt okl fi

snhuctkliauscy k pcky kld k àad ln`mt aut. Nl oalsndirnl` tmi pirearhid stkti ae

9 Arli, Hkrtnl T. (;>56). Al tmi _aonkc Zsyomaca`y ae tmi Zsyomaca`nokc Ixpirnhilt7 Pntm Zkrtnouckr Vieiriloi ta DihkldOmkrkotirnstnos kld Tminr Nhpcnoktnals. Khirnokl Zsyomaca`nst;0(;;) Lavihfir ;>567 pp. 005-0=?.2 Zklbrktz, Caril (6::6).

Dihkld Omkrkotirnstnos kld tmi Divicaphilt ae Dukc, Ekcsi Ficnie _ystihs. Zriviltnal kld Trikthilt9(?>) Aotafir ;=, 6::6.5 Arli.0 Ekrtmnl`, @. Pnccnkh (;>>6). Tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Oalsonausliss. Liw Girsiy, Zriltnoi Mkcc.7 pp. ?>5-?>0.= Nfnd.7 p. ?4.


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Trkloi Earhs Valkcda Haricas6=

oalsonausliss, nt ns tmirieari lioisskry ta klkcysi tmi lkrrktnvis tmkt kri nlvacvid. Nl

ardir ta da tmns, nt wncc fi mn`mcy filienonkc ta havi wicc fiyald latnals ae

oalsonausliss tmkt kri trkppid nl tmi `mast nl tmi hkomnli ar supprissid ks

sufoalsonaus ar uloalsonaus hktirnkc nl fatm tmi Eriudnkl kld Gul`nkl silsis.

Nlstikd, tmns study erkhis tmi latnal ae oalsonausliss ks fatm k praoiss kld k praduot

ae tmi ar`klnsh nlvacvid nl hiklnl`-hkbnl` ks k wmaci iltnty nl ricktnal ta nts

ilvnralhilt kl ihirìlt nltirkotnalnst hadic>tmkt ns oahpcnhiltid fy k huctnpci

drkets hadic;:ae oalsonausliss.

_mkhklnsh nl Zrkotnoi

Nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi saonkc eulotnals kld kppcnoktnals ae tmi prkotnoi ae

smkhklnsh2 fatm ks trkdntnals pirearhid fy prkotntnalirs `rauldid nl lal-hadirlnst

oucturis tmkt wiri nlntnkccy daouhiltid fy ikrcy 6:tm oiltury kltmrapaca`nsts erah

Ockudi Civn-_trkuss alwkrds kld ks tmi kppraprnktid kld rioalstruotid prkotnois

pirearhid fy past-hadirlnst lia-pk`kl kdmirilts nlspnrid fy tmi Liw Kì ar Muhkl

Zatiltnkcs havihilt ae tmi ckti 6:tm oiltury.;; Ta vkrynl` di`riis, nl fatm nlstklois

tmi trkloi lkrrktnvis nlvabid strnvi ta oaleralt tmi eikrs ae tmi nldnvndukcs ae k oucturi

ar suf-oucturi, kld ta liàtnkti kl khnokfci k`riihilt fitwiil tmi spnrnt warcd (tmi

drikhtnhi oahpcix) kld tmi pmysnokc cnvnl` warcd. Tmisi prkotnois strnvi ta nlvabi

tminr rispiotnvi earhs ae k tirrneynl` fikuty tmkt eulotnals ks tmi fksns ae k trkloi

kistmitno.

Ks pirearhirs, suom prkotntnalirs ae smkhklnst trkdntnals il`kì nl tminr

rispiotnvi earhs ae trknlnl` kld pirearhkloi prkotnoi ar prataoacs wmnom kri nltildid

ta divicap tmi kistmitno icihilts ae tmi pirearhkloi stkti nlvacvid. _uom pirearhirs

okl fi oahpkrid wntm atmirs il`kìd nl k huctntudi ae earhs. Gust ks tmi trkloi

pirearhir hn`mt sii tmihsicvis ks k hidnuh ae kromitypkc ar spnrntukc earois, sa

tmi oalviltnalkc pirearhnl` krtnst okl sii tminr awl fady ks k hidnuh ae tminr krt

kld kistmitno. Kcc tmisi pirearhirs okl alcy ixnst wntmnl tminr rispiotnvi oaltixts

tminr awl pkrtnouckr sit ae ficnies, trkdntnals kld kudnilois.

>

_pirry, Vaìr P. (;>5>). K Hadnenid Oaloipt ae Oalsonausliss. Zsyomaca`nokc Vivniw05(5) Guli ;>5>

trance forms: a theory of performed states of consciousness

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