training for situation awareness - raes-hfg.com · training for situation awareness mica r....
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Training for SituationTraining for SituationAwarenessAwareness
Mica R. Endsley, Ph.D.Mica R. Endsley, Ph.D.SASA technologies, Inc.technologies, Inc.
Presentation to The Royal Aeronautical Society - May 2001Presentation to The Royal Aeronautical Society - May 2001
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SA technologies, Inc.
How Do People Make Decisions?How Do People Make Decisions?
RecognizeKnown Class of Situation
RetrieveScript of Appropriate
Behavior from Memory
Carry out Actions
Naturalistic Models of Decision MakingNaturalistic Models of Decision Making
World Cues Situation Awareness
Determine Course of Action
that will work
AscertainSituation
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SA technologies, Inc.Situation Awareness is KeySituation Awareness is Key
■■ Leading Causal Factor in Review of 175 MilitaryLeading Causal Factor in Review of 175 MilitaryAviation MishapsAviation Mishaps
((HartelHartel, Smith & Prince , 1991), Smith & Prince , 1991)
■■ Major Causal Factor in 88% of AccidentsMajor Causal Factor in 88% of AccidentsAssociated with Human Error in Review of MajorAssociated with Human Error in Review of MajorAircarrierAircarrier Accidents (1989-1992) Accidents (1989-1992)
(Endsley, 1994)(Endsley, 1994)
■■ Portion of the task that takes up the majority ofPortion of the task that takes up the majority ofthe pilot’s time and effortthe pilot’s time and effort
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SA technologies, Inc.
Situation Awareness:Situation Awareness:Drives the Decision ProcessDrives the Decision Process
SITUATIONAWARENESS
DECISIONMAKING
PERFORMANCE
The Key Factor DeterminingThe Key Factor DeterminingDecision Quality is SADecision Quality is SA
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SA technologies, Inc.
Situation AwarenessSituation Awareness
Situation Awareness is the Perception of the Elements in the Environment
within a Volume of Time and Space, the Comprehension of their Meaning,
and the Projection of their Status in the Near Future.
Situation Awareness is the Perception of the Situation Awareness is the Perception of the Elements in the Environment Elements in the Environment
within a Volume of Time and Space, within a Volume of Time and Space, the Comprehension of their Meaning, the Comprehension of their Meaning,
and the Projection of their and the Projection of their Status in the Near Future. Status in the Near Future.
Geographical SAGeographical SA••own aircraft own aircraft ••other aircraft other aircraft ••terrain features terrain features ••airportsairports••cities cities ••waypointswaypoints••navigation fixesnavigation fixes••position relative to position relative to
designated featuresdesignated features••path to desired location path to desired location ••runway & taxiway assignmentsrunway & taxiway assignments••path to desired locationpath to desired location••climb/descent pointsclimb/descent points
Spatial/Temporal SASpatial/Temporal SA••attitudeattitude••altitudealtitude••headingheading••velocityvelocity••vertical velocityvertical velocity••G’sG’s••flight pathflight path••actual values relative actual values relative
to assignedto assigned••projected flight pathprojected flight path••projected landing timeprojected landing time
System SA• system status• functioning and settings• radio• altimeter• transponders• flight modes & automation
• deviations from correct settings• ATC communications present • fuel• impact of degrades & settings • on performance
• time and distance available on fuel
Environmental SA• weather formations & movement• temperature• icing • ceilings• fog• turbulence, winds• sun• visibility• IFR/VFR conditions• areas to avoid• flight safety• projected weather conditions
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SA technologies, Inc.
Factors Affecting SAFactors Affecting SA
StressStressWorkloadWorkloadFatigueFatigue
Real WorldReal WorldSystem CapabilitiesSystem Capabilities
InterfaceInterfaceComplexityComplexityAutomationAutomation
AbilitiesAbilitiesKnowledgeKnowledgeSkillsSkills
TrainingTrainingExperienceExperience
SASA
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SA technologies, Inc.
Increasedvigilance &Monitoring
Out-of-the-loopperformanceproblems
More cognitiveload
Loss of manualSkills
Mode errors
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SA technologies, Inc.
SystemsSystems
Handling SkillsHandling SkillsEmergency ProceduresEmergency Procedures
•• BasicBasicProceduresProcedures
CRMCRM
Decision Making
Situation Awareness
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SA technologies, Inc.
Ten Fold Difference in SAAmong Trained Pilots
Attention SharingPsychomotor SkillsSpatial AbilityPattern MatchingPerceptual SpeedWorking Memory
IndividualIndividualAbilitiesAbilities
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SA technologies, Inc.
Basic Skills
Communication
Scan Patterns
Checklists
Pre-flight Planning
Contingency Planning
Self-Checking
Task Management& Prioritization
Meta-CognitiveMeta-CognitiveSkillsSkills
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SA technologies, Inc.
Perception76%
Projection4%
Compre-hension
20%
Failure to Monitor or ObserveFailure to Monitor or Observe Task Distraction Task DistractionMisperceptionMisperception
No Mental ModelNo Mental ModelWrong Mental ModelWrong Mental Model
Over-projection of Current TrendsOver-projection of Current Trends
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SA technologies, Inc.
Mental Model
Schema Prototypical & Expected• Objects• Scenes• Order of Events
What information is attended toHow information is interpreted
and integratedWhat projections are made
CriticalCues
Comprehension Projection
Situation Model (SA)
ExternalCues Perception
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SA technologies, Inc.
Training RecommendationsTraining Recommendations
■■ Training support for low time pilotsTraining support for low time pilots–– Psychomotor skillsPsychomotor skills–– Communicating with ATCCommunicating with ATC–– Judging relative speed and heading of other traffic inJudging relative speed and heading of other traffic in
pattern (merging)pattern (merging)
■■ Higher order cognitive skills trainingHigher order cognitive skills training–– Attention sharingAttention sharing–– Task management and prioritizationTask management and prioritization–– Contingency planningContingency planning–– Checklist completionChecklist completion–– Self-checkingSelf-checking
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SA technologies, Inc.
Training RecommendationsTraining Recommendations
■■ Intensive pre-flight briefingsIntensive pre-flight briefings–– New airports, airspace procedures,...New airports, airspace procedures,...–– Weather changesWeather changes
■■ SA-oriented trainingSA-oriented training–– Building mental models andBuilding mental models and shema shema
■■ Recognizing weather patterns and trendsRecognizing weather patterns and trends■■ Problem diagnosisProblem diagnosis■■ Projection of eventsProjection of events
■■ Structured feedbackStructured feedback
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SA technologies, Inc.
What is the FutureWhat is the Futureof Aviation Training?of Aviation Training?
Current Generation Training?
Next Generation Training?