traditions and local rights over genetic resources in the context of community biodiversity...
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Traditions and Local Rights over Genetic resources in the context of Community Biodiversity Management
E.D.Israel Oliver King and Saujanendra SwainM.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation
Malayali
ContextContext
• Role of Communities in conserving Plant genetic resourcesRole of Communities in conserving Plant genetic resources
• Customary practices and local rights of Farmers Customary practices and local rights of Farmers
• Drivers of change and its effect over PGRDrivers of change and its effect over PGR
• Dynamic Community Biodiversity Management and Dynamic Community Biodiversity Management and process of Empowermentprocess of Empowerment
Kolli Hills
Malayali Tribe
Tribal Settlement
Terraced Fields Paddy field Hut
Odukkai padal
KummipadalParambupadal
Kuravan Kurathi padal Servai padal
ThirumanapadalKomalipadal Andikolam padal
Attukattupadal
Folk lore, Folk Songs and Life of the Tribal Communities
Ancestral Worship
Ayyanappattan, Panguliappattan
Sacred Forests
Goddesses Worship
Kongayi, Pidari, Ettukkai,Kannimar, Rathathamman, Kollippavai
Sanskritzed Traditions
Perumansolai and Masiperiasamisolai
Threshing Yard Stall Feeding
Traditional Farming
Upland PaddyMixed Farming
Back yard poultry
Community Seed BankQuality Seed Selection
Seed Exchange
Manual Dehusking
Customary Practices
• Little millet (Samai) Little millet (Samai) Panicum Panicum sumatrancesumatrance
• Italian millet (Thinai) Italian millet (Thinai) Setaria italicaSetaria italica
• Common millet (Panivaragu) Common millet (Panivaragu) Panicum Panicum miliaceummiliaceum
• Kodo millet (Varagu) Kodo millet (Varagu) Paspalum Paspalum scrobiculatumscrobiculatum
Interaspecific Millet Diversity in Kolli Hills
Plant Genetic ResourcesPlant Genetic Resources
o Secondary centre of Origin of Rice (1750 landraces) (24 aromatic, 27 flood resistant, 2 deep water and 10 drought resistant and
some others are insect/ pest resistant, puffing quality, etc.)
o 8 species of minor millets,o 9 species of pulses,o 5 species of oil seeds,o 3 species of fibrous plants,o 7 species of vegetables
Some valuable rice landraces preserved by tribal farmers for religious function
Rice variety Predominant quality Festivals
Time of maturity (Month)
Kalakrishna Scented All festivals January
Tulsi Scented Chaitra Parva April
Machhakanta White slender short grins, good taste
Manabasa and Lakshmi Puja
November
Mer Black grains with medicinal properties
Annual ceremony of forefathers
November
* Kalajeera Scented Temple deities November
Haladichudi White slender long grains, good taste
Shakti puja December
Deulabhoga Bold and short grains, reddish tinge on cooking with mild scent preferred during worship at temples
Temple deities December
FactorsFactors Intensity (* - less, ** Intensity (* - less, ** - strong and ***- - strong and ***- very strong very strong influence)influence)
Introduction of commercial crops like Introduction of commercial crops like tapioca, coffee, pepper etc with good tapioca, coffee, pepper etc with good market linkages and promotion by market linkages and promotion by govt.policiesgovt.policies
******
Access to PDSAccess to PDS ******Rainfall variability especially onsetRainfall variability especially onset ****Conversion of land to agro forestryConversion of land to agro forestry **Lack of market channelsLack of market channels ******Drudgery in processingDrudgery in processing ****Culinary esteem of alternate cropsCulinary esteem of alternate crops **Land fragmentationLand fragmentation **Peer group pressure and other Peer group pressure and other constraintsconstraints
**
Limited availability of farmyard Limited availability of farmyard manuremanure
**
Factors responsible for Erosion of crops and Dwindling Customary Practices
Shift from Subsistence Economy to Cash Economy
In the Changing Socio cultural Context Will communities sustain
with their Customarymanagement practices of Biodiversity ?
Grass root institution building
Seed multiplication & distribution
Technology appraisal
Skill enhancement
Processing & Value Addition
Marketing Linkage
System management
Role Change
Integrated Approaches in CBM – Formal
Participatory Research
Seed DistributionSeed Distribution
CultivationCultivation
Seed MultiplicationSeed Multiplication Seed StorageSeed Storage– – Thombai Thombai
Seed exchangeSeed exchange
Conservation
Participatory Plant Improvement to achieve higher productivity
Traditional method Traditional method of cultivationof cultivation Modified method
of Cultivation
Between Row spacing 20 cm
Between Plant spacing 10 cm
Cultivation
Drudgery in Pounding
Drudgery Reduction and Consumption
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LITTLE MILLET
ITALAN MILLETFINGER MILLET
Traditional Recipes of Millet Foods
Value addition Training
Capacity Building on Processing Millets
Samai Rice Thinai Rice Samai Uppuma Thinai Uppuma Samai Poorna Kozhukkatai Samai Kara Kozhukkatai Thinai Poorna Kozhukkatai Thinai Kara Kozhukkatai
Samai Sweet Puttu Thinai Sweet Puttu Samai Sweet Pongal Thinai Sweet Pongal Samai Sweet Idiappam Samai Thinai Kara Idiappam Thinai Sweet Idiappam Samai Thinai Sweet
Paniyaram
Samai Kara Paniyaram Thinai Kara Paniyaram Samai Payasam Thinai Payasam Samai Idli Thinai Idli Samai Dosai Thinai Dosai
Samai Wheat Flour Dosai Thinai Wheat Flour Dosai Samai Kara Pongal Thinai Kara Pongal Samai Thinai Keera Roti Samai Bonda Samai Pakoda Thinai Bonda
Thinai Pakoda Samai Thinai Ribbon Pakoda Samai Thinai Omapodi Samai Thinai Adai Samai Thinai Vadai Samai Thinai Murukku Thinai Adhirasam Samai Thinai Kachayam
VALUE ADDED RECIPES OF SAMAI (Little Millet) & THINAI (Italian Millet)
(Photograph: Dr. E. D. Israel Oliver King)
Campaign for Conservation and Promotion of millets
Folk Theatre Road Show
Exhibitions
Niche Market Linkages
Local Market
City Market
Coimbatore (3)
Trichy (1)
Tanjavur (1)
Ooty (1)
Madurai (1)
Kolli Hills (2)
Tiruvannamalai (2)
Chennai (2)
Namakkal (5)PeriUrban Market
Infrastructure Development of Millet Processing Mills
Sale Deed
Dhan Settlement
Legal Processes of Empowerment
• MOU with the Block development Office MOU with the Block development Office • Partnership deed for Nanbargal SHG Partnership deed for Nanbargal SHG • Tax Payer’s Identification Number certificate (TIN) Tax Payer’s Identification Number certificate (TIN) • Sales Tax Certificate (CTC)Sales Tax Certificate (CTC)• Small scale industry certificate (SSI)Small scale industry certificate (SSI)
Sales Deed Partnership Deed
TIN Cert Sales Tax Cert SSIC Cert
KHABCOFED KHABCOFED (Kolli Hills Agro biodiversity Conservers (Kolli Hills Agro biodiversity Conservers federation) in the Empowerment processfederation) in the Empowerment process
• Tribal Farmer collectives Tribal Farmer collectives
• Access to informationAccess to information
• Access to CreditsAccess to Credits
• Increased mobilityIncreased mobility
• Public participationPublic participation
• Governorship over common property resourcesGovernorship over common property resources
• Collective Decision Making processesCollective Decision Making processes
• Awareness about the PGR and policy related Awareness about the PGR and policy related issuesissues
Kalajeera (An aromatic Rice for Promotion)
• Formation of Kalinga Kalajeera Rice Growers Cooperative Society (KKRGCS)
• 500 acres , involving more than 700 farm families
• Procurement by NAFED• One & half times more price than
other rice• GI trial of Kalajeera in 5district
Community Recognition & Reward
Genome Savior AwardPPV&FR Authority, Govt. of India, 2006
Equator Initiative AwardUNDP, Johansburg, 2002
Krishi Bisharad Sanman ICAR, New Delhi, 2002
Felicitation by Hon’ble Chief Minister of Orissa, 2004
Thank YouThank You