Tradition and Change in Tradition and Change in European Culture, 1300-1500European Culture, 1300-1500

Chapter 12Chapter 12

I. The New LearningI. The New Learning

A. The Founding of HumanismA. The Founding of Humanism1. Petrarch1. Petrarch

My SecretMy Secret

2. Boccaccio2. Boccaccio The DecameronThe Decameron

3. The Spread of Humanism3. The Spread of Humanism FlorenceFlorence Coluccio SalutatiColuccio Salutati

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I. The New LearningI. The New Learning

A. The Founding of HumanismA. The Founding of Humanism4. Civic Humanism4. Civic Humanism

CiceroCicero

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I. The New LearningI. The New Learning

B. Humanism in the Fifteenth CenturyB. Humanism in the Fifteenth Century Nicholas VNicholas V

1. Education1. Education Guarino da VeronaGuarino da Verona Vittorino da FeltreVittorino da Feltre

2. New Standards of Behavior2. New Standards of Behavior Castiglione’s Castiglione’s The CourtierThe Courtier

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Map 12.1 The Spread of Universities Map 12.1 The Spread of Universities in the Renaissancein the Renaissance

This map charts the growing importance of education and the emergence of new universities throughoutEurope during the Renaissance. Even where earlier universities existed, as at Oxford, many new colleges were founded, and the number of graduates increased rapidly in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. How do you suppose that Humanism is related to the growing number of universities?

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I. The New LearningI. The New Learning

B. Humanism in the Fifteenth CenturyB. Humanism in the Fifteenth Century3. Humanism Triumphant3. Humanism Triumphant

C. The Florentine NeoplatonistsC. The Florentine Neoplatonists1. Ficino and Pico1. Ficino and Pico

NeoplatonismNeoplatonism

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I. The New LearningI. The New Learning

D. The Heritage of the New LearningD. The Heritage of the New Learning ArchaeologyArchaeology NumismaticsNumismatics EpigraphyEpigraphy Standardized spelling and grammarStandardized spelling and grammar Educational reformEducational reform

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II. Art and Artists in the II. Art and Artists in the Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance

A. Three FriendsA. Three Friends1. Masaccio1. Masaccio

2. Donatello2. Donatello

3. Brunelleschi 3. Brunelleschi

4. New Creativity4. New Creativity PerspectivePerspective Modeling of bodies and draperyModeling of bodies and drapery

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II. Art and Artists in the II. Art and Artists in the Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance

B. The High RenaissanceB. The High Renaissance1. Leonardo1. Leonardo

2. Raphael2. Raphael

3. Michelangelo3. Michelangelo

4. Titian4. Titian

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II. Art and Artists in the II. Art and Artists in the Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance

C. Status and PerceptionC. Status and Perception1. Art as Craft1. Art as Craft

2. Humanism and the Change in Status2. Humanism and the Change in Status

3. The New Patrons3. The New Patrons

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III. The Culture of the NorthIII. The Culture of the North

A. Chivalry and DecayA. Chivalry and Decay1. Bravery and Display1. Bravery and Display

2. The Cult of Decay2. The Cult of Decay ““Cult of the sublime”Cult of the sublime” Danse macabreDanse macabre

3. Devils and Witches3. Devils and Witches

4. Relics4. Relics

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III. The Culture of the NorthIII. The Culture of the North

B. Literature, Art, and MusicB. Literature, Art, and Music1. Literature1. Literature

ChaucerChaucer Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales

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III. The Culture of the NorthIII. The Culture of the North

B. Literature, Art, and MusicB. Literature, Art, and Music 2. Art 2. Art

Van EyckVan Eyck DürerDürer EntrepreneurEntrepreneur

3. Developments in Music3. Developments in Music ChoirsChoirs OrgansOrgans Viol, oboe, clavichordViol, oboe, clavichord Four-part polyphonyFour-part polyphony

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IV. Scholastic Philosophy and IV. Scholastic Philosophy and Religious ThoughtReligious Thought

A. The “Modern Way”A. The “Modern Way”1. Ockham1. Ockham

““Principle of parsimony”Principle of parsimony”

2. Nominalist Theology2. Nominalist Theology Via modernaVia moderna

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IV. Scholastic Philosophy and IV. Scholastic Philosophy and Religious ThoughtReligious Thought

B. Social and Scientific ThoughtB. Social and Scientific Thought1. Marsilius1. Marsilius

Defender of PeaceDefender of Peace SovereigntySovereignty

2. New Explanations of Nature2. New Explanations of Nature Criticism of Aristotle’s world systemCriticism of Aristotle’s world system Jean BuridanJean Buridan

3. Humanism and Science3. Humanism and Science

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V. The State of ChristendomV. The State of Christendom

1. The Avignon Exile1. The Avignon Exile Clement VClement V

2. Fiscal Crisis2. Fiscal Crisis DispensationDispensation IndulgencesIndulgences

3. The Great Schism3. The Great Schism Gregory XIGregory XI Urban VIUrban VI

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Map 12.2 The Great Schism, 1378-1417Map 12.2 The Great Schism, 1378-1417

The antagonisms in Europe during the Great Schism set neighboring regions against one another and createddivisions from which the Church never fully recovered. One of the problems that made the Great Schismparticularly acute was the presence of different papal candidates in different cities. Avignon was a long wayfrom Rome, and it was easy for the “pope” in one city to ignore his rival in the other. Which countries andregions recognized the pope at Rome? Which recognized the pope at Avignon? What were the areas of shiftingobedience? What do you notice about the location of the councils that tried to end the schism? Where werethey in relation to Avignon and Rome?

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V. The State of ChristendomV. The State of Christendom

4. The Conciliar Movement4. The Conciliar Movement

5. Pisa and Constance5. Pisa and Constance Council of PisaCouncil of Pisa Council of ConstanceCouncil of Constance

Martin VMartin V

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V. The State of ChristendomV. The State of Christendom

A. The Revival of the PapacyA. The Revival of the Papacy Council of Basel (1431-1449)Council of Basel (1431-1449)

1. Territorial Independence1. Territorial Independence

2. The Revival of Rome2. The Revival of Rome Martin VMartin V Rebuilding programRebuilding program

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V. The State of ChristendomV. The State of Christendom

B. Styles of PietyB. Styles of Piety1. Lay Mysticism and Piety1. Lay Mysticism and Piety

ConfraternitiesConfraternities

2. Female Piety2. Female Piety Catherine of SienaCatherine of Siena

3. The Mystics3. The Mystics Meister EckhartMeister Eckhart

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V. The State of ChristendomV. The State of Christendom

B. Styles of PietyB. Styles of Piety4. Brethren of the Common Life4. Brethren of the Common Life

Gerhard GrooteGerhard Groote Devotio modernaDevotio moderna

5. Features of Lay Piety5. Features of Lay Piety

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V. The State of ChristendomV. The State of Christendom

C. Movements of Doctrinal ReformC. Movements of Doctrinal Reform1. Wycliffe1. Wycliffe

TransubstantiationTransubstantiation

2. The Lollards2. The Lollards

3. Hus3. Hus Council of Constance, 1415Council of Constance, 1415

4. The Hussites4. The Hussites Jan Žižka (John of the Chalice)Jan Žižka (John of the Chalice) Utraquist ChurchUtraquist Church

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