track 2: ev technology for specialty vehicles: thermal and...
TRANSCRIPT
Track 2: EV Technology for Specialty Vehicles:
Thermal and Electrochemical Modelling of Li-ion
Cells for HD xEVs
Jens Groot Ph.D.
ESS Specialist – Cell Characterisation & Modelling
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
2 2017-02-01
The Volvo Group
JV = Joint venture
SA = Strategic alliance
UD
Trucks
Dongfeng
Trucks EicherMack
Renault
Trucks
Nova
Bus
SDLG
Sunwin JV
Terex
Trucks
Prevost
Volvo
Trucks
Volvo
Penta
Volvo
Construction
Equipment
Volvo
Buses
JV SA
JV
UD
Trucks
Our mission
Driving prosperity through transport solutions
Our vision
Be the most desired and successful
transport solution provider in the world
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
3 2017-02-01
RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
GROUP TRUCKS TECHNOLOGY
for the Volvo Group
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
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Challenges
Modelling Cells & Systems
– Empirical models
– Electrochemical models
– State-of-health / ageing
R&D Collaboration within
Swedish Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Center
Outline
Current Collector
Solid phase, electrode
Liquid phase, electrolyte
RSep
RCol
Liquid phase, electrolyte / separator
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
Reaction Kinetics / Double Layer / OCV
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
5 2017-02-01
Wide range of vehicles…
Scope
Wide range of temperature & usage patterns
• 24/7 operation, -30°C…+50°C ambient
• Long-haul, regional, city, off-road
• Different markets, operators & routes
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Example: measured power for a power-optimised Li-ion cell
Scope
0 20 40 60 80 1000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
SOC [%]
Pow
er
[W]
Measured Charge Power
2s charge, 40°C
10s charge, 40°C
30s charge, 40°C
2s charge, 23°C
10s charge, 23°C
30s charge, 23°C
2s charge, 0°C
10s charge, 0°C
30s charge, 0°C
2s charge, -15°C
10s charge, -15°C
30s charge, -15°C
2s charge, -30°C
10s charge, -30°C
30s charge, -30°C
0 20 40 60 80 1000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
SOC [%]
Pow
er
[W]
Measured Discharge Power
2s discharge, 40°C
10s discharge, 40°C
30s discharge, 40°C
2s discharge, 23°C
10s discharge, 23°C
30s discharge, 23°C
2s discharge, 0°C
10s discharge, 0°C
30s discharge, 0°C
2s discharge, -15°C
10s discharge, -15°C
30s discharge, -15°C
2s discharge, -30°C
10s discharge, -30°C
30s discharge, -30°C
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
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Dimensioning / Basic reqs.
Battery Performance vs.
– Pulse Time
– Temperature
– SOC
– Age / State-of-health
Scope
Design
Dynamic battery response vs.
– Current
– Load cycles / vehicles
– Temperature / cooling
– SOC ranges
– Age / State-of-health
Can be retrieved by
extensive testing
Can only be retrieved through a
combination of testing, modelling
and validation
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
8 2017-02-01
Extensive testing – fast parameterization & validation
– >500h in test rig
– Test temperatures (typical): [-30 -15 0 +23 +40]°C
– SOC range: 0-100% in steps of 1-10%
– Current range: at least three, e.g. [-10 -5 -1 1 5 10] C-rate
Empirical Models
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
9 2017-02-01
Validation through GITT / pulses
Empirical Models
2.25 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45 2.5
x 104
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
Time [s]
Voltage [
V]
CELLT12: Voltage comparison at 21C
Model
Measured
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
SOC[%]
Err
or[
%]
CELLT12: 1Hz Filtered Voltage Error at 21C. Mean Error (optim/ext) = 0.06/0.39%.
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
10 2017-02-01
Empirical Models
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30001.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Time [s]
Voltage [
V]
ABT03: Voltage comparison at 24C
1675 1680 1685 1690 1695 1700 1705 1710 1715 1720 1725
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
Time [s]
Voltage [
V]
ABT03: Voltage comparison at 24C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
SOC[%]E
rror[
%]
ABT03: 1Hz Filtered Voltage Error at 24C. Mean Error (optim/ext) = 1.2/1.2%.
Analysis
Quantification Approval?
Verification
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
11 2017-02-01
Current Collector
Solid phase, electrode
Liquid phase, electrolyte
RSep
RCol
Liquid phase, electrolyte / separator
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
Reaction Kinetics / Double Layer / OCV
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5
Battery Modelling
Current Collector
Solid phase, electrode
Liquid phase, electrolyte
RSep
RCol
Liquid phase, electrolyte / separator
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
Reaction Kinetics / Double Layer / OCV
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
12 2017-02-01
Battery Modelling
Current Collector
Solid phase, electrode
Liquid phase, electrolyte
RSep
RCol
Liquid phase, electrolyte / separator
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
Reaction Kinetics / Double Layer / OCV
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35-10
-5
0
5
10
Time [min]
Cu
rren
t [C
-rat
e]
Anode segment 1
Anode segment 2
Anode segment 3
Anode segment 4
Anode segment 5
Cell Current
Power-optimised LFP//graphite, +4C/-4C, 0-100% SOC, +29°C
Distribution of current →
Distribution of losses
Distribution of temperature
Distribution of ageing
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
13 2017-02-01
Battery Modelling
Current Collector
Solid phase, electrode
Liquid phase, electrolyte
RSep
RCol
Liquid phase, electrolyte / separator
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
OCV
CDL
RCT
RSP
CPol
RPol
Rohm
Reaction Kinetics / Double Layer / OCV
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5
Distribution of current →
Distribution of SOC
Distribution of losses
Distribution of temperature
Distribution of ageing
Power-optimised LFP//graphite, +4C/-4C, 0-100% SOC, +29°C
Cathode Anode0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sep
ara
tor
Ca
tho
de c
urr
en
t co
llecto
r
An
od
e c
urr
en
t co
llecto
r
Ele
ctro
de
SO
C [
%]
Start of discharge
Start of discharge
End of discharge
Start of discharge
End of discharge
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
14 2017-02-01
Fast-Charging of Large Energy-Optimised Li-ion Cells for Electrified Drivelines
Ageing & State-of-Health
Material Research-electrodes
-electrolytes
-electrochemistry
Modeling-physical models
-empirical models
-thermal models
-ageing models
Application-light-duty vehicles
-heavy-duty vehicles
-cell/module/system
Uppsala
University
KTH
Scania CV
Volvo Group
Volvo Cars
Chalmers
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
15 2017-02-01
Fast-Charging of Large Energy-Optimised Li-ion Cells for Electrified Drivelines
Ageing & State-of-Health
Ageing
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 180060
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Capacity Throughput [No. of Full Cycles]
Capacity [
%]
EOL Limit
-1C/+2C 20-80%
-1C/+3C 20-80%
-1C/+4C 20-80%
Increasing charge rate
Simple cycles ’Mixed-mode’ cycles
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
16 2017-02-01
Fast-Charging of Large Energy-Optimised Li-ion Cells for Electrified Drivelines
Ageing & State-of-Health
Post-mortem analysisRaman spectroscopy
EC:Li+
EC
DMC DMC:Li+
Calendar, cell A
Calendar, cell B
XPS SEM & EDX
NMC NMCElectrolyte
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
17 2017-02-01
Fast-Charging of Large Energy-Optimised Li-ion Cells for Electrified Drivelines
Ageing & State-of-Health
ModellingThermal Model Electrochemical Model Ageing
Volvo Group Trucks TechnologyAdvanced Technology & Research, Jens Groot
18 2017-02-01
Jens Groot Ph.D.
ESS SpecialistVolvo GTT – ATR
http://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/r-d-and-innovations.html