!!! Ch 1. Nn dng view/zoom xem r, ko nn tang phng ch v c th lch hnh2. Cc cu c nh du u cu l cc cu cha c p n, hoc p n cn phn vn. Mong cc bn xem li v phn hi gip mnh.3. Chc cc bn c kt qu tt

AA THI TRC NGHIMMn hc VT LIU HC1-Vt liu hc l mn khoa hc kho sta-S hnh thnh cc cu trc khc nhau trong vt liub-Quy lut thay i cc tnh cht ca vt liuc-Cu trc v mi quan h vi cc tnh cht ca vt liud-Cc nguyn l c bn cu vt liu2-V sao vt liu kim loi l nhm vt liu s dng rng ri nht trong k thut?a-V chng d ch to b-V chng c c tnh tng hp caoc-V chng d to hnh d-V chng c bn cao3-Cc nhm vt liu chnh s dng rng ri trong cng nghip l:a-Vt liu kim loi v vt liu polyme b-Vt liu ceramic, polyme v compozitc-Vt liu kim loi v ceramicd-Vt liu kim loi, ceramic,polyme v compozit4-Vt liu kim loi gm:a-Cc kim loi c trong thin nhin b-Cc kim loi v hp kim mang cc tnh cht c trng ca kim loic-Cc hp kim t cc nguyn t khc nhaud-Cc hp kim v cc hp cht ca chng5-Kim loi l:a-Cc nguyn t ha hc khng phi l kimb-Cc cht dn in ttc-Nhng vt th d bin dng do, dn in v dn nhit tt, c nh kim c trngd-Nhng vt th c nh kim v d bin dng6-Lin kt kim loi trong vt liu l lin kt c to ra:a-Gia cc ion dng v cc in tb-Gia kh in t t do v cc ion dngc-Gia cc proton v in t t dod-Gia cc nguyn t trong kim loi 7-Lin kt ion trong vt liu l do:a-Tng tc gia cc ion to thnhb-Lc ht gia cc ion to thnhc-Lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng v ion md-Lc ht v lc y gia cc ion8-Khi tng nhit , in tr ca vt liu kim loi thay i nh th no?a-Gim tuyn tnhb-Gim theo hm s m c-Tng theo hm s m d-Tng tuyn tnh9-Kim loi no c dn in cao nht?a-Cub-Agc-Aud-Al10-Trong mu ng (Cu) nguyn cht c cc dng lin kt sau:a-Kim loi v ng ha trb-ion v ng ha trc-Kim loi v lin kt iond-Kim loi11-Mng tinh th l:a-Mng ca cc nguyn t trong tinh thb-M hnh khng gian m t sp xp ca cht im trong tinh thc-M hnh m t quy lut hnh hc ca tinh thd-Mng ca cc nguyn t hoc phn t trong vt liu12- c s ca mng tinh th l:a-Khi th tch nh nht c cch sp xp cht im i din cho mng tinh thb-n v th tch ca mng tinh thc-Khi th tch nh nht ca mng tinh thd-Khi th tch nghin cu quy lut sp xp trong tinh th13-Cc kiu mng thng gp trong vt liu kim loi l:a-Lp phng tm mt v su phng xp chtb-Lp phng tm mt, lp phng tm khi v su phng xp chtc-Lp phng tm mt, lp phng n gin v su phngd-Chnh phng, lp phng tm mt v lp phng tm khi14-St (Fe) nhit trong phng c kiu mng tinh th:a- Lp phng tm mtb- Chnh phng tm khic- Lp phng tm khid- Su phng xp cht15-Khi tng nhit , Fe thay i dng th hnh theo s sau:a- Fe -- Fe -- Fe-b- Fe -- Fe -- Fec- Fe -- Fe -- Fed- Fe -- Fe -- Fe16-Hnh v bn (hnh a )l c s ca mng ?a-Lp phng tm khib-Lp phng tm mtc-Chnh phng tm khiH-ad-Su phng xp cht17- Hnh v bn (hnh b )l c s ca mng ?a-Lp phng tm khib-Lp phng tm mtc-Chnh phng tm khi H-bd-Su phng xp cht18- Hnh v bn (hnh c )l c s ca mng ?a-Lp phng tm khib-Lp phng tm mt H-cc-Chnh phng tm khid-Su phng xp cht19-Hnh v bn (hnh d )l c s ca mng ?a-Lp phng tm khib-Lp phng tm mt H-dc-Chnh phng tm khid-Su phng xp cht20-Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Fe nhit thng c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh a b-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d21- Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Fe c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh a b-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d

22-Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Fe 950oC c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh ab-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d23- Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Fe c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh ab-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d24-Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Fe 1450oC c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh a b-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d25- Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Fe c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh a b-Hnh bc-Hnh c d-Hnh d26-Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Fe nhit 0oK (-273oC ) c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh a b-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d27- Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni nhit thng c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh ab-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d28-Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni 500oC c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh ab-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d29- Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Cr, Mo, W, V nhit thng c kiu mng no?

a-Hnh a b-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d30- Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, Cr, Mo, W, V 1000oC c kiu mng no?

a -Hnh a b-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d31- Trong bn hnh v a,b c,d di, khi ti trong thp xut hin kiu mng no?

a-Hnh ab-Hnh b c-Hnh c d-Hnh d32-Trng thi tinh th nu trn hnh H01-1 l:a-Tinh th thc t c cha lch binb- Tinh th thc t c cha lch H01-1c-Tinh th l tng c cha na mt nguyn t d- Tinh th l tng c cha lch bin33-Trng thi tinh th nu trn hnh H01-2 l:a-Tinh th thc t c cha lchb-Tinh th thc t c cha lch xon H01-2c-Tinh th l tng c cha bc cpd-Tinh th l tng c cha lch xon34-Trn hnh v (H01-3) l: a-M hnh tinh th c cha sai lchb-M hnh mng tinh th c cha l hngc- M hnh mng tinh th 2 chiu c cha nt trng H01-3d- M hnh mng tinh th 2 chiu c cha lch35-Trn hnh v ( hnh H 01-4 ) l:a-Mng tinh th cha cc nguyn t A v Bb-Mng 2 chiu c cha sai lch im dng nguyn t l thay th v nguyn t xen k H01-4c-Mng l tng 2 chiu c cha nguyn t A v Bd-Mng 2 chiu cha nt trng A v nguyn t B36-Cc tnh cht c l ha ca n tinh th theo cc phng khc nhau l khng ging nhau. Tnh cht ny gi l:a-Tnh ng hngb-Tnh d hngc-Tnh v hngd-Tnh d trc37-Mm t sinh (mm ng th) khi chuyn pha l:a-Mm c hnh thnh trong lng pha mb-Mm c hnh thnh v ln ln trong lng pha mc-Mm c hnh thnh t cc nguyn t ca pha m d-Mm c thnh phn ging nh pha m38-Mm k sinh (mm d th)khi chuyn pha l:a-Mm ln ln nh pha khc b-Mm c hnh thnh trn b mt pha rn c-Mm c hnh thnh v ln ln trn b mt pha rn c snd-Mm dng chm cu trn b mt vt rn 39-So snh kh nng kt tinh t pha lng theo c ch mm k sinh v t sinh :a-Ging nhau b-Mm k sinh d hnc-Mm t sinh d hn d-Mun so snh phi bit thm gc 40-Hiu ng co th tch khi kt tinh gy ra nhng khuyt tt g trong phi thi c?a-Lm cob-R co v r kh c-Lm co v r khd-Lm co v r co41-Qu trnh kt tinh trong thc t thng xy ra theo hnh nhnh cy, c ngha:a-Tinh th c dng hnh nhnh cyb-Tinh th pht trin u tin theo mt s phng xc nhc-Tinh th pht trin theo cc hng vung gc vi nhaud-Tinh th c dng nhnh cy hnh chp42-T chc ca thi c gm 3 vng:Ht to u trc (1), vng tinh th hnh tr(2), vng ht nh(3). Xp cc vng theo th t t ngoi vo trong ca thi:a-(2)--(3)--(1)b-(1)--(2)--(3)c-(1)--(3)--(2)d-(3)--(2)--(1)43-Th no l thin tch trong vt c?a-L hin tng khng ng u t chc trong vt cb-L hin tng phn b khng u ca cc nguyn t trong vt cc-L hin tng phn b tp cht khng u trong vt cd-L hin tng vt c c nhiu khuyt tt44-Khi c kim loi, ngi ta cho thm cht bin tnh vi mc ch:a-Lm nh ht tinh thb-D cc-D kt tinhd-D in y khun45-i vi cc vt liu kim loi thng dng nh Fe, Al, Cu th hp kim ca chng c dng rng ri v:a-Chng c bn, cng, v do cao b-Chng c tnh cng ngh v tnh tng hp caoc-Chng c bn, cng v kh nng gia cng caod-Ch to v gia cng d hn46-Thp l vt liu c kh nng bin dng do tt v:a- trng thi nng khng ph thuc vo thnh phn cacbonb- trng thi ngui khng ph thuc vo thnh phn cacbonc- trng thi nng ph thuc vo thnh phn cacbond- trng thi nng ln trng thi ngui khng ph thuc vo thnh phn cacbon47-S d auxtenit do, d bin dng do l nh:a-C mng lp phng tm khib-C mng lp phng tm mtc-Tn ti nhit caod-Ha tan c nhiu cacbon48-So vi trc khi bin dng do, sau khi bin dng do kim lai s c:a- bn cao hn c- bn, cng cao hn nhng do dai gim ib- cng cao hn d- bn, cng, d do, dai u tng ln49-Trong sn xut b tng ct thp ng sut trc (d ng lc), ct thp trc khi b tng c ko dn di thm 6-8% l : a-Lm sch g bm dnh b tng c tt hn b-Lm tng gii hn bnc-Lm tng gii hn chy d-Tit kim thp50-Mt cch tng qut, nh lut Hook (phng trnh c s ca bin dng n hi )ni ln quan h tuyn tnh gia:a-ng sut ko v bin dngb- ng sut nn v bin dngc-ng sut v bin dngd-ng sut tip v x dch51-Bin dng do l:a-Bin dng khng n hib-Bin dng dc-Bin dng chy dod-Bin dng trng thi do52-Qu trnh trt gy ra bin dng do xy ra di tc dng ca:a-ng sut tip trong vt liub- ng sut php trong vt liuc-ng sut tip trn mt trtd-ng sut php trn mt trt53-Qu trnh trt (khi bin dng do ) trong tinh th l tng xy ra bng cch:a-To cp bc trn mt trtb-Cc nguyn t trn mt 3c-Cc nguyn t dch chuyn ng thi dc theo mt trt 1 khong cch nguyn td-Cc nguyn t trn b mt trt dch chuyn cng mt lc54-Th no l ha bn bin dng?a-L s tng bn khi bin dngb-L hin tng vt liu sau bin dng do tr nn bn hnc-L hin tng kh ph hy khi bin dngd-L s tng bn, cng, gim do khi bin dng55-ng cong bin dng c trng ca vt liu khi th ko nu trn hnh H04-2. Giai on no trn ng cong vt liu c ha bn bin dng mnh nht? a-OAb-AB H04-2c-BCd-CD 56-Vt liu kim loi sau khi bin dng do vi mc ng k thng xut hin textua. l:a-S nh hng u tin v phng mng ca cc ht b-S nh hng u tin ca cc htc-Cc ht tinh th sp xp theo mt hngd-Cc phng tinh th sp xp song song nhau57-T chc textua sau bin dng do nh hng n cc tnh cht nh:a-To nn d hng v c tnh v l tnhb-Lm cho bn khng ging nhau cc tinh th khc nhauc-To ra s khng ng u v l v ha tnhd-To ra s khng ng u tnh cht ni chung58-Hnh H04-3 nu 4 xu th thay i tnh cht ca vt liu kim loi ( hoc polyme tinh th ). Cho bit bn thay i theo xu hng no?a- ( 1) b- (2 ) H04-3c- (3 )d- ( 4 )

59-Hnh H04-3 nu 4 xu th thay i tnh cht ca vt liu kim loi ( hoc polyme tinh th )Cho bit do thay i theo xu hng no?a-( 1)b-(2 ) H04-3c-(3 )d-(4 )60-Nhiu chi tit my sau khi ch to xong c phun bi (dng kh nn bn ht bi thp cng ln b mt). Tc dng ch yu ca loi gia cng ny?a-Lm sch b mtb-Lm nhn bng b mtc-Ha bn bin dng lp b mtd-iu chnh kch thc61-Ph hy gin ca vt liu c gi l dng ph hy:a-Xy ra tc thib-Hu nh khng c bin dng dc-Km theo s v vn ca vt liud-C vt gy dng phng62-Ph hy do ca vt liu l dng ph hy:a-Xy ra t tb-C to ra vng tht trn muc-Km theo bin dng d ng kd-Vt gy c dng mt cn63 -Nguyn nhn dn n ph hy vt liu l :a-S tp trung ng sutb-S tn ti cc vt ntc-S hnh thnh v pht trin cc vt ntd-S mt lin k,t trong vt liu64- Trng thi b mt nh th no l tt nht chi tit c kh nng chu mi caoa- cng b mt caob- bng b mt caoc-Cha ng sut dd- bng cao v ng sut d nn65- Ti sao ng sut d nn lp b mt c tc dng lm tng bn mia-V lm tng bnb-V hn ch pht trin vt ntc-V lm tng st cht vt liud-V hn ch chuyn ng ca lch 66- V sao mi trng n mn thc y ph hy mi ?a-V lp sn phm n mn lm yu chi titb-V lp oxyt c tnh chng n mnc-V b mt n mn nhp nh thc y to vt nt mid-V n mn to ra cc vng tp trung ng sut67- Bin dng do trong n tinh th xy ra bng cch :a-Trt theo th tchb-Trt trong cc mt tinh th c-Trt theo cc phng tinh thd-Trt theo cc mt v phng tinh th xc nh68- Khi tc dng ln n tinh th mt lc ko hoc nn, mun bin dng do xy ra d dng nht th mt trt phi c gc nh hng vi ngai lc :a-20b-45 c-0 d-80 69-Phng trt u tin trong mng lp phng tm mt l:a-[110]b-[111]c-[100]d-[121] 70-Phng trt u tin trong mng lp phng tm khi la-[110]b-[111]c-[100]d-[121]71-Trong s Al,Fe,Zn,Ag kh nng bin dng do ca kim lai no l tt nht?a-Al (lp phng tm mt)b-Zn(su phng xp cht)c-Ag(lp phng tm mt)d-Fe (lp phng tm khi)72-Khi ch to thp tm Silic (li bin th)thng to phng t ha song song mt phng tm nu trong quy trnh ch to c cng an sau:a- ng u hab-To textua bin dng + kt tinh lib- kt tinh lid-Bin dng + 73-Ko mt si dy ng c d=2mm ln lt qua cc l 1,9mm ri 1,8mm .Cho bit ng sut ko dy (lc/tit din dy)ca ln sau so vi ln trc thay i nh th no?a-Tngb-Gimc-Khng id-Gim mnh74-Gp o nhiu ln si kim lai , n s gy. Hy cho bit y l kt qu ca tnh cht g?a- bn tng mnh khi bin dng dob- cng tng mnh khi bin dng doc- dn tng mnh khi bin dng dod-Moun n hi thay i ng k khi bin dng do75- bn ca kim lai sau bin dng do c nng cao ch yu l do:a-Kich thc ht nhb-C t chc textuac-Mt lch caod-Tit pha phn tn76-Hy chn phng php o cng ph hp nht cho 1 chi tit bng thp sau khi c ti cng:a-HBb-HRAc-HRCd-HV77-Ph hy mi l dng ph hy ca vt liu khi:a-Ti trong thay i theo thi gianb-Ti trng thay i tun han theo thi gian rt nhiu lnc-Ti trng thay i theo hnh sind-Ti trng thay i theo chu k78- bn mi lu l:a-ng sut trung bnh ca chu k m vt liu cha b ph hyb-ng sut m vt liu chu c khi ti trng theo chu kc-Bin ti a ca ng sut chu k m vt liu chu c vi s chu k bt kd-ng sut ti a m vt liu chu c khi ti trng thay i chu k 79-Trong cc phng php x l b mt: thm cacbon, m crm, thm nit, ph poxy th phng php no lm tng ng k bn mi?a-Thm Cb-M Crc-Thm N d-Ph poxi 80-Cc trc chu ti trong iu kin quay vn tc ln thng c ln p vi mc ch:a-Tng cngb- Tng bnc- Tng bng d- Tng bn mi81-Khi chn vt liu v ch nhit luyn cho dng c ct gt, hai yu cu quan trng nht l:a- bn v cngb- cng v dai va pc- bn v dai va pd- dai va p v kh nng chu mi mn82-Trong cc lai thp, nguyn t thng gy nh hng mnh nht n c tnh v quyt nh cng dng ca thp l: a-Crm b-Niken c-Cacbon d-Vnfram83-So vi kim lai ht ln, kim lai ht nh ca- bn cao hn, song do, dai thp hnb- bn, do, dai u cao hnc- bn, do, dai u thp hnd- bn thp hn, song do, dai cao hn84-Trong s cc ch tiu c tnh, kch thc ht nh hng mnh nht n:a- cng b-Gii hn bn, gii hn chy, gii hn n hic- gin di v tht tit din d- dai va p 85- Hiu th no l vt liu c c tnh tng hp ( bn kt cu) cao ?a- cng cao, bn cao, do caob- bn cao, do caoc-Chng bin dng do tt v chng ph hy ttd-Chng bin dng n hi v do tt

86-Tng quan gia bn l thuyt ca vt liu tinh th so vi bn thc t l:a-Cao hn hng chc lnb-Cao hn hng trm lnc-Thp hn hng chc lnd-Thp hn hng trm ln87-Yu t ha bn ch yu trong thp ht nh l:a-Mt lch caob-Kch thc ht nhc-Tit pha phn tnd-Dung dch rn88-Yu t ha bn ch yu trong hp kim nhm bn cao l:a-Dung dch rnb- Kch thc ht nhc-Tit pha phn tnd- Mt lch cao89-Ba phng php th cng thng dng l Rocwell, Brinelle,Vickers. Hy nu k hiu ca ba loi cng : a-RCBRVCb-HRBR VCc-HRHBHVd-HRCHB HV90- cng Rockwell c 3 thang o A, B, C tng ng vi 3 loi cng l HRA, HRB, HRC. Hy cho bit hnh dng v vt liu mi o khi s dng thang C:a-Hnh thp kim cngb-Hnh chp kim cng hoc hp kim cngc-Hnh thp kim cng hoc hp kim cng d-Vin bi thp ti91-Trong phng th nghim c tt c cc loi my o cng. Hy chn phng php o ph hp v n gin nht cho 1 mu ng dy 3mm: a-HRBb-HBc-HVd-HRC92-Kt tinh li trong vt liu tinh th qua bin dng do l g?a-L qu trnh sinh v pht trin cc ht tinh th mi t khuyt ttb-L qu trnh chuyn sang cu trc kim lai mic-L mt dng chuyn pha trng thi rnd-L s tit ra pha tinh th t t chc nn93-Nhit kt tinh li (TKTL)ca kim lai sch c th xc nh gn ng theo nhit nng chy (Tnc) nh sau:a-TKTL (0,1-0,2)Tncb-TKTL (0,3-0,4)Tnc c-TKTL (0,5-0,6)Tncd-TKTL (0,7-0,8)Tnc94-Cn, ko, dp nhit trong phng l bin dng nng i vi vt liu:a-Nhm(Tnc=660oC)b-ng(Tnc=1083oC)c-Ch (Tnc=327oC)d-St (Tnc=1539oC)95-Thp tm sau khi cn ngui + c kh nng chng n mn tt hn hay xu hn so vi trng hp khng ?a-Ging nhaub-Tt hnc-Xu hnd-Xu hn ng k96-C tnh ca kim loi sau kt tinh li thay i nh th no?a- cng tng, bn tng, do gimb- cng tng, bn gim, do tngc- cng gim, bn gim, do tng,d- cng tng, bn tng, do tng97-Th no l bin dng nng?a-L bin dng nhit caob-L bin dng do nhit caoc-L bin dng do nhit thp hn TKTLd-L bin dng do nhit cao hn TKTL

98-Th no l hp kim?a-L vt th c to thnh bng cch nu chy t nhiu kim loib-L hp cht gia nhiu nguyn t kim loic-L hp cht gia kim loi v kimd-L hp cht nhiu nguyn t vi cc tnh cht c trng ca kim loi99-Cc cu t (nguyn) ca mt h hp kim hoc hp cht c th l:a-Cc kim loi hoc kim b-Cc nguyn t ha hcc-Cc nguyn t ha hc hoc hp cht ha hc n nhd-Cc kim loi v hp cht ca chng100-Dung dch rn thay th c hiu l dung dch rn khi:a-Nguyn t cc cht thay th ln nhau trong mngb-Nguyn t cht tan thay th v tr nt mng trong mng dung mic-Nguyn t cht tan nm trong mng tinh th dung mid-Nguyn t cht tan thay th mt s v tr nt mng trong mng dung mi101-Dung dch rn xen k l:a-Pha rn trong nguyn t cht tan nm cc l hng trong mng dung mib-Dung dch rn trong nguyn t dung mi v cht tan nm xen k nhauc-Dung dch rn trong nguyn t cht tan nm xen k trong mng dung mid-Pha rn trong cc loi nguyn t nm xen k ln nhau102-C m hnh mng tinh th 2 chiu v trn hnh H02-1 v hnh H02-2 l biu din cu trc ca:

a-Dung dch rn thay th (H02-1) v d.d. rn c tp cht (H02-2)b-Hp kim A - B (H02-1) v nguyn t A cha tp cht B (H02-2)c-Dung dch rn xen k (H02-1) v dung dch rn thay th (H02-2)d-Dung dch rn thay th (H02-1) v dung dch rn xen k(H02-2) H02-1 H02-2103-Dung dch rn ha tan v hn c hiu l:a-Dung dch rn c th ha tan v hn vo cht khcb-Dung dch rn c th cha mt lng bt k nguyn t ha tanc-Dung dch rn c hng s mng khng thay i khi c cht tand-Dung dch rn khi nguyn t ha tan nm v tr bt k trong mng104-Kh nng ha tan v hn c th c :a-Tt c cc loi dung dch rnb-Dung dch rn xen k v thay thc-Dung dch rn thay thd-Dung dch rn xen k105- Kh nng ha tan ca dung dch rn xen k c th l:a-V hn hoc c hnb-V hnc-C hnd-Khng xc nh c v ph thuc nhit v p sut106-Khi ha tan mt nguyn t khc vo mng tinh th ca kim lai th dung dch rn c to thnh c xu th thay i c tnh khi tng nng nh sau:a- bn tng, cng tng, do gimb- bn tng, cng tng, do tngc- bn gim, cng gim, do gimd- bn tng, cng gim, do gim107-T chc t vi ca dung dch rn ng nht gia 2 cu t A v B gm:a-Cc ht tinh th A v B xen k nhaub-Cc ht tinh th ng phac-Pha B phn b trong cc tinh th pha Ad-Pha A phn b trong cc tinh th pha B108-Dung dch rn ca cht tan B trong dung mi A c kiu mng tinh th:a-Ca cht tan Bb-Khc A v khc B c-Ca dung mi Ad-Trung gian gia A v B109-So vi Fe , Fe ha tan c nhiu cacbon v:a- Fetn ti nhit cao nn cacbon d khuch tnb- Fe tn ti nhit cao nn mng c nhiu nt trngc- Fec mt km dy c hn nn nhiu l hng hnd-Fe c mt dy c hn nhng c nhng l hng to hn110- Cc pha xen k Cacbit, Nitrit, Borit thng c s dng ch to :a-Chi tit my chu lc b-B my chu lcc-Chi tit chu va p d-Dng c ct gt v khun mu111- Pha xen k l pha c to thnh gia :a-Kim loi M v kim X vi cu trc c lp theo nguyn l xen kb-Kim loi M v kim X theo nguyn l xen kc-Kim loi M v kim X vi thnh phn xc nhd-Kim loi M v kim X theo kiu dung dch rn xen k112- Pha Hume-Rothery (hp cht in t ) l pha c to nn :a-Gia 2 nguyn t theo quy tc nng in tb-Gia 2 kim lai theo quy tc nng in tc-Gia 2 nguyn t c in t t do d-Gia kim lai v 1 nguyn t khc c nng in t xc nh113- Cc hp cht cacbit, nitrit, ca cc kim loi (v d TiC, WC ) thng thng l :a-Cc pha hp cht ha hc ha tr b-Cc pha in tc-Cc pha xen k d-Hp cht ion114-Phn ng cng tinh l phn ng khi:a-T pha lng to ra 2 pha rn khc nhaub-T 1 pha rn to ra 2 pha rn khc nhauc-T 1 pha lng cng lc to ra 2 hay nhiu pha rn khc nhaud-T 1 pha rn to ra 2 pha lng115-Phn ng cng tch c hiu l phn ng khi:a-T 1 pha rn to thnh 2 pha rn khcb-T 1 pha rn to thnh cng lc 2 hay nhiu pha rn khcc-T 1 pha lng cng lc to thnh 2 hoc nhiu pha rn khcd-T 1 pha rn v 1 pha lng to thnh 2 pha rn khc116- Cho gin trng thi Fe-C trn hnh H02-9. T chc ca hp kim c 0,2%C nhit trong phng l:a-50%F+ 50%P H02-9b-90%F+ 10%Pc-100%Fd-80%F+ 20%P116- Cho gin trng thi Fe-C trn hnh H02-9. T chc ca hp kim c 1,2%C nhit trong phng l:a-F+ P H02-9b-100%Pc-100%Fd-P+XeII117- Cho gin trng thi Fe-C trn hnh H02-9. T chc ca hp kim c 0,8%C nhit trong phng l:a-50%F+ 50%P H02-9b-90%F+ 10%Pc-100%Fd-100%P118-Hp kim Fe-C c thnh phn 4,1%C gi l:a-Gang trc cng tinhb-Gang cng tinhc-Thp trc cng tchd-Thp sau cng tch119-Hp kim Fe-C c thnh phn 4,8%C gi l:a-Gang trc cng tinhb-Gang sau cng tinhc-Thp trc cng tchd-Thp sau cng tch120-Hp kim Fe-C c thnh phn 4,3%C gi l:a-Gang trc cng tinhb-Gang cng tinhc-Thp trc cng tchd-Thp sau cng tch121-Trong hp kim Fe-C, pha Ferit l: a-Dung dch rn ca C trong Feb- Dung dch rn ca C trong Fec- Dung dch rn ca C trong Fed-Hp cht ca C v Fe122-Trong hp kim Fe-C ,pha auxtenit (A) l dung dch rn ca C trong:a-Feb-Fec-Fed-Fe123- Trong hp kim Fe-C, pha Xmentit (X) l: a-Fe3Cb-Fe2Cc-FeCd-FeXCY124-T chc pclit trong hp kim Fe-C l:a-Hn hp cng tch ca ferit v auxtenitb-Hn hp cng tinh ca ferit v xmentitc-Hn hp c hc ca ferit v xmentit d-Hn hp cng tch ca ferit v xmentit125-T chc lburit trn nhit cng tch trong hp kim FeC l:a-Hn hp c hc ca auxtenit v xmentit b-Hn hp cng tinh ca auxtenit v xmentitc-Hn hp c hc ca ferit v xmentitd-Hn hp cng tinh ca auxtenit v ferit126-Phn ng cng tinh ca hp kim Fe-C xy ra nhit :a-1300oCb-1247oCc-1147oCd-927oC127- Phn ng cng tch ca hp kim Fe-C xy ra nhit :a-827oCb-727oCc-927oCd-700oC128- Phn ng cng tch trong hp kim Fe-C xy ra nh sau:a-A1,8 F + Xb-A F + Xc-A2,14 F + Xd-A0,8 F + X129- Phn ng cng tinh trong hp kim Fe-C xy ra nh sau:a- L4,3 A2,14 + X b-L3,4 A 2,14 + Cc- L4,3 F + X d-L3,4 A + X130 -Theo t chc t vi th thp l hp kim Fe-C :a-C t chc peclitb-C peclit v khng c lburitc-Khng c lburitd-C peclit v ferit131-Theo t chc t vi th gang l hp kim Fe-C :a-C peclit v lburitb-C Xmentit v Lburitc-C t chc lburitd-C lburit v khng c peclit 132-Theo t chc t vi thp cacbon vi 0,8%C c gi l thp :a-Sau cng tchb-Cng tchc-Trc cng tchd-Cng tinh133- Theo t chc t vi thp cacbon < 0,8%C c gi l thp:a-Sau cng tchb-Trc cng tinhc-Trc cng tchd-Sau cng tinh134- Theo t chc t vi thp cacbon > 0,8%C c gi l thp :a-Sau cng tinhb-Sau cng tchc-Trc cng tch d-Trc cng tinh135- Gang trng l gang c t chc :a-Mu trngb-Ph hp vi Fe-C cn bngc-Lburitd-Lburit v peclit136- Gang cng tinh l gang :a-C t chc 100% lburitb-C phn ng cng tinh khi kt tinhc-C t chc lburit v xmentitd-C phn ng cng tinh khng cn bng137- Mn, C u c th ha tan trong Fe to cc dung dch rn Fe(Mn) v Fe(C). Hy xc nh l nhng dung dch rn g?a-C hai u l dung dch rn thay thb- C hai u l dung dch rn xen kc- Fe(Mn) l dung dch rn thay thd- Fe(C) l dung dch rn thay th138- Nu gia mt kim loi v mt kim loi khc to thnh dung dch rn th l:a-Dung dch rn thay thb-Dung dch rn xen kc-Cn phi xt n tng quan kch thcd-Khng th to thnh dung dch rn139- Nu pha mt t Al vo Cu (t chc nhn c l n pha dung dch rn) th:a- bn tng, dn in gimb- bn tng, dn in tngc- bn gim, dn in tngd- bn gim, dn in gim140-V c tnh, pha auxtenit (mng lp phng tm mt ) c c im l : a-Rt cng b-Kh bin dng do c-D bin dng do d-Rt bn 141-C c tnh, pha xmentit (FeC) c c im l :a-Rt bnb-Rt cngc-Rt mm d-Rt do

142-V c tnh, t chc peclit c c im l:a-D bin dng do b-Kh bin dng do c-C cng caod-C bn cao143- V c tnh, t chc lburit c c im l:a-C bn caob-C cng cao c-C do cao d-C dai va p cao144-Hnh 10 l t chc ca:a-Thp trc cng tchb-Thp peclit htc-Gang cud-Gang xm145-Hnh 11 l t chc ca:a-Thp cng tchb-Gang doc-Gang cud-Gang xm146-Hnh 12 l t chc ca:a-Gang cng tinhb-Gang doc-Gang cud-Gang xm147-Hnh 13 l t chc ca:a-Thp cng tchb-Gang doc-Gang cud-Gang xm148-Hnh 14 l t chc ca:a-Gang sau cng tinhb-Gang trc cnh tinhc-Gang cud-Gang xm149-Hnh 15 l t chc ca:a-Gang sau cng tinhb-Gang trc cng tinhc-Gang cud-Gang xm150-Hnh 10 l t chc ca:a-Thp trc cng tchb-Thp peclit htc-Gang cud-Gang xm151-Hnh 12 l t chc ca:a-Gang cng tinhb-Gang doc-Gang cud-Gang xm152-Hnh 13 l t chc ca:a-Thp cng tchb-Gang doc-Gang cud-Gang xm

153-Hnh 14 l t chc ca:a-Gang sau cng tinhb-Gang trc cnh tinhc-Gang cud-Gang xm154-Hnh 15 l t chc ca:a-Gang sau cng tinhb-Gang trc cng tinhc-Gang cud-Gang xm155-Hnh 16 l t chc ca:a-Gang sau cng tinhb-Gang trc cnh tinhc-Thp trc cng tchd- Thp sau cng tch

156- Hnh 17 l t chc a-peclitb-mactenxitc-lburitd-ferit157- Hnh 18 l t chc a-peclitb-mactenxitc-lburitd-ferit158- Hnh 19 l t chc a-peclit hatb-xocbitc-lburitd-ferit159-Hnh 20 l t chc ca:a-Gang sau cng tinhb-Gang trc cnh tinhc-Thp trc cng tchd-Thp sau cng tch160- Hnh 18 l t chc a-peclitb-mactenxitc-lburitd-ferit161- Khi ram thp ti, xy ra cc chuyn bin pha saua-S phn hy mactenxit tib-Auxtenit d chuyn thnh mactenxitc-To cacbit t mactenxit ti v phn hy auxtenit dd-S to thnh xmentit162- Trn hnh H03-29 nu biu chuyn bin ng nhit ca thp v cc tia nu ch ngui khi ti thp. Cho bit cc tia 1, 2 l ca cc phng php ti no :a-1 : ti 1 mi trng, 2 : ti phn cp H03-29b-1 : ti 1 mi trng, 2 : ti 2 mi trngc -1 : ti 1 mi trng, 2 : ti gin on 163- Ni mt cch tng qut th t chc nhn c sau khi ti cc hp kim (thp, hp kim mu..) l a-mactenxit + austenit db-mactenxit c-t chc ca pha khng cn bngd-t chc ca pha nhit cao164-Biu ng hc chuyn pha khi ngui ng nhit c dng:a-Hnh ch Cb-Hnh ch Sc-Hnh ch X d-Hnh ch T165-Khi ngui chm th Auxtenit trong thp cacbon chuyn thnh:a-Peclitb-Bainitc-Mactenxitd-Mactenxit ram166-T chc t vi ca Peclit tm l gm:a-Cc tm peclit song song nhaub-Cc tm ferit v xmentit xen k nhauc-Cc tm ferit v cc ht xmentitd-Cc tm xmentit v cc ht ferit167-c dim ca chuyn bin auxtenit- peclit trong thp sau cng tch l:a-To trc xmentitb-To trc feritc-To thnh xmentitd-To thnh ferit168-i vi hp kim st - cacbon, mactenxit l:a-Dung dch rn qu bo ha ca C trong Feb-Dung dch rn bo ha ca C trong Fec-Dung dch rn qu bo ha ca C trong Fed- Dung dch rn bo ha ca C trong Fe169-Mng tinh th ca mactenxit l:a-Lp phng tm mtb-Chnh phng tm mtc-Lp phng tm khid-Chnh phng tm khi170-V tr tng i ca chuyn bin auxtenitbainit so vi chuyn bin auxtenit peclit v auxtenit mactenxit: a-Ging chuyn bin auxtenit peclit b-Ging chuyn bin auxtenit mactenxit c-Trung gian gia chuyn bin auxtenit peclit v auxtenit mactenxitd-Khng c c im chung so vi 2 chuyn bin trn171-Dng biu ch C ca thp cng tch nu trn hnh H03-26 c th d on t chc nhn c khi lm ngui thp vi tc 2500C/s l : a-peclit b-bainit H03-26c-bainit + mactenxitd-mactenxit172- Dng biu ch C ca thp cng tch nu trn hnh H03-26 c th d on t chc nhn c khi lm ngui thp vi tc 0,10C/s l a-peclit b-xoocbit H03-26c-bainit d-mactenxit173- Biu ch C ca thp sau cng tch (1,13%C) nu trn hnh H03-27. Nu t chc cui cng ca thp sau ngui ng nhit 7000C a-A + X + PH03-27b-X + Pc-X + Xd-X + B174- Biu ch C ca thp (1,13%C) nu trn hnh H03-27 .Nu t chc cui cng ca thp sau ngui ng nhit 6200C :a- X + Xb-A + X + X H03-27c-X + Pd-A + X + P175- Biu ch C ca thp sau cng tch (1,13%C) nu trn hnh H03-27. Nu t chc cui cng ca thp sau khi ngui ng nhit 3000C l:a-A + X + T H03-27b-A + X + Xc-Bd-M

176- Biu ch C ca thp 40CrNi trn hnh H03-28 . Hy nu trnh t cc chuyn bin xy ra khi ngui ng nhit 6800Ca-A -- F sau A --jj Pb-A -- A + F H03-28c- A -- A + F + Pd-A -- P177- l phng php nhit luyna-Lm n nh t chc b-t c t chc cn bng vi cng thp nhtc-Kh b ng sut bn trongd-Lm nh ht178-c trng ca cng ngh l:a-Lm ngui chm cng l b-Lm ngui chm t t chc cn bngc-Gi nhit lu d-Nhit nung cao179-Dy ng ko ngui b bin cng c th lm mm do li bng:a-Nung nng n khong 700-800OC ,lm ngui trong ncb-Nung nng n khong 200oC ,lm ngui cng lc-Nung nng n khong 200OC ,lm ngui trong khng kh tnhd-Ha gi t nhin( lu trong kho)180- d gia cng ct thp mc C20 phi qua nhit luyn:a- hon ton b-Thng hac- khng hon ton d-Ti + ram cao181- d gia cng ct thp mc C40 phi qua nhit luyn:a- hon ton b-Thng ha c- khng hon ton d-Ti + ram cao182- d gia cng ct thp mc CD120 phi qua nhit luyn:a- hon ton b-Thng hac- khng hon ton d-Ti + ram cao183- Sau khi b bin dng do, thp c nung nng ti 200-3000C s c tc dng :a- Ch l gim ng sut bn trongb-Lm mt hon ton ng sut bn trongc- Lm gim cng d- Khi phc hon ton tnh do184-Nhit nung v iu kin lm ngui khi hon ton cho thp trc cng tch l:a-Nung cao hn Ac3, ngui cng lb-Nung cao hn Ac3, ngui ngai khng khc- Nung cao hn Ac1, ngui cng l d-Nung cao hn Ac1, ngui ngai khng kh185- cu ha trong thp nhm mc ch g?a-To graphit cu trong thp b-To t chc peclit ht trong thp dng c cacbonc-To t chc peclit ht trong thp trc cng tchd-To xmentit cu trong thp186-Nhit nung v iu kin lm ngui khi thng ha thp cacbon l:a- Nung cao hn Ac1, ngui ngai khng khb- Nung cao hn Ac3 hoc Acm,ngui ngai khng khc-Nung cao hn Ac3 hoc Acm, ngui cng l d-Nung thp hn Ac3 hoc Acm, ngui cng l187-c trng ca cng ngh ti thp l: sau khi nung thp ti trng thi auxtenit lm nguia-tht nhanh,cng nhanh cng ttb-trong ncc-trong dud-nhanh thch hp ty loi thp188-Dy hoc ng ng sau khi ko ngui b nung nng n 700-8000c ri lm ngui trong nc, c tnh ca ng s bin i theo chiu hng:a-t bn cao nhtb-t cng cao nhtc-t cng thp nhtd- cng c tng ln nhng khng nhiu189-Nhit ti cho mc thp CD100 l:a-6800Cb-7800Cc-8800C d-9800C190-Nhit ti cho mc thp C40 l:a-6400 Cb-7400Cc-8400C d-9400C191-Mi trng ti thch hp cho thp cacbon l:a-Ncb-Nc lnhc-Du ngui d-Du nng 192-Mi trng ti thch hp cho thp hp kim l:a-Mui nng chy b-Nc ngui c-Du nng d-Khng kh193-Ti l phng php nhit luyn t c cng v tnh chng mi mn cao cho:a-Mi thp kt cu khng ph thuc vo lng cacbonb-Mi thp kt cu khng ph thuc vo lng cacbon v nguyn t hp kimc-Mi thp dng c d-Mi thp khng g194-Ti l phng php lm tng mnh cng v tnh chng mi mn cho:a-Mi kim loi v hp kimb-Thp khng gc-Thp kt cu v thp dng cd-Thp k thut in195-Cc chi tit qua thm cacbon, dao ct, khun dp ngui c nhit luyn kt thc bng:a-Ti + ram thp b-Ti + ram trung bnhc-Ti + ram cao d-Ti b mt196-Cc chi tit cn tnh n hi cao c nhit luyn kt thc bng:a-Ti + ram thpb-Ti + ram trung bnhc-Ti + ram cao d-Ti b mt197-Phng php ti (th tch) c p dng ph bin trong nhit luyn chi tit my l:a-Ti trong mt mi trngb-Ti trong hai mi trng (nc qua du)c-Ti phn cpd-Ti ng nhit198-Tnh () thm ti l kh nng:a-t cng cao khi tib-t c lp mactenxit dy khi tic-D t c t chc mactenxit khi tid-D thm ccbon199-Thp c thm ti cao l thp:a-D t cng cao khi tib-D t cng cao,ng u trn tit din lnc-Khi ti khng cn lm ngui nhanh cng t cng caod-D thm ccbon200-Tnh () thm ti c ngha c bit quan trng i via-Thp kt cu xy dngb-Thp kt cu ch to myc-Thp khng gd-Gang bn cao vi graphit cu 201-Tnh () thm ti ca thp ph thuc ch yu vo:a-Thnh phn cacbonb-Thnh phn hp kimc- sch tp cht (P,S)d-Mc trit kh xy202-a vo thp kt cu mt lng hp kim khng qu 3-4% thng nhm mc ch l:a-Nng cao thm ti b-Nng cao cng v tnh chng mi mnc-Nng cao kh nng chu nhit d-Lm cho ht nh203- tng thm ti ngi ta thng p dng bin php:a-Nng cao lng cc nguyn t hp kim trong thpb-Lm ngui nhanh khi tic-Lm nh ht thpd-Nhit luyn trong l chn khng204-Yu t quan trng nht lm gim tc ti ti hn do lm tng thm ti l:a-Thnh phn hp kim ca thpb-Thnh phn hp kim ca auxtenit trc khi tic-Ht auxtenit nh mnd-Ti trong l chn khng205- em dy st ( qua ko ngui) i ti, cng ca dy :a- Tng lnb- Gi nguyn c- Gim id-C thay i hay khng cn ph thuc vo phng php ti em dng206- Gia cng lnh c th c p dng trong sn xuta- lnb- nhp c- trc khuud- khun dp nng207- Nung thp n 7000C ri lm ndgui trong nc, thp sa- Cng lnb- Mm ic- Gi nguyn cngd- Ty trng hp cng c th gi nguyn hay mm i208- Tnh hn ca thpa- Cng tt khi thm ti cng caob- Cng tt khi thm ti cng thpc- Khng ph thuc vo thm tid- Cng tt khi tng lng nguyn t hp kim209-Nhit nung v iu kin lm ngui khi ti thp l:a-Nung cao hn nhit ti hn, ngui nhanh hn tc ti hnb-Nung cao hn nhit ti hn, ngui rt nhanhc-Nung n nhit ti hn,ngui vi tc ti hnd-Nung n nhit ti hn,ngui rt nhanh210- Trn hnh H03-29 nu biu chuyn bin ng nhit ca thp v cc tia nu ch ngui trong cc phng php ti khc nhau. Cho bit cc tia 3, 4 l ca cc phng php ti no :a-3 = ti phn cp, 4 = ti gin on H03-29 b-3 = ti gin an, 4 = ti ng nhitc-3 = ti phn cp, 4 = ti ng nhitd-3 = ti gin on, 4 = ti phn cp211-i vi thp kt cu c cacbon trung bnh, s kt hp tt nht gia gii hn chy v dai va p cao t c bng:a-Ti + ram thp b-Ti + ram trung bnhc-Ti + ram cao d-Ti b mt212-i vi thp kt cu c cacbon trung bnh s kt hp tt gia c tnh tng hp cao v chng mi mn tt ch t c bng:a-Ti + ram thpb-Thm cacbonc-Ti + ram caod-Ti + ram cao + ti b mt213- Theo cc yu cu no th ram thp nhit thp (1502500C )a- cng l ch yub- bn l ch yuc-va cng va dod-va bn va do214- c tnh ni bt ca thp khi ram nhit trung bnh (350 4500C) l :a- bn caob-tnh n hi caoc- cng caod- cng v bn cao215- c tnh ni bt ca thp khi ram cao (hn 5000C) l :a- cng v tnh n hi caob- cng v do caoc- bn kt hp vi do caod-d gia cng bin dng216-Khi ram thp , quy lut thay i c bn c tnh theo nhit nh sau :a- cng gim, bn tng, do tngb- cng tng, bn tng, do gimc- cng gim, bn gim, do tngd- cng tng, bn gim, do tng217-Thot ccbon khi nung nng trong qa trnh ti s lm thp a-Tr nn ginb-Khng t c cng cao nhtc-Gim bng b mtd-Kh gia cng ct 218-p dng nung nng trong chn khng khi ti l a-Kh kh, nng cao cht lng thp cho thnh phm b-b-Lm cho thnh phm t bng cao, cng cao c-Lm cho thnh phm t cng caom khng b gind-Gim bin dng cong vnh cho thnh phm219-Ti cm ng l phng php c hiu qu nng cao kh nng lm vic ca:a-Bnh rng b-Nhp, l xoc- ln d-Dao ct220-Thm cacbon l phng php c hiu qu nng cao kh nng lm vic ca:a-Bnh rng b-Nhp, l xoc- ln d-Dao ct221-Bnh rng l chi tit quan trng trong c cu truyn lc thng c ch to bng thp hp kim thp. Hy chn lng cacbon thch hp cng phng php nhit luyn:a-0,10-0,25%C, thm cacbonb-0,30-0,50%C, thm cacbonc-0,55-0,65%C, ti b mtd-0,70%C, ti b mt222-Chn phng n vt liunhit luyn ch to cc bnh rng thng kt hp tt cc ch tiu kinh t k thut: a-Thp cacbon thp qua thm cacbonb-Thp cacbon trung bnh qua thm cacbonc-Thp cacbon thp qua ti b mtd-thp cacbon trung bnh qua ti b mt223-Phng php ti b mt c p dng ph bin trong ch to my l:a-Ti cm ng b-Ti ngn la c-Ti tip xc d-Ti in phn224-Thp tt nht lm cc chi tit my qua ti b mt l:a-Thp cacbon thp, khng hp kim hab-Thp cacbon thp, hp kim ha thpc-Thp cacbon trung bnh, hp kim ha thpd-Thp cacbon tng i cao, hp kim ha thp225-Thp tt nht lm cc chi tit my qua thm cc bon l a-thp cc bon thp khng hp kim ho b-thp cc bon thp, hp kim ha thpc-thp cc bon trung bnh, hp kim ha thp d-thp cc bon trung bnh, khng hp kim ha 226-So vi lp thm cc bon, lp thm cc bonnit th kh ca- cng v tnh chng mi mn u cao hn hn b- cng tng ng song tnh chng mi mn cao hnc- cng v tnh chng mi mn tng ng d- cng v tnh chng mi mn tuy u cao hn nhng d bong , trc227-u im ca thm cc bonni t th kh so vi thm ccbon l:a-C tnh chng mi mn cao hnb-C tnh chng mi mn cao hn v thi gian thm ngn hnc- C tnh chng mi mn cao hn,nhit thm thp hn v thi gian thm ngn hnd-C tnh chng mi mn cao hn v nhit thm thp hn228-So vi cc dng thm cc bon khc, thm ccbon th kh c u im l:a-Tc thm nhanh nht,thi gian thm ngn nhtb-D tin hnh nht do thit b n ginc-iu chnh c nng ccbon hp l cho lp thmd-t ht nh nht229- Ti b mt cng nh thm cacbon ngoi nng cao cng b mt v tnh chng mi mn ra cn c tc dng : a-nng cao sc bn mib- nng cao tnh chng n mn in hac- nng cao tnh chng xy ha nhit cao d- nng cao tnh cng nng230- Ni dung c bn ca ha nhit luyn l g :a-nhit luyn c s dng cc ha chtb-x l ha kt hp vi nhit luync-nhit luyn c km theo thay i thnh phn ha hc lp b mtd- nhit luyn c km theo thay i thnh phn ha hc ca vt liu231- c im v c tnh ca chi tit sau khi thm cacbon v ti + ram l :a-lp b mt c bn, cng cao, trong li vn dob- cng v bn cao cho c chi titc-lp b mt c cng caod-ton chi tit c bn cao 232- Chi tit thm cacbon thng c ch to t loi thp c nng cacbon l bao nhiu v khi thm C trn b mt tt nht l :a-thp 0,4 - 0,6%C, thm tng ln 1,2 - 1,4%Cb-thp 0,1 - 0,3%C, thm tng ln 0,8 - 1,0%Cc-thp 0,4 - 0,6%C, thm tng ln 1,4 - 1,6%Cd-thp 0,1 - 0,3%C, thm tng ln 1,0 - 1,2%C233- Tin hnh nhit luyn nh th no chi tit kch thc ln c c tnh tt nht sau khi thm cacbon :a-ti 1 ln + ramb-ti 2 ln + ramc- + nung ti 2 ln + ramd- + nung ti 2 ln234- c im ni bt ca thm nit so vi thm cacbon l:a-nhit thm thp hn, chiu dy lp thm mng hnb-nhit thm thp hn, chiu dy lp thm cao hnc-nhit thm cao hn, chiu dy lp thm cao hnd-nhit thm cao hn, chiu dy lp thm mng hn235- Phng php thm cacbon ph bin nht trn th gii hin nay la-Th rnb-Th lngc-Th kh d-Th hi236- Mc ch ch yu ca thm nit l:a-Tng cng ca chi titb-Tng bn ca chi titc-Tng cng v tnh chng mi mn ca lp b mtd-Tng cng v do237- Khang nhit thm cacbon thng dng l :a-95010000Cb-9009500C c-8509000C d-8008500C238-Thp l dp ngui (dp su)phi l loi thp:a-Si, ccbon thp, khng hp kim hab-Lng, ccbon thp, khng hp kim hac-Na lng, cacbon thp, khng hp kim ha d-Lng, cacbon thp, hp kim ha239- P,S l cc nguyn t c hi cho thp, phi hn ch v:a-P lm thp dn ngui, S lm thp dn nngb-P,S u lm thp dn nngc-P lm thp dn nng, S lm thp dn ngui d-P,S u lm thp dn ngui240- Chn vt liu dp su trong cc mc thp sau:a-C8sb-CT38sc-C20sd-C20241-S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc gia thp si v thp lng l thnh phn:a-Cacbonb-Manganc-Silicd-Tp cht c hi242-S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc gia thp si v thp lng l :a-Phng php luyn thpb-Phng php kh xyc-Mc kh trit xyd-Mc kh trit cc tp cht c hi243-Xc nh thp si trong cc thnh phn sau:CSiMn CrPmaxSmaxa- 0,05-0,12 feritc-V b Gang xm peclit > gang xm ferit-pclit > ferit v % Gang xm ferit > gang xm ferit-pclit > pclitd-V b Gang xm peclit > gang xm ferit-pclit > ferit v % Cc gang u nh nhau375-T gang trng khi tng tng lng C + Si s ln lt nhn ca- Gang xm ferit gang xm ferit-peclit gang xm peclitb- Gang xm ferit-peclit gang xm ferit gang xm peclitc- Gang xm ferit gang xm peclit gang xm ferit- peclitd- Gang xm peclit gang xm ferit-peclit gang xm ferit376-Khi c gang xm nu lm ngui nhanh gang thng b cng l do:a-Gang b ti thnh mactenxitb-Gang b ti thnh trxtit hay bainitc-Gang to thnh nhiu cacbit (xmentit )d-Cha nhiu ng sut d377- nhn c gang xm c gii hn bn ko cao nht ,cn phi liu:a-(C+Si) thp, khang