trabajo de planeamiento administrativo: la panaderia

5/10/2018 Trabajo de planeamiento administrativo: La Panaderia - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/trabajo-de-planeamiento-administrativo-la-panaderia 1/68

CIMRDVIF FB MKBHMKI] BMJHÝNKMI] [ BN\_B]I_KIDB]

\IHIFB_KI [ \I]VBDB_ÎI

Khvberihvb}7 Fbd Éekdi Eirmîi$ DkhfiHi}mknbhvj ]ioj{i$ Nýhkmi_i{j Midfbrýh$ Dk}Sirei} Sidfkski$ \ivrkmki

\rjcb}jr 7 Nie( Bmj( Ukd}jh Vjrrb}Fîiw

\DIHBINKBHVJ IFNKHK]V_IVKSJ

]rmj$ 96 fb Jmvrob ?<99

http://www.urp.edu.pe/urp/portal/principal.php

http://www.urp.edu.pe/urp/portal/principal.php



KHFKMB

KHV_JFRMMKÝH((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=FBCKHKMKJHB] ]JO_B BD HBEJMKJ FB \IHIFB_KI((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6Fbckhkmkýh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6Vk|j fb Hbejmkj (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6=( Crhmkjhb} fb di Bn|b}i ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((26( Mjnj mrn|dk mjh di} crhmkjhb} ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;

CIMVJ_ BMJHJNKMJ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((93CIMVJ_ \JDKVKMJ DBEID((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((93CIMVJ_ VBMHJDJEKMJ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((95CIMVJ_ MRDVR_ID(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((95MJN\BVKFJ_B] FBD ]BMVJ_(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((90

BN\_B]I] HRBSI](((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((9;\_JFRMVJ] ]R]VKVRVJ]((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((9;\_JSBBFJ_B]((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((?<MRIF_J \I_I DI BDIOJ_IMKJH FB DI NK]KJH FB DI BN\_B]I((((((((((((((((((((((?3MRIF_J FB MJNI\I_MKÝH FB DI NK]KÝH$ SIDJ_B] MBHV_IDB] [CKDJ]JCKI((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((?0MJH]V_RMMKÝH FB DI SK]KÝH FB DI BN\_B]I(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=9MJH]V_RMMKJH FBD JOGBVKSJ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((==Jogbvksj ]kn|db ?(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=6Jogbvksj ]kn|db =(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=2Jogbvksj Mjn|dbgj((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=3

\DIHBIMKJH HJ_NIVKSI((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=599( B]V_IVBEKI] FB OÉ]KMI]$ EBHË_KMI] [ B]V_IVBEKI] FB NI_ABVKHEBH OI]B ID JOGBVKSJ \DIHVBIFJ( (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=0

99( 9( B]V_IVBEKI] MJN\BVKVKSI] OÉ]KMI] \J_ MIFI RHI FB DI]NBHMKJHB] \I_I MIFI RHI FB DI] MKHMJ CRB_WI]+(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6<99( ?( B]V_IVBEKI] MJN\BVKVKSI] EBHË_KMI]((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6599( =( B]V_IVBEKI] FB DI NIV_KW FB IH]JCC(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((65B}vivbeki} fb di Nivkw CJFI ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6;99( 2( B}vivbeki} fb di nivkw fb \B[BI(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2<

NIV_KW FB \B[BI(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2999( 3 B}vivbeki} fb di Nivkw OME7 bh oi}b i dj jovbhkfj bh di Nivkw Mjn|bvkvksiEbhëkmi$ fb i`î }b |j{bmvih 6 RBH(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2=

Dk}vifj fb vjfi} di} b}vivbeki} fb}ijddifi} bh mifi rhi fb di} nivkmb}(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((22\j|rb}vi { }bdbmmkýh fb 2 b}vivbeki} jovbhkfi} fbd dk}vifj((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2096( Jeihkeini(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2;92( Fkieini fb cdrgj7 fb rhj fb dj} |jmb}j} fb di bn|b}i mjh }r b}|bmvksj vkvrdj {bp|dkmimkýh fbd |jmbfknkbhvj( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((3<93( Niddi EIHVV$ Mivi EIHVV { di rvi mkvkmi }job di |dihkckmimkýh fb rhi fb di}imvkskfifb} fb di bn|b}i((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((3295( Éojd fb fbmk}kjhb} }job rhi imvkskfif((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((35OKODKJE_ICÎI((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((30

?



KHV_JFRMMKÝH

\jr nbfkj fb b}vb vrioigj fb |dihbinkbhvj ifnkhk}vrivksj }b ykbrb fir i mjhjmbr dj} |hvj} |jr dj} midb} }b mrbb yb b}vi kfbi fb hbejmkj$ oi}ifi bh di mrbimkýh fbhi bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri b} skiodb$ fihfj i mjhjmbr }} fbokdkfifb} { cjrvidbwi} fbdj} |rjfmvj} rbidkwifj} i oi}b fb `irkhi(

I |b}ir fb di }kvimkýh bmjhýnkmi yb si ivrisb}ihfj bd |iî}$ bd rorj fb |ihifbrîisi bh mrbmknkbhvj$ fbokfj i yb bd |ih b} h |rjfmvj fb fbnihfi mrbmkbhvb( Bd|dih b} h idknbhvj fb |rknbri hbmb}kfif bh di mihi}vi cinkdkir( Dj} mdkbhvb}|jvbhmkidb} fb b}vb hbejmkj }jh cinkdki}$ ini} fb mi}i$ b}vfkihvb} { vrioigifjrb}(

Bh mihvj id |÷odkmj jogbvksj fbd hbejmkj$ bd nbrmifj |jvbhmkid b} di |jodimkýh ybrb}kfb bh di} erihfb} hkfifb} sbmkhidb} { bhvkfifb} |rksifi} okmifi} bh bd fk}vrkvjfb Gb}÷} Nirîi(

B}vb nbrmifj |jvbhmkid i morkr$ hbmb}kvi }br ivbhfkfj mjh |rjfmvj} fbrksifj} fb dikhf}vrki |ihkckmifjri$ hjsbfj}j} mjh idvi midkfif hvrkmkjhid yb }ivk}ciei }}bp|bmvivksi} { di bn|rb}i yb b}vinj} mrbihfj si icrjhvir bd fb}icîj o}mihfjidvbrhivksi} ý|vkni}$ mbhvrifi} bh bd mdkbhvb { }jorb vjfj bh di} |br}jhi} ybvrioigih bh di bn|rb}i(

Bh bd b}vfkj rbidkwifj$ }b nj}vriréh fksbr}j} i}|bmvj} mjnj ihédk}k} fb dimjn|bvbhmki$ cimvjrb} bmjhýnkmj}$ |jdîvkmj} { mdvridb}$ bvm(

Di khkmkivksi bn|rb}irkid b} h |rj{bmvj bn|rb}irkid { mjh b}vb |rjerini fbkhsb}vkeimkýh$ }b |rbvbhfb nj}vrir$ yb bh bd énokvj fb khsb}vkeimkýh$ }b `i mrbifjhi hbmb}kfif fb fb}irrjddir hi bn|rb}i$ di mid mn|dbh mjh di} hbmb}kfifb} fbh |÷odkmj$ yb }|dkré }} hbmb}kfifb} |jr h mýnjfj |rbmkj(

=

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos34/el-trabajo/el-trabajo.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/empre/empre.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos12/pmbok/pmbok.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/Computacion/Programacion/

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/norma/norma.shtml


http://www.monografias.com/trabajos16/fijacion-precios/fijacion-precios.shtml#ANTECED

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos34/el-trabajo/el-trabajo.shtml


http://www.monografias.com/trabajos12/pmbok/pmbok.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/Computacion/Programacion/

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/norma/norma.shtml


http://www.monografias.com/trabajos16/fijacion-precios/fijacion-precios.shtml#ANTECED



KHFR]V_KI \IHKCKMIFJ_I ](I(M(HJNO_B MJNB_MKID7 \IHIFB_KI [ \I]VBDB_KI ](I(M

FBCKHKMKJH7 DI \IHIFB_KI [ \I]VBDB_KI ](I(M$ b} hi bn|rb}i mjh|br}jhbrîi grîfkmi fb mirémvbr |rksifj$ mjh _RM( H· 9<935<02356( ]kbhfj }|rkhmk|id jogbvksj7 \rjfmkr $ mjnbrmkidkwir { fk}vrkokr |rjfmvj} bdiojrifj} |jr dikhf}vrki |ihkckmifjri( M{i khf}vrki }b bhmbhvri bh bd Fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi$\rjskhmki { fb|irvinbhvj fb Dkni(

FBCKHKMKJHB] ]JO_B BD HBEJMKJ FB \IHIFB_KI

FbckhkmkýhB}viodbmknkbhvj j deir fjhfb }b ìmb j sbhfb bd |ih( Bd deir bh bd yb h|ihifbrj bgbrmb } jckmkj }b ddini |ihifbrîi( Rh |ihifbrj b} idekbh yb }b fbfkmi|rkhmk|idnbhvb i |rb|irir { sbhfbr |ih( Vinokëh |bfb ciorkmir |i}vbdb} {idknbhvj} |irbmkfj}$ fifj yb di }b|irimkýh vrifkmkjhid bpk}vbhvb bhvrb |ihifbrj} {|i}vbdbrj} }b ì fkcnkhifj bh di} ÷dvkni} fëmifi}(

Di rb|j}vbrîi$ mjhckvbrîi j |i}vbdbrîi b} bd irvb fb |rb|irir j fbmjrir |i}vbdb} jvrj}|j}vrb} fdmb} mjnj okwmjm`j}$ virvi} j vjrvi}( Vinokëh }b mjhjmb mjnj/rb|j}vbrîi/$ /mjhckvbrîi/ j /|i}vbdbrîi/ i h b}viodbmknkbhvj fjhfb }b sbhfbh fkm`j}

|j}vrb}(Khf}vrki fb di |ihkckmimkýh { dj} fbrksifj} yb fb bddi }b jovkbhbh( Di |rjfmmkýhb}vé jrkbhvifj i di bdiojrimkýh fb \I]VBDB_KI CKHI bh }} fkcbrbhvb}|rb}bhvimkjhb}$ mjh}kfbrihfj yb b}vb vk|j fb |i}vbdbrîi b} fb nbgjr imioifj ybdi} vrifkmkjhidb}(

Vk|j fb HbejmkjDi |ihifbrîi b} hi bn|rb}i fb |rjfmmkýh { sbhvi1 }b |rj{bmvi mjnj hikhf}vrki |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di} hbmb}kfifb} fbd mjh}nj fb |ih { jvrj}

|rjfmvj} fbrksifj} fb di ìrkhi fb vrkej |iri di wjhi fb di _b}kfbhmkid ]ih Cbdk|b {}} fk}vrkvj} sbmkhj}(

Bd |ih { dj} |rjfmvj} fbrksifj} fb di ìrkhi$ fbokfj i di mrk}k} bmjhýnkmi$ id idwiebhbrid fb |rbmkj}$ }bekré i÷h }kbhfj h |rjfmvj mjh hi fbnihfi mrbmkbhvb$ {iyb bd mjh}nj fb b}vb |rjfmvj né} yb hi njfi fb vbn|jrifi b} h `éokvj|iri di} cinkdki} fjhfb }b fb}irrjddi bd hbejmkj(

Bd |ih { } b}|bmkid sirkbfif$ |jr dj} b}vfkj} rbidkwifj} bh di wjhi$ vkbhb mjh}njkn|jrvihvb |jr di} niùihi} { dj} |rjfmvj} yb imjn|iùih id nk}nj ddénb}bbnovkfj} jvrj} dj} nk}nj} yb jcrbmbnj} bh hb}vrj hbejmkj {i yb bd jogbvksj

6



b} yb bd mdkbhvb mjh}nkfjr bhmbhvrb bh h }jdj deir mifi hi bh di fksk}kýhmjrrb}|jhfkbhvb vjfj dj yb hbmb}kvi |iri } mjh}nj fkirkj(

=( Chmkjhb} fb di Bn|rb}i

9( \_JFRMMKJH

9(9(. B}|bmkckmimkjhb} |rjmb}j |rjfmvksj fb midkfif

9(9(9 _bmb|mkýh fb di nivbrki |rkni

Bh b}vb |hvj }b nihvbhfré vjvid mkfifj$ |b} di nivbrki |rkni ìrkhi+ |rkhmk|idkh}nj fb hb}vrj |rjfmvj$ hj |jfré vbhbr mjhvimvj fkrbmvj mjh bd inokbhvb( B}fbmkr$ bh bd |rjmb}j fb fb}mireb$ dj} }imj} ìrkhbrj} hj |jfréh rjn|br}b$ i}îbdknkhirbnj} di i|irkmkýh fb rivjhb} { |jdkddi} bh hb}vri ojfbei fbidnimbhinkbhvj hk nbhj} i yb di ìrkhi }b `nbfbwmi(

9(9(? _bsk}kýh { mjhvrjd

Id rbvkrir dj} }imj} ìrkhbrj} fb hb}vri} ojfbei}$ |iri khkmkir mjh bd |rjmb}j|rjfmvksj$ b} hbmb}irkj yb }b }|brsk}bh dj} }imj} fb nihbri yb hkhehj }bìddi rjvj { i|jdkddifj(

Id iorkrdj b} vjvidnbhvb hbmb}irkj$ yb }b ìei mjh erih mkfifj$ fb cjrni yb hjybfb idehi `kdimì fbd vbgkfj fbd }imj bh di ìrkhi$ |b} ë}vi cémkdnbhvb |jfrîibhvrir bh di} ci}b} }kekbhvb} fbd |rjmb}j { i|irbmbr bh bd |rjfmvj ckhid(

9(9(= \rjmb}j fb nbwmdifj

Bh b}vi bvi|i$ di ìrkhi b} simkifi fbhvrj fb hi niykhi rbsjdsbfjri$ di mihvkfiffb|bhfbré fb dj} hksbdb} fb |rjfmmkýh idmihwifj}( Hjrnidnbhvb ë}vi néykhi b}mi|iw fb mjhvbhbr h ykhvid$ b} fbmkr h }imj j 0< ae fb ìrkhi(

Bh b}vi ci}b }b db ierbei bd iei { dj} fbné} ifkvksj} }id$ dbsifri$ eri}i+ bh }|rj|jrmkýh g}vi( \iri h ykhvid di |rj|jrmkýh fb dj} ifkvksj} b} di }kekbhvb7

¾ ae fb }id$ 9 ae fb eri}i { 9 ¾ |ih fb dbsifri(

Di mihvkfif fb iei yb }b db if`kbrb rb|rb}bhvi h 2< i 3<" fbd vjvid fb ìrkhisimkifi( Vjfj} b}vj} kh}nj} }jh rbsbdvj} i sbdjmkfif mjh}vihvb ì}vi yb dini}i ifykbri hi mjh}k}vbhmki |i}vj}i(

9(9(6 \rjmb}j fb nbwmdifj { b}vkrifj(

Bh b}vi ci}b$ }b ìmb |i}ir di ni}i |jr hi niykhi i|dihifjri$ fb nihbri vid$yb di ni}i |bfi }br b}vkrifi { idmihmb h erj}jr |iri bd mjrvb i|rj|kifj( Bh b}vibvi|i fbd |rjmb}j bd nib}vrj |ihifbrj fbob iùifkr ìrkhi mrfi i di ni}i { i dj}rjfkddj} fb di néykhi fb nihbri$ yb di ni}i hj }b |beb bh bddj}( Rhi sbwb}vkrifi di ni}i b}vi }b fbob vjnir mjh vid mkfifj |iri |j}vbrkjrnbhvb fbgirdi}jorb bd nb}ýh bh bd mid }b ìré bd mjrvifj(

2



9(9(2 \rjmb}j fb mjrvb

Bd |rjmb}j fb mjrvb }b `imb }jorb h nb}ýh fb nifbri dkn|kj { bh bpmbdbhvb}mjhfkmkjhb}(

Bd mjrvb }b rbidkwi mjh hj} njdfb} nbvédkmj}( Bd nib}vrj |ihifbrj }jdj vkbhb ybmireir j ejd|bir rb}|bmvksj njdfb }jorb di ni}i( Di sbdjmkfif fb mjrvb fb|bhfbréfb di bp|brkbhmki yb vbhei fkm`j nib}vrj(

9(3 \rjmb}j fb mjmmkýh

Bh b}vi bvi|i di} oihfbgi} ddbhi} }jh fb|j}kvifi} bh h `jrhj i hi vbn|brivrifb ??<¼ M( Bh bd mi}j fbd |ih crihmë} di vbn|brivri fbob }br fb 90<¼ M( Bd |rjmb}jfb mjmmkýh b} fbd jrfbh fb dj} 9= i 92 nkhvj}(

B} kn|jrvihvb }bùidir yb bpk}vbh sirkbfifb} bh `jrhj}$ yb b} h `jrhj i dbùi$ bd

`jrhj i ei} { `jrhj bdëmvrkmj rb}|bmvksinbhvb(

Bd fb nbgjr midkfif { bd yb }inj} b} bd yb mjnbrmkidkwi di bn|rb}i HJSI(

9(9(5 @kekbhb { }berkfif bh bd |rjmb}j(

Hb}vrj} |rjfmvj} b}viréh bdiojrifj} mjh kh}nj} fb midkfif$ dj} nk}nj} yb

mn|dkréh mjh vjfj} dj} rbyk}kvj} }ihkvirkj}( Vjfj} hb}vrj} vrioigifjrb} b}viréh

mn|dkbhfj di} hjrni} }ihkvirki}$ |iri dj mid mjhvirih mjh }} rb}|bmvksj}

hkcjrnb}$ ifbné} rbmkokréh m`irdi} { }bréh mi|imkvifj} mjh}vihvbnbhvb$ mjh dickhidkfif fb jcrbmbr |rjfmvj} fb midkfif i vjfj} hb}vrj} |jvbhmkidb} mdkbhvb}( Bh

hb}vri} fkcbrbhvb} dîhbi} fb hbejmkj b}virbnj} mn|dkbhfj mjh di} hjrnivksi} fb

`kekbhb$ }idf { }berkfif( J|brirbnj} }kbn|rb oigj di rb}|bmvksi Hjrni ]ihkvirki

|iri di Ciorkmimkýh$ Bdiojrimkýh { Bp|bhfkj fb \rjfmvj} fb \ihkckmimkýh$ Eiddbvbrîi

{ \i}vbdbrîi _N H¼ 9<?<.?<9<*NKH]I( Fkrbmmkýh Ebhbrid fb ]idf Inokbhvid+

Nkhk}vbrkj fb ]idf1 rb}idvihfj dj mkvifj bh dj} }kekbhvb} |hvj} fb di |rb}bhvb

Hjrni7

—2(?( Fb dj} |rkhmk|kj} ebhbridb} fb `kekbhb

  Dj} b}viodbmknkbhvj} |iri i}berir di midkfif }ihkvirki b khjmkfif fb dj}

|rjfmvj}$ fbobh mn|dkr mjh dj} |rkhmk|kj} b}bhmkidb} fb `kekbhb$ yb

mjn|rbhfbh7

3



  Di} Obhi} \rémvkmi} fb Nihcimvri O\N+ i|dkmifi} bh vjfj bd |rjmb}j

|rjfmvksj `i}vi bd bp|bhfkj$ khmd{bhfj dj} rbyk}kvj} }ihkvirkj} fb dj}

nihk|difjrb}(

  Dj} \rjerini} fb @kekbhb { ]ihbinkbhvj \@]+ i|dkmifj} id b}viodbmknkbhvj

bh ebhbrid$ i dj} djmidb}$

  byk|j}$ vbh}kdkj} { }|brckmkb}(

  Di} |ihifbrîi} { |i}vbdbrîi} b}véh jodkeifi} i mn|dkr { fjmnbhvir di

i|dkmimkýh fb di} O\N { fb dj} \@] fk}|b}vj} bh di |rb}bhvb hjrni

}ihkvirki$ { rbidkwir mjhvrjdb} |iri } sbrkckmimkýh |jr dj nbhj} mifi 3 nb}b}(

Di i|dkmimkýh fb dj} |rjerini} }bréh }|brsk}ifj} |jr di ivjrkfif }ihkvirki

mjn|bvbhvb bh di kh}|bmmkýh }ihkvirki(

  2(=( Fbd chmkjhinkbhvj fb dj} b}viodbmknkbhvj}

Bd chmkjhinkbhvj fb di} |ihifbrîi} { |i}vbdbrîi} }b }gbviré id mn|dknkbhvjfb di |rb}bhvb hjrni }ihkvirki mjh bd |rj|ý}kvj fb i}berir yb b}vj}|rjfmvj} fb mjh}nj ni}ksj$ }b bp|bhfih mjh midkfif }ihkvirki { }bihkhjmj} |iri di |jodimkýh(„

9(0 R}j fbd `jrhj

@jhj} jvivksj}7 ]jh `jrhj} bdëmvrkmj} {*j i ei}$ bh b}vj} `jrhj} bd midjr }bfk}vrko{b i vrisë} fb h sbhvkdifjr khvbrhj( Bd |ih }b mjmkhi bh oihfbgi} yb ekrihfrihvb di mjmmkýh( B}vj} `jrhj} |j}bbh h fk}|j}kvksj yb kh{bmvi bd si|jr hbmb}irkj(

Vbn|bivri fbd @jhj(. Sirîi }be÷h bd |b}j { di cjrni fb di} |kbwi}( Divbn|brivri |iri mjmkhir |ihb} |bybùj} fbob }br né} bdbsifi yb iybddi yb }brbykbrb |iri mjmkhir dj} |ihb} erihfb}( ]k bd `jrhj }b bhmbhvri fbni}kifjmidkbhvb$ di} |kbwi} erihfb} }b irrboivih { |jr bd mjhvrirkj$ }k bd `jrhj }b bhmbhvrii hi vbn|brivri né} oigi$ di} |kbwi} |bybùi} virfih bh mjmkhir}b { }b }bmihfbni}kifj(

Vbn|brivri bh ·M Vk|j fb midjr I|dkmimkjhb}

93< ” 90< Njfbrifj\kbwi} erihfb}$ eiddbvi}$

|ih fdmb$ ni}i} fdmb}(?<< ” ??< Midkbhvb \kbwi} m`kmi} |ihb} fb

5



cihvi}îi+$ cimvri}$ |ih fbSkbhi(

?=< ” ?2< N{ midkbhvb @jgidfrb(

9(9(; Vrhj} Nib}vrj} \ihifbrj}

Dj} nib}vrj} \ihifbrj} kherb}irih id }idýh fb |rjfmmkýh i di} =7<< in( B}vj}|jfréh rbedir di vbn|brivri fbd `jrhj nbfkihvb hi mjn|brvi fb bhvrifi { }idkfifb ikrb(

Bd |rknbr vrhj fb vrioigifjrb} diojriré `i}vi di} 37<< i(n($ bh b}vi} vrb} `jri} fbvrioigj dj} nib}vrj} vbhfréh yb }br mi|imb} fb |rjfmkr 6 ykhvidb}$ dj} midb}}bréh sbhfkfj} bh bd vrih}mr}j fb di niùihi(

I di} =(<< |n fb di virfb kherb}iré bd }behfj vrhj fb nib}vrj} |ihifbrj} |iri di}idkfi fbd |rjfmvj fbd `jrirkj fb di virfb 2(<< |n( B} kn|jrvihvb }bùidir yb mifivrhj$ b}vé mjn|b}vj |jr ? nib}vrj}( Bd }behfj vrhj vrioigiri `i}vi di} 907<<`r}($ bh b}vb `jrirkj vbhfré yb |rjfmkr dj} 6 ykhvidb} }kekbhvb} dj} yb }bréhmjnbrmkidkwifj} frihvb di virfb(

SBHVI]

Di \ihifbrîi$ \i}vbdbrîi { Micbvbrîi jcrbmb i } fk}vkhekfj |÷odkmj jogbvksj =}brskmkj} fb midkfif bh h }jdj deir$ |iri } mjnjfkfif { fbdbkvb( \jr b}j nk}nj

mn|db mjh di} }kekbhvb} chmkjhb}7. Mjhvrkokr bh di idknbhvimkýh fb di ebhvb yb sksb bh bd deir fb okmimkýh {

fk}vrkvj} idbfiùj}$ mjh hi fksbr}kfif fb |rjfmvj} fb bpmbdbhvb midkfifhvrkmkjhid sirkbfif { fb bpyk}kvj e}vj(

. Mjhvrkokr i di ebhbrimkýh fb |b}vj} fb vrioigj$ fkrbmvi b khfkrbmvinbhvb$ i|irvkr fb di kh}brmkýh fb di bn|rb}i bh bd nbrmifj(

. Mjh}jdkfir}b mjnj dîfbr bh di khf}vrki fb bdiojrimkýh fb \IHIFB_KI$\I]VBDB_KI CKHI [ MICË(

  Jovbhbr di rbhviokdkfif ifbmifi yb mjn|bh}b bd b}cbrwj rbidkwifj |jr di

fkrbmmkýh fb di bn|rb}i(  ]br hi fb di} nbgjrb} bn|rb}i} yb jcrbmbh }} |rjfmvj} mjh hisirkbfif fb }brskmkj} mjn|dbnbhvirkj} { mjh mirimvbrî}vkmi} }knkdirb}$ b}vj}}jh Micbvbrîi$ \ihifbrîi$ @bdifbrîi}$ ]brskmkj} Fbdksbr{$ sbhvi} |jr Khvbrhbv(

  Mjhvir mjh |rjsbbfjrb} fb ý|vkni midkfif$ }brkbfif { |rb}vkekj {i yb bddj}hj} |rjsbbh fb dj} kh}nj} |iri hb}vri |rjfmmkýh(

0



6( Mjnj mn|dkr mjh di} chmkjhb} \_JFRMMKJH(. Id }br h |rjfmvj fb |rknbri hbmb}kfif$ bdiojrifj mjh di}nbgjrb} hjrni} fb midkfif b `kekbhb yb ìréh yb dj} mjh}nkfjrb} |rbckbrihhb}vrj |rjfmvj(\jhkbhfj bh |rémvkmi dj} }kekbhvb} |hvj} |iri bd fb}irrjddj fb hb}vri} chmkjhb}7

]idf { Midkfif7 ]br h |rjfmvj fb |rknbri hbmb}kfif$ bdiojrifj mjh di} nbgjrb}hjrni} fb midkfif b `kekbhb yb ìréh yb dj} mjh}nkfjrb} |rbckbrih hb}vrj|rjfmvj( Bh hb}vri} fkcbrbhvb} dîhbi} fb hbejmkj { }berkfif( ]b fbob mn|dkr dihjrnivksi skebhvb fb }berkfif b `kekbhb bh bd vrioigj$ yb rbedi7 |brvi} fbbnbrebhmki$ mjdjmimkýh fb bpvkhvjrb} fb cbej$ disifbrj} mjh gioýh dîykfj { vjiddi}fb h }jdj }j |i|bd vjiddi+$ }k}vbni} bpvrimvjrb} fb `nj}$ kdnkhimkýh$ }nkhk}vrjfb iei mjrrkbhvb |jviodb

Midkfif fb ]brskmkj7 @i{ |jdîvkmi} vidb} mjnj di |rb}vimkýh fbd nbgjr }brskmkj |j}kodb$

{ b}vj }b mjh}keb b}|bmkidkwihfj i dj} bn|dbifj}$ ddbsihfj fkrbmvinbhvb imjn|bvkr fb di nbgjr cjrni bh bd nbrmifj(

Di Mjn|bvkvkskfif7 B}vir i di siheirfki fbd nbrmifj { fb b}vi cjrni }ivk}cimbr di}hbmb}kfifb} { bp|bmvivksi} fbd mdkbhvb$ jcrbmkëhfjdb }kbn|rb né} fb dj yb b}|bri$féhfjdb} }kbn|rb h sidjr ierbeifj i hb}vrj} |rjfmvj} { }brskmkj(

Di \hvidkfif7 B}viodbmb `jrirkj} fb ivbhmkýh id |÷odkmj bh dj} fkcbrbhvb} }brskmkj}yb }b orkhfih { mn|dkr mjh di} rb}|bmvksi} jodkeimkjhb}( Vbhkbhfj bh mbhvi}kbn|rb di hbmb}kfif { ìokvidkfif fb hb}vrj} rbmjhjmkfj} mjh}nkfjrb} {i ybbh b}vb vk|j fb hbejmkj bd vkbn|j b} n{ kn|jrvihvb(

Fksk}kýh fb vrioigj7 Nihvbhbr h }k}vbni fb rjdb} fbhvrj fb di jreihkwimkýh$ ddbsihfji}î i mn|dkr b khmjr|jrir jogbvksj}$ vinokëh vbhkbhfj mdirj dj yb }b si i fb}irrjddir mjnj dj} fbobrb} { imvkskfifb}$ b} kn|jrvihvb i}kehir bh mifi dîhbi fbd hbejmkj jfksk}kýh h }|brsk}jr j gbcb fb er|j yb }krsi mjnj ivjrkfif |iri }|brsk}ir djyb }b b}vé fb}irrjddihfj { |rjfmkbhfj(

]bhvkfj fb |brvbhbhmki { mjn|rjnk}j7 Mn|dkr h |i|bd fb rb}|jh}iokdkfif$

`jhb}vkfif$ rb}|bvj { mn|dknkbhvj mjh di bn|rb}i( Mjhvihfj mjh h |br}jhididvinbhvb midkckmifj |brj }jorb vjfj mjn|rjnk}j mjh di bn|rb}i$ fb}fb bd |br}jhidfb dkn|kbwi$ nib}vrj} |ihifbrj}$ nib}vrj} |i}vbdbrj}$ migbri}$ njwj}$ ivbhmkýh fbskvrkhi} { m`jcbrb} |iri di} njvj} |iri dj} rb|irvj} i fjnkmkdkj ì}vi bdifnkhk}vrifjr(

Vbmhjdjeîi { byk|j7 \iri bd obh chmkjhinkbhvj fb hb}vri |rjfmmkýh { midkfiffb }brskmkj vbhbnj} yb j|brir mjh dj }kekbhvb7

Méniri} crkejrîckmi} j ebhbrifjrb} fb crîj(. Bh bd nbrmifj }b bhmjhvriréh fb vrb}vk|j}$ |iri mjh}brsimkýh$ |iri mjhebdimkýh j nkpvi}( Bd njfbdj i vkdkwir fb|bhfbré

;



fb di} mirimvbrî}vkmi} fbd hbejmkj$ i}î mjnj bd viniùj( Bd jogbvksj b} di népknifrimkýh fb dj} idknbhvj}( B} khfk}|bh}iodb yb bpk}vi hi vjvid dkn|kbwi bh di}méniri} { irnirkj} fb rbcrkebrimkýh( Méniri} fb mjhebdimkýh ]jh |iri |rjfmvj}mjhebdifj} yb hbmb}kvih vbn|brivri} fb mjh}brsimkýh }|brkjrb} i dj} . 90· M(@jrhj}(. Bpk}vbh sirkj} vk|j} fb `jrhj}( Dj} `jrhj} fb mjhsbmmkýh chmkjhih

idknbhvifj} |jr bhbreîi bdëmvrkmi { ebhbridnbhvb vkbhb vrb} chmkjhb} j|rjmbfknkbhvj} fb mjmmkýh7 . Si|jr$ Midjr }bmj$ Si|jr { midjr( ]bdbh b}vir ciorkmifj} bh imbrj khjpkfiodb$ }jh rbidnbhvb dkn|kj} b `kekëhkmj} { }jhivjdkn|kiodb}( ] chmkjhinkbhvj b} mjn|dbgj$ |b} mjh}vi fb hi mjnokhimkýh fbrb}k}vbhmki} bdëmvrkmi} { sbhvkdifjrb} yb$ bh } njnbhvj$ |rjsjmih mjrrkbhvb} fbikrb fbhvrj fbd `jrhj(

Nb}i} fb vrioigj(. Bpk}vbh erih sirkbfif fb njfbdj} fb nb}i}$ yb }b |bfbh

ifi|vir i di} mirimvbrî}vkmi} fbd hbejmkj$ fb}fb di nb}i vrifkmkjhid fbd viniùj {cjrni yb hj} mjhsbhei$ i nb}i} mjh migjhb}$ mjh nbodb crkejrîckmj j mjhebdifjr$ivbn|brifi} |iri bd vrioigj fb di fksk}kýh(

Oivkfjri}(. ]jh niykhi} fb}vkhifi} i oivkr$ nbwmdir j ini}ir$ fb|bhfkbhfj b}vi}chmkjhb} fbd vbh}kdkj yb }b db} imj|db i } bgb njvrkw( Bpk}vbh oivkfjri} nkpvi}yb ddbsih$ bh di |irvb mjhvrirki id |brjd fb oivkr$ hi |bybùi rbckhifjri vrkvrifjri(Bh bd nbrmifj bpk}vb hi erih sirkbfif fb oivkfjri} fb vjfj} dj} viniùj} { fbfkcbrbhvb} |jvbhmki}(

Ini}ifjri(. Di} ni}i} yb ddbsih dbsifri$ |rjfmkfi} bh mihvkfifb} khf}vrkidb}$hbmb}kvih h mjhvrjd fb vbn|brivri bh bd |rjmb}j fb cbrnbhvimkýh$ {i yb }k }bfbgi { hj }b mjhvrjdi isihwi }kh |jfbr |irirdj$ mjh b}vj di} ni}i} |brfbrîih }|hvj { bd |rjmb}j fb ciorkmimkýh }b fbvbrkjrirîi( B}vb b} bd njvksj |jr bd mid }bkfbirjh b}vi} néykhi}$ nm`j né} i|rj|kifi} |iri b}vi} diojrb} fb ini}ifj1mjh bddi} bd vrioigj b} né} `jnjeëhbj { né} mjrvj( Bpk}vbh fb fkcbrbhvb} viniùj} {njfbdj}$ }be÷h di hbmb}kfif fb di bn|rb}i(

Irnirkj fb cbrnbhvimkýh(. Mihfj }b vkbhb h `jrhj yb hj ddbsi khmjr|jrifi hi

b}vci bh } b}vrmvri$ `i{ yb |rjsbbr}b fb h irnirkj fb cbrnbhvimkýh( ]b vrivifb hi b}vrmvri$ hjrnidnbhvb fb imbrj khjpkfiodb$ fbd viniùj yb }b hbmb}kvb( Bh} |irvb khvbrkjr khcbrkjr vkbhbh h mjn|irvknkbhvj fjhfb }b fb|j}kvi bd iei$ mjhhi} rb}k}vbhmki} yb midkbhvih bd iei { |rjfmbh si|jr { i{fi i di cbrnbhvimkýhfb ni}i}(

Fksk}jri} fb ni}i(. ]b vkdkwih |iri skskr hkcjrnbnbhvb |b}j} fb ni}i( B}kn|rb}mkhfkodb bh midykbr viddbr fb |ihifbrîi { |i}vbdbrîi( B} hi |rbh}i |rjsk}vifb hi} mm`kddi} yb$ id |rb}kjhir }jorb di |jrmkýh fb ni}i mjdjmifi }jorb h

|divkddj$ di} fkskfb(

9<



Kh{bmvjr fj}kckmifj(. ]b vkdkwi |iri rbddbhir |kbwi} fb |i}vbdbrîi j ojddbrîi$ { vkbhb herih rbhfknkbhvj |jr } ri|kfbw }jorb di nihei { di ojykddi(

Dinkhifjri(. ]}vkv{b di nihj fbd `jnorb id njnbhvj fb b}vkrir di} ni}i}( Dini}i |i}i |jr hj} rjfkddj} yb ekrih bh }bhvkfj khsbr}j { }b i|dihi { b}vkri ì}vi

erj}jrb} nîhknj}( Mjh bddj }b eirihvkwi di hkcjrnkfif bh bd vrioigj(

Rvbh}kdkj} { `binkbhvi}Njdfb} Dj} njdfb} |bfbh }br fb fkcbrbhvb} viniùj} { cjrni}( ]b vkdkwih |iri fir cjrni i |rb|irifj} yb }b b}véh bdiojrihfj( \bfbh }br fb imbrj$ idnkhkj$}kdkmjhi$ bvmëvbri(

Imihidifjr Rvbh}kdkj yb }krsb |iri ìmbr mihidb} j b}vrîi} i dj} |rjfmvj} mjh di

ckhidkfif fb nbgjrir } |rb}bhvimkýh(

Mjrvifjr bpvbh}kodb Rvbh}kdkj fb imbrj khjpkfiodb yb |bfb rbedir}b fb imbrfj idi} hbmb}kfifb}( Mjrvi j nirmi rbedirnbhvb sirki} |i}vi} id nk}nj vkbn|j(Mjrvi |i}vi} \bybùj} njdfb} fb imbrj khjpkfiodb j |dé}vkmj mjh dj} yb }b mjrvihckerkvi} |iri fbmjrimkýh(

B}|évdi} ]b }ih |iri ik}dir di} }|brckmkb} fb dj} |i}vbdb}$ b}véh `bmì} fb|dé}vkmj$ vkbhbh fkcbrbhvb} cjrni}$ |brj } i|dkmimkýh b} di nk}ni( ]b bn|dbih hi} jvri} bh chmkýh fb di mjnjfkfif yb |rb}bhvbh |iri vrioigir(

Nihei |i}vbdbri ]b vkdkwih |iri ìmbr fbmjrimkjhb} j |iri fir cjrni} i idehj}fb dj} |rjfmvj} yb }b bdiojrih( Hj }jh |jrj}i}$ |jr b}j }b fbobh mkfir nm`j|jryb di `nbfif di} fbvbrkjri { |rjsjmi nidj} jdjrb}$ }b fbobh disir mjh}vihvbnbhvb( @i{ nihei} fb h }jdj }j1 }jh né} `kekëhkmi}$ ihyb hjrb}dvih bpmb}ksinbhvb rb}k}vbhvb}(

Oivkfjr Edjoj Mjn|b}vj |jr h nihej fb nbvid j |dé}vkmj { h h÷nbrj fb sirkddi}yb }b }gbvih bh bd nihej$ idkhbifi} mkrmdirnbhvb(

Mm`kddj} Fb fkcbrbhvb} viniùj} { mjh fkcbrbhvb} `jgi}$ fb}fb dk}i} ì}vi fb }kbrri(Dj} fb }kbrri }b vkdkwih ebhbridnbhvb |iri vrioigir dj} okwmjm`j}$ { dj} fb `jgi dk}i|iri mjrvir ni}i} { |i}vi}(

M`khj} Ciorkmifj} fb `kbrrj j imbrj khjpkfiodb$ fb iegbrj} j fb vbdi nbvédkmi$}krsbh |iri mjdir dîykfj}$ |i}ir mrbni}$ ckdvrir$ bvmëvbri(

B}|nifbri Fb `kbrrj j imbrj khjpkfiodb$ }krsb |iri b}|nir giriob}$ rbnjsbr$

nbwmdir$ rbvkrir eëhbrj} fb rbmk|kbhvb} midkbhvb$ bvmëvbri( ]b mjn|jhb fb h mîrmdjiegbrbifj dkebrinbhvb b}cërkmj { |bfb vbhbr fkcbrbhvb} viniùj}(

99



_jfkddj Fb nifbri fri { |b}ifi( ]b bn|dbi |iri b}vkrir$ i|di}vir j ejd|bir ni}i}{ rbckhir( B} hi `brrinkbhvi mdé}kmi( \bfbh }br fb fkcbrbhvb} viniùj}(

Vinkw Mjn|b}vj |jr h mîrmdj j ihkddj bpvbrkjr fb nifbri id yb si }gbvi$ |jr

hj fb }} ojrfb}$ hi vbdi fb }bfi j nbvédkmi( ]b bn|dbi |iri |i}ir iw÷mir jìrkhi mihfj }b db} fb}bi ykvir kn|rbwi}(

\khmbdb} ] |rkhmk|id }j b} bd fb iorkddihvir$ bheri}ir { |khvir( ]b fbobh b}vbrkdkwir ihvb} fb vkdkwirdj}(

Vbrnýnbvrj} Dj} njfbdj} }jh sirkifj}( ]b vkdkwih |iri mjhvrjdir di} vbn|brivri}fb di} mjmmkjhb}$ fb dj} iw÷mirb}(

SBHVI](. Hb}vrj |rkhmk|id jogbvksj b} }ivk}cimbr di} hbmb}kfifb} fb hb}vrj}mdkbhvb} bh mihvj id mjh}nj fb hb}vrj} |rjfmvj}( \jr dj nk}nj mbhvrifj} bh}} hbmb}kfifb} fbrksinj} sirki} chmkjhb} mjn|dbnbhvirki} i di} sbhvi}(

. Isbrkeir di} hbmb}kfifb} fb dj} mdkbhvb} Khsb}vkeimkýh fb Nbrmifj}+

. Fb}|brvir bh hb}vrj} |jvbhmkidb} mdkbhvb} di hbmb}kfif |jr hb}vrj}|rjfmvj} \rjnjmkýh+(

. Khcjrnir i hb}vrj} |jvbhmkidb} mdkbhvb} }jorb di nihbri bh yb hb}vrj}|rjfmvj} }ivk}cimbh }} hbmb}kfifb} \odkmkfif+

. \jhbr hb}vrj} |rjfmvj} id idmihmb fb hb}vrj} |jvbhmkidb} mdkbhvb} Fk}vrkomkýh+

Vinokëh fb}irrjddirbnj} hb}vri chmkýh vbhkbhfj bh mbhvi dj }kekbhvb7

B}vivbeki} fb crvrj

Khmj|ji isihmb} vbmhjdýekmj}( —Bd vrioigj fb h |ihifbrj„$ }keb }kbhfj n{}imrkckmifj7 vrioiginj} dj} =32 fîi} fbd iùj$ bd `jrirkj mjnbrmkid }bdb }br n{in|dkj { di bdiojrimkýh fb |rjfmvj} }b rbidkwi |jr di hjm`b„( ]kh bnoirej$ erimki}i di khmjr|jrimkýh fb hbsi} vbmhjdjeîi}$ b}vi }kvimkýh ì nbgjrifj hjviodbnbhvb(—@ih nbgjrifj di} mjhfkmkjhb} fb dj} vrioigifjrb} { ìh |jfkfj khmjr|jrir}b id

}bmvjr |rjcb}kjhidb} nbhj} midkckmifj}/(Vbhb di midkfif |j oihfbi( B} di mdisb |iri mi|vir mdkbhvb} b kn|bfkr yb }bsi{ih i di mjn|bvbhmki( \iri bddj$ b} hbmb}irkj vkdkwir di} nbgjrb} nivbrki} |rkni}{ vrivir fb bp|djvir id népknj bd sidjr iùifkfj fb jcrbmbr |ih { ojddj} rbmkëh `bm`j}i midykbr `jri fbd fîi(

Jcbvi nrm`j né} yrb |ih( \iri nbgjrir di rbhviokdkfif b} kn|rb}mkhfkodbfk}|jhbr fb hi erih sirkbfif fb |ihb} fk}vkhvj} { inbhvir di jcbrvi fb |rjfmvj}(Fb `bm`j$ di |i}vbdbrîi { di ojddbrîi }jh dj yb né} i{fi i }j}vbhbr bd hbejmkj„(Ifbné}$ jcrbmbr |i}vbdb} { fbrksifj}$ bvm(

9?



\ihbdb} { dbvrbrj}$ Sjdihvb}$ ickm`b} |odkmkvirkj$ |iekhi ubo$ mbhvrid vbdbcýhkmi$owýh fb }ebrbhmki} |iri dj} mdkbhvb}$ |rjnjmkjhb} |iri dj} mdkbhvb}$ ? njvj} |irihb}vri} bhvrbei} i fjnkmkdkj(

Rh hrbsj mjhmb|vj

Di |ihifbîi mjh oii fb fber}vimkýh( B} di ÷dvkni vbhfbhmki fbd nbrmifj {$}be÷h dj} bn|rb}irkj} mjh}dvifj}$ hi eirihvîi fb ëpkvj($ fk}|jhbr fb hi oirri bhhb}vrj} mbhvrj} fi nm`i skfi i di vkbhfi { `imb yb inbhvb bd mjh}nj„(

Bh fbckhkvksi$ i|j{irbnj} hb}vrj hbejmkj bh vrb} |kdirb} oé}kmj}7

Cjrnimkýh |iri jcrbmbr midkfif { sirkbfif$

Vbmhjdjeîi} |iri nbgjrir di bdiojrimkýh fb dj} |rjfmvj} { di eb}vkýh fbd hbejmkj

\rjnjmkýh |iri vrih}nkvkr i v} mdkbhvb} di} ojhfifb} fbd mjh}nj fb |ih(

. Hb}vri bn|rb}i ifnkhk}vri di midkfif fb } |rjfmvj { b}vinj} }berj}yb hb}vrj |rjfmvj vkbhb b}vi sbhvigi(

. _bidkwir imvkskfifb} |rjnjmkýhidb} fb ni{jr mihvîi bhcrbhvéhfjhj}fkrbmvinbhvb i hb}vrj} mjn|bvkfjrb}(

. Ifbné}$ |iri i{fir i mjh}jdkfirhj} hb}vri b}vrivbeki fb |bhbvrimkýh }brévbhbr hi idkihwi mjh rb}virihvb} fb midkfif fb hb}vrj bhvjrhj { |brkcbrkiyb db |brnkvih immbfbr cémkdnbhvb i dj} vbrrkvjrkj} fb dj} mjh}nkfjrb}jogbvksj(

. B}vkndir i dj} mdkbhvb} |jvbhmkidb} |iri yb ifykbrih { mjn|rbh bd|rjfmvj( Fb imbrfj i } b}vrivbeki ë}vi }brîi di yb né} }b ifbmb i dijreihkwimkýh(

. Ivribrbnj} i dj} mdkbhvb} fb di mjn|bvbhmki mjh bd jogbvksj yb minokbh fbnirmi$ { }b ybfbh mjh hj}jvrj}$ ckfbdkwéhfjdj} mjh fkcbrbhvb} |rjnjmkjhb} {imvkskfifb}(

9=



. Mjhsbhmbr i dj} hj mjh}nkfjrb} fb hb}vrj} |rjfmvj} hk fb di mjn|bvbhmki|iri yb bn|kbmbh i mjh}nkr dj} hb}vrj} jcrbmkëhfjdb} |rjfmvj} fb }khvbrë} fkbvëvkmj}$ khvberidb}+$ b} fbmkr ebhbrirbnj} hbsi} j|jrvhkfifb}fb hbejmkj(

. Ierbeirbnj} sidjr i vrisë} fb |rb}bhvimkjhb} hjsbfj}i} { fksbr}kfif bhhb}vrj} |rjfmvj} vid mjnj jmrrb mjh di} njfbrhi} { bpkvj}i}( \ihifbrîi}fb rbhjnorb(

. \rj|jhbr |rbmkj} }kbn|rb imjrfb i hb}vrj} mjh}nkfjrb} jogbvksj}$ fbnihbri yb ebhbrb hi oirrbri fb bhvrifi$ yb }b mjh}jdkfi mjh di |jdîvkmifb virgbvi} fb mrëfkvj(

. Hj} mjhvimvirbnj} vinokëh$ mjh bn|rb}i} yb }b fbfkmih i jcrbmbr }brskmkj}|iri bsbhvj}$ mbrbnjhki}$ rb}virihvb} b}|bmkidb}$ jvjreéhfjdb h |rbmkjivrimvksj(

. ]b |irvkmk|iré bh bsbhvj} i vrisë} fb di} midb} }b bp|jhb bd |rjfmvj( ]bmjn|dbnbhviré mjh cjddbvj} { ickm`b}( Bh di} |irvkmk|imkjhb} yb }b rbidkmbh}kbn|rb }b nbhmkjhiré bd deir fb sbhvi { bd |rbmkj id mid }b fbob immbfbr(

. Di} imvkskfifb} |rjnjmkýhidb} vinokëh }b oi}iréh bh di} }kekbhvb}immkjhb}$ di} midb} b}viodbmbh di fkcbrbhmkimkýh fbd |rjfmvj7 Bh bd `jeir7nbgjrinkbhvj fb di} mjhfkmkjhb} fb di midkfif idknbhvimkýh { }idf bh dicinkdki(

. Hb}vrj} djmidb} yb mbhvih mjh érbi} ni{jrb} i ?2< Nv? in|dki}$ sbhfbhbd |rjfmvj { fih }brskmkj} mjn|dbnbhvirkj}$ vjfj b}vj db fi hi mi|imkfif|iri ivbhfbr }kndvéhbinbhvb i né} |br}jhi} bh `jri} fb ni{jr mjhmrrbhmki fb |÷odkmj(

. Erih sirkbfif fb \rjfmvj} khhjsihfj mifi fîi né}$ i}knk}nj bh hb}vri}|rb}bhvimkjhb} fbd |rjfmvj$ { bh di fbmjrimkýh fb hb}vrj} inokbhvb} {}brskmkj7

. Nbodb} { fbmjrimkýh(. Skvrkhi}$ njfdirb}$ nb}i}$ }kddi}$ mjn|vifjri}$ migirbek}vrifjri} |iri di} = fksk}kjhb} {i yb ddbsiréh mifi hi mjhviokdkfifkhfb|bhfkbhvb$ nbhigb$ { fbmjrimkýh fb di} = fksk}kjhb} }kbn|rb mjh bdnk}nj b}vkdj di} vrb}(

96



. Nirabvkhe { \odkmkfif(. \ihbdb} { dbvrbrj}$ Sjdihvb}$ ickm`b} |odkmkvirkj$|iekhi ubo |iri dj} |bfkfj} bh jmi}kjhb} { `jrirkj} b}|bmkidb}$ mbhvridvbdbcýhkmi$ owýh fb }ebrbhmki} |iri dj} mdkbhvb}$ |rjnjmkjhb} |iri dj}mdkbhvb}$ ? njvj} |iri hb}vri} bhvrbei} i fjnkmkdkj(

92



CIMVJ_ BMJHJNKMJ

J|jvrhkfifb}7

Mrbmknkbhvj bmjhýnkmj |iri b}vb iùj b}vé |rbsk}vj bh h 3"( \rjfmkr |ihb} hj }jdinbhvb fb ìrkhi fb vrkej$ }khj fb ìrkhi fb {mi$

minjvb$ khvberid$ bvm( Vi}i fb khcdimkýh mjhvrjdifi bh h hksbd fbd ?(2 i ="$ dj yb |brnkvb h

mjhvrjd fb |rbmkj}(

Khmrbnbhvj fbd mjh}nj fb |rjfmvj} fksbr}kckmifj} { mjh ni{jr sidjr ierbeifj bh di |ihkckmimkýh(

\j}kokdkfif fb khmrbnbhvir bd mjh}nj |br mé|kvi fb |rjfmvj} fb |ihifbrîi(

Mrbmknkbhvj fbnjeréckmj yb |brnkvb inbhvir bd nbrmifj jogbvksj(

Bd mjh}nj fb |ih }b ì `bm`j hi mj}vnorb bh bd fb}i{hj fb dj}`jeirb} |brihj}(

Inbhiwi}7

Kherb}j fb hbsi} bn|rb}i} fb mi|kvidb} bpvrihgbrj} j himkjhidb} mjh ni{jr vbmhjdjeîi bgbn|dj7 di} |ihkckmifjri} yb }b kh}vidih bh dj} ]|brnbrmifj}$|bfb nbrnir j rbfmkr di mdkbhvbdi mi|vifi(

\rjodbni} fb ioi}vbmknkbhvj fb nivbrki |rkni yb b}vé cbrvbnbhvb dkeifj i

di imvkskfif ierîmjdi$ fb}ioi}vbmknkbhvj fb vrkej |iri di} khf}vrki} mjnjIdkmjr|(

Fbvbrkjrj fb di fbnihfi |jr cidvi fb mi|imkfif ifyk}kvksi(

Khmrbnbhvj fb di} vi}i} fb khvbrë} mihfj }b vrioigi mjh mrëfkvj oihmirkj(

CIMVJ_ \JDKVKMJ DBEID

J|jvrhkfifb}7

Bd vrkej }b bhmbhvri hjrnifj |jr di} fk}|j}kmkjhb} fbd Nkhk}vbrkj fbIerkmdvri(

Bpk}vbhmki fb Hjrni Vëmhkmi \brihi \iri dj} |rjfmvj} fb |ihkckmimkýhrbedifj} |jr KHFBMJ\K(

Inbhiwi}7

Bd b}vifj b} h iebhvb kn|jrvihvb bh di fbnihfi fb |rjfmvj} i oi}b fbvrkej { b}virîi rbcjrwihfj di |j}kmkýh fjnkhihvb fb dj} |ihkckmifjrb}(

Cidvi fb h bhvb rbedifjr yb fb nihbri kn|irmkid b}viodbwmi bd |rbmkj |iridj} |rjfmvjrb} fb ìrkhi fb vrkej(

93



Cidvi fb mjhvkhkfif fb di} |jdîvkmi} { |dihb} fb fb}irrjddj fbd ejokbrhj

CIMVJ_ VBMHJDJEKMJJ|jvrhkfifb}7 Fb}irrjddj vbmhjdýekmj bh di khf}vrki |ihkckmifjri yb |brnkvb rbfmkr dj}

mj}vj} j|brivksj}( Bpk}vbhmki fb bn|rb}i} nihcimvrbri} himkjhidb} yb ciorkmih néykhi} fb

|ihkckmimkýh i oigj |rbmkj( I|irkmkýh fb hbsj} }k}vbni} fb `jrhbifj mjnj }jh dj} ybnifjrb} yb

sbhfb ]JDEI] yb db fih id |ih hi mjmmkýh n{ }knkdir i dj} `jrhj} fbdbùi$ { }jh i oi}b fb ei}(

Inbhiwi}7 Di} néykhi} yb |rjfmbh Hjsi }jh idvinbhvb miri} { }} rb|b}vj} }jh

mirj}( Fb}ioi}vbmknkbhvj fb kh}nj} mjnj ei} { |bvrýdbj |iri `jrhj} yb vkdkwih

h }k}vbni ihvkej fb `jrhbifj( Mj}vj { b}vifj fb di niykhirki$ di bfif { b}vifj fb di niykhirki }ifi bh

|rjmb}j} khf}vrkidb}$ b} h khfkmifjr fb } bckmkbhmki { h fbvbrnkhihvbkn|jrvihvb fb dj} mj}vj} fb |rjfmmkýh$ bh bd |iî} }b jo}brsi jo}jdb}mbhmkibh di} niykhirki} { byk|j} fb idehi} khf}vrki} yb b}véh icbmvihfj dimidkfif fbd |rjfmvj$ }} mj}vj} { di mjn|bvkvkskfif fbd }bmvjr(

CIMVJ_ MRDVR_ID

J|jvrhkfifb}7

Bd nbrmifj fb |rjfmvj} i oi}b fb |ihkckmimkýh b} fjnkhifj |jr dimj}vnorb fbd mjh}nj fb |ih bh bd fb}i{hj bh h 9<<" fbd nbrmifj|brihj(

Bd mjh}nj fb |rjfmvj} |ihkckmifjrb} nb}vri h mrbmknkbhvj bh dj} ÷dvknj}iùj} fbokfj i di} n÷dvk|db} j|mkjhb} yb vkbhb bd mjh}nkfjr bh b}vb|rjfmvj Fksbr}kckmimkýh fb dj} |rjfmvj} i oi}b fb `irkhi+(

Bd |ih b} mjh}kfbrifj mjnj h |rjfmvj yb cjrni |irvb fb di mihi}vioé}kmi cinkdkir |brihi

Inbhiwi}7

\ërfkfi fb di khf}vrki |ihkckmifjri vrifkmkjhid |jr di njfbrhi$ yb ebhbri bhdj} |ihkckmifjrb} ihvkej} hi in|dki khsbr}kýh |iri |jfbr }bekr j|brihfjbh bd nbrmifj(

95



MJN\BVKFJ_B] FBD ]BMVJ_

OB_K]]J ” Ojfbei \ihifbîi \i}vbdbîi ]hima Oi Cjvidbwi}7

. \j}kmkýh fb dkfbriwej bh bd nbrmifj fb }} |rkhmk|idb} |rjfmvj}(

. Fksbr}kckmimkýh ebjeréckmi vkbhb vrb} djmidb}(

. Mi|imkfif fb khhjsimkýh { dihwinkbhvj fb hbsj} |rjfmvj}$

. Rokmimkýh b}vrivëekmi bh isbhkfi |rkhmk|id fbd fk}vrkvj$ wjhi n{vrih}kvifi(

. Sirkifj nkp fb |rjfmvj} { nbrmifj jogbvksj}(

. \rjfmmkýh i b}midi} bdbsifi} fbokfj id vréh}kvj fb |br}jhi}(

Fbokdkfifb}7. Fb|bhfbhmki fb dj} kherb}j} i h |rjfmvj b}|bmîckmj(. Cidvi |odkmkfif bh dj} nbfkj} fb mjnhkmimkýh(. Cidvi khhjsimkýh vbmhjdýekmi$ }jdj }ih migi rbek}vrifjri(. Hj mbhvih mjh }berj mjhvri immkfbhvb}$ khmbhfkj}(. Cidvi sirkbfif bh dj} |rjfmvj}(

\IHIFB_ÎI \I]VBDB_ÎI OJFBEI ]IH GJ]Ë

Khkmký }} imvkskfifb} bh hjskbnorb fbd iùj 9;39$ okmifi bh Is( _b|÷odkmiFjnkhkmihi H· ?65 bh bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi( ]b fbfkmi i di bdiojrimkýh fb|rjfmvj} fb |ihifbrîi(

Cjvidbwi}7

. Bn|rb}i |j}kmkjhifi bh bd nbrmifj

. Vkbhb obhi mirvbri fb mdkbhvb}

. \rbmkj} idkhbifj} id nbrmifj imvid

. Rokmifj bh wjhi b}vrivëekmi mjh vréh}kvj bdbsifj

Fbokdkfifb}7. Cidvi sirkbfif fb |rjfmvj}. Cidvi khhjsimkýh vbmhjdýekmi. Khcrib}vrmvri ihvkei. Hj mbhvih mjh }berj

\IHKCKMIFJ_I OKNOJKhkmký }} imvkskfifb} bh ghkj fb 9;;5$ ciorkmi b}vé okmifi bh bd middij( ]b fbfkmii di bdiojrimkýh fb |rjfmvj} fb |ihifbrîi

Cjvidbwi}. Mbhvih mjh |odkmkfif bh dj} nbfkj} fb mjnhkmimkýh(

90



. Sirkbfif fb |rjfmvj}

. B}véh |j}kmkjhifj} bh vjfj bd nbrmifj

. ]} |rjfmvj} mbhvih mjh cbmì fb sbhmknkbhvj(

. Bn|rb}i }jdkfi(

Fbokdkfifb}. Mj}vj} bdbsifj}(. Cidvi mrbir h |ih yb }bi imb|vifj |jr di} cinkdki} fb oigj} rbmr}j} i

nbhj} mj}vj(

\IHIFB_KI [ \I]VBDB_KI DI RHKJHKhkmký }} imvkskfifb} bh iorkd fb 9;;0$ bh M`kmdi{j$ bdiojri |rjfmvj} fb |ihifbrîidj} midb} }jh bhsi}ifj} bh cjrni khf}vrkid |iri di sbhvi bh }|brnbrmifj}(

Cjvidbwi}. Bn|rb}i |j}kmkjhifi bh bd nbrmifj

. ]} |rjfmvj} }b }ih mjnj idvbrhivksi id mjh}nj fbd |ih ìokvid(

Fbokdkfifb}. Mj}vj} bdbsifj} |jr }br |rjfmvj} bdiojrifj} bh cjrni khf}vrkid(. Cidvi fb sirkbfif bh dj} |rjfmvj}(. Hj mbhvi mjh |odkmkfif(

BN\_B]I] HRBSI]

Bpk}vb hi idvi |rjoiokdkfif fbd kherb}j fb hbsj} mjn|bvkfjrb} bh bd nbrmifj|ihkckmifjr fb Gb}÷} Nirîi(

\_JFRMVJ] ]R]VKVRVJ]

Fksbr}kfif fb |rjfmvj} i oi}b fb ìrkhi bhsi}ifj}

Cjvidbwi}7

. Mjhvrjdb} { idvj} b}véhfirb} fb midkfif fbokfj i di idvi mi|imkfif fb dkykfbwyb vkbhbh di} |ihkckmifjri}(

. Vkbhbh h idvj mjhvbhkfj fb skvinkhi} { nkhbridb}$ mjh hbmb}kfifb}b}|bmîckmi} |iri }ivk}cimbr bd nbrmifj(

Fbokdkfifb}7

. B}véh jrkbhvifj} i h }benbhvj idvj fb mjh}nj(

. Dj} |rbmkj} fb b}vj} |rjfmvj} }jh né} bdbsifj}(

9;



\_JSBBFJ_B]IDKMJ_\ ](I(I(

Idkmjr| b} hi bn|rb}i fbfkmifi i di bdiojrimkýh fb |rjfmvj}khf}vrkidb}$ fb mjh}nj ni}ksj { hvrkmkýh ihknid(Bh vjfj} }} |rjmb}j} fb |rjfmmkýh$ Idkmjr| mn|db mjh b}véhfirb}khvbrhimkjhidb} fb midkfif { mjn|bvkvkskfif(Bh dj} ÷dvknj} iùj}$ di bn|rb}i ì bdbsifj }} hksbdb} fb |rjfmmkýhmjh}jdkfihfj } dkfbriwej bh fksbr}i} mivbejrîi}(Djerihfj }ivk}cimbr di} bp|bmvivksi} mjh |rjfmvj} fb idvi midkfif$ mjh obhi}|rémvkmi} fb ejokbrhj mjr|jrivksj$ h b}vrkmvj mkfifj fbd bhvjrhj nbfkjinokbhvid{ hi ifbmifi eb}vkýh fbd mdkni diojrid(B}véh mifi sbw né} bhcjmifj} bh bd fb}irrjddj fb di} mjnhkfifb} fjhfbj|brih( Bh b}vb mjhvbpvj$ Idkmjr| b}vé mjhmbhvrihfj }} b}cbrwj} bh |rjerini}jrkbhvifj} i hkùj} nbhjrb} fb = iùj}( \iri bddj mrbirjh bd |rjerini fbbfmimkýh bh hvrkmkýh —_bm|brir„$ bh idkihwi b}vrivëekmi mjh Mérkvi} fbd Middij(Imvidnbhvb$ b}véh vri}difihfj dj} i|rbhfkwigb} fbd |rjerini —_bm|brir„ i dirifkj$ i vrisë} fb dj} |rjerini} —Dj yb vjfi nifrb fbob }iobr }jorb hvrkmkýhkhcihvkd„ { —Di ]÷|br Niné„$ bh idkihwi mjh _ifkj \rjerini} fbd \br÷ { Mifbhi\brihi fb Hjvkmki}$ rb}|bmvksinbhvb(

Fb jvrj difj$ Idkmjr| fb}irrjddý bd |rj{bmvj —Vrkej Frn„ |iri |rjnjsbr dimifbhi |rjfmvksi fb b}vi sirkbfif fb erihj( Bh fkbw iùj} fb fb}irrjddj$ —VrkejFrn„ ì ebhbrifj di }kbnori fb né} fb 9$2<< `bmvérbi} fb vrkej$ kn|imvihfj|j}kvksinbhvb bh di midkfif fb skfi fb dj} ierkmdvjrb}(

Cjvidbwi}7

Idvi midkfif fb }} |rjfmvj}$ vbmhjdjeki khhjsifjri { h obh }brskmkj id mdkbhvb

Fksbr}kckmimkýh fb |rjfmvj} |iri |ihifbrîi

Dîfbr bh ioi}vbmknkbhvj fb |rjfmvj} fb |ihifbrîi

Bd cisjriodb fb}bn|bùj ckhihmkbrj fbrksifj fb } ni{jr mi|imkfif fb ebhbrimkýh{ bd nbhjr hksbd fb i|idihminkbhvj ckhihmkbrj(

Nbgjri bh bd nkp fb |rjfmvj} { di ni{jr fksbr}kckmimkýh$ dj yb ì kfj imjn|iùifjfb di khmjr|jrimkýh fb dîhbi} fb hbejmkj hj fb|bhfkbhvb} fb dj} mjnnjfkvkb} {mjh ni{jr sidjr ierbeifj(

I}knk}nj$ }b ì bskfbhmkifj hi mjh}vihvb nbgjri { |rjcb}kjhidkwimkýh bh bd|rjmb}j fb mjn|ri fb nivbrki} |rkni} bh vërnkhj} fb sjdnbh$ mjobrvri$

nihbgj fb khsbhvirkj}$ bhvrb jvrj}+$ ghvj mjh hi nbgjri bh dj} |rjmb}j}|rjfmvksj}(

?<



Di Bn|rb}i mbhvi mjh hi |j}kmkýh fb dkfbriwej i hksbd himkjhid bh mi}k vjfi}}} dîhbi} fb |rjfmvj}$ dj yb b} i|j{ifj |jr } in|dki rbf fb fk}vrkomkýh bh bdnbrmifj djmid(

Fk}vrkomkýh bh di} |diwi} fbd bpvrihgbrj fjhfb b}vé |rb}bhvb mjh di mjn|ri fb\_J\B_]I bh Mjdjnoki {$ VSO { ]ihcjrf bh Irebhvkhi1 { mbhvi ifbné} mjh

hi idkihwi b}vrivëekmi mjh hj fb dj} |rkhmk|idb} fk}vrkokfjrb} fb mjh}njni}ksj bh Bmifjr( I}î$ di} sbhvi} bh bd bpvrihgbrj rb|rb}bhvirjh bd ?2(2" fb dj}kherb}j} i fkmkbnorb ?<9<$ dj yb db jvjrei hi ni{jr fksbr}kckmimkýh ebjeréckmi(

Fbokdkfifb}7

Sjdivkdkfif bh dj} |rbmkj} fbd vrkej { di }j{i$ dj} midb} }jh fbvbrnkhifj} |jr bd nbrmifj khvbrhimkjhid b}vj }b nihvkbhb mjnj h rkb}ej divbhvb$b}|bmkidnbhvb bh h mjhvbpvj bh bd yb di} |rj{bmmkjhb} }b `ih rbsk}ifj ididwi(

\irvb kn|jrvihvb fb }} sbhvi} }b rbidkwi bh |iî}b} mjh bhvjrhj}rbdivksinbhvb né} rkb}ej}j} yb bd \br÷

IE_J KHFR]V_KID \I_INJHEI ]I

B} hi bn|rb}i yb }b fbfkmi i di |rjfmmkýh fb iw÷mir fb miùi( _bhjsifi$skejrj}i { bh |rjmb}j fb mjh}jdkfir b}véhfirb} fb |rjfmvkskfif i hksbdkhvbrhimkjhid( ]b mirimvbrkwi |jr vbhbr idvj} hksbdb} fb khsbr}kýh$ fb}vkhifj}ckhidnbhvb i di |rjvbmmkýh fbd nbfkj inokbhvb mjnj bdbnbhvj |rkhmk|id fb hb}vri|jdîvkmi fb rb}|jh}iokdkfif }jmkid { di bckmkbhmki |rjfmvksi |iri nihvbhbr hi|j}kmkýh fb dkfbriwej fbhvrj fb di khf}vrki iwmirbri himkjhid(

Cjvidbwi}7

N{ obhi |rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj}(

\jdîvkmi mrbfkvkmki mjh dj} mdkbhvb}

In|dki bp|brkbhmki bh bd }bmvjr iwmirbrj

Idvj} rbhfknkbhvj} ierîmjdi}

Fbokdkfifb}7

Fk}nkhmkýh |rjerb}ksi fbd |rbmkj fb di iw÷mir { bd inbhvj fbd |rbmkj fb dj}kh}nj}(

Fk}nkhmkýh fbd |rbmkj fbd irihmbd < rbfmkré bd |rbmkj fb sbhvi fb dj} mjn|bvkfjrb}( Di db{ fb |rjnjmkýh Ierirki hj |brnkvb né} fbd ?<" bh |rjfmmkýh fbd bvihjd(

]IH CB_HIHFJ ](I(

?9



]ih Cbrhihfj b} hi bn|rb}i |brihi fbfkmifi i di |rjfmmkýh { mjnbrmkidkwimkýhfb idknbhvj} fb mjh}nj ni}ksj fb di} dîhbi} |jddj$ |isj$ mbrfj$ `rbsj {|rjfmvj} |rjmb}ifj}1 m{j} |rkhmk|idb} jogbvksj} }jh jcrbmbr |rjfmvj} fb di né}idvi midkfif { h }brskmkj fb bpmbdbhmki(

Bd Er|j ]ih Cbrhihfj b} hi bn|rb}i yb vkbhb mjnj jogbvksj bp|ihfkr}b |iriddbeir i né} cinkdki}$ orkhfihfj |rjfmvj} fb midkfif$ |jr dj yb fb}irrjddi fksbr}j}|rj{bmvj}(

Erimki} i hb}vrj} b}véhfirb} fb midkfif$ rbmjhjmkfj} khvbrhimkjhidnbhvb$ hb}vrj}|rjfmvj} ]ih Cbrhihfj `ih djerifj kherb}ir i nbrmifj} bpkebhvb} mjnj Gi|ýh$Nëpkmj$ Irebhvkhi$ Sbhbwbdi$ Mjdjnoki$ Bmifjr$ Ojdkski { Bd ]idsifjr1 bp|jrvihfj|rjfmvj} ebhëvkmj} mjnj `bsj} cërvkdb}$ |jddkvj} OO { |iskvj} OO$ ifbné} fb|isj} { mbrfj} mjhebdifj}(

Cjvidbwi}

Idvj mjh}nj |br mé|kvi fb |jddj(

Bpk}vbhmki fb nihj fb jori midkckmifi bh isîmjdi(

Khvberimkýh sbrvkmid fb di} isîmjdi} { céorkmi} fb idknbhvj} oidihmbifj}(

Vbmhjdjeîi fb |hvi$ in|dki khcjrnimkýh fb nbrmifbj(

Fbokdkfifb}

Mjnbrmkidkwimkýh khcjrnid fb |jddj(

Fb|bhfbr fb dj} kn|jrvifjrb} fb niîw { di }j{i=(.Hj vbhbr nm`j} |rjfmvj} |rbmjmkfj}

6(.\rjfmvj} mbrj bh eri}i} mjdb}vbrjd+

E_R\J HJSI

Imvidnbhvb di Bn|rb}i Dîfbr bh \br÷ bh ciorkmimkýh fb niykhirki |iri diKhf}vrki Idknbhvirki( Erimki} i hb}vri oi}vi bp|brkbhmki { id |rb}vkekj eihifj mjhhb}vrj vrioigj i vrisë} fb dj} iùj} fb bp|jrvinj} vbmhjdjeîi |brihi$ mjh idvj}

b}véhfirb} fb midkfif i == |iî}b} fbd nhfj(Mjhvrko{b mjh bd fb}irrjddj vbmhjdýekmj fbd }bmvjr idknbhvirkj$ fb}irrjddihfj}jdmkjhb} { byk|j} i di nbfkfi fb di} hbmb}kfifb} fb hb}vrj mdkbhvb} yb dj}|brnkvi }br bn|rb}irkj} bpkvj}j} b khhjsifjrb} bh di khf}vrki idknbhvirki(

Cjvidbwi}

]br hi jreihkwimkýh fb mivbejrîi nhfkid |rjsbbfjri fb di} ni} idvivbmhjdjeîi id }brskmkj fb di khf}vrki idknbhvirki(

Orkhfir }j|jrvb Vëmhkmj di} ?6 `jri} fbd fîi( Fk}|jhbnj} fb vëmhkmj}b}|bmkidkwifj} bh Fkiehý}vkmj$ _b|irimkýh { Nihvbhknkbhvj fb niykhirki {byk|j} yb eirihvkwih } khsbr}kýh(

??



I}nb rkb}ej} }kbn|rb { mihfj b}vj} }bih midmdifj}( Fi |rbcbrbhmki i}kvimkjhb} yb bhsbdsbh rkb}ej} njfbrifj}(

Fbokdkfifb}

Idvj mjhvrjd fb b}véhfirb} fb midkfif( Bd mj}vj fb rb|irimkýh { nihvbhknkbhvj fb di niykhirki bp|jrvifi(

]b |jfrîih ebhbrid fbnjri} bh di} bhvrbei} |jr bd rbybrknkbhvj fbdnbrmifj(

EDJ_KI ](I(

B} hi bn|rb}i yb khkmkj }} j|brimkjhb} bh di mkfif fb Irbyk|i bh 9;69$}kbhfj imvidnbhvb di bn|rb}i dîfbr bh bd |iî} bh di bdiojrimkýh { mjnbrmkidkwimkýhfb |rjfmvj} démvbj}$ vihvj fb dbm`b} khf}vrkidkwifi} dbm`b bsi|jrifi { dbm`bcrb}mi R@V+$ mjnj fb }} fbrksifj} nihvbykddi$ {jerv { yb}j+( Di bn|rb}inihvkbhb vinokëh kn|jrvihvb |irvkmk|imkýh bh bd nbrmifj fb rbcrb}mj}$ fb gej}$ fbhëmvirb}$ fb mjh}brsi} fb |b}mifj$ fb micë kh}vihvéhbj { fb nbrnbdifi}$ bhvrbjvrj} |rjfmvj} fb mjh}nj ni}ksj(

Edjrki mbhvi mjh hi |irvkmk|imkýh yb }|bri bd 0<" fbd nbrmifj fb dbm`bbsi|jrifi(

Cjvidbwi}

Di kn|jrvihvb bp|ih}kýh { mrbmknkbhvj bh dj} fkcbrbhvb} nbrmifj} bh fjhfb

j|bri di bn|rb}i$ vihvj i hksbd himkjhid$ mjnj khvbrhimkjhid( Bd nihbgj fb di bn|rb}i$ bd yb }b rbidkwi bh oi}b i hi b}vrivbeki mdiri$ mjh

hi ifbmifi khsbr}kýh bh vbmhjdjeîi$ dj yb |brnkvb i}berir midkfif$bckmkbhmki bh mj}vj} { fb}irrjddj mjh}vihvb fb |rjfmvj}(

Di bn|rb}i |rb}bhvi ifbmifj} khfkmifjrb} fb bckmkbhmki$ dkykfbw$bhfbfinkbhvj { fb mi|imkfif fb mjobrvri fb fbfi(

Fbokdkfifb}

Di cbrvb mjn|bvbhmki bpk}vbhvb bh bd nbrmifj djmid bh vërnkhj} fb|rjfmvj}$ |rbmkj}$ sirkbfifb} fb |rjfmvj} { |rb}bhvimkjhb}$ dj yb i|dkmi idj} fkcbrbhvb} nbrmifj} bh fjhfb mjn|kvb di bn|rb}i(

Di kn|jrvihvb mjhmbhvrimkýh bh di sbhvi bh h |rjfmvj dbm`b bsi|jrifi+(

Dj} rb}dvifj}$ }jh i sbmb}$ khcdbhmkifj} |jr dj} fkskfbhfj} fb }}bn|rb}i} }o}kfkirki}(

Di |rjoiokdkfif fb jmrrbhmki} fb mkmdj} bmjhýnkmj} ifsbr}j} bh dibmjhjnîi djmid(

HB]VDB ](I(

?=



Bh 9;9; dj} |rjfmvj} fb Hb}vdë ddbeih id \br÷ i vrisë} fb hi jckmkhi fbkn|jrvimkjhb} yb mjnbrmkidkwioi dbm`b mjhfbh}ifi$ dbm`b bsi|jrifi$ `irkhidimvbifi$ m`jmjdivb} { jvrj} |rjfmvj}(

Hb}vdë b} hi bn|rb}i fb Hvrkmkýh$ ]idf { Okbhb}vir$ yb |rjnbsb hiidknbhvimkýh }idfiodb { oidihmbifi1 { bdiojri |rjfmvj} mjh idvj sidjr hvrkmkjhid$

fb erih }iojr { midkfif$ bhvrb dj} |rkhmk|idb} b}véh dj} idknbhvj} |iri obob}$obokfi}$ micë}$ mbrbidb}$ m`jmjdivb}$ mdkhirkj}$ eiddbvi}$ `bdifj} { démvbj}(

Cjvidbwi}

Eirihvîi fb midkfif { }berkfif fb dj} |rjfmvj}( Bh vjfj} dj} deirb} fbdnhfj$ di nirmi Hb}vdë rb|rb}bhvi di |rjnb}i id mjh}nkfjr fb yb }}|rjfmvj} }jh }berj} { fb midkfif(

Mn|dkr vjfj} dj} rbyk}kvj} khvbrhj} { bpvbrhj} fb }berkfif$ midkfif {rbedimkýh fb dj} idknbhvj}(

Di b}vrivbeki bn|rb}irkid mbhvrid ekri bh vjrhj id mjh}nkfjr { id jogbvksj fb

i{firdb i ifj|vir hi fkbvi }ihi { bykdkorifi(

Fksbr}kfif bh } dîhbi fb |rjfmvj}(

Fbokdkfifb}

Mjn|bvbhmki bh bd nbrmifj$ bh |rbmkj} { |rjfmvj}(

Di |rbjm|imkýh fbd mjh}nkfjr |jr hi idknbhvimkýh }ihi vbnjr fb di}|br}jhi} }jorb di} eri}i} m`jmjdivb}$ `bdifj}+

Mjn|iùîi} né} |bybùi} b}véh |rjfmkbhfj |rjfmvj} }knkdirb} mjh keid j

di} sbhvigi} idknbhvkmki} ierbeifi}(

NRBODB] CB__KHK ](I(

B} hi bn|rb}i mjh}vkvkfi `imb né} fb 52 iùj}$ fbfkmifi i di ciorkmimkýh { sbhvifb njokdkirkj rb}kfbhmkid b kh}vkvmkjhid bh fksbr}j} b}vkdj}7 fb}fb bd mdé}kmj njfbrhjid b}vkdj mjhvbn|jréhbj( Di idvi midkfif fb hb}vrj} nbodb}$ hkfi i di khhjsimkýhmjh}vihvb$ rb}|idfi bd ëpkvj jovbhkfj bh bd nbrmifj himkjhid b khvbrhimkjhid(

Cjvidbwi}

\br}jhid idvinbhvb mi|imkvifj { bp|brknbhvifj(

Byk|j { niykhirki kfýhbj} |iri fk}bùir { ciorkmir njokdkirkj b}|bmkid(

?6



Mrbimkýh fb nbodb} fb fk}bùj} imvidb} { yb nirmih di vbhfbhmki bhmihvj i imioifj}$ cjrni} { b}vkdj}(

\dihvi fb né} fb =<<< n

?

(Fbokdkfifb}

\rjfmvj} fb Direi frimkýh(

Id }br |rjfmvj} }hvirkj} }jh né} sdhbriodb} i di} mrk}k} bmjhýnkmi}(

\rjfmvj} kn|jrvifj} mjh oigj} mj}vj} fb |rjfmmkýh(

MDKBHVB]

Hb}vrj} mdkbhvb} }bréh vjfj vk|j fb |br}jhi} fb inoj} }bpj} mjnj7

Hkùj} bh bvi|i fb mrbmknkbhvj i |irvkr fbd |rknbr iùj fb bfif( B}vfkihvb}( Vrioigifjrb}( \br}jhi} ihmkihi} Vrih}b÷hvb} bh ebhbrid(

\jr di wjhi fjhfb b}vé okmifi hb}vri Bn|rb}i b}vé fkrkekfi h Khfkskfj mjh h

hksbd mdvrid idvj$ }} kherb}j} |rjnbfkj cinkdkir b}véh bh h khvbrsidj fb & 056 i &=$=9; Fýdirb} Inbrkmihj}(

Mjh}kfbrihfj yb }jh |br}jhi} bckmkbhvb} { bpkebhvb} mjh}kej nk}nj}$ }gbvj} id

minokj$ fb}bn|bùéhfj}b fksbr}kfif fb diojrb} frihvb } skfi mjvkfkihi dj mid dj

|rbfk}|jhb id minokj(

Di njvksimkýh |jr mjn|ri fb hb}vrj} |rjfmvj} bh } ni{jrîi dj `imb mjh bd ckh fb

mjh}nkr |rjfmvj yb }b fkcbrbhmkb fb dj mjn÷h { fb midkfif bh }} mjn|jhbhvb}yb hj icbmvbh bh }} fksbr}j} i}|bmvj} } }idf$ b}vb ei}vj khmrrkfj dj vjnihmjnj hbmb}irkj fifj yb b}vé }gbvj i } b}vkdj fb skfi mjnj }} sidjrb} }jmkidb}(

Di erih ni{jrîi dj `imb Ykhmbhidnbhvb$ dj} fîi} fb }bnihi bh `jrirkj} fb virfb {hjm`b$ }éoifj} { fjnkhej}(

Rh cimvjr |rkhmk|id bh di fbmk}kýh fb mjn|ri ckhid fbd \rjfmvj b} di midkfif {

\rb}bhvimkýh Di fbmjrimkýh+

?2



Bd rkvnj fb mrbmknkbhvj fbd mjh}nj fbd |rjfmvj si bh inbhvj fifj bd mjh}nj|br mé|kvi fb b}vi} mdi}b} }jmkidb} dj mid i|hvirîi i h nbrmifj fb cvrj(

\iri bd b}vfkj fb \rj{bmmkýh fb di fbnihfi fb dj} mjh}nkfjrb} }b mjh}kfbririyb di bmjhjnîi mrbmbré bh cjrni }j}vbhkfi bh dj} |rýpknj} iùj}$ idehi} fb di}riwjhb} irenbhvifi} }jh7 b}viokdkfif bmjhýnkmi$ dj mid hj sirîi nm`j dj}

b}vrivj} }jmkjbmjhýnkmj}(

MRIF_J \I_I DI BDIOJ_IMKJH FB DI NK]KJH FB DI BN\_B]I\_JFRMMKÝH [ MJNB_MKIDKWIMKÝH FB \_JFRMVJ] I OI]B FB

\IHKCKMIMKÝH

ºYë chmkýh j chmkjhb}fb}bn|bùi di jreihkwimkýh:

Bdiojrimkýh$ fk}vrkomkýh { mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb |ih {|i}vbdbrîi

º\iri ykëh fb}bn|bùib}vi chmkýh:

Fkrkekfj} i h |÷odkmj fb di} }kekbhvb} mirimvbrî}vkmi}7Cinkdki} mjn|dbvi}Hkùj}(B}vfkihvb}(Vrioigifjrb}(\br}jhi} ihmkihi}Rokmifi} bh bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi { vrih}b÷hvb} bhebhbrid

ºFb yë nihbri vrivi fbfb}bn|bùir b}vi}chmkjhb}:

Di ivbhmkýh yb vbhbnj} b} |br}jhidkwifi bh mjhvimvj mjh bdmdkbhvb { }b fb}irrjddi fb di }kekbhvb nihbri7

Bdiojimkýh7 \iri di jovbhmkýh fbd |ih bpk}vbh fj} |rjmb}j} bdirvb}ihid yb }b bdiojri nbfkihvb di nbwmdi fb `irkhi {}b ini}i }kh niykhirki}(

Bdiojrimkýh mjh vëmhkmi} i niykhirki$ fjhfb }b vkdkwi dirbsjdsbfjri}$ ini}ifjri { mjrvifjri(

Fk}vkormkýh7 ]b fk}vrko{b i di} ojfbei} { nbrmifj}$ mjh hi bckmkbhvb

mi|imkfif fb fk}vrkomkýh { vrih}|jrvb |iri ddbeir idmdkbhvb(

Di fk}vrkomkýh vinokëh b} fkrbmvi$ bh bd |hvj fb sbhviyb b} di |ihifbrîi(

?3



Mjnbmkidkwimkýh7

Mjhvinj} mjh dj} nbfkj} fb mjnhkmimkýh djmid rifkjfkc}kýh+$ |odkmkfif bh bd djmid(

]b mjhviré mjh hi ifbmifi b}vrivbeki fb sbhvi} |iri dimjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb Hb}vrj |rjfmvj(

º\jr yë bpk}vb b}vijreihkwimkýh:

Mrbinj} di bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di} hbmb}kfifb}fb h nbrmifj kh}ivk}cbm`j bh bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi(

ºMéhfj rbidkwi b}vi}chmkjhb}:

Fb Dhb} i Fjnkhej fb 37<< i(n( i 9<7<< |(n

NK]KJH7]jnj} hi bn|rb}i yb }b fbfkmi i di bdiojrimkýh$ fk}vrkomkýh { mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb |ih {

|i}vbdbrîi Fkrkekfj} i di} cinkdki}$ hkùj}$ b}vfkihvb}$ vrioigifjrb}$ \br}jhi} ihmkihi}$okmifi} bh bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi { vrih}b÷hvb} bh ebhbrid( Orkhfinj} bd }brskmkj fbBdiojimkýh7 \iri di jovbhmkýh fbd |ih bpk}vbh fj} |rjmb}j} bd irvb}ihid yb }b bdiojri nbfkihvb di

nbwmdi fb `irkhi { }b ini}i }kh niykhirki}(

Bdiojrimkýh mjh vëmhkmi} i niykhirki$ fjhfb }b vkdkwi di rbsjdsbfjri}$ ini}ifjri {mjrvifjri(

Fk}vkormkýh7 ]b fk}vrko{b i di} ojfbei} { nbrmifj}$ mjh hi bckmkbhvb mi|imkfif fb fk}vrkomkýh {

vrih}|jrvb |iri ddbeir id mdkbhvb(

Di fk}vrkomkýh vinokëh b} fkrbmvi$ bh bd |hvj fb sbhvi yb b} di |ihifbrîi(

Mjnbmkidkwimkýh7

Mjhvinj} mjh dj} nbfkj} fb mjnhkmimkýh djmid rifkj fkc}kýh+$ |odkmkfif bh bd djmid(

]b mjhviré mjh hi ifbmifi b}vrivbeki fb sbhvi} |iri di mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb Hb}vrj|rjfmvj(

Mrbinj} di bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di} hbmb}kfifb} fb h nbrmifj kh}ivk}cbm`j bhbd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi( Ivbhfbnj} fb Dhb} i Fjnkhej fb 37<< i(n( i 9<7<< |(n

?5



MRIF_J FB MJNI\I_MKÝH FB DI NK]KÝH$ SIDJ_B]MBHV_IDB] [ CKDJ]JCKI

NK]KJH7 ]jnj} hi bn|rb}i yb }b fbfkmi i dibdiojrimkýh$ fk}vrkomkýh { mjnbrmkidkwimkýhfb |ih { |i}vbdbrîi Fkrkekfj} i di} cinkdki}$hkùj}$ b}vfkihvb}$ vrioigifjrb}$ \br}jhi}ihmkihi}$ okmifi} bh bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷}Nirîi { vrih}b÷hvb} bh ebhbrid( Orkhfinj} bd}brskmkj fbBdiojimkýh7 \iri di jovbhmkýh fbd |ih bpk}vbh fj}

|rjmb}j} bd irvb}ihid yb }b bdiojrinbfkihvb di nbwmdi fb `irkhi { }b ini}i}kh niykhirki}(

Bdiojrimkýh mjh vëmhkmi} i niykhirki$fjhfb }b vkdkwi di rbsjdsbfjri}$ini}ifjri { mjrvifjri(

Fk}vkormkýh7 ]b fk}vrko{b i di} ojfbei} { nbrmifj}$

mjh hi bckmkbhvb mi|imkfif fbfk}vrkomkýh { vrih}|jrvb |iri ddbeir idmdkbhvb(

Di fk}vrkomkýh vinokëh b} fkrbmvi$ bh bd|hvj fb sbhvi yb b} di |ihifbrîi(

Mjnbmkidkwimkýh7

?0



Mjhvinj} mjh dj} nbfkj} fbmjnhkmimkýh djmid rifkj fkc}kýh+$|odkmkfif bh bd djmid(

]b mjhviré mjh hi ifbmifi b}vrivbekifb sbhvi} |iri di mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb

Hb}vrj |rjfmvj(

Mrbinj} di bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di} hbmb}kfifb} fb h nbrmifj kh}ivk}cbm`jbh bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi( Ivbhfbnj} fbDhb} i Fjnkhej fb 37<< i(n( i 9<7<< |(n

SIDJ_B] MBHV_IDB]   Idvj ]ioj { Sidj Hrvkmkjhid Hb}vrj |rjfmvj b} fb erih }iojr {sidjr hvrkmkjhid$ {i yb mbhvih mjhkh}nj} fb midkfif }kbn|rbkhhjsihfj { nbgjrihfj hb}vrj}|rjmb}j} fb |rjfmmkýh(

  ]ioj ieifiodb { fb idvj Sidj Hrvkmkjhid Dj} |rjfmvj}|ihkckmifjrb} vkbhbh erih }iojr {sidjr hvrkmkjhid$ bdiojrifj} mjhkh}nj} fb midkfif(

  ]jnj} rh byrk|j |jimvksj$Hb}vrj |rjfmvj b} bd rb}dvifj ckhidfb hb}vrj b}cbrwj$ |jr dj vihvjhb}vrj vrioigj fbob |rb}vir ivbhmkýhi dj} fbviddb}$ }jnj} h byk|j|rjimvksj$ o}minj} di nbgjrimjh}vihvb { mn|dknj} mjh hb}vrj

fbobr bh dj} vkbn|j} yb }b b}|brih(  Vioigj fkehj

B} fb erih kn|jrvihmki mjhvir mjh hvrioigj fkehj yb hj} |brnkvih fir mjnjfkfif { midkfif fb skfi ihb}vrj} mjdiojrifjrb}(

  Fb}ijddinj} bd nbmifjfb \jfrmvj} fb \ihkckmimkýh(

Vbhbnj} hi min|iùi fbnirabvkhe rimkjhid fb erih kn|imvj

jrkbhvifj id |÷odkmj jogbvksj(  _kerj}j Mjhvjd fb Midkfif7

Hb}vrj |rjfmvj b}vé rkerj}inbhvbmjhvrjdifj |iri i}berir di midkfif$crb}mri { sidjr idknbhvkmkj(

  Khhjsimkýh { nbgji fb dj}\jmb}j} \jfrmvksj} Vjfi divbmhjdjeîi |di}nifi bh hi njfbrhi|dihvi |ihkckmifjri$ yb i}beri bd|brcbmvj b}vifj { mjh}brsimkýh fbd|rjfmvj(

 Hrb}vi \kjkfif b} bd mdkbhvbHj} |rbjm|inj} |jr bd okbhb}vir fb

hb}vrj} mdkbhvb}$ b} |jr b}j yb hb}vrj

?;



|rjfmvj b}vé bh mjh}vihvb ihédk}k} {jo}brsimkýh$ eirihvkwihfj } |brcbmvjb}vifj(

  Di Nbgj vbmhjdjeîi bh|ihkckmimkýh ]b mbhvi mjh niykhirki

njfbrhi(

  Midkfif Fbd Vidbhvj @rnihj Djyb }jnj}$ b} |j}kodb erimki} id b}cbrwj {di midkfif `nihi fb vjfj} hb}vrj}mjdiojrifjrb}$ rb|irvkfjrb}$ bvm( yb hj}i{fi mjh di fk}vrkomkýh { |jr }|b}vj fbhb}vrj} |rjsbbfjrb}(

  Rh Mjn|bvbhvb byrk|j fb|ihifbj} Mjhvinj} mjh h byk|j fb|ihifbrj} { |i}vbdbrj} b}|bmkidk}vi} yb

mjhvkhinbhvb }b b}véh imvidkwihfj {mi|imkvihfj |iri orkhfirdb i}b}jrîi$mjhckihwi { bpmbdbhmki bh }brskmkj$ { i}î}ivk}cimbr di} hbmb}kfifb} fb imbrfj i di}bp|bmvivksi} fb hb}vrj} mdkbhvb}(

  Midkfif bh ivbhmkýh Dj} mdkbhvb}hj} kfbhvkckmirih { }bréh ckbdb} |jr hb}vribpmbdbhvb midkfif bh ivbhmkýh

CKDJ]JCKI FB V_IOIGJB}vinj} mjn|rjnbvkfj} mjh hb}vri cinkdki {

hb}vri mjnhkfif$ bh `imbr |rjfmvj} fb|ihkckmimkýh mjnj |ih$ |i}vbdb}$ ybyb}$bvm( yb ddbhbh }} bp|bmvivksi}$ mkfihfjhb}vrj} |rjmb}j} fb |rjfmmkýh |irieirihvkwir di midkfif yb hb}vrj} mdkbhvb}nbrbmbh( I } sbw ebhbrinj} hbsi}j|jrvhkfifb} fb bn|dbj mjh bd nbgjr inokbhvb diojrid |iri hb}vrj}mjdiojrifjrb}(

=<



MJH]V_RMMKÝH FB DI SK]KÝH FB DI BN\_B]I\_JFRMMKÝH [ MJNB_MKIDKWIMKÝH FB \_JFRMVJ] I OI]B

FB \IHKCKMIMKÝH

KFBJDJEKI MBHV_IDSidjb} Mbhvidb}

9( Idvj ]ioj { Sidj Hrvkmkjhid Hb}vrj|rjfmvj b} fb erih }iojr { sidjr hvrkmkjhid$

{i yb mbhvih mjh kh}nj} fb midkfif}kbn|rb khhjsihfj { nbgjrihfj hb}vrj}|rjmb}j} fb |rjfmmkýh(

?( ]jnj} rh byrk|j |jimvksj$ Hb}vrj|rjfmvj b} bd rb}dvifj ckhid fb hb}vrjb}cbrwj$ |jr dj vihvj hb}vrj vrioigj fbob|rb}vir ivbhmkýh i dj} fbviddb}$ }jnj} hbyk|j |rjimvksj$ o}minj} di nbgjrimjh}vihvb { mn|dknj} mjh hb}vrj fbobr bhdj} vkbn|j} yb }b b}|brih(

=( Vioigj fkehj B} fb erih kn|jrvihmki mjhvir mjh h vrioigj fkehj yb hj} |brnkvih fir mjnjfkfif { midkfif fb skfi i hb}vrj}mjdiojrifjrb}(

6( Fb}ijddinj} bd nbmifj fb|jfrmvj} |ihkckmifjb}( Vbhbnj} hi

min|iùi fb nirabvkhe rimkjhid fb erih

kn|imvj jrkbhvihfj i di} cinkdki}(

2( Jovbhmkýh fbd nbgj |ih(

Hj}jvrj} }bdbmmkjhinj} { vrioiginj} mjh

|ihkckmifjrb} bp|brknbhvifj}(

3( _kerj}j Mjhvjd fb Midkfif7 Hb}vrj|rjfmvj b}vé rkerj}inbhvb mjhvrjdifj |irii}berir di midkfif { sidjr idknbhvkmkj(

5( Khhjsimkýh { nbgji fb dj} \jmb}j}

\jfrmvksj} Vjfi di vbmhjdjeîi |di}nifi bhhi njfbrhi khf}vrki |ihkckmifjri$ ybi}beri bd |brcbmvj b}vifj { mjh}brsimkýh fbd|rjfmvj(

CRVR_J FB]BIFJNbvi}$ Eihfb}$ \bdrfi} { Irfimb}

9( ]b }bdbmmkjhiré i dj} nbgjrb} |rjcb}kjhidb} fbdi khf}vrki |ihkckmifjri ykbhb} mjhvrjdirihvjfj} dj} |rjmb}j} fb |rjfmmkýh fb dibn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri$ |iri eirihvkwir dimidkfif fb dj} |rjfmvj} yb }b |rjfmbh(

?( Dj} mjdiojrifjrb} fb di |ihifbrîi vbhfréh dij|jrvhkfif fb mi|imkvir}b bh bd ]BHIVK$ fbb}vi cjrni i|dkmir dj i|rbhfkfj khhjsihfjhbsi} cjrni} { vëmhkmi} fb |ihkckmimkýh(

=( ]b mjhviré mjh h |rjerini fb khmbhvksj}ckhihmkbrj} yb vbhfré mjnj chmkýh |rkhmk|idfirdb hi nbgjr midkfif fb skfi id mjdiojrifjr(\jr bgbn|dj7 dj} fjnkhej} }b |iei }idirkjfjnkhkmid id vrioigifjr(

6( ]b fb}irrjddiri h |rjerini fb khsb}vkeimkýhfb nbrmifj} |iri mjhjmbr di} |rbcbrbhmki} {e}vj} fb hb}vrj} mdkbhvb} bd mid hj}|brnkvkré }bdbmmkjhir di nbgjr b}vrivbeki fb

nirabvkhe(2( Mjhvirbnj} mjh |dih fb }bdbmmkýh fb dj}

nbgjrb} |ihifbrj}(3( ]b Mjhviri mjh dj} mrkvbrkj} fb mjhvrjd fb

midkfif fb hjrni} idknbhvirîi}(5( ]b mjhviré mjh hi mi|imkvimkýh vbmhjdýekmi

mjh}vihvb fb hb}vrj} mjdiojrifjrb} i vrisë}fb mjherb}j}$ mjhcbrbhmki} { mr}j} fbhvrj {cbri fbd |iî}(

0( Mjhvirbnj} mjh h |rjerini fb b}vfkj fbnbrmifj yb hj} |brnkvkré mjn|rbhfbr dj}jogbvksj} { fb}icîj} mjnbrmkidb} fb hb}vrj}mdkbhvb} b} |rknjrfkid |iri |jfbr i}k}vkrdj} {nbgjrir di bckmkbhmki$ fb hb}vri |rjfmmkýh(

;( ]b kn|dbnbhvirih mr}j} vbýrkmj} { |rémvkmj}

mbrrifj} |iri |brcbmmkjhinkbhvj fb dj}|ihkckmifjrb}

9<(]b mjhviré bh di jreihkwimkýh mjh di nbgjr

=9



0( Hrb}vi \kjkfif b} bd mdkbhvb Hj}

|rbjm|inj} |jr bd okbhb}vir fb hb}vrj} mdkbhvb}$ b}

|jr b}j yb hb}vrj |rjfmvj }b nbgjri bh

|rb}bhvimkýh { }iojr(

;( Di Nbgj vbmhjdjeîi bh `jhj} ]b mbhvi

mjh `jrhj} Hjsi { ]jdei} yb |brnkvbh firdb hi

mjmmkýh n{ obhi id |ih(

9<( Midkfif Fbd Vidbhvj @rnihj Dj yb

}jnj}$ b} |j}kodb erimki} id b}cbrwj { di midkfif

`nihi fb vjfj} hb}vrj} vrioigifjrb}$ jorbrj}$

vëmhkmj}$ khebhkbrj}$ bn|dbifj}$ vjfi di cbrwi fb

sbhvi} yb hj} i{fi mjh di fk}vrkomkýh { |jr

}|b}vj fb hb}vrj} |rjsbbfjrb}(

99( Midkfif bh ivbhmkýh Hb}vrj} mdkbhvb} hj}kfbhvkckmirih { }bréh ckbdb} |jr hb}vribpmbdbhvb midkfif bh ivbhmkýh

mdvri jreihkwimkjhid yb hj} |brnkvkré vbhbr hi nbgjr mjnhkmimkýh { cjnbhvir bd vrioigjbh byk|j fb vjfj} dj} khvberihvb} fb dibn|rb}i(

99(]b fb}irrjddiré h |rjerini fb bsidimkýhmjh}vihvb mjh rb}|bmvj i di midkfif fbivbhmkýh id mdkbhvb(

(

\_J\Ý]KVJ MBHV_ID

NK]KÝH7 ]jnj} hi bn|rb}i yb }b fbfkmi i dibdiojrimkýh$ fk}vrkomkýh { mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb |ih {|i}vbdbrîi Fkrkekfj} i di} cinkdki}$ hkùj}$ b}vfkihvb}$vrioigifjrb}$ \br}jhi} ihmkihi}$ okmifi} bh bd fk}vrkvjfb Gb}÷} Nirîi { vrih}b÷hvb} bh ebhbrid( Orkhfinj} bd}brskmkj fbBdiojimkýh7 \iri di jovbhmkýh fbd |ih bpk}vbh fj} |rjmb}j} bd

irvb}ihid yb }b bdiojri nbfkihvb di nbwmdi fb

`irkhi { }b ini}i }kh niykhirki}(

Bdiojrimkýh mjh vëmhkmi} i niykhirki$ fjhfb }bvkdkwi di rbsjdsbfjri}$ ini}ifjri { mjrvifjri(

Fk}vkormkýh7 ]b fk}vrko{b i di} ojfbei} { nbrmifj}$ mjh hi

bckmkbhvb mi|imkfif fb fk}vrkomkýh { vrih}|jrvb |iriddbeir id mdkbhvb(

Di fk}vrkomkýh vinokëh b} fkrbmvi$ bh bd |hvj fbsbhvi yb b} di |ihifbrîi(

Mjnbmkidkwimkýh7

Mjhvinj} mjh dj} nbfkj} fb mjnhkmimkýh djmidrifkj fkc}kýh+$ |odkmkfif bh bd djmid(

]b mjhviré mjh hi ifbmifi b}vrivbeki fb sbhvi}|iri di mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb Hb}vrj |rjfmvj(

Mrbinj} di bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di}hbmb}kfifb} fb h nbrmifj kh}ivk}cbm`j bh bd fk}vrkvj fbGb}÷} Nirîi( Ivbhfbnj} fb Dhb} i Fjnkhej fb 37<<i(n( i 9<7<< |(n

FB]M_K\MKÝH SKSKFI

]rbùjBdiojrirbnj} bd nbgjr |ih fbd nbfkj$ rbmjhjmkfj |jr }midkfif i hksbd djmid$ }brbnj} di |rknbri bn|rb}i\ihkckmifjri dîfbr bh bd nbrmifj himkjhid b khvbrhimkjhid$Hb}vrj ëpkvj }b oi}iré bh khhjsimkjhb} vbmhjdýekmi} {rkerj}j} mjhvrjdb} fb midkfif vinokëh fb mjhvir mjh bdnbgjr byk|j fb mjdiojrifjrb}(

SK]KJH

]brbnj} di nbgjr bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri dîfbr bh bd nbrmifj { rbmjhjmkfi |jr } erih }iojr { sidjr hvrkmkjhid$ midkfif$vbmhjdjeîi b khhjsimkýh fb dj} |rjfmvj} bdiojrifj}( ]|brihfj di} bp|bmvivksi} fb dj} mdkbhvb} { }kbhfj }kbn|rb }

|rknbri j|mkýh bh |rjfmvj} fb |ihkckmimkýh(

Fbhvrj fb 2 iùj} di nirmi }bré himkjhidnbhvb rbmjhjmkfi { }bré }khýhknj fb midkfif b khhjsimkýh(

=?



MJH]V_RMMKJH FBD JOGBVKSJ

Jogbvksj ]kn|db 9

NK]KJH7 ]jnj} hi bn|rb}i yb }b fbfkmi i di bdiojrimkýh$fk}vrkomkýh { mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb |ih { |i}vbdbrîi Fkrkekfj} idi} cinkdki}$ hkùj}$ b}vfkihvb}$ vrioigifjrb}$ \br}jhi}ihmkihi}$ okmifi} bh bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi {vrih}b÷hvb} bh ebhbrid( Orkhfinj} bd }brskmkj fbBdiojimkýh7

\iri di jovbhmkýh fbd |ih bpk}vbh fj} |rjmb}j} bdirvb}ihid yb }b bdiojri nbfkihvb di nbwmdi fb `irkhi {}b ini}i }kh niykhirki}(

Bdiojrimkýh mjh vëmhkmi} i niykhirki$ fjhfb }b vkdkwidi rbsjdsbfjri}$ ini}ifjri { mjrvifjri(




Mjnbmkidkwimkýh7


]b mjhviré mjh hi ifbmifi b}vrivbeki fb sbhvi} |iridi mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb Hb}vrj |rjfmvj(

Mrbinj} di bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di}

hbmb}kfifb} fb h nbrmifj kh}ivk}cbm`j bh bd fk}vrkvj fbGb}÷} Nirîi( Ivbhfbnj} fb Dhb} i Fjnkhej fb 37<< i(n( i9<7<< |(n

==



NBVI 7 \rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj} \ihkckmifjrb}(

FK_BMMKJH7 Midkfif

MI_IMVB_B] FKCKHKVKSJ]7

Niykhirki _bsjdsbfjri { @jrhj fb midkfif(

INOKVJ7 @jrhj Hjsi { ybnifjrb} ]jd Ei} |rbmkj& ?< nkd fýdirb}

JOGBVKSJ7 Nbgjrir di midkfif fb di |rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj} fb|ihkckmimkýh i vrisë} fb di mjn|ri fbd @jrhj Hjsi fb & ?<nkd fýdirb}(

Jogbvksj ]kn|db ?

NK]KJH7 ]jnj} hi bn|rb}i yb }b fbfkmi i di bdiojrimkýh$fk}vrkomkýh { mjnbrmkidkwimkýh fb |ih { |i}vbdbrîi Fkrkekfj} idi} cinkdki}$ hkùj}$ b}vfkihvb}$ vrioigifjrb}$ \br}jhi}ihmkihi}$ okmifi} bh bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi {vrih}b÷hvb} bh ebhbrid( Orkhfinj} bd }brskmkj fbBdiojimkýh7 \iri di jovbhmkýh fbd |ih bpk}vbh fj} |rjmb}j} bd

irvb}ihid yb }b bdiojri nbfkihvb di nbwmdi fb `irkhi {}b ini}i }kh niykhirki}(




Di fk}vrkomkýh vinokëh b} fkrbmvi$ bh bd |hvj fb sbhvi

yb b} di |ihifbrîi(Mjnbmkidkwimkýh7



Mrbinj} di bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di}hbmb}kfifb} fb h nbrmifj kh}ivk}cbm`j bh bd fk}vrkvj fbGb}÷} Nirîi( Ivbhfbnj} fb Dhb} i Fjnkhej fb 37<< i(n( i

9<7<< |(nNBVI 7 \rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj} \ihkckmifjrb}(

=6



FK_BMMKJH7 Midkfif


Oivkfjri khf}vrkid

INOKVJ7 Oivkfjri CINI ” \rbmkj & 6$<<< fýdirb}(

JOGBVKSJ7 Nbgjrir di midkfif fb di |rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj} fb\i}vbdbrj} i vrisë} fb di mjn|ri fb di Oivkfjri fb |rbmkj&6$<<< fýdirb}(

Jogbvksj ]kn|db =


irvb}ihid yb }b bdiojri nbfkihvb di nbwmdi fb `irkhi {

}b ini}i }kh niykhirki}(





Mjnbmkidkwimkýh7



Mrbinj} di bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di}hbmb}kfifb} fb h nbrmifj kh}ivk}cbm`j bh bd fk}vrkvj fbGb}÷} Nirîi( Ivbhfbnj} fb Dhb} i Fjnkhej fb 37<< i(n( i

9<7<< |(nNBVI 7 \rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj} \ihkckmifjrb}(

=2



FK_BMMKJH7 Midkfif


Vëmhkmj bh \ihkckmimkýh(

INOKVJ7 B}vfkj} bh bd ]BHIVK j Kh}vkvvj fb Ei}vrjhjnîi fb\rb}vkekj bp|brkbhmki nîhkni mjn|rjoifi fb ? iùj}(

JOGBVKSJ7 Nbgjrir di midkfif fb di |rjfmmkýh fb dj} |rjfmvj}nbfkihvb di mjhvrivimkýh fb h Vëmhkmj \ihkckmifjr( Mjhbp|brkbhmki nîhkni mjn|rjoifi fb ? iùj} bh bd érbi(

Jogbvksj Mjn|dbgj


irvb}ihid yb }b bdiojri nbfkihvb di nbwmdi fb `irkhi {}b ini}i }kh niykhirki}(





Mjnbmkidkwimkýh7



Mrbinj} di bn|rb}i |ihkckmifjri |iri morkr di}hbmb}kfifb} fb h nbrmifj kh}ivk}cbm`j bh bd fk}vrkvj fbGb}÷} Nirîi( Ivbhfbnj} fb Dhb} i Fjnkhej fb 37<< i(n( i9<7<< |(n(

NBVI 7 \rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj} \ihkckmifjrb}(FK_BMMKJH7 Midkfif

=3




  Niykhirki _bsjdsbfjr { @jrhj fb midkfif$  Oivkfjri khf}vrkid  Vëmhkmj bh \ihkckmimkýh(

INOKVJ7 Niyrkhiki bsjdsbfji { `jhj fb midkfif7@jrhj Hjsi { ybnifjrb} ]jd Ei} |rbmkj

& ?< nkd fýdirb}$Oivkfji Khfr}vkid7Oivkfjri CINI ” \rbmkj & 6$<<< fýdirb}(Vëmhkmj bh |ihkckmimkýh7Vëmhkmj mjh B}vfkj} bh bd ]BHIVK j Kh}vkvvj fbEi}vrjhjnîi fb \rb}vkekj bp|brkbhmki nîhkni mjn|rjoififb ? iùj}(

JOGBVKSJ7 Nbgjrir di midkfif fb di |rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj} fb|ihkckmimkýh i vrisë} fb di mjn|ri fbd @jrhj Hjsi i h sidjr fb R] & ?< nkd fýdirb}$ mjn|ri fb di oivkfjri fb |rbmkj R] &6$<<<( Nkd fýdirb} { di mjhvrivimkýh fb h Vëmhkmj \ihifbrjBerb}ifj fb ]BHIVK j Kh}vkvvj fb \rb}vkekj mjh bp|brkbhmki

nîhkni mjn|rjoifi fb ? iùj} bh bd érbi(

\DIHBIMKJH HJ_NIVKSI

\JDKVKMI] FB \_JFRMMKJH BH DI BN\_B]IJOGBVKSJ \JDÎVKMI]Nbgjrir di midkfif fb di |rjfmmkýh fb |rjfmvj}fb |ihkckmimkýh i vrisë} fb di mjn|ri fbd @jrhjHjsi i h sidjr fb R] & ?< nkd fýdirb}$ mjn|rifb di oivkfjri fb |rbmkj R] & 6$<<<( Nkd fýdirb} {di mjhvrivimkýh fb h Vëmhkmj \ihifbrjBerb}ifj fb ]BHIVK j Kh}vkvvj fb \rb}vkekj mjhbp|brkbhmki nîhkni mjn|rjoifi fb ? iùj} bh bdérbi(

Di \ihifbîi \i}vbdbîi nihvbhfré }hksbd fb midkfif fb |rjfmmkýhifykrkbhfj `jrhj} rjvivksj}nirmi Hjsi(

?( Mi|imkvimkýh mjhvkh÷i i hb}vrj|br}jhid$ }jorb di} nbgjrb}|rémvkmi} bh ivbhmkýh id mdkbhvb(

=( Bhskir mifi 3 nb}b} i hb}vrj}vëmhkmi} |ihifbrj} imi|imkvimkjhb} { mr}j} fb|ihifbrîi yb jcrbmb ]BHIVK$ di]jmkbfif Himkjhid fb Khf}vrki}$

@jrhj} Hjsi$ bhvrb jvri}bn|rb}i} b kh}vkvmkjhb}(

6( _bidkwir bd nihvbhknkbhvjrb}|bmvksj mifi }bk} nb}b} i di}néykhi}(

2( Mjh}vihvb} b}vfkj} fb nbrmifj|iri kr nkfkbhfj di |brmb|mkýh ybvkbhbh dj} mdkbhvb} mjh dj}|rjfmvj} yb }b db} b}véh

orkhfihfj(

=5



3( Jcrbmbr |rjnjmkjhb} i dj}mdkbhvb} crbmbhvb}$ |jr bgbn|dj7jvjreirdb} h |i}vbd mjnj mjrvb}îifb di |ihifbrîi mifi mkbrvjvkbn|j(

5( Vrioigir mjh |rjsbbfjrb}mjhckiodb} mjnj IDKMJ_\$ _BF]VI_ bhvrb jvrj}(

0( ]b rbhjsirih di} mjrvifjri} fbojddj} mifi 6 iùj} }kbhfj}kbn|rb fb di nirmi CINI \B_R|rkhmk|id |rjsbbfjr fb b}vb vk|j fbnéykhi}(

;( Bd nib}vrj |ihifbrj }bré hVëmhkmj bh \ihkckmimkýh berb}ifj

fbd ]BHIVK(

99( B]V_IVBEKI] FB OÉ]KMI]$ EBHË_KMI] [B]V_IVBEKI] FB NI_ABVKHE BH OI]B ID JOGBVKSJ\DIHVBIFJ(

MKHMJ CRB_WI] FB \J_VB_ \I_I

DI \IHIFB_KI

=0



=;



99( 9( B]V_IVBEKI] MJN\BVKVKSI] OÉ]KMI] \J_ MIFI RHI FB DI]NBHMKJHB] \I_I MIFI RHI FB DI] MKHMJ CRB_WI]+

99(9(9 BHV_IFI FB BN\_B]I] HRBSI]9+ BMJHJNKI] FB B]MIDI7

. Inbhvir di |rjfmvkskfif fb di |ihkckmifjri i|rjsbmìhfj id népknj bd

viniùj fb |dihvi yb }b vkbhb$ i|rjsbmìhfj bd `jrhj ìmkbhfj `jrhbifj}

fb |isj}$ dbm`jhb}$ ybyb}$ bvm(

. Fksbr}kckmimkýh fbd |rjfmvj i vrisë} fb jvri} |rb}bhvimkjhb}$ }imir h

|rjfmvj yb rb|rb}bhvb i di \ihifbrîi h |ih vk|j \[M(

. Vrioigir mjh }vjma fb ìrkhi}$ nihvbmi$ imbkvb { dbsifri yb |brnkvihebhbrir h nbhjr mj}vj i di |ihifbrîi bh mihvj i mj}vj} djeî}vkmj} j fb

vrih}|jrvb(

. Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh }|brnbrmifj}$ ojfbebrj} { nkhjrk}vi} fb dj}

nbrmifj} fb ioi}vj}(

?+ FKCB_BHMKIMKÝH FB \_JFRMVJ7

. ×hkmi Khf}vrki \ihkckmifjri yb ioi}vbmb bh cjrni j|jrvhi { mjh idvj}

b}véhfirb} fb }berkfif bh `kekbhb }} |rjfmvj}( ]b mjh}kfbri yb b} hi

oirrbri fb bhvrifi idvinbhvb ivrimvksi$ fifj yb |iri hbsj} mjn|bvkfjrb}

}brîi fkcîmkd khmr}kjhir bh bd nbrmifj }kh mjhjmbr di} bpkebhmki} fbd mdkbhvb {

vinokëh fb FKEB]I ]b mjhviré mjh di ivjrkwimkýh }ihkvirki+(

. B}viodbmbr cbmì} fb sbhmknkbhvj nbhjrb} i di} yb vkbhb di mjn|bvbhmki$ fb

vid nihbri yb bd |rjfmvj }b |brmkoi mjh }} |rj|kbfifb} khvimvi}(

. Fksbr}kckmimkýh fb di nbwmdi fbd |rjfmvj i vrisë} fb |rb}bhvimkjhb} fb

|ihb}$ eiddbvi}$ bvm(

. B}vrivbeki fb |rbmkj}7 Bd |rbmkj fb khvrjfmmkýh id nbrmifj }bré dkebrinbhvb

nbhjr fbd yb imvidnbhvb nihbgi di mjn|bvbhmki$ fb b}vi nihbri |jfbr

vbhbr hi cbrvb imjekfi id khkmkir di} j|brimkjhb}(

6<



=+ HBMB]KFIFB] FB MI\KVID7

. Ckhihmkinkbhvj mjh oigj} khvbrb}b}$ o}mihfj imjebr}b i |rjerini} j

obhbckmkj} fb ckhihmkinkbhvj yb bd ejokbrhj bhvrbei i di} nkmrj { |bybùi}

bn|rb}i}( I|rjsbmìr bd mrëfkvj fb Idkmjr| yb b} i népknj = }bnihi}(

. I|rjsbmìr bd mrëfkvj fb Hjsi { ]jei} { fb b}vi nihbri vjnir di nbgjr

j|mkýh bh mihvj i `jrhj} }b rbckbrb(

. Khvberimkýh ìmki ifbdihvb mjh |rjsbbfjrb} fb niykhirki}$ fb b}vi nihbri

}b |jfrîi hbejmkir bd nihvbhknkbhvj j bh h fbvbrnkhifj vkbn|j(

6+ DJ] MJ]VJ] SKHMRDIFJ] I DJ] MINOKJ]7

. ]b mjh}vkv{b bh hi oirrbri fb bhvrifi nbfkihinbhvb ivrimvksi$ fifj bd idvj

erifj fb b}|bmkidkwimkýh$ bp|brkbhmki fb}irrjddifi bh di khf}vrki|ihkckmifjri$ { bd mjhjmknkbhvj fbd nbrmifj db} jmi}kjhirîi mj}vj} idvj}(

. Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh ojfbebrj}$ jcrbmkëhfjdb} hi eihihmki nbgjr yb

di mjn|bvbhmki(

. Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh |rjsbbfjrb} yb hj} jcrbwmih kh}nj} i oigj mj}vj

j yb bd |rjfmvj dj mjdjybh bh dj} idnimbhb} fb di \ihifbrîi(

. Ckfbdkwir id mdkbhvb i vrisë} fb |rjnjmkjhb} fb oigj mj}vj$ mjnj |jr bgbn|dj

}k mjn|ri né} fb vrb} }jdb} fb |ih }b db jo}byki h fdmb j h |ih(

2+ IMMB]J I DJ] MIHIDB] FB FK]V_KORMKÝH7

. Vrioigir mjh khvbrnbfkirkj}$ di fk}vrkomkýh }b rbidkwiré i vrisë} fb dj}

|rkhmk|idb} nbrmifj} { }|brnbrmifj} fb di mkfif |rjfmvj} bnojd}ifj}+(

. Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh ojfbei} fbd fk}vrkvj$ fb b}vi nihbri |jfbr ickihwir

di mjvi fb nbrmifj id njnbhvj fb khvrjfmkr bd |rjfmvj id nbrmifj(

. Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh J|brifjrb} Djeî}vkmj} yb }b bhmirebh fb difk}vrkomkýh ìmki dj} nbrmifj} yb cjrni |irvb fbd nbrmifj jogbvksj bh h

cvrj(

. In|dkir dj} mihidb} fb fk}vrkomkýh i vrisë} fb ]brskmbhvrj}$ erkcj} {

b}viodbmknkbhvj fb hi cbrwi fb sbhvi} i mirej fb mjnk}kjhk}vi} b}vj bh h

cvrj id iorkr nbrmifj mjh dj} |rjfmvj} fb |ihifbrîi bnoi}ifj}(

69



3+ FB]SBHVIGI] FB DJ] MJ]VJ] KHFB\BHFKBHVBNBHVB FBD VINIÙJ

FB DI BN\_B]I

. Ahju @ju fb di bn|b}i( \ivbhvirbnj} hb}vri bp|brkbhmki bh mihvj i

midkfif fbd |rjfmvj$ di} midb} `i{ih djerifj di rbfmmkýh fb hb}vrj}

mj}vj} }kh idvbrir di midkfif fb hb}vrj |rjfmvj(

. Hj bhvrir i hi ebrri fb |rbmkj} yb |j}vbrkjrnbhvb oigb bd |rbmkj fb

nbrmifj$ bh di khf}vrki |ihkckmifjri di khsbr}kýh b} oi}vihvb cbrvb |jr dj yb

}b fbob bykdkorir dj} mj}vj} bh h |diwj hj ni{jr i fj} nb}b}$ bd |rbmkj fb

khvrjfmmkýh fbob }br hksbdifj bh mjrvj |diwj(

. \rknir di eirihvîi fbd |rjfmvj$ ickdkéhfjhj} bh bd Nkhk}vbrkj fb di \rjfmmkýh

mjh di Nirmi Mýn|ridb id \br÷ |iri |jfbr sbhfbr bh h cvrj id B}vifj

\brihj mjh bd |rjfmvj |ihbvjhb} yb }jh }jdkmkvifj} |jr dj} |rjerini}}jmkidb}(

. B}vrivbeki} fb |rjnjmkýh7 \rjnjmkjhb} bh di nbfkfi yb bd |rb}|b}vj fb

nirabvkhe hj bpmbfi bd ?" fb dj} kherb}j} nbh}idb} j ihidb}(

5+ \JDKVKMI FB EJOKB_HJ

. Mjhsbhkj} mjh bd b}vifj7 Crbhvb i h |j}kodb obhbckmkj vrkovirkj mjnj obhj

mjhvrko{bhvb ” Vbhbr bh mbhvi} di} |brmb|mkjhb} i di} yb b}vé }gbvi di|ihifbrîi(

. Hbsj} nirmj} dbeidb} yb |brnkvih cisjrbmbr id }bmvjr |ihkckmifjr$ fb b}vi

nihbri di j|vknkwimkýh fb mj}vj} b} hi fb di} sirkiodb} fb ni{jr

}bh}kokdkfif bh b}vb hbejmkj |jr bgbn|dj }o}kfkj} fb di `irkhi+ |brnkvb oigir

dj} mj}vj} { |rbmkj} fbd |ih(

99(9(? DI INBHWI FB \_JFRMVJ] ]R]VKVRVJ]9+ NBGJ_IH BD \_BMKJ7

. _bfmkr dj} |rbmkj} |jr fboigj fb dj} fb di mjn|bvbhmki$ |iri yb$ fb b}i

nihbri$ |jfbr odjybirdi { eihirdb nbrmifj(

?+ ]IM_KCKMIH DI MIDKFIF7

. ]b vbhfré h |rjfmvj né} bmjhýnkmj(

6?



=+ ]IM_KCKMIH IDERHI] MI_IMVB_K]VKMI]7

. Di} |rb}bhvimkjhb} j bhsi}b} fb dj} |rjfmvj} }bi bmjhýnkmj$ j|virbnj}

|jr bhsi}b} bh ojd}i} okjfberifiodb}(

99(9(= BD \JFB_ HBEJMKIFJ_ FB DJ] MJN\_IFJ_B]

9( Mjn|ih bh eihfb} mihvkfifb}

. Fb}irrjddir h b}vfkj fb nbrmifj }jorb di fbnihfi fb hb}vrj vbrrkvjrkj fb

sbhvi} bd fk}vrkvj fb Gb}÷} Nirîi { fb dj} fk}vrkvj} |brkcërkmj}(

. Mjhjmbr { mjhmr}ir bh dkmkvimkjhb} mjhsjmifi} |jr bd b}vifj |iri dj}

|rjerini} }jmkidb} { min|iùi} mjnj hiskfif fjhfb }b }jdkmkvi di sbhvi fb

|ihbvjhb}(

?( Vkbhbh rh khvbë} b}|bmkid bh i`ji

. ]b mjhviré mjh hi dîhbi fb |rjfmvj} bh |rb}bhvimkjhb} né} bmjhýnkmi}$

mjnj |jr bgbn|dj di} eiddbvi} bh ojd}i}$ dj} okwmjm`j} bnojd}ifj}(

=( Mjn|ih |jfrmvj} b}véhfi j okbhb} fb mjh}rnj

. \iri di} mjn|ri} bh mihvkfifb} ni{jrb} jrkbhvifi `imki dj} ojfbebrj}$ }b

jcrbmbré bd }brskmkj fb erivkvj fb vrih}|jrvb. ]b orkhfiré |rjfmvj} fb midkfif$ bd |rbmkj id ojfbebrj b} nbhjr bh h

9<"(

6( Dj} mj}vj} fbksifj} fbd minokj }jh b}mi}j}

. Kn|d}j fb rbmkmdigb fb fb}bm`j}$ mjnj |irvb fb dj} |rjerini} fb

_b}|jh}iokdkfif ]jmkid$ dj yb |brnkvi rbfmkr mj}vj} fb ojvifj fb fb}bm`j}(

2( ]r} rvkdkfifb} }jh oigi}

. Ihidkwir di rbfmmkýh fb mj}vj} { ei}vj} fb ifnkhk}vrivksj}$ rbsk}ihfj

bpmb}ksj} mj}vj} yb }b |fkbrih b}vir fihfj(

3( \jfrmbh bd |jfrmvj bddj} nk}nj}

. Khvberimkýh fb mjn|bvkvkskfif |rj|ki$ o}mir ckhihmkinkbhvj |iri |jfbr

}vjabir fb `irkhi ihvb hi |j}kodb }okfi fb |rbmkj fb dj} nivbrkidb}

6=



5( B}véh nr{ khvbb}ifj} bh di midkfif fbd |jfrmvj yrb b}véh mjn|ihfj(

. \rjnjmkjhir di midkfif fbd |rjfmvj i vrisë} fb hi min|iùi fb i|brvri fb

di |ihifbrîi(

0( Vkbhbh khcjnimkýh mjn|dbvi

. Di Khsb}vkeimkýh # Fb}irrjddj b} di b}vrivbeki yb }b fbob kn|dbnbhvir |iri

|jfbr nbgjrir dj} fksbr}j} |rjmb}j} fb di bdiojrimkýh fb dj} |rjfmvj} fb

|ihkckmimkýh { fb b}vi nihbri i}berir di midkfif fbd |rjfmvj(

99(9(6 BD \JFB_ HBEJMKIFJ_ FB DJ] \_JSBBFJ_B]

9( B}véh fjnkhifj} |jr hi} |jmi} mjn|iùîi} { b}véh né} mjhmbhvrifj} ybdi khf}vrki i di yb ioi}vbmbh$ |jr dj vihvj b} oi}vihvb |jmj |rjoiodb yb dj

mjn|rifjrb} `ieih crbhvb mjn÷h { db} bpkgih nbgjrb} |rbmkj}$ midkfif j

|diwj}(

. Bh nbfkihj |diwj |rjfmkr |rjfmvj} i erih b}midi(

?( Hj vkbhbh yb mjn|bvkr mjh jvrj} |rjfmvj} }}vkvvksj} sbhfkfj} i di

khf}vrki \ihkckmifjri( Bh jvri} |idiori}$ bd mjn|rifjr hj vkbhb nm`j né}fb fýhfb bdbekr(

. O}mir hbsj} |rjsbbfjrb}$ bhvrbeéhfjdb} ihvkmk|j} yb |brnkvih i}berir

dj} nivbrkidb}(

=( Bd |rjsbbfjr hj fb|bhfb fbd mjn|rifjr |jryb ë}vb rb|rb}bhvb hi crimmkýh

kn|jrvihvb fb }} sbhvi}(

. Mjhvrjd fb khsbhvirkj} mjh }vjma yb |brnkvih ioi}vbmbr}b fb nivbrkidb} {|jfbr rbfmkr mj}vj}(

6( Dj} |rjfmvj} yb sbhfb bd |rjsbbfjr }jh kn|jrvihvb} |iri di bn|rb}i fbd

mjn|rifjr(

. B}vrivbeki} fb dbidvif fbd |rjsbbfjr$ i vrisë} fb khfkmifjrb} fb mn|dknkbhvj

bh dj bmjhýnkmj { cbm`i} fb bhvrbei} fbd |bfkfj(

66



2( Dj} |rjfmvj} fbd |rjsbbfjr bh mkbrvi cjrni }jh ÷hkmj}$ j id mjn|rifjr db

rb}dvirîi n{ mirj j n{ mjn|dkmifj jovbhbr h |rjfmvj }}vkvvksj(

. I}berinkbhvj fb ]vjma fb ìrkhi$ nihvbmi$ imbkvb { iw÷mir$ vjnihfj bh

mbhvi di rjvimkýh fb sbhvi} yb nbsb di bn|rb}i(

3( \dihvbih hi }brki inbhiwi fb —khvberir}b ìmki ifbdihvb„( Bd er|j fb

|rjsbbfjrb} |jfrîi mjhsbrvkr}b bh di mjn|bvbhmki fbd mjn|rifjr vkdkwihfj

dj} |rjfmvj}*rbmr}j} yb imvidnbhvb b}véh sbhfkbhfj id mjn|rifjr |iri

|rjfmkr |jr }î nk}nj} bd irvîmdj yb imvidnbhvb b}vé |rjfmkbhfj bd

mjn|rifjr(

. \jmj |rjoiodb b}vi |j}kokdkfif$ {i yb dj} |rjfmvjrb} fb ìrkhi mjnj

kh}nj rb|rb}bhvih jvri} dîhbi} fb hbejmkj}(

99(9(2 BD \JFB_ HBEJMKIFJ_ FB DJ] \_JSBBFJ_B]

9( @i{ sirki} bn|rb}i} yb mjn|kvbh$ di} bn|rb}i} yb mjn|kvbh }jh

rbdivksinbhvb keidb} bh mihvj i viniùj { rbmr}j}(

. \jr dj yb b}vi oirrbri b} idvinbhvb ivrimvksi$ id khkmkj fb j|brimkjhb} }b

fbobréh rbfmkr mj}vj} idykdihfj |irvb fb di |dihvi yb hj }b |rjfmb(

?( Bd }bmvjr khf}vrkid fb |ihkckmimkýh b}vé mrbmkbhfj dbhvinbhvb(

. ]b fbobh rbidkwir mjhsbhkj} mjh dj} nkmrj|rjfmvjrb} fb kh}nj} |iri

j|vknkwir mj}vj}(

=( Bn|rb}i} vkbhbh mj}vj} bdbsifj}(

. O÷}ybfi fb hbsj} |rjsbbfjrb} yb |brnkvih rbfmkr dj} mj}vj} j|brivksj}(

6( Di} bn|rb}i} vkbhb mj}vj fb idnimbhinkbhvj bdbsifj(

. In|dkir di mi|imkfif fb idnimbhigb { |jfbr rbfmkr dj} mj}vj} fb

idnimbhinkbhvj(

2( Di} bn|rb}i} vkbhbh nérebhb} fb vkbn|j fbhvrj fb dj} midb} fbobh sbhfbr

bd |rjfmvj(

. Kn|dbnbhvimkýh fb }k}vbni} fb khcjrnimkýh yb |brnkvi rbidkwir |rjhý}vkmj}

fb sbhvi} { nbgjrir dj} khfkmifjrb} fb rjvimkýh fb sbhvi} b khsbhvirkj} |iri

bd mi}j fb kh}nj}(

62



3( Bd |rjfmvj j }brskmkj }b mjh}kfbri mjnj h okbh fb mjh}nj }jorb bd yb bd

mjn|rifjr vkbhb sirki} j|mkjhb} { bd minokj bd yb fbob icrjhvir bd

mjn|rifjr |jr minokir fb nirmi j fb |rjsbbfjr b} |bybùj(

. Nbgjrinkbhvj mjhvkhj bh dj} }k}vbni} fb midkfif$ bh dj} b}|imkj}

|odkmkvirkj} }b fbob `imbr nbhmkýh id vk|j fb vbmhjdjeîi i bn|dbir

5( Di mi|imkfif }b fbob inbhvir bh erihfb} mihvkfifb}(

. ]b fbobh b}viodbmbr khfkmifjrb} fb |rjfmvkskfif yb |brnkvih vbhbr

b}vknifj} fb |rjfmmkýh(

0( Dj} mjn|bvkfjrb} vkbhbh fk}vkhvi} b}vrivbeki}$ jrîebhb}$ |br}jhidkfifb} {

sirki} mj}i} né}(. Ihidkwir di} ojhfifb} { fb}sbhvigi} fb mifi mjn|bvkfjr { bsidir méd fb

bddj} mjhskbhb$ |jr bgbn|dj7 b}viodbmbr khfkmifjrb} fb bcbmvkskfif bh bd

mn|dknkbhvj fb dj} |bfkfj}(

;( @i{ nm`j bh gbej(

. Kn|dbnbhvimkýh fb b}vrivbeki} fb K # F fb b}vi cjrni iorkr hbsj} nbrmifj}

`imki |rjfmvj} fb |ihkckmimkýh bnoi}ifj} bh h |diwj hj nbhjr fb = iùj}fb khkmkifi} di} j|brimkjhb}(

9<( Di} oirrbri} fb }idkfi }jh idvi}(

. Hj bpk}vbh oirrbri} fb }idkfi fb vk|j eobrhinbhvid$ }idsj }b vbhei fbfi

mjh di Ifnkhk}vrimkýh Vrkovirki1 fb }idkr fbd nbrmifj }b rbykbrb sidjrkwir dj}

imvksj} ckgj} fb di bn|rb}i { |jfbr sbhfbrdj} |iri rbm|brir |irvb fbd mi|kvid(

63



99( ?( B]V_IVBEKI] MJN\BVKVKSI] EBHË_KMI]

MJ]VJ OIGJ FKCB_BHMKIMKÝH

V j f j }d j } m jh } rnk f j b }

Dkfbiwej bh Mj}vj}

\ih cihmë}KHFR]V_KI \IHKCKMIFJ_I\IHIFB_KI [ \I]VBDB_KI](I(M( jcrbmb |rjfmvj} i oi}b fb`irkhi yb nirmi fkcbrbhmki bh|rbmkj$ {i yb nihvbhbnj} }vjma}fb }berkfif bh erihfb}mihvkfifb} bh mihvj i `irkhi$nihvbmi$ dbsifri { imbkvb |iriyb bd |rbmkj fb |rjfmmkýh }bioigj { i}î rbcdbgirdj bh bd |rbmkj ckhid|iri bd mdkbhvb(

Fkcbbhmkimkýh

\ih VjdbvbErimki} i di mi|imkfif |rjcb}kjhid fbhb}vrj} mjdiojrifjrb}$b}|bmîckminbhvb dj} vëmhkmj}|ihifbrj} { |i}vbdbrj} fb ]BHIVK }b|bfb jcrbmbr h |rjfmvj fb oigj*idvj

|rbmkj { fb midkfif$ dj yb hj} |brnkvbfkcbrbhmkirhj} bh dj} fkcbrbhvb} }viv}bmjhýnkmj}(

] b en

bh v j f bN b m i f j

B}|bmkidkwimkýh bh Mj}vj}

Bn|ihifi} { frdmb}Hb}vrj |rjfmvj b}vé bhcjmifj id

|÷odkmj bh ebhbrid$ hj }b vkbhb}benbhvj fb bfifb}( \jr dj yb dimidkfif { di fkcbrbhmkimkýh bhhb}vrj} |rjfmvj} b} dj né}kn|jrvihvb(

B}|bmkidkwimkýh bh Fkcbbhmkimkýh

\i}vbdbîi\jr khvrjfmmkýh fbd |rj{bmvj fb\i}vbdbîi

$ hj} fkrkeknj} i dj}mjh}nkfjrb} okmifj} bh bd fk}vrkvjfb Gb}÷} Nirîi$ vrih}b÷hvb} { dj}fk}vrkvj} |brkcërkmj}$ mjnj di nk}nibpkebhmki fb mifi hj fb bddj}$ |iribddj mjhvinj} mjh hi obhi|rb}bhvimkýh bh mihvj i ojd}i} fb|i|bd { okjfberifiodb} mjh bd djejvk|jfb di |ihkckmifjri }b khmd{b bdh÷nbrj fb rbek}vrj }ihkvirkj+(

99( =( B]V_IVBEKI] FB DI NIV_KW FB IH]JCC

65



JOGBVKSJ7

Nbgjrir di midkfiffb di |rjfmmkýh fb|rjfmvj} fb|ihkckmimkýh ivrisë} fb di mjn|rifbd @jrhj Hjsi i

h sidjr fb R] & ?<nkd fýdirb}$ mjn|rifb di oivkfjri fb|rbmkj R] & 6$<<<(Nkd fýdirb} { dimjhvrivimkýh fb hVëmhkmj \ihifbrjBerb}ifj fb]BHIVK j Kh}vkvvjfb \rb}vkekj mjhbp|brkbhmki nîhknimjn|rjoifi fb ?iùj} bh bd érbi(

\_JFRMVJ] BPK]VBHVB] \_JFRMVJ] HRBSJ]

NB _ M IF J ] B P ] K ] V B HV

B ]

9( \odkmir i vrisë} fb bhmirvb} di}ojhfifb} fbd |rjfmvj$ `imkbhfjnbhmkýh di} hjrni} }ihkvirki} { fb`kekbhb mjh di yb }b bdiojri bd |ih jdj} |i}vbdb}(

?( Jcrbmbr fb}mbhvj} |iri dj} ojfbebrj}yb vbheih h hksbd fb sbhvi} yb bdb}viodbmkfj bh di} nbvi} khvbrhi} fb di|ihifbrîi(

=( _bidkwir mjn|ri} bh oi}b i }vjmab}viodbmkfj} idkihwi mjh IDKMJ_\+(

6( _bidkwir b}vfkj} fb nbrmifj fbnihbri }bekfi(

2( Jcrbmbr bd }brskmkj fb rb|irvj i vrisë} fbj|brifjrb} djeî}vkmj} bh h cvrj+(

3( \rb}bhvimkýh i}jmkifi id sidjr vrifkmkjhid fbd|rjfmvj$ mjnj |jr bgbn|dj i}jmkirdj mjh bd e}vjyb vkbhb bd |rjfmvj mjh bd yb}j$ di nihvbykddi(

5( Hksbd fb Fb}mbhvj} i dj} ojfbebrj}(0( Jcrbmbr mjnoj} b}|bmkidb}

NB _ M IF J ]

H RB S J ]

;( Fk}bùj fb di ojd}i mjh njvksj} ybvrih}nkvih bd sidjr b `kekbhb fbd |rjfmvj(

9<( Khmr}kjhir bh hbsj} fk}vrkvj} fjhfb bdnbrmifj fb hb}vri dîhbi hj b}vë }ivrifj(

99( O}mir hbsj} mihidb} fb fk}vrkomkýh(

9?( Fksbr}kckmir di} |rb}bhvimkjhb} fb dj} |rjfmvj}in|dkimkýh fb di dîhbi fb |rjfmvj}+ fdmbrîi$|i}vbdbrîi$ ̀ jrhbifj}(

9=( \rjnjmkjhb} i vrisë} fb nbrm`ihfk}khe vihvj |iribd ojfbebrj mjnj bd mdkbhvb ckhid(

96( \rjnjmkýh ” |rb vbn|jrifi b}mjdir(92( \rjnjmkjhb} mjh |jdj} kn|rb}j}(93( \rjnjmkjhb} mjh ejrrj}$ ddisbrj}(

60



B}vrivbeki} fb di Nivrkw CJFI

JOGBVKSJ7

Nbgjrir di midkfif fb di |rjfmmkýh fb|rjfmvj} fb |ihkckmimkýh i vrisë} fb dimjn|ri fbd @jrhj Hjsi i h sidjr fbR] & ?< nkd fýdirb}$ mjn|ri fb dioivkfjri fb |rbmkj R] & 6$<<<( Nkd

fýdirb} { di mjhvrivimkýh fb h Vëmhkmj\ihifbrj Berb}ifj fb ]BHIVK jKh}vkvvj fb \rb}vkekj mjh bp|brkbhmkinîhkni mjn|rjoifi fb ? iùj} bh bdérbi(

CRB_WI] . C

9( Khhjsimkýh { bpmd}kskfif bh |rb}bhvimkýh fb dj}|rjfmvj} yb bdiojrirbnj}

?( \rjfmvj fb |rknbri midkfif

=( Vëmhkmj} |ihifbrj} idvinbhvb mi|imkvifj} K#F+

6( Khcrib}vrmvri b}véhfir |iri di j|vknkwimkýh fbd|rjmb}j fb bdiojrimkýh fb dj} |rjfmvj}(

2( Mi|imkfif Ckhihmkbri fb dj} khsbr}kjhk}vi}3( Ifbmifi} b}vrivbeki} mjh dj} |rjsbbfjrb}(

FBOKDKFIFB] . F9( \jmi |irvkmk|imkýh bh bd nbrmifj |jr }br hi bn|rb}i

hbsi(

?( Idvj} ei}vj} fb |odkmkfif { |rjnjmkjhb}

=( Mjn|bvkfjrb} bp|brknbhvifj} { mjh iùj} bh bd nbrmifjfb di |ihkckmimkýh

6( Idvj} ei}vj} fb khsb}vkeimkýh { fb}irrjddj |iri hi mirvbri

fb mdkbhvb}(

J\J_VRHKFIFB] ” J9( I|brvri fb hbsj} b}viodbmknkbhvj} fb

imbrfj i di fbnihfi(

?( Di fbnihfi fb |rjfmvj} fb|ihkckmimkýh b}vé bh mrbmknkbhvj(

=( R}j fb di vbmhjdjeîi fb khcjrnimkýhnéykhi} fb |rknbri ebhbrimkýh+(

6( Idvi mi|imkfif fb |rjfmmkýh(

2( Bd nbrmifj fjnkhifj |jr di mj}vnorbfbd mjh}nj fb |ih bh bd fb}i{hj

B]V_IVBEKI] . CJ

9( Erimki} i di fbnihfi fbd |rjfmvj |jr } midkfif$b}vinj} mjn|rjnbvkfj} i khmr}kjhir bh hbsj}nbrmifj} b kr mjh bd nk}nj cjrnivj$ |iri fir i mjhjmbr hb}vri nirmi { fksbr}kckmir bd |rjfmvj( C9$ C?$J9+(

?( Rvkdkwinj} vbmhjdjeîi fb |hvi |iri cimkdkvir di diojr yb hb}vrj} mjdiojrifjrb}( C=$J=+(

=( Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh dj} |rjsbbfjrb} { j|brifjrb}djeî}vkmj} |iri nbgjrir di fk}vrkomkýh$ C2$J6+(

B]V_IVBEKI] . FJ

9( Di i|brvri fb hbsj} djmidb} hj} fbnihfi ei}vj} bhb}vfkj} fb nbrmifj i}î mjnj dj} ei}vj} fb |odkmkfif(F?$ J9+(

?( \iri nihvbhbr hb}vri mirvbri fb mdkbhvb} `bnj} jcrbmkfj|rjnjmkjhb} bh ë|jmi} fb khkmkj fb mdi}b} fb dj} mjdbekj}(F? $J6+(

=( Vbhbnj} mjnj mjn|bvkfjrb} bn|rb}i} mjh bp|brkbhmki {fb nirmi} rbmjhjmkfi}$ |jr dj yb hj} sbnj} |rbmk}ifj} iorkhfir |rjnjmkjhb} |iri mi|vir né} mdkbhvb} nkbhvri} dj}|rjfmvj} b}vëh bh fbnihfi( F?$ F=$ J?$ J6+(

INBHIWI] . I9( Fb|bhfbhmki |iri di ifyk}kmkýh fb

kh}nj}?( Khifbmifi khcrib}vrmvri=( Bd B}vifj mjnj iebhvb kn|jrvihvb bh di

fbnihfi(6( In|dki |irvkmk|imkýh bh bd nbrmifj fb

idehj} mjn|bvkfjrb}(

2( Fb}ioi}vbmknkbhvj |jr imi|irinkbhvjfb dj} Er|j} fb \jfbr mjnj Idkmjr|(

B]V_IVBEKI] . CI

9( ]kbn|rb b}vinj} bh di o÷}ybfi fb hbsj}|rjsbbfjrb}$ yb hj} orkhfb kh}nj} fb nbgjr midkfif(C9$ C?$ I9+(

?( Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh dj} j|brifjrb} djeî}vkmj}(C3$J?+(

=( Khhjsinj} mjh}vihvbnbhvb hb}vri |rb}bhvimkýh fbd|rjfmvj$ |jryb } |brnihbhmki bh bd nbrmifj si fbimbrfj i di fbnihfi C9$ I2+(

B]V_IVBEKI] . FI

9( ]br hi bn|rb}i hbsi `imb yb hb}vrj} |rjsbbfjrb}ih hj} orkhfih idehj} |rjfmvj} i }jorb|rbmkj( F9$ I9+(

?( \ivbhvir di Nirmi( Hb}vri nirmi fbobré b}vir rbek}vrifibh Khfbmj|k { FKEB]I |jr bd mbrvkckmifj }ihkvirkj F= $I=$I2+(

=( \iri bhcrbhvir i hb}vrj} mjn|bvkfjrb} rbidkwifj} b}vfkj}fb khsb}vkeimkýh { fb}irrjddj fb nbrmifj( F6$ I6+(

6;



99( 2( B}vrivbeki} fb di nivrkw fb \B[BI

CRB_WI CKHIHMKB_I MIDKC(

Dj} |rjsbbfjrb} hj} jvjreirih mrëfkvj} yb }b |ieih i dj} ?9 fîi}bh bd mi}j fb IDKMJ_\(

3

Fbobnj} ifykrkr h |rë}vinj mjh bd oihmj i 9 iùj mjh hi VBIfbd ?<"$ |iri |jfbr mjn|rir niykhirki} |iri di |rjfmmkýhCkhihmkinkbhvj Nk Oihmj+ j h mrëfkvj vk|j dbi}khe(

2

Di mjn|bvbhmki si khmrbnbhvéhfj}b fb nihbri cjrnid bh h 0" bhb}vb ÷dvknj iùj(

?

Vbhbr hi dkykfbw fb di bn|rb}i bh h rivkj hj nbhjr bh h ?"|iri |jfbr morkr dj} |i}ksj} bh mjrvj |diwj( ?

]b b}|bri yb di} sbhvi} vbheih h khmrbnbhvj bh 6" mjhrb}|bmvj id nb} ihvbrkjr(

2

\_JNBFKJ7 2

CRB_WI FB DI KHFR]V_KI MIDKC(

Di ni{jrîi fb hb}vrj} mjn|bvkfjrb} mbhvih mjnj nîhknjmjh 9< iùj} fb bp|brkbhmki bh bd rorj(

=

Di bmjhjnîi bh bd \br÷ `i miîfj 9"$ |jr di fb}imbdbrimkýhbmjhýnkmi { minokj fb ejokbrhj

=

Dj} byk|j} }b |bfbh mjh}bekr bh h 2" fbokfj i dikn|jrvimkýh ni}ksi fb byk|j} vbmhjdýekmj}$ fb hj fir}b bdmi}j fb HJSI(

2

Dj} }|brnbrmifj} vrioigih mjh |ihkckmifjri} rbmjhjmkfi}yb jcrbmbh mrëfkvj} i 62 fîi} { `i}vi 3< fîi}(

?

\_JNBFKJ7 =(=

B]VIOKDKFIF FBD INOKBHVB MIDKC(

2<



Bpk}vb hi fbnihfi mrbmkbhvb bh ciorkmir |rjfmvj} i oi}b fbìrkhi |ihifbri bnoi}ifj} { fb idvi midkfif$ |ih odihmj$ |ihkhvberid$ |ih oiebvvb(

.9

B}vé kherb}ihfj id nbrmifj |brihj eiddbvi} kn|jrvifi}mjnj |rjfmvj }}vkvvj i |rbmkj} oigj}(

.2

Bd Hbsj Ejokbrhj si i khmrbnbhvir |rjoiodbnbhvb bd KEShbsinbhvb fb 90" i 9;"

.6

Dj} mdkbhvb} b}véh khvbrb}ifj} bh mjn|rir hb}vrj} |rjfmvj}}be÷h dj} |rbmkj} fb khvrjfmmkýh(

.9

Di khcjrnidkfif fb di mjn|bvbhmki ìmbh yb dj} mj}vj} fbsbhvi} }bi oigj} { né} immb}kodb id mjh}nkfjr(

.3

\_JNBFKJ7 .=(6

SBHVIGI MJN\BVKVKSI MIDKC(

Di dbidvif fb dj} mdkbhvb} b} n{ sirkiodb .=

]jdj mjhvinj} mjh hi |dihvi \ihkckmifjri bh Gb}÷} Nirîi {b} idykdifi

.2

Ckrnir mjhvrivj} mjh ioi}vbmbfjrb} fb nihvbmi$ ìrkhi ybjcrbwmih |rbmkj} nbhjrb}(

.9

Fbobrbnj} mjhvir mjh hi oi}b fb fivj} fb mdkbhvb} i dj}midb} dj} ckfbdkwirbnj}$ jo}bykj} |iri ckb}vi} mjnj hiskfif$iùj hbsj(

.9

\rjfmvj mjh b}véhfirb} fb midkfif b `kekbhb id njnbhvj fb}br bdiojrifj yb hj} fkcbrbhmki fb hb}vri mjn|bvbhmki

.9

\_JNBFKJ7 .?(?

NIV_KW FB \B[BI

29



]be÷h bd ihédk}k} }b jo}brsir yb hj} bhmjhvrinj} bh bd MRIF_IHVB IE_B]KSJ \J_

DJ YRB ]B VJNI_I DI] ]KERKBHVB] IMMKJHB]7

. Mjn|rirbnj} néykhi} |ihkckmifjri} yb hj} |brnkvih j|vknkwir dj} mj}vj} fb

|rjfmmkýh { |jfbr bhvrir id nbrmifj mjh |rbmkj dkebrinbhvb oigj(

. Kn|d}irbnj} di |odkmkfif bh _ifkj { bh |rjerini} mjh |br}jhigb} dîfbrb} bh bd

}benbhvj fb hkùj} yb b} di |irvb ni{jrkvirki fbd |÷odkmj jogbvksj `imkbhfj id}kýh

id ]R\B_\IH(

. B}viodbmbr |rjerini} fb |rjnjmkýh bh ë|jmi} fb khkmkj fb mdi}b} |ih hvrkvksj

|iri dj} hkùj}$ rbmbvi} |iri di} djhm`bri}$ bvm(+(

. Jcrbmbr fb}mbhvj} i hb}vrj} mdkbhvb} crbmbhvb} ojfbebrj}+(

. @imbr di fkcbrbhmki mjh dj} mjn|bvkfjrb} bh midkfif { |rb}bhvimkýh fksbr}kckmimkýh

fbd |rjfmvj(

2?



99( 3 B}vrivbeki} fb di Nivrkw OME7 bh oi}b i dj jovbhkfj bh di Nivrkw Mjn|bvkvksiEbhërkmi$ fb i`î }b |rj{bmvih 6 RBH(

FKSK]KÝH\_J[BMMKJHB]

_BCB_BHMKIDB] BH]JDB]+

KHE_B]J]NBH]RID

]*(

KHE_B]J]NBH]RID

"

RVKDKFIFNBH]RID

]*(

RVKDKFIFNBH]RID

"

\I_VKMK\(NB_M(

"

VI]I FBM_BMKNKBHVJ

"

\ih Vjdbvb =;$0<< ?2" ==$09= =9" 3<" 92"

\ih Cihmë} =3$2<< 93" =6$356 =0" 62" ?<"

Bn|ihifi} =0$2<< ?9" =9$653 9?" 22" 9<"

\i}vbdb} =0$2<< ?9" =9$?=< 9<" 5<" .2"

Frdmb} =3$5<< 95" =9$9<5 ;" ?2" .3"

Vjvid7 9;<<$<<< 9<<" 9<<"

. B]V_BDDI \ih Cihmë}+1 B}vb |rjfmvj hj} nb}vri h idvj mrbmknkbhvj$ |brj

fbobnj} khhjsir |iri nihvbhbr hb}vri |j}kmkýh bh bd nbrmifj { ebhbrir ni{jr

rbhviokdkfif$ |iri bddj fbobnj} }bekr nbgjrihfj bh di |rb}bhvimkýh fbd |rjfmvj

fksbr}j} viniùj} fbd |ih crihmë}+

. KHVB__JEIHVB] \i}vbdb}+1 B}vi fksk}kýh hj} ebhbri kherb}j} |brj |jmj

bcbmvksj$ |iri bddj fbobrbnj} rbidkwir hbsi} cýrndi} fb |rb}bhvimkýh i h mj}vj

oigj(

. DI] SIMI] \ih Vjdbvb+1 B}vi fksk}kýh nb}vri hi erih |irvkmk|imkýh bh bd

nbrmifj$ |iri bddj fbobnj} inbhvir h =<" né} fb hb}vri} sbhvi} i|dkmihfj

|rjnjmkjhb}(

. DJ] \B__J] Frdmb}+1 Di fksk}kýh fb b}vj} |rjfmvj} nb}vrih h b}mi}j

mrbmknkbhvj$ |jr dj yb vinokëh }b fbob i|dkmir hi b}vrivbeki fb fksbr}kckmimkýh fb

dj} fdmb} bh mihvj i |rb}bhvimkjhb}(

2=



IHÉDK]K] FB DI NIV_KW OME

26



Dk}vifj fb vjfi} di} b}vrivbeki} fb}irrjddifi} bh mifi hi fb di} nivrkmb}(

K+ B]V_IVBEKI] MJN\BVKVKSI] EBHË_KMI]

Dkfbiwej bh Mj}vj}

KHFR]V_KI \IHKCKMIFJ_I _KMJ \IH ](I(M jcrbmb |rjfmvj} fb |ihifbrîi yb nirmi

fkcbrbhmki bh |rbmkj$ {i yb nihvbhbnj} }vjma} fb }berkfif bh erihfb} mihvkfifb} fb

dj} kh}nj} |iri yb bd |rbmkj fb |rjfmmkýh }bi oigj { i}î rbcdbgirdj bh bd |rbmkj ckhid

|iri bd mdkbhvb(

Fkcbbhmkimkýh

Erimki} i di mi|imkfif |rjcb}kjhid fb hb}vrj} mjdiojrifjrb}$ b}|bmîckminbhvb dj}

|ihifbrj}$ KHFR]V_KI \IHKCKMIFJ_I _KMJ \IH ](I(M |bfb jcrbmbr h |rjfmvj fb

oigj*idvj |rbmkj { fb midkfif$ dj yb hj} |brnkvb fkcbrbhmkirhj} bh dj} fkcbrbhvb} }viv}

bmjhýnkmj}(

B}|bmkidkwimkýh bh Mj}vj}

Hb}vrj |rjfmvj b}vé bhcjmifj i vjfj vk|j fb |÷odkmj( \jr dj yb di midkfif { di

fkcbrbhmkimkýh bh hb}vrj} |rjfmvj} b} dj né} kn|jrvihvb(

B}|bmkidkwimkýh bh Fkcbbhmkimkýh

\jr khvrjfmmkýh fbd |rj{bmvj$ hj} fkrkeknj} i dj} mjh}nkfjrb} okmifj} bh bd fk}vrkvj fb

Gb}÷} Nirîi { dj} fk}vrkvj} |brkcërkmj} mjnj Dkhmb { \bodj Dkorb$ vrih}b÷hvb} bh ebhbrid$

mjnj di nk}ni bpkebhmki fb mifi hj fb bddj}$ |iri bddj mjhvinj} mjh hi obhi

|rb}bhvimkýh bh di ojd}i yb }bi ivrimvksi |iri bd mjh}nkfjr(

KK+ B]V_IVBEKI] FB DI NIV_KW FB IH]JCC

\jfrmvj} bpk}vbhvb}

9( \odkmir i vrisë} fb bhmirvb} di} ojhfifb} fbd |rjfmvj(

?( Jcrbmbr fb}mbhvj} |iri dj} ojfbebrj} yb vbheih h hksbd fb sbhvi} yb bd

b}viodbmkfj bh di} nbvi} khvbrhi} fb di bn|rb}i(

=( _bidkwir mjn|ri} bh oi}b i }vjma b}viodbmkfj}$ idkihwi} mjh IDKMJ_\(

6( _bidkwir b}vfkj} fb nbrmifj(

22



2( Jcrbmbr bd }brskmkj fb rb|irvj i vrisë} fb j|brifjrb} djeî}vkmj} bh h cvrj |iri

|jfbr rb|irvkr dj} |rjfmvj} bnojd}ifj}(

Nbmifj} hrbsj}

9( Fk}bùj fb di ojd}i mjh njvksj} yb vrih}nkvih bd sidjr hvrkmkjhid { bd H÷nbrj fb

_bek}vrj ]ihkvirkj

?( Khmr}kjhir bh hbsj} fk}vrkvj} fjhfb bd nbrmifj fb hb}vri dîhbi hj b}vë

}ivrifj(

=( O}mir hbsj} mihidb} fb fk}vrkomkýh(

\jfrmvj} hrbsj}

9( \rb}bhvimkýh i}jmkifi id sidjr hvrkvkskvj fbd |rjfmvj(?( Hksbd fb Fb}mbhvj} i dj} fk}vrkokfjrb}(

=( Jcrbmbr hi fksbr}kckmifi eini fb |rjfmvj} |i}vbdbrj}(

Nbmifj} hrbsj}

9( Fksbr}kckmir di} |rb}bhvimkjhb} fb di ojd}i

?( \rjnjmkjhb} i vrisë} fb nbrm`ihfk}khe vihvj |iri bd fk}vrkokfjr mjnj bd mdkbhvb

ckhid(=( \rjnjmkýh ” Id Mjdbekj mjh bd fb}i{hj i oi}b fb h |ih hvrkvksj |iri di

djhm`bri

6( \rjnjmkjhb} mjh |jdj} kn|rb}j}(

KKK+ B]V_IVBEKI] FB DI NIV_KW CJFI

B]V_IVBEKI] . CJ

9( Erimki} i di fbnihfi fbd |rjfmvj |jr } midkfif$ b}vinj} mjn|rjnbvkfj} ikhmr}kjhir bh hbsj} nbrmifj} b kr mjh bd nk}nj cjrnivj$ |iri fir i mjhjmbr

hb}vri nirmi { fksbr}kckmir bd |rjfmvj( C9$ C?$J9+(

?( Rvkdkwinj} vbmhjdjeîi fb |hvi |iri cimkdkvir di diojr yb hb}vrj} mjdiojrifjrb}(

C=$J=+(

=( Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh dj} |rjsbbfjrb} { j|brifjrb} djeî}vkmj} |iri nbgjrir di

fk}vrkomkýh$ C2$J6+(

23



B]V_IVBEKI] . FJ

9( Di i|brvri fb hbsj} djmidb} hj} fbnihfi ei}vj} bh b}vfkj} fb nbrmifj i}î

mjnj dj} ei}vj} fb |odkmkfif( F?$ J9+(

?( \iri nihvbhbr hb}vri mirvbri fb mdkbhvb} `bnj} jcrbmkfj |rjnjmkjhb} bh ë|jmi}

fb khkmkj fb mdi}b} fb dj} mjdbekj}( F? $J6+(

=( Vbhbnj} mjnj mjn|bvkfjrb} bn|rb}i} mjh bp|brkbhmki { fb nirmi} rbmjhjmkfi}$

|jr dj yb hj} sbnj} |rbmk}ifj} i orkhfir |rjnjmkjhb} |iri mi|vir né} mdkbhvb}

nkbhvri} dj} |rjfmvj} b}vëh bh fbnihfi( F?$ F=$ J?$ J6+(

B]V_IVBEKI] . CI

9( ]kbn|rb b}vinj} bh di o÷}ybfi fb hbsj} |rjsbbfjrb}$ yb hj} orkhfb kh}nj}

fb nbgjr midkfif( C9$ C?$ I9+(?( Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh dj} j|brifjrb} djeî}vkmj}( C3$J?+(

=( Khhjsinj} mjh}vihvbnbhvb hb}vri |rb}bhvimkýh fbd |rjfmvj$ |jryb }

|brnihbhmki bh bd nbrmifj si fb imbrfj i di fbnihfi C9$ I2+(

B]V_IVBEKI] . FI

9( ]br hi bn|rb}i hbsi `imb yb hb}vrj} |rjsbbfjrb} ih hj} orkhfih idehj}

|rjfmvj} i }jorb|rbmkj( F9$ I9+(?( \ivbhvir di Nirmi( Hb}vri nirmi fbobré b}vir rbek}vrifi bh Khfbmj|k { FKEB]I

|jr bd mbrvkckmifj }ihkvirkj F=$ I=$ I2+(

=( \iri bhcrbhvir i hb}vrj} mjn|bvkfjrb} rbidkwifj} b}vfkj} fb khsb}vkeimkýh {

fb}irrjddj fb nbrmifj( F6$ I6+(

KS+ B]V_IVBEKI] FB DI NIV_KW \B[BI

. Mjn|rirbnj} néykhi} |ihkckmifjri} yb hj} |brnkvih j|vknkwir dj} mj}vj} fb|rjfmmkýh { |jfbr bhvrir id nbrmifj mjh |rbmkj dkebrinbhvb oigj(

. Kn|d}irbnj} di |odkmkfif bh _ifkj { bh |rjerini} mjh |br}jhigb} dîfbrb} bh bd

}benbhvj fb hkùj} yb b} di |irvb ni{jrkvirki fbd |÷odkmj jogbvksj `imkbhfj id}kýh

id ]R\B_\IH(

. B}viodbmbr |rjerini} fb |rjnjmkýh bh ë|jmi} fb khkmkj fb mdi}b} |ih hvrkvksj

|iri dj} hkùj}$ rbmbvi} |iri di} djhm`bri}$ bvm(+(

. Jcrbmbr fb}mbhvj} i hb}vrj} mdkbhvb} crbmbhvb} ojfbebrj}+(

25



. @imbr di fkcbrbhmki mjh dj} mjn|bvkfjrb} bh midkfif { |rb}bhvimkýh fksbr}kckmimkýh

fbd |rjfmvj(

\rj|b}vi { }bdbmmkýh fb 2 b}vrivbeki} jovbhkfi} fbd dk}vifj(Dkfbiwej bh Mj}vj}

KHFR]V_KI \IHKCKMIFJ_I \IHIFB_KI [ \I]VBDB_KI ](I(M( jcrbmb |rjfmvj} i

oi}b fb ìrkhi yb nirmi fkcbrbhmki bh |rbmkj$ {i yb nihvbhbnj} }vjma} fb }berkfif

bh erihfb} mihvkfifb} bh mihvj i ìrkhi$ nihvbmi$ dbsifri { imbkvb |iri yb bd |rbmkj

fb |rjfmmkýh }bi oigj { i}î rbcdbgirdj bh bd |rbmkj ckhid |iri bd mdkbhvb(

Fkcbbhmkimkýh

Erimki} i di mi|imkfif |rjcb}kjhid fb hb}vrj} mjdiojrifjrb}$ b}|bmîckminbhvb dj}

vëmhkmj} |ihifbrj} { |i}vbdbrj} fb ]BHIVK }b |bfb jcrbmbr h |rjfmvj fb oigj*idvj

|rbmkj { fb midkfif$ dj yb hj} |brnkvb fkcbrbhmkirhj} bh dj} fkcbrbhvb} }viv} bmjhýnkmj}(

Idkihwi} b}vivëekmi}

Idkihwi} b}vrivëekmi} mjh dj} |rjsbbfjrb} { j|brifjrb} djeî}vkmj} |iri nbgjrir di

fk}vrkomkýh bh h cvrj(

Khsb}vkeimkýh # Fb}ijddj

Khhjsinj} mjh}vihvbnbhvb hb}vri |rb}bhvimkýh fbd |rjfmvj$ |jryb } |brnihbhmki bh

bd nbrmifj si fb imbrfj i di fbnihfi$ rbidkwimkýh fb bhmb}vi} { cjm} erj|(

\jnjmkýh { \rodkmkfif

\rjnjmkjhb} i vrisë} fb nbrmìhfk}khe vihvj |iri bd fk}vrkokfjr mjnj bd mdkbhvb ckhid(

20



96( Jeihkeini

2;

Ebbhvb Ebhbid

I}b}j Mjhviodb

Nbmifjvbmhki \jfrmmkýh Sbhvi} __(@@

Bhmieifj fbNbmifjvbmhki

Bhmieifj fb\jfrmmkýh

Bhmieifjfb __(@@

Bhmieifj fbSbhvi}

I}k}vbhvb I}k}vbhvb

Sbhfbfj @jhbj

\ihkckmifj



92( Fkierini fb cdgj7 fb hj fb dj} |rjmb}j} fb di bn|rb}i mjh }rb}|bmvksj vkvdj { bp|dkmimkýh fbd |rjmbfknkbhvj(

FKIE_INI FB CDRGJ7 \_JMB]J FB BDIOJ_IMKÝH FB \IH

3<

\b}igb fb vjfj} djkherbfkbhvb}

\b}igb fb vjfj} dj}kherbfkbhvb}

Nbwmdifj bh }bmj(`irkhi$ mirojhivj

fb midmkj {

nbgjrifjr fbni}i+

Nbwmdifj {ini}ifj

(dbsifri$ }id$iw÷mir { iei+

Ini}ifj (nihvbmi{ iei+ 9< nkh

Ojdbifj

9bri Cbrnbhvimkýh=< nkh

Mirhb { njdfbifj

_b|j}j ?< nkh

?fi Cbrnbhvimkýh= . 6 `jri} V· 6<·M

@_7 3<.5<"

@jrhbifj ?<<·Mi|rjp 9< ” 92 nkh

Bhcrkifj V·?<.?2·M@_722.3<"

Ckh



\_JMB]J7

. ]b |b}ih vjfj} dj} kherbfkbhvb}(

. ]b mjdjmi di ìrkhi bh di nbwmdifjri { }b db ierbei bd mirojhivj fb midmkjbh |jdsj { bd nbgjrifjr fb ni}i |iri bd mi}j fbd |ih mjhvrjd hj }b db

ifkmkjhý mirojhivj fb midmkj+

. ]bekfj i bddj }b ierbei di dbsifri$ }id$ iw÷mir { |jmj i |jmj bd iei

|iri cimkdkvir di fk}jdmkýh fb dj} kherbfkbhvb} { }b ini}ý |jr b}|imkj fb 2

nkhvj}(

. Rhi sbw yb }b jovkbhb hi ni}i `jnjeëhbi }b iùifb di nihvbmi { }b

sbdsb i ini}ir |jr b}|imkj i|rjpknifj fb 9< nkhvj}(. Mjhmdkfj bd ini}ifj$ }b ojdbi di ni}i bh di rjdi ì}vi yb }b djeri hi

ni}i bdé}vkmi { cdbpkodb(

. ]b fbgi cbrnbhvir di ni}i }jorb di nb}i |jr b}|imkj fb nbfki `jri

mkféhfj}b bh vjfj njnbhvj yb |brnihbmkbri vi|ifj mjh |dé}vkmj fb

mjdjr j}mrj mjh di ckhidkfif fb bskvir di bsi|jrimkýh fbd iei(

. Mjhmdkfi di |rknbri cbrnbhvimkýh$ }b |rjmbfb i mjrvir bh |bybùi} ojdkvi}

vkdkwihfj |iri bddj hi néykhi fksk}jri { }b cjrnirih ojddj} fb |ih i dj}yb }b db} ìmb hi ri{i id mbhvrj { }b fbgi cbrnbhvir |jr b}|imkj fb ?<

nkhvj}(

. ]b bhìrkhih di} divi} |iri `jrhbir { }b mjdjmirjh dj} |ihb} mjh di ri{i

ìmki ioigj fbgéhfj}b cbrnbhvir |jr b}|imkj i|rjpknifj fb = . 6 `jri}

fb|bhfkbhfj fb di imvkskfif fb di dbsifri+

. Ckhidnbhvb }b `jrhbih dj} |ihb} i hi vbn|brivri i|rjpknifi fb ?<<¼M

|jr b}|imkj fb 9< ” 92 nkhvj}(

. \j}vbrkjrnbhvb }b fbgi bhcrkir |jr b}|imkj fb 9 `jri i vbn|brivri

inokbhvb { }bekfj i bddj }b |rjmbfb i vjnir 6< |ihb} fb nihbri

idbivjrki |ihb} cjrvkckmifj} { }kh cjrvkckmir+ fb mifi hi fb di} divi}(

39



BDIOJ_IMKJH FB \IHB]

\_JMB]J \_JFRMVKSJ \I_I DIBDIOJ_IMKJH FB \IHB]

VKBN\J _BYRB_KFJNKHRVJ]+

9( \b}ifj { \rb|irimkýh

?( Ini}ifj { }joifj

=( Fksk}kýh

6( Njdfbifj { Cjrnifj

2( _b|j}j j Cbrnbhvimkýh ckhid

3( @jrhbifj

5( Bhcrkinkbhvj

9<¶

9?¶

=¶

3¶

2<¶

92¶

9<¶VJVID 9<3¶

BDIOJ_IMKJH FB VJ_VI]

\_JMB]J \_JFRMVKSJ \I_I DIBDIOJ_IMKJH FB \IHB]

VKBN\J _BYRB_KFJNKHRVJ]+

9( \b}ifj { \rb|irimkýh fb ni}i

?( Ini}ifj { \rb|irimkýh fb Kh}=( Nbwmdifj

6( Fksk}kýh

2( @jrhbifj

3( Bhcrkinkbhvj

5( Fbmjrifj

9<¶

9<¶9?¶

0¶

6<¶

3<¶

9<¶VJVID 92<¶

Vkbn|j fb |brnihbhmki > 92 > <(?2 `jri}

@jri fb vrioigj fbd `jrhj |jr fîi > 2 `r}

Iùj |rjfmvksj > ==3< fîi}

i( \jr `jri ?3(90 ae ni}i > 9<6(5? ae n*`r

<(?2

o( \jr fîi ?3(90 ae(ni}i p = `jri} > 2?=(3< a(n*`

?2 ri} fîi

3?



m( \jr iùj ?3(90 ae(ni}i(2 ̀ (p=3< fîi} > 900(6;3 a

<(?2 ̀ jri fîi iùj

. MI\IMKFIF FB \_JFRMMKÝH

Sjdnbh fb ni}i khkmkid ?3(90 ae(

\ërfkfi bh bd |rjmb}j |rjfmvksj<(?3 ae(

Mihvkfif fb ni}i ckhid ?2(;? ae(

Di mi|imkfif b |rjfmmkýh b} fb?2(;? ae(

. MJBCKMKBHVB FB _BHFKNKBHVJ VBMHKMJ A+

\iri nbfkr di hkfif fb |rjfmvj jovbhkfj |jr hkfif fb nivbrki |rkni$ }b

|rjmbfb i bcbmvir dj }kekbhvbA > Mi|imkfif fb |rjfmmkýh

Mi|imkfif fb \rjmb}inkbhvj

A > ?2(;? > <(;;

?3(90

a > ;;"

. IHIDK]K] FB DI CDBPKOKDKFIF FBD \_JMB]J \_JFRMVKSJBd |rjmb}j |rjfmvksj b} di oi}b |iri vjfi Khf |ihkckmifjri$ b}vb }b

bhmbhvri mjhcjrnifj |jr fkcbrbhvb} imvkskfifb} yb b}véh dkeifi} hi mjh

jvri$ |jr dj mid }k hi fb bddi} }b vrhmi }b sbré icbmvifi di |rjfmmkýh {

vinokëh `iorîi |ërfkfi fb kh}nj}( Mjh}kfbrihfj bd rkb}ej yb |jfrîi

jmi}kjhir ide÷h fb}|brcbmvj bh b}vi} bvi|i} `bnj} vjnifj di} }kekbhvb}

|rbmimkjhb}(

i( ]b firé nihvbhknkbhvj i vjfi} di} néykhi} nbh}idnbhvb$ b}vj }b

bn|bwiré bd |rknbrj vrknb}vrb fb kh}vidifi di |ihifbrîi

Di ifnkhk}vrimkýh }bré dj yb b}vë i mirej fb fb}kehir i di} |br}jhi}

fb nihvbhknkbhvj 9 iùj HJSI+

o( Sk}vj} dj} }mb}j} fbd |iî} |jr icbmmkýh vjnih idvi vbh}kýh {*j

khifbmifj }nkhk}vrj fb cdkfj bdëmvrkmj `bnj} mjh}kfbrifj h er|j

bdbmvrýebhj(

3=



m( Vinokëh }b mjh}vi mjh ? vihyb} mjh mi|imkfif |iri ?$2<< dkvrj} fb

iei(

f( Jvrj cimvjr bh mi}j fb fbnihfi b} |rjnjmkjhir bd |rjfmvj mjh jcbrvi}

i}î mjnj id mjh}nj fkrbmvj mjnj i dj} fbviddk}vi} vkbhfi}$ ojfbei$

vrkmkmdj}$ bvm(+

36



93( Niddi EIHVV$ Mirvi EIHVV { di rvi mrkvkmi }jorb di|dihkckmimkýh fb hi fb di} imvkskfifb} fb di bn|rb}i(

NIDDI EIHVV

I_BI] FB]\RB] FB FR_IMKJH

I( Érbi fb J|brimkjhb} ‣‣‣‣(( 6 fîi}

O( Djeî}vkmi { Ioi}vbmknkbhvj I( J|brimkjhb} ? fîi}

M( Nbrmifjvbmhki I( J|brimkjhb} = fîi}

F( Midkfif fbd |rjfmvj O( Djeî}vkmi = fîi}

B( Mi|imkvimkýh i dj} |ihifbrj} M( Nbrmifjvbmhki 6 fîi}

C( \rjfmmkýh { fk}bùj fb|rjmb}j} fb |ihkckmimkýh

F$ B Mi|imkvimkýh fb dj}|ihifbrj}

? fîi}

MI_VI EIHVV

IOMFBC

9 ? = 6 2 3 5 0 ; 9< 99 9? 9= 96 92 93

32



_RVI M_ÎVKMI7

33



95( Érojd fb fbmk}kjhb} }jorb hi imvkskfif

35



OKODKJE_ICÎI

uuu(idkmjr|(mjn

uuu(khvk(ejo(ir

`vv|7**uuu(bdvrkeid(|b*

`vv|7**uuu(cb}v{vjrvi}(mjn*

`vv|7**uuu(nrbodb}cbkhk(mjn*

F¶IDB]]KJ$ Cbrhihfj( ?<<5+ Bd |rjmb}j b}vrivëekmj7 h bhcjyb fb ebrbhmki$

MBNV_RN(

FISKF$ C(_( ?<<2+ ]vrivbekm nihebnbhv( Mjhmb|v} ihf mi}b} 9<v` Bf(+ R||db

]iffdb _ksbr$ HG7 \rbhvkmb @idd(

@KDD$ M`irdb} { GJHB]$ Eirrbv ?<<2+ Ifnkhk}vrimkýh b}vrivëekmi . Rh bhcjyb

khvberifj( 3vi( bf( Mjdjnoki7 NmEriu @kdd khvbrinbrkmihi ](I(

@KVV$ Nkm`ibd$ K_BDIHF$ Fihb { @J]AK]]JH$ _jobrv ?<<6+ Ifnkhk}vrimkýh

B}vrivëekmi7 mjn|bvkvkskfif { mjhmb|vj} fb edjoidkwimkýh( 2vi( bf( Nëpkmj7

bfkvjrb} Khvbrhivkjhid V`jn}jh ](I(

30

http://www.alicorp.com/

http://www.inti.gob.ar/

http://www.eltrigal.pe/

http://www.festytortas.com/

http://www.mueblesferrini.com/

http://www.alicorp.com/

http://www.inti.gob.ar/

http://www.eltrigal.pe/

http://www.festytortas.com/

http://www.mueblesferrini.com/

trabajo de planeamiento administrativo: la panaderia

Documents