town of reading energy management services request for qualifications
DESCRIPTION
Town of Reading Energy Management Services Request for Qualifications. Informational Meeting October 30, 2008 Office of the Superintendent of Schools 82 Oakland Road Reading, MA 01867. Reading Facilities Department. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Town of ReadingTown of ReadingEnergy Management ServicesEnergy Management Services
Request for QualificationsRequest for QualificationsInformational MeetingInformational Meeting
October 30, 2008October 30, 2008
Office of the Superintendent of SchoolsOffice of the Superintendent of Schools82 Oakland Road82 Oakland Road
Reading, MA 01867Reading, MA 01867
Reading Facilities DepartmentReading Facilities Department
All buildings under the control and custody All buildings under the control and custody of the Reading School Committeeof the Reading School Committee 8 School Buildings8 School Buildings 7 Municipal Buildings7 Municipal Buildings
Management TeamManagement Team Mary C. DeLai, Director of Finance & HRMary C. DeLai, Director of Finance & HR Joe Huggins, Facilities DirectorJoe Huggins, Facilities Director Don Johnson, Assistant DirectorDon Johnson, Assistant Director D.J. Cacciapuoti, Energy & Facilities Services D.J. Cacciapuoti, Energy & Facilities Services
ManagerManager
RFQ ScheduleRFQ Schedule
RFQ published October 15, 2008RFQ published October 15, 2008 Informational MeetingInformational Meeting Statements of Qualifications due Statements of Qualifications due
November 21, 2008November 21, 2008 Evaluation & Interviews completed in Evaluation & Interviews completed in
early Decemberearly December Award of contract in early JanuaryAward of contract in early January
Sources of Helpful Sources of Helpful InformationInformation
Appendix A: Building highlightsAppendix A: Building highlights Appendix B: FY07 & FY08 energy & utility Appendix B: FY07 & FY08 energy & utility
consumption and expenditure informationconsumption and expenditure information Utility Data: submit Massachusetts Utility Utility Data: submit Massachusetts Utility
Release Form to accessRelease Form to access RPS WikiRPS Wiki: email to : email to
[email protected]@reading.k12.ma.us Detailed building informationDetailed building information Detailed list of mechanical informationDetailed list of mechanical information Energy audits performed by Energy New Energy audits performed by Energy New
England funded by RMLD for seven buildingsEngland funded by RMLD for seven buildings
Minimum Required Minimum Required InformationInformation
Annual report or audited financial Annual report or audited financial statementstatement
Department of Capital Asset Management Department of Capital Asset Management (DCAM) Certificate of Eligibility(DCAM) Certificate of Eligibility
DCAM Update StatementDCAM Update Statement Certificate of InsuranceCertificate of Insurance Substantial Conformity with Specifications Substantial Conformity with Specifications
and Other Conditions as set forth in the RFQand Other Conditions as set forth in the RFQ Experience and Willingness for Open Book Experience and Willingness for Open Book
PricingPricing
Qualifications to be Qualifications to be EvaluatedEvaluated
General Reputation and Performance General Reputation and Performance Capabilities Capabilities
ReferencesReferences Quality of Energy Audits and Fee Quality of Energy Audits and Fee Quality of Products ProposedQuality of Products Proposed Methodology of Determining and Methodology of Determining and
Guaranteeing Energy Savings Guaranteeing Energy Savings Projected Timeline for the Performance of Projected Timeline for the Performance of
the Contract the Contract Owner TrainingOwner Training Service and MaintenanceService and Maintenance Open Book Pricing Open Book Pricing
General Reputation and General Reputation and Performance CapabilitiesPerformance Capabilities
Years in businessYears in business Annual revenues (most recent year)Annual revenues (most recent year) Resumes of teamResumes of team Work performed for municipal or state Work performed for municipal or state
agencies within last 12 – 24 monthsagencies within last 12 – 24 months Projects involving alternative energyProjects involving alternative energy How will turmoil in financial markets How will turmoil in financial markets
affect projectaffect project
ReferencesReferences Between 5 and 8 for projects completed Between 5 and 8 for projects completed
within last 3 years …within last 3 years … Municipalities, municipal school districts, regional school Municipalities, municipal school districts, regional school
districtsdistricts Other Massachusetts public agenciesOther Massachusetts public agencies Municipalities or school districts in other New England statesMunicipalities or school districts in other New England states Municipalities or school districts in Northeast region Municipalities or school districts in Northeast region
(includes New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania) – Newly (includes New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania) – Newly addedadded
Each reference citation must contain all Each reference citation must contain all information requested in the RFQinformation requested in the RFQ
References for projects where the responding References for projects where the responding firm was not the prime contractor are not firm was not the prime contractor are not acceptable acceptable
Quality of Energy Audits and Quality of Energy Audits and Fee Fee
Sample technical auditSample technical audit 100,000 – 200,000 ft100,000 – 200,000 ft22 completed within completed within
the past 12-18 months the past 12-18 months Exit fee quoteExit fee quote Sample letter of intentSample letter of intent List of entities that did not proceed List of entities that did not proceed
to contract following audits to contract following audits
Quality of Products Quality of Products ProposedProposed
Quality of EC MeasuresQuality of EC Measures Preliminary list of suggested Preliminary list of suggested
measuresmeasures Rank order based on cost effectiveness Rank order based on cost effectiveness
and prior experienceand prior experience
Methodology of Determining Methodology of Determining and Guaranteeing Energy and Guaranteeing Energy
SavingsSavings How approach will minimize riskHow approach will minimize risk Approach to establishing baselineApproach to establishing baseline Specific measurement & verification Specific measurement & verification
programprogram Simplicity & comprehensibility of Simplicity & comprehensibility of
measurement & verification programmeasurement & verification program
Projected TimelineProjected Timeline
Ability to initiate audits within 2-3 Ability to initiate audits within 2-3 weeks of award of contractweeks of award of contract
Complete audits within 3 months of Complete audits within 3 months of commencingcommencing
Copy of most recently executed EMS Copy of most recently executed EMS performance contractperformance contract
Open Book PricingOpen Book Pricing
Approach to and experience with Approach to and experience with (newly added language) open-book (newly added language) open-book pricingpricing
EvaluationEvaluation
CRITERIA POINT VALUE
CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS DATA 100 Total Points
1. General Reputation and Performance Capabilities 10 2. References 10 3. Quality of Energy Audits and Fee Proposed 10 4. Quality of Products Proposed 10 5. Methodology of Determining and Guaranteeing Savings 15 6. Time specified for performance of the contract 15 7. Owner Training 10 8. Service and Maintenance 10 9. Experience and Willingness for Open Book Pricing 10 RFQ Total Possible Grade 100 Points
EvaluationEvaluationGRADE DESCRIPTION
0% Criterion was not addressed or the material presented was totally without merit.
20% Criterion was addressed minimally, indicated little capability, experience or understanding of topic.
40% Criterion was addressed minimally, but shows some capability, experience, or understanding of topic.
60% Criterion was addressed adequately. Overall, a basic capability, experience, or understanding of topic.
80% Criterion was addressed well. Indicates some superior features.
100% Criterion was addressed in superior fashion, indicating excellent or outstanding capability.
Evaluation CommitteeEvaluation Committee Elaine Webb, Reading School Committee Elaine Webb, Reading School Committee
membermember Mary DeLai, Director of Finance & HR, Mary DeLai, Director of Finance & HR,
Reading Public SchoolsReading Public Schools Joe Huggins, Director of Facilities, Reading Joe Huggins, Director of Facilities, Reading
Public SchoolsPublic Schools Bob LeLacheur, Asst. Town Manager / Bob LeLacheur, Asst. Town Manager /
Finance Director, Town of ReadingFinance Director, Town of Reading Ted McIntire, Director of Public Works, Ted McIntire, Director of Public Works,
Town of ReadingTown of Reading
Questions on RFQ,
Evaluation or Selection Process?
BARROWS ELEMENTARYBARROWS ELEMENTARYBUILDING INFORMATIONBUILDING INFORMATION
YEAR BUILT: 1964YEAR BUILT: 1964RENO DATE: 2005RENO DATE: 2005SQ FOOTAGE: 60,000SQ FOOTAGE: 60,000ROOF TYPE: EPDMROOF TYPE: EPDMFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 9 SLANT FIN HYDRONIC BOILERSHEAT SOURCE: 9 SLANT FIN HYDRONIC BOILERSCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITSCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: HEAT EXCHANGER AND STORAGEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: HEAT EXCHANGER AND STORAGEENERGY MANAGEMENT: HONEYWELL DDC ENERGY MANAGEMENT: HONEYWELL DDC LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEX PANELFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEX PANEL
BIRCH MEADOW ELEMENTARYBIRCH MEADOW ELEMENTARYBUILDING INFORMATIONBUILDING INFORMATION
YEAR BUILT: 1964YEAR BUILT: 1964RENO DATE: 1993RENO DATE: 1993SQ FOOTAGE: 58,500 SQ FOOTAGE: 58,500 ROOF TYPE: EPDMROOF TYPE: EPDMFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 2 MCLAIN STEAM BOILERSHEAT SOURCE: 2 MCLAIN STEAM BOILERSCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITDOMESTIC HOT WATER: RAYPACK HEATER AND STORAGEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: RAYPACK HEATER AND STORAGEENERGY MANAGEMENT: HONEYWELL /PNEUMATICENERGY MANAGEMENT: HONEYWELL /PNEUMATICLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEXFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEX
COOLIDGE MIDDLE COOLIDGE MIDDLE SCHOOLSCHOOL
BUILDING INFORMATIONBUILDING INFORMATIONYEAR BUILT: 1962YEAR BUILT: 1962RENO DATE: 2000RENO DATE: 2000SQ FOOTAGE: 96,000SQ FOOTAGE: 96,000ROOF TYPE: EPDMROOF TYPE: EPDMFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 2 SMITH CAST IRON STEAM HEAT SOURCE: 2 SMITH CAST IRON STEAM BOILERSBOILERSCOOLING SOURCE: DX PACKAGED AND SPLITCOOLING SOURCE: DX PACKAGED AND SPLITDOMESTIC HOT WATER: PATTERSON KELLYDOMESTIC HOT WATER: PATTERSON KELLYENERGY MANAGEMENT: INVENSYS DDCENERGY MANAGEMENT: INVENSYS DDCLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALMANUALFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEXFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEX
JOSHUA EATON JOSHUA EATON ELEMENTARYELEMENTARY
BUILDING INFORMATIONBUILDING INFORMATIONYEAR BUILT: 1947YEAR BUILT: 1947RENO DATE: 1994RENO DATE: 1994SQ FOOTAGE: 56,000SQ FOOTAGE: 56,000ROOF TYPE: EPDM AND ASPHALTROOF TYPE: EPDM AND ASPHALTFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 2 BURNHAM CAST IRON HYDRONICHEAT SOURCE: 2 BURNHAM CAST IRON HYDRONICCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITDOMESTIC HOT WATER: RAYPACK HEATER AND STORAGEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: RAYPACK HEATER AND STORAGEENERGY MANAGEMENT: INVENSYS NETWORK 8000ENERGY MANAGEMENT: INVENSYS NETWORK 8000LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: GAMEWELLFIRE SAFETY: GAMEWELL
KILLAM ELEMENTARYKILLAM ELEMENTARYBUILDING INFORMATIONBUILDING INFORMATION
YEAR BUILT: 1969YEAR BUILT: 1969RENO DATE: NARENO DATE: NASQ FOOTAGE: 57,000SQ FOOTAGE: 57,000ROOF TYPE: EPDMROOF TYPE: EPDMFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 2 MCLAIN CAST IRON BOILERSHEAT SOURCE: 2 MCLAIN CAST IRON BOILERSCOOLING SOURCE: NONECOOLING SOURCE: NONEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: RAYPACK HEATER AND STORAGEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: RAYPACK HEATER AND STORAGEENERGY MANAGEMENT: HONEYWELL/PNEUMATICENERGY MANAGEMENT: HONEYWELL/PNEUMATICLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: FIRE- LITEFIRE SAFETY: FIRE- LITE
PARKER MIDDLE SCHOOLPARKER MIDDLE SCHOOLBUILDING INFORMATIONBUILDING INFORMATION
YEAR BUILT: 1927YEAR BUILT: 1927RENO DATE: 1998RENO DATE: 1998SQ FOOTAGE: 97,800SQ FOOTAGE: 97,800ROOF TYPE: EPDMROOF TYPE: EPDMFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: MCLAIN CAST IRON HYDRONICHEAT SOURCE: MCLAIN CAST IRON HYDRONICCOOLING SOURCE: DX PACKAGED AND SPLITSCOOLING SOURCE: DX PACKAGED AND SPLITSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: RAYPACK HEATERDOMESTIC HOT WATER: RAYPACK HEATERENERGY MANAGEMENT: INVENSYS NETWORK ENERGY MANAGEMENT: INVENSYS NETWORK 80008000LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALMANUALFIRE SAFETY: NOTIFIERFIRE SAFETY: NOTIFIER
READING MEMORIAL HIGH READING MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOLSCHOOL
BUILDING INFORMATIONBUILDING INFORMATION
YEAR BUILT: 1957YEAR BUILT: 1957RENO DATE: 2007RENO DATE: 2007SQ FOOTAGE: 300,000SQ FOOTAGE: 300,000ROOF TYPE: EPDMROOF TYPE: EPDMFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 2 CLEAVER BROOKS HYDRONICHEAT SOURCE: 2 CLEAVER BROOKS HYDRONICCOOLING SOURCE: DX PACKAGED AND SPLITSCOOLING SOURCE: DX PACKAGED AND SPLITSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: PVI HEATER WITH STORAGEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: PVI HEATER WITH STORAGEENERGY MANAGEMENT: JOHNSON METASYSENERGY MANAGEMENT: JOHNSON METASYSLIGHTING CONTROLS: EATON WEB BASED SCHEDULINGLIGHTING CONTROLS: EATON WEB BASED SCHEDULINGFIRE SAFETY: NOTIFIERFIRE SAFETY: NOTIFIER
WOOD END ELEMENTARYWOOD END ELEMENTARYBUILDING INFORMATIONBUILDING INFORMATION
YEAR BUILT: 2003YEAR BUILT: 2003RENO DATE: NARENO DATE: NASQ FOOTAGE: 52,000 SQ FOOTAGE: 52,000 ROOF TYPE: PVCROOF TYPE: PVCFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 6 BURNHAM CAST IRON HYDRONICHEAT SOURCE: 6 BURNHAM CAST IRON HYDRONICCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITSCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: 2 ELECTRIC WATER HEATERSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: 2 ELECTRIC WATER HEATERSENERGY MANAGEMENT: HONEYWELLENERGY MANAGEMENT: HONEYWELLLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: NOTIFIERFIRE SAFETY: NOTIFIER
DPW GARAGEDPW GARAGEINFORMATION SHEETINFORMATION SHEET
YEAR BUILT: 1972YEAR BUILT: 1972RENO DATE: 1989RENO DATE: 1989SQ FOOTAGE: 42,142SQ FOOTAGE: 42,142ROOF TYPE: METAL AND EPDMROOF TYPE: METAL AND EPDMFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: MIX OF GAS AND ELECTRIC HEATERS AND HEAT SOURCE: MIX OF GAS AND ELECTRIC HEATERS AND HEAT PUMPSHEAT PUMPSCOOLING SOURCE: DX AND HEAT PUMPSCOOLING SOURCE: DX AND HEAT PUMPSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: AO SMITH HEATERDOMESTIC HOT WATER: AO SMITH HEATERENERGY MANAGEMENT: NONEENERGY MANAGEMENT: NONELIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEXFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEX
MAIN STREET FIRE MAIN STREET FIRE INFORMATION SHEETINFORMATION SHEET
YEAR BUILT: 1995YEAR BUILT: 1995RENO DATE: NARENO DATE: NASQ FOOTAGE: 10,114SQ FOOTAGE: 10,114ROOF TYPE: BALLASTED RUBBER ROOF SYSTEMROOF TYPE: BALLASTED RUBBER ROOF SYSTEMFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 2 AMERICAN STANDARD CAST IRON HEAT SOURCE: 2 AMERICAN STANDARD CAST IRON HYDRONICHYDRONICCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITSCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEENERGY MANAGEMENT: NONEENERGY MANAGEMENT: NONELIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: FCI FIRE SAFETY: FCI
POLICE STATIONPOLICE STATIONINFORMATION SHEETINFORMATION SHEET
YEAR BUILT: 1999YEAR BUILT: 1999RENO DATE: NARENO DATE: NASQ FOOTAGE: 29,430SQ FOOTAGE: 29,430ROOF TYPE: ASPHALTROOF TYPE: ASPHALTFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 2 MCLAIN CAST IRON HYDRONICHEAT SOURCE: 2 MCLAIN CAST IRON HYDRONICCOOLING SOURCE: 2 TRANE DX SPLITSCOOLING SOURCE: 2 TRANE DX SPLITSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEENERGY MANAGEMENT: INVENSYS DDCENERGY MANAGEMENT: INVENSYS DDCLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEXFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEX
READING PUBLIC LIBRARY READING PUBLIC LIBRARY INFORMATION SHEETINFORMATION SHEET
YEAR BUILT: 1895YEAR BUILT: 1895RENO DATE: 1984RENO DATE: 1984SQ FOOTAGE: 27,648SQ FOOTAGE: 27,648ROOF TYPE: EPDM and ASPHALTROOF TYPE: EPDM and ASPHALTFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 1 MCLAIN CAST IRON HYDRONICHEAT SOURCE: 1 MCLAIN CAST IRON HYDRONICCOOLING SOURCE: MCQUAY AIR COOLED COOLING SOURCE: MCQUAY AIR COOLED CHILLER CHILLER DOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEENERGY MANAGEMENT: RESET CONTROLS ENERGY MANAGEMENT: RESET CONTROLS LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALMANUALFIRE SAFETY: FCUFIRE SAFETY: FCU
SENIOR CENTER SENIOR CENTER INFORMATION SHEETINFORMATION SHEET
YEAR BUILT: 1920YEAR BUILT: 1920RENO DATE: 1995RENO DATE: 1995SQ FOOTAGE: 5670SQ FOOTAGE: 5670ROOF TYPE: SYNTHETIC SLATEROOF TYPE: SYNTHETIC SLATEFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: REZNOR GAS FURNACESHEAT SOURCE: REZNOR GAS FURNACESCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITSCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITSDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEENERGY MANAGEMENT: NONEENERGY MANAGEMENT: NONELIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALMANUALFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEXFIRE SAFETY: SIMPLEX
READING TOWN HALL READING TOWN HALL INFORMATION SHEETINFORMATION SHEET
YEAR BUILT: 1919YEAR BUILT: 1919RENO DATE: 1984RENO DATE: 1984SQ FOOTAGE: 15,648SQ FOOTAGE: 15,648ROOF TYPE: SLATE, EPDM AND ASPHALTROOF TYPE: SLATE, EPDM AND ASPHALTFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 5 HYDRO-THERM CAST IRONHEAT SOURCE: 5 HYDRO-THERM CAST IRONCOOLING SOURCE: TRANE ELECTRIC WATER CHILLERCOOLING SOURCE: TRANE ELECTRIC WATER CHILLERDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEENERGY MANAGEMENT: RESET CONTROLS AND TIME ENERGY MANAGEMENT: RESET CONTROLS AND TIME CLOCKSCLOCKSLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALLIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALFIRE SAFETY: SILENT KNIGHTFIRE SAFETY: SILENT KNIGHT
WEST SIDE FIRE STATION WEST SIDE FIRE STATION INFORMATION SHEETINFORMATION SHEET
YEAR BUILT: 1935YEAR BUILT: 1935RENO DATE: NARENO DATE: NASQ FOOTAGE: 6410SQ FOOTAGE: 6410ROOF TYPE: ASPHALTROOF TYPE: ASPHALTFUEL TYPE: NGFUEL TYPE: NGHEAT SOURCE: 1 BURNHAM CAST IRON STEAMHEAT SOURCE: 1 BURNHAM CAST IRON STEAMCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITCOOLING SOURCE: DX SPLITDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEDOMESTIC HOT WATER: TANK TYPEENERGY MANAGEMENT: NONEENERGY MANAGEMENT: NONELIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND LIGHTING CONTROLS: OCC SENSORS AND MANUALMANUALFIRE SAFETY: GAMEWELLFIRE SAFETY: GAMEWELL