Towards Sustainable Mining and Recycling- Improving our control of global metal streams -

OECD / UNEP Conference on Resource Efficiency”

Paris, 23 – 25 April 2008

Dr. Joachim LohseÖko-Institut e.V.

Trends in global metal consumption

Copper consumption in the various continents [BGR 2005]

RWI, FhG-ISI, BGR [2007]

Collection efficiency in EU Member States

E-Waste (Dir. 2002/96/EC): • < 25% collected • collection of smaller appliances very poor

Batteries (Dir. 2006/66/EC):

Collection of metal-rich wastes

Batteries (Dir. 2006/66/EC): • Collection target 25% (2012) 45% (2016). • Some MS actually achieve < 5% presently.

End-of-life Vehicles (Dir. 2000/53/EC): • millions of cars exported as ‚2nd-hand‘

Case Study: “Analysis of Exports of Used Vehicles and Used Electrical and Electronic Devices at Hamburg Port” by M. Buchert, A. Hermann, W. Jenseit, H. Stahl, B. Osyguß, C. Hagelüken (2007)

Example: car exports from Germany

Car export documented by statistics

Car recycling in Germany

Fate unknown

Fate of deregistered cars from Germany

Important destination: West Africa

Gebraucht-Pkw Exporte von D nach Westafrika

80000

100000

120000

140000W

Togo

Nigeria

Niger

German used car exports to West Africa

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

2000 2001 2002 2005

PK

W

Ghana

Cote d'ivoire

Kamerun

Benin

Ø value per car: 800 – 2000 €Ø age of cars: 12-16 years

Gebraucht-Pkw Export aus D (82000) nach und Import aus D in Westafrika (78000)

Nigeria

Senegal

Togo

Export vs. import statistics West Africa

0 10000 20000 30000 40000

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

Gambia

Ghana

Niger

PK

W Imp-W-Afrika

EX-D

Export Gebraucht-Pkw Naher und Mittlerer Osten

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

andere

German car exports to Middle East *

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

andere

Irak & Syrien

*„Middle East“: Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Bahrain, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi-Arabia and the United Arabian Emirates

Wert Export Gebraucht-Pkw Naher und Mittlerer Osten (€/Stück)

6000

8000

10000

12000

Value of cars exported to Middle East

[€]

0

2000

4000

6000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Quelle: StBA

Web advertising for ELV exports

Summary for used car exports

• The ports of Hamburg and Antwerp play a major role for used car exports.

• 20% of cars exported via Hamburg come from Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Austria and Italy.

• More German cars are exported via Antwerp than via Hamburg.

• Huge data gap for intra-EU exports!• Huge data gap for intra-EU exports!

Export of 2.5 million passenger cars represents• 1.3 million tonnes of steel• 180,000 tonnes of aluminium• 110,000 tonnes of other non-ferrous metals• 6.25 tonnes of PGM

( = 30% of Germany‘s annual net PGM demand!)

Used electronics export from Hamburg

©J.

Res

ch /

DU

H

Lorry for export, filled with CRT monitors

Exporter A: • 100.000 monitors per month (estimated)

Company B: • 5.000 – 6.000 trucks per year to Nigeria; each filled with 2nd-hand goods, often electrical and electronics • plus 1.000 containers filled with 2nd-hand goods

Good to have take-back legislation!• Avoids toxic emissions• Saves valuable resources• Reduces mining impact on the environment• Saves CO2 emissions.

Conclusions

We need better Implementation:• Collect more!

[„Consider alternative financing mechanisms to promote higher collection rates?“]

• Treat better! • Improve monitoring!

BUT:

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Age distribution as a possible indicator

Source: Auto Recycling Nederland

? !

‚Extended Producer Responsibility‘

“Electronics companies should:• Recognize their responsibility to extend their

supply chain management to include sourcing and mining of metals. […].

• Make efforts to increase the traceability of their metals. To do so, companies should map their supply chain down to the extractives phase.”

Source: makeITfair [2008]

Storage of copper ore concentrate

Ore concentrates come from e.g.: • Chile • Indonesia • USA • Australia • Russian Fed.

© Norddeutsche Affinerie AG, Hamburg

• Russian Fed.• Peru • Canada • Poland • China • Khazachstan • Sambia • Mexico • …

Track and trace

‚Tracing metals back to their source‘

Book and claim

A ‘Fair Ores’ labelling system

R & D is necessary on the following questions:

1. Quantitative (not always physical) proof of origin

Future Vision

2. Proof of sustainable extraction– Need to develop criteria and benchmarks

3. “Additionality” requirement:– Upgrading of existing mining activities towards more

sustainability– New mining activities under more sustainable conditions– Intensified recycling!

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