towards a local climate adaptation plan - hagonoy philippines

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Towards a Local Climate Change Action PlanMunicipality of Hagonoy | Bulacan, Philippines

Barisky T., Carter C. & Crego-Liz, E.

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Prepared For:

Hagonoy Municipal Planning and Development Office Bulacan Province, Philippines

Principal Authors:

Tina Barisky | [email protected] Carter | [email protected] Crego-Liz | [email protected]

Coordinators: Dr. Leonora Angeles and Marvin ReyesCopy Editor: Tina BariskyGeographic Information Systems and Mapping: Eva Crego-LizDesign and Layout: Christopher Carter | Ulteri Communications.Cover Image: Christopher CarterPublication Date: September14, 2014

Recommended Citation:

Barisky T., Carter C. , Crego-Liz, E.. (2014). Towards a Local Climate Change Action Plan in Hagonoy Bulacan Philippines. Policy briefing to Municipality of Hagonoy and Department of Local Governments Philippines.

Faculty of Applied Science

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TOWARDS A LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN in HAGONOY, BULACAN, PHILIPPINES

Tina Barisky, Christopher Carter and Eva Crego-Liz

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TOWARDS A LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN in HAGONOY, BULACAN, PHILIPPINES

Tina Barisky, Christopher Carter and Eva Crego-Liz

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PREFACE Executive summa ry............................................................. 9 A Note from the planning team......................................11 Acronyms.............................................................................13

SECTION 1- INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW What is climate change? .................................................15 Why plan for climate change?.........................................17 Purpose and objectives ....................................................18 Report structure ...............................................................19

SECTION 2- METHODOLOGY Framework..........................................................................21 Approach...............................................................................21 Limitations...........................................................................22

SECTION 3- CLIMATE CHANGE IN HAGONOY Demographic information................................................23 What is Hagonoy proud of ?...........................................24 What kind of future does Hagonoy envision?............24 How does climate change affect Hagonoy? .................24 How can Hagonoy respond to the effects of climate change?.................................................................................25

SECTION 4- PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP

How can Hagonoy plan for an LCCAP?...........................27 Stakeholders and participation...........................................27 Vulnerability assessment ....................................................30 Provincial assessment .........................................................30 Participatory assessment....................................................31 Land-use planning................................................................33 SOVI, infrastructure & physical hazard...........................34 Institutional vulnerability assessment..............................36 Summary of recommendations..........................................37

SECTION 5- STRATEGIC AREAS OF ACTION In Perspective.........................................................................40

1. Food Security........................................................................41 What is food security?..........................................................41 Food security in Hagonoy....................................................41 Global changes, local consequences..................................43 Adaptation and mitigation strategies in Hagonoy.........45 Recommendations..................................................................46 Summary of recommendations..........................................48 Spotlight: aquaculture and climate change......................49

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

2. Water Sufficiency................................................................51 What is water sufficiency?...................................................51 Water sufficiency in Hagonoy.............................................52 Global changes, local consequences..................................55 Adaptation and mitigation strategies in Hagonoy.........55 Recommendations ................................................................56 Summary of Recommendation..........................................64

3. Environmental and Ecological Stability.....................66 What is environmental and ecological stability?...........66 Environmental and ecological stability in Hagonoy.....67 Global changes, local consequences..................................68 Adaptation and mitigation strategies in Hagonoy.........68 Recommendations..................................................................70 Summary of Recommendation..........................................73

Spotlight: Mangrove restoration, a brief overview.......74

4. Human Security....................................................................79 What is human security?.....................................................79 Human security in Hagonoy................................................81 Global changes, local consequences..................................83 Adaptation and mitigation strategies in Hagonoy.........83 Recommendations..................................................................86 Summary of Recommendation...........................................87

Spotlight: Informal settlers and climate resilience........88

SECTION 6- NEXT STEPS In Perspective ........................................................................95 Mainstream LCCAP into planning processes.................96 Begin LCCAP plan creation................................................98 Finance.....................................................................................98 Ratify as ordinance/plan...................................................102 Implementation & Institutionalization...........................102 Monitor, Evaluate and Adjust..........................................104 Spotlight: Linking Coastal Green Infrastructure and Local Economic Development..................................105

SECTION 7- APPENDICES Appendix A: Key Informants............................................108 Appendix B: Additional Findings from SB Survey......109 Appendix C: Environmental Awareness and Values - Assessment questions and methods .......110 Appendix D: Financing of Mangrove Projects............111 Appendix E: Local Shelter Plan (LSP) Template.........112 Appendix F: Monitoring and Evaluation Template....117

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The fishing municipality of Hagonoy in Bulacan Province, Philippines, has already begun to experience the effects of climate change. Global changes in temperature, precipitation, and storm severity are acutely present at a local level, and these changes are impacting a variety of areas within the community. Local government, industries and families are all seeking ways to respond to the uncertainty and instability that climate change brings.

In 2014, the Municipality of Hagonoy is poised to develop a Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP), which will help them assess their vulnerability to current and projected climate changes, as well as identify and implement climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. As a starting point for this process, the Municipality has engaged planning support from the University of British Columbia’s (UBC) School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP). Three students, Tina Barisky, Christopher Carter and Eva Crego-Liz, have undertaken preliminary research as part of an international service-learning course with the dual aim of gaining practical experience from Hagonoy planning staff and supporting them in developing their LCCAP. Towards a Local Climate Change Action Plan in Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines is the sum of their findings.

The aim of this report is to introduce the challenge of and the basis for local climate change planning in the Municipality. Pursuant to the UN Habitat’s model for climate change planning, a preliminary stakeholder and vulnerability assessment is provided. Next, in conjunction with National Strategic Direc-tions, actions are recommended in four priority areas: Food Security, Water Sufficiency, Environmental and Ecological Stability, and Human Security. The report also details next steps the Municipality can take in order to ensure implementation, secure financing, and facilitate monitoring and evaluation. This report is the first step in the Municipality of Hagonoy’s commitment to developing a formal LCCAP.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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A NOTE FROM THE PLANNING TEAM

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Tina Barisky (Left) is a second year Masters student in the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC, specializing in Ecological and Natural Resource Planning. With a background in non-profit public engagement and an education in socio-environmental issues, she takes a special interest in the contributions of civil society to environmental stewardship and governance. Tina graduated from Wilfrid Laurier University’s Global Studies pro-gram with high distinction, where she studied multi-stakeholder natural resource conflicts in Chile and Peru. Tina has over 5 years of professional experi-ence working in public outreach with non-profits, where she created and implemented engagement strategies and developed communications material. She is currently employed as a public engagement facilitator with the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) on The Climate Justice Project. Her forth-coming Master’s research is on preparing for collaborative governance in watershed partnerships with the new BC Water Sustainability Act.

Christopher Carter (Center) is a second year Masters student in the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC, specializing in natu-ral resources planning. His background has been in agricultural labor and water resources policy, cultural preservation and Community Based Participatory Research for sexual health. Christopher’s holds an honors B.Sc. in interdisciplinary studies from Montana State University-Bozeman focusing on public anthropology, geography and visual communications. His ethnographic thesis work was Understanding Emerging Stressors and Adaptations in Generational Ranching Operations through Participant Visual Ethnography (PVE). Abroad Christopher has worked for 5 years as a communications and planning consultant for local governments, researchers and NGOs in Mongolia, Greenland and Morocco. In Montana he was been involved with agricultural extension and indigenous communities where he was exposed to the effects of climate change on livelihoods, inter-generational knowledge and post-colonial development. His current research positions include community based planning for coastal hazards and social participation in environmental impact assess-ment in mineral resource development in British Columbia.

Eva Crego-Liz (Right) is a second year Masters student in the Department of Geography at UBC, specializing in Water Resources Management and Gov-ernance. Water has been always her special research and professional interest. She has a M.Sc. Degree in Civil Engineering by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in Barcelona, Spain, being her Master Thesis entitled Recommendations for Water Supply Projects in Developing. Countries: A Case Study in Amphoe Sattahip (Thailand). Eva has over 10 years of professional experience in flood risk assessment, management and planning working in the private and in the public sector. During the last 5 years, Eva has worked for the Catalan Water Agency (ACA) in the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and the EU Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks. Her current Master’s research is focused on water management and land grabbing in the Nile Basin. Beyond water, Eva’s interests and background include Philosophy and Literature. In this field, Eva has collaborated in the translation from Russian to Spanish of the anthology of contemporary Russian poetry La hora de Rusia: Poesía Contemporánea, edited by Maria Ignatieva and published by Visor Libros.

A NOTE FROM THE PLANNING TEAM

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AIP – Annual Investment Plan

BENRO – Bulacan Environment and Natural Resource officeBFAR – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

CASS – Climate Adaptation Support Service CBD – Convention on Biological DiversityCBFMA – Community-Based Forest Management Agree-mentCBMS – Community-Based Monitoring SystemCCA – Climate Change AdaptationCCC – Climate Change CommissionCDP – Comprehensive Development PlanCLUP – Comprehensive Land Use PlanCRMF – Community Resource Management Framework CSOs – Civil Society OrganizationsCWA – Clean Water Act

DA – Department of AgricultureDENR – Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesDILG – Department of Interior and Local GovernmentDPWH – Department of Public Works and HighwaysDRR – Disaster Risk ReductionDRRMC – Disaster Risk Reduction Management CouncilDRRMP – Disaster Risk Reduction Management PlanDSWD – Department of Social Welfare and Development

ELA – Executive and Legislative AgendaEPA – Environmental Protection Agency of the United StatesES – Environmental Service

FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization

GDP – Gross Domestic ProductGHG – Greenhouse GasesGOCC – Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation

HPCPIP – Hagonoy Palapat Communal Pump Irrigation ProjectHUCs – Highly Urbanized CitiesHWD – Hagonoy Water District

IEC – Information, education, communicationIPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeISF – Informal Settler FamilyIWRM – Integrated Water Resources Management

LCCAP – Local Climate Change Action PlanLDIP – Local Development Investment ProgramLGU – Local Government Unit

ACRONYMS

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MA – Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentMAO – Municipal Agriculture OfficeMDG – Millennium Development goalMDRRMO – Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management OfficeMENRO – Municipal Environment and Natural Resource officeMPDO – Municipal Planning and Development OfficeMPN – Most Probable NumberMRF – Material Recovery FacilityMSWDO – Municipal Social Welfare and Development Of-fice

NAAQGV – National Ambient Air Quality Guideline ValueNCCAP – National Climate Change Action PlanNHA – National Housing AssociationNSCB – National Statistical Coordination BoardNSO – National Statistics OfficeNSSMP – National Sewerage and Septage Management Pro-gramNWRB – National Water Resources Board

PBSP – Philippine Business for Social ProgressPD – Presidential DecreePENRO – Provincial Environment and Natural Resource of-ficePES – Payment for Environmental ServicesPESO – Public Employment Service Office

PHP – Philippine PesoPIA – Philippine Information Agency (National)PNSDW – Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water PO – People’s OrganizationPWDs – Persons With Disabilities

RA – Republic ActREED – Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest DegradationRHU – Rural Health UnitRO – Reverse Osmosis

SB – Sangguniang BayanSCARP – School of Community and Regional PlanningSOVI – Social Vulnerability IndicatorsSWM – Solid Waste Management

UBC – University of British ColumbiaUP – University of the PhilippinesUP-NIGS – University of the Philippines - National Insti-tute of Geological SciencesUSAID – United States Agency for International Develop-ment

VI – Vulnerability Index

WD – Water District

ACRONYMS

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1.1. What is climate change? Climate change is a global phenomenon that has already begun to transform life on Earth. Shifting seasons, greater temperature variability, rising sea levels and stronger storms are now a reality in many parts of the world. Al-though there remains some uncertainty with regards to the extent and rate of climate transformations, it is clear that climate change is and will be a universal challenge for com-munities in the 21st century.

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW

Figure 1: Global anthropogenic GHG emissionsSource: IPCC, 2007

There is very high confidence among top scientists that climate change is human-induced. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), human activities such as fossil fuel burning, agriculture and deforestation have caused a build-up of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in earth’s atmosphere, heating the earth’s surface and leading to wide-ranging impacts such as more extreme weather patterns, fires and drought, and rising sea levels 1.

Figure 2: Projected seasonal temperature increase in the Philippines in 2020 and 2050.Source: Climate Change Commission, 2011

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Projections demonstrate that these trends will continue and in some cases accelerate, posing threats to natural resources and livelihoods all over the world (Figure 1). The Philippines is no exception to these trends. Like many parts of the world, the Philippines has exhibited an overall increase in average temperatures (Figure 2) and the frequency

of climate-related cyclones, as well as a reduction in rainfall in the past half-century 2.

A recent study on climate change vulnerability identifies the Philippines as acutely vulnerable, ranking the nation sixth out of an assessment of 170 countries 3.

Source: ASN Bank and ECO SYS, 2013

Illustration 1:

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Clearly, there is an urgent need to act on climate change both in the Philippines and all over the world. Without a concerted effort to change our patterns of living, further and more extreme conditions may be unavoidable, irreversibly altering our environment as we know it. While climate change poses a serious threat to human life on earth, it also presents an opportunity to transform our lifestyles towards a sustainable and resilient future.

1.2 Why plan for Climate Change?

More than ever before, governments are noting the need for policies and actions to address climate change. Tar-gets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as well as measures to meet those targets are now common parts of national and regional government agendas. It is widely rec-ognized that tackling climate change requires a proactive ap-proach that incorporates the adoption of climate-smart plans at all levels of government 4.

At the local level, planning for climate change takes the form of a Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP). Local Climate Change Action Plans describe a series of policies enacted by the local government with the aim of reducing GHGs and increasing a community’s resilience to those una-voidable impacts of climate change.

Specifically, the purpose of an LCCAP is to:

� �,GHQWLI\�D�PXQLFLSDOLW\·V�YXOQHUDELOLWLHV��VWUHQJWKV�DQG�� opportunities, and; � �'HYHORS�VWUDWHJLHV�IRFXVHG�ERWK�RQ�PLWLJDWLRQ�DQG�� adaptation for improving a municipality’s resilience to climate change (Figure 3).

As the most basic unit of government where the effects of climate change are experienced most acutely, Local Govern-ment Units (LGUs) are at the front lines of the response to climate change. Accordingly, the LCCAP is crucial to ensur-ing that local government activities are aligned with climate action strategies. An LCCAP is designed to be a living docu-ment that can be adapted to fit the uncertainties accompany-ing climate change.

Figure 4: Strategies for Climate Change ResponseSource: IPCC, 2007

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1.3 Purpose and Objectives In 2009, the Philippines passed the Climate Change Act (Republic Act 9729), mandating the creation of LCCAPs in each LGU. Specifically, LGUs are tasked with formulating, planning and implementing LCCAPs that are consistent with the following pieces of legislation:

� ��7KH�/RFDO�*RYHUQPHQW�&RGH�� 7KH�1DWLRQDO�)UDPHZRUN�6WUDWHJ\�RQ�&OLPDWH�� Change (NFSCC), � �7KH��1DWLRQDO�&OLPDWH�&KDQJH�$FWLRQ�3ODQ� (NCCAP).

The NCCAP situates climate change action within the Philippines by establishing strategic directions for mitigation and adaptation in the areas pictured in Figure 4.

In conjunction with the aforementioned legislative mandate, the following report has been designed to nest the policy op-tions of the LGU within the strategic directions of the NC-CAP. Furthermore, the objectives of this report are to:

1. Conduct a vulnerability assessment of the municipalityof Hagonoy’s exposure and adaptive capacity to the effects of climate change;

2. Analyze the existing plans of the municipality of Hagonoy through a climate change adaptation lens;

3. Offer practical suggestions for implemen-tation and opportunities for further improve-ment of existing plans in order to fit the miti-gation and adaptation efforts needed for climate change action.

Pursuant to values-based planning, which in-corporates local community values and objec-tives into a plan, a successful LCCAP is created for and by the community to ensure that the plan reflects the community’s values and goals (UN Habitat, 2014). As such, this report is not intended to replace an LCCAP, but rather to provide a road map for the creation of a suc-cessful LCCAP by suggesting a framework and areas for possible further research. \

Figure 4: Summary of NCCAP Strategic Directions

Source: Climate Change Commission, 2011

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Report StructureThis report is organized into the following sections:

1. Introduction and Overview: describes climate change as a global phenomenon, outlines the context for an LCCAP, and lists the objectives of this report.

2. Methodology: offers a rationale for the analytical framework used in this report and explains the methods and research undertaken.

3. Climate Change in Hagonoy: describes the commu-nity profile and details the evidence of climate change in Hagonoy by area of impact.

4. Planning for an LCCAP: identifies a range of stake-holders with an interest in climate change, conducts a vulnerability assessment, discusses the LCCAP’s rela-tion to other municipal plans, and introduces the recom-mended strategic areas of focus.

5. Strategic Areas: defines each strategic area, identi-fies matching policy options in existing municipal plans, offers recommendations for local application of policy options and opportunities for improvement.

6. Next Steps: discusses tools for implementation of LCCAP, such as financing and governance, monitoring and evaluation.

7. Appendix: enumerates resources drawn upon for this report, such as hazard and flood maps, interviewees list, and further reference tools.

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REFERENCES

1 IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report- 2. Causes of Change . Retrieved July 11, 2014, from Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms2.html

2 PAGASA. (2011). Climate Change in the Philippines. Pasig: NEDA- MDGF1656 .

3 Maplecroft. (2010, October 21). Big Economies of the Future - Bangla-desh, India, Philippines, Vietnam and Pakistan - Most At Risk from Climate Change. Retrieved July 11, 2014, from Maplecroft: http://www. maplecroft.com/about/news/ccvi.html

4 UN Habitat. (2014). Planning for Climate Change: A Strategic, Values, Based Approach for Urban Planners. Kenya: united nations human Settlements programme.

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2.1 Framework The research process for this report was guided by a broader framework developed by UN Habitat entitled: Planning for Climate Change: A Strategic and Values-Based Approach for Urban Planners (figure 1). This framework is designed to be used for multiple purposes, and has also been suggested as a guiding outline for the planning process of the LCCAP itself (see section 4). The framework is built upon four modules that correspond to the four questions critical to any strategic planning process:

What is happening? What matters most? What can we do about it? Are we doing it? 1

Our efforts have been centered on assessing Module A: What is happening? Following this model, we conducted an analysis of stakeholders as well as an assessment of vulnerabilities (section 4) in order to understand the issues affecting Hago-noy. Relying upon the nationally mandated strategic direc-tions of the NCCAP, we then analyzed Hagonoy’s current planning documents and provided options for improvement (section 5). Our research findings have been compiled in this report in order to outline strategies towards the successful creation and implementation of an effective LCCAP.

2.2. Approach The research for this report was carried out using a strategic and values-based approach.

The research is strategic in that it is based upon the recogni-tion that effective plans are about making the best decision possible with the resources available. As outlined in the intro-duction, the NCCAP establishes seven strategic directions for

SECTION 2: METHODOLOGY

Figure 1: The strategic, value based and iterative approach to climate change planning for human settlementsSource: UN HABITAT, 2014

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climate change mitigation and adaptation. In order to provide in-depth research to inform these strategic directions, we asked Hagonoy’s MPDO to identify their top 4 priorities. The selected 4 strategic areas of focus in this report are:

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The research is values-based in that it seeks to incorporate lo-cal community values and objectives in the recommendations provided. In the course of this research we visited 10 barangays and formally interviewed a total 60 of stakeholders such as schoolteachers, fishers, barangay captains, and mother lead-ers (Appendix A). Interviews with stakeholders reflect that there is already much being done to respond to the effects of climate change. Where possible, we sought to provide recom-mendations that reflect and support this local knowledge.

2.3 Limitations It is important to note that this research possesses several limitations. First, we faced time constraints, given just one month to complete fieldwork. Second, our cultural posi-tioning as outside researchers meant that we faced a limited understanding of local values and challenges. As a response to these limitations, we employed a mixture of qualitative and quantitative data gathering and analysis methodologies to maximize our exposure to the current state of adaptation and in Hagonoy from a multitude of stakeholders and documents 2. A review of utilized methodologies is included in Table 1.

Finally, extensive research on climate adaptation best

Table 1: Data gathering and analysis approaches used in creating this report

practices in the Philippines was conducted using international journals, government grey literature and strategies from UN multilateral organizations to recognize and integrate best practices in local and regional contexts. \

REFERENCES

1 UN Habitat. (2014). Planning for Climate Change: A Strategic, Values, Based Approach for Urban Planners. Kenya: united nations human Settle-ments programme.

2 Creswell, John W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Sage publications, 2nd ed.

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With a history rich in cultural tradition and an abun-dance of aquatic resources, the urbanizing coastal town of Hagonoy is easily considered one of the gems of the province of Bulacan. As one of the leading fishing and aquaculture industries in the region, the major commercial ports of the town are always bustling and lively with activity. Hago-noyenos are welcoming and hospitable people, especially dur-ing the festivals in which they honor their patron saints. Here, faith is deeply valued and actively celebrated. Like the medici-nal plant from which it gets its name, Hagonoy is a thriving and productive community.

SECTION 3: CLIMATE CHANGE IN HAGONOY

Demographic Information

Location: southwestern corner of province of BulacanTotal land area: 10,310 hectaresNo. of Barangays: 26Total Population (2011): 107,141Population Growth Rate: 1.57%Number of households: 25,329

Source: CLUP 2011

Rainseason begins in Carillo Photo: Christopher J. Carter

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3.1 What Hagonoy is proud of ?

��EDUDQJD\V, each with internally elected representatives and officials.

�5REXVW�ILVKLQJ�DQG�DTXDFXOWXUH�LQGXVWUy, producing more than 5,000 metric tons of species such as Milkfish, Tilapia and Mud Crab annually.

�3URPLVLQJ�HGXFDWLRQDO�KXE, with the opening of Bulacan State University – Hagonoy Campus in 2011.

��%DVNHWEDOO�SRZHUKRXVH, whose town team has repeatedly won inter-town basketball tournaments.

��6WURQJ�VHQVH�RI �ED\DQLKDQ, or an outpouring of commu-nity spirit that ensures all are working towards a common good.

3.2 What kind of future does Hagonoy envision as a Municipal-ity? Given its rich aquatic resources and budding tertiary sector, Hagonoy aims to advance itself as a sustainable and profitable town that affords equal value to economic growth, social development and environment. Hagonoy’s vision for 2020, as articulated in their CLUP, is:

“A progressive and happy Hagonoy,&HQWHU�RI �$TXDFXOWXUH�LQ�5HJLRQ�,,,�With pro-God, environment-caring, physically and mentally healthy,Productive and law-abiding citizenryServed by model and responsive government.”1

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Table 1: Development goals that align with Hagonoy’s vision for 2020Source: CLUP, 2011

3.3. How does Climate Change affect Hagonoy?Hagonoy is not spared from the impacts of climate change. In fact, as one of the coastal towns of Bulacan, it is especially vulnerable to climatic trends and transformations in marine ecosystems. Given limited access to local climate change observations and trend data, this report bases evidence of cli-mate change in Hagonoy on regional and national trend data and projections. Climate change is known to impact Hagonoy and the surrounding region in the following ways:

Temperature changes: average temperatures in the Philippines have increased by 0.64°C from 1951-2010 2. This trend is expected to continue, with a projected increase of 0.9-1.1 °C by 2020 and 1.8 °C- 2.2 °C by 2050 3. Figure 1 illustrates the projected national tem-perature increase. The increase in temperature is also evident in regional bodies of water. If CO2 doubles by this time, temperatures of the Angat River water-shed are projected to climb by 2-3.1°C 4. In Hagonoy, the rise in water temperatures threatens fishing liveli-hoods, human health and other water-based activities.

Precipitation pattern change: the province of Bu-lacan, the seasonal rainfall is projected to fluctuate by 2020, making dry season drier and producing heavier rains during rainy season. Figure 2 reflects that pre-cipitation will increase by 4.2% during the northeast monsoon season (Dec-Feb), and by 12.8% southwest monsoon season (Jun-Aug)5. For Hagonoy, the in-

creasing variability in seasonal precipitation poses greater uncertainty and challenges in managing water resources and agriculture and fisheries practices 6.Extreme weather events: By the end of the 21st century, the frequency and occurrence of tropical storms is estimated to increase by 10-45% 7. Although the period between 2003-2012 shows no increase in number of typhoons hitting Bula-can, the last 3 years have shown considerably greater losses for families in terms of property damages 8.

Sea level rise: According to the IPCC, global estimates on the sea level rise indicate an average of 3.1mm increase/year in the last decade. This contrasts with data from the last century, which only indicated a 1.7-2.4mm increase/year. Data from NOAA indicates that sea level in the Manila Bay area is rising at a rate of 7mm/year. By 2050, it is estimated that the sea level in Manila Bay area will have risen by 25.9cm 9. As Hago-

Figure 2: Projected Precipitation Increase (mm) in Bulacan, 2020Source: Provincial Planning and Development O!ce, Province of Bulacan

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Drying Fish in Tibaguin Photo: Christopher J. Carter

REFERENCES

1 CLUP. (2011). Comprehen-sive Land Use Plan, 2011-2020. Hagonoy: Municipality of Hagonoy.

2 Climate Change Commis-sion. (2011). National Climate Change Action Plan, 2011-2028. Manila: Republic of the Philippines.

3 PAGASA. (2011). Climate Change in the Philippines. Pasig: NEDA- MDGF1656 .

4 Allen, K. (2006). Communi-ty-Based Disaster Prepared-ness and Climate Adaptation: Local Capacity-Building in the Philippines. Disasters. Disas-ters , 30 (1), 81-101.

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4.1 How can Hagonoy plan for an LCCAP?

Good planning practices are inher-ently also climate-smart. UN Habitat’s model for climate change planning (Figure 1) was designed to support city climate change planning processes by prompt-ing planners to answer critical questions with the help of the community. In doing so, planners can begin to understand the steps needed to integrate and mainstream climate change adaptation into existing and future municipal plans. In this report, we follow UN Habitat’s model and provide preliminary observations and recommen-dations intended to be used as a starting point for the development of Hagonoy’s LCCAP. The first step of the framework, Getting Started, comprises this report itself. The following steps, Stakeholders and Participation as well as Vulnerability Assessment will be

discussed.

4.2 Stakeholders and Participation Considering who needs to be involved and how is an important part of planning for climate change. A ‘stakeholder’ is referred to by the IPCC (2007) as “a person or an organi-zation that has a legitimate interest in a project or entity, or

would be affected by a particular action or policy”. In planning for climate adaptation there has been a move away from re-search-driven agendas towards decision-making agendas and the participation of affected stakeholders. As such, identifying stakeholders, including the most vulnerable groups and those who have a role in influencing climate change adaptation strategies, must be a key objective. in Hagonoy. While the Lo-cal Development Council is already slated to assist in creating Hagonoy’s LCCAP, the inclusion of vulnerable populations and industries is critical to the success of planning efforts.

SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP

Sorting prawns at poblacion !sh port Photo: Christopher J. Carter

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An effective way to identify a core stakeholder group is as follows:

1. Conduct initial scoping of stakeholders and identify a core working group;2. Ask this core group to suggest other stakeholders, and;3. Ask this larger group to ask whom they consider to be relevant stakeholders until no new names are identi-fied.

Our preliminary research identified a number of key stakeholders in the LCCAP planning process (figure 1). Ideally, each of these groups should be involved in the successful creation of an LCCAP.

Currently, the MPDO takes a participatory and multi-sectoral consultative approach to planning. However, in our fieldwork, we observed that few barangay leaders had heard or seen up-to-date CLUP maps and ordinanc-es. Improvements can be made to engage a diversity of groups and strengthen the implementation of plans. A terms of reference document should also be developed in order to clearly describe, among other things, the stakeholders involved in the process and the substantive roles they will occupy.

The identification of stakeholders presents a challenge since the wide-ranging effects of climate change mean that all people have an interest in planning a response to it. A n initial mapping of current actors engaged or affected by climate change is illustrated in Figure 1. Given this, it is important to ensure that the core stakeholder group has representation from every interest and that communication lines are open to the groups that they represent and that the process

remains inclusive and adaptable as conditions and organiza-tions change. . Communicating key concepts in climate change science and adaptation can help stakeholders understand the shared value in adaptation activities, policy making and vulnerability reduction. Education and information around cli-mate change adaptation should be available to a multitude of stakeholders and the public at different levels of technicality and in multitude of formats.

Figure 1: Hagonoy Stakeholder MapSource: Christopher J. Carter Fieldnotes

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"PLANNING TOOLKIT 1. #

!e following is a list of tools that can be used to improve the lines of communication about climate change with Hagonoy’s key stakeholders, such as the public.

Climate Change Explained in Tagaloghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKDAn0scxiA

2014 IPCC Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilityhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMIFBJYpSgM

2o05 IPCC Summary for Policy Makershttp://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WG2AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf

Source: Video “Climate Change Explained in Tagalog”

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4.3 Vulnerability Assessment A vulnerability assessment is the baseline for the implementation of the NCCAP and also provides the initial framework for an LCCAP. Although climate change poses risks to entire populations, some individuals are more exposed to its effects than others. A vulnerability assessment helps to identify the sectors and individuals most impacted by climate change through a technical and socioeconomic analysis. In completing a vulnerability assessment, Hagonoy can make strides towards resilience by identifying how ecosystem ser-vices can be protected and poverty can be reduced.

Vulnerability = (Exposure + Sensitivity) –Adaptive Capacity 4 Vulnerability can be defined as a region’s total exposure to hazard (including people, economy and environment) and its existing sensitivities, while taking into consideration its abil-ity to adapt 3.

In the course of this preliminary appraisal, we consider provincial assessments to municipal infrastructure, analyze CBMS data through a social vulnerability index, and consider hazard and social vulnerability through a series of maps we created for climate change action planning.

Interviews with municipal planning stakeholders revealed a recognition that coastal barangays are more at risk to hazards and calamities, but that all citizens all are affected the same way across the municipality. However, given the differing ter-rain of Hagonoy and the differing income levels, resources and lived experienced of its citizens,

vulnerability and the ability to recover will differ across the community. In this report we have conducted a spatial vulner-ability analysis and a social vulnerability index, which ac-counts for socioeconomic, infrastructure and geohazard data.

4.4 Provincial Assessment A Provincial level Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report was composed in 2011 and its analyses is given at the municipal level. This assessment considers risk exposure based on known natural hazard and historical fatalities. This assessment was GIS-derived and was based on 2011 projections that assume an equal distribution of the population within administrative boundaries. It does not address the interaction between disasters with socio-economic or socio-cultural systems nor existing sensitivity, spatial allocations and adaptive capacity. Key findings are presented in tables 1 and 2.


Table 1: Population Exposure to Floods and Storm Surge

Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from provincial hazard assessment (2011)

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4.5 Participatory Assessment In research conducted at the Barangay level, stake-holders were prompted to describe especially vulnerable populations or areas. A summary of our findings of specific Puroks is found in Table 3. Many Barangays reported that all people and Puroks were “equally affected” by floods, storm surge and other climate-related hazards.

Currently, hazard maps depicting formal and informal evacua-tion centers were made through participatory processes at the Barangay level, but have not aggregated into a municipal level map for coordinated planning and response. Every 3 years

Hagonoy’s MPDO administers a Barangay-level CBMS.

This provides a multitude of indicators of socio-economic, water and health access and education and valuable observations of vulnerability over time. CBMS indicators are aggregated and calculated in relation to national averages of each indicator, which provides a composite indicator for each Barangay.

A simple plotting of these composite indi-cators offers insightful analyses of current social-economic in relation to known haz-ards. Currently, hazard maps depicting for-mal and informal evacuation centers were made through participatory processes at the Barangay level, but have not aggregated into a municipal level map for coordinated

planning and response. Every 3 years Hagonoy’s MPDO administers a Barangay-level CBMS, the local application of a national standardized community census . This provides a multitude of indicators of socio-economic, water and health

access and education

Table 2: Core Infrastructure Exposed to Flooding

Table 3: Participatory Assessment of Vulnerability By PurokSource: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from provincial hazard assessment (2011)

Source: Prepared by the authors in Purok interviewing

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Figure 2. CBMS MAPSource: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from Hagonoy CBMS (2011)

cators are aggregated and calculated in relation to national av-erages of each indicator, which provides a composite indicator for each Barangay. A simple plotting of these composite indi-cators offers insightful analyses of current social-economic in relation to known hazards. In Figure 3, we included physical and natural hazards components of evacuation centers and geohazard assessment. We calculated the standard deviation

of each individual attribute of relevant indicators from data collected in the CBMS, geohazard maps and Barangay DRRM evacuation plans to construct an index of vulnerability weighting each attribute equally.


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4.6 Land Use Planning Simple spatial assessment of current and proposed land use in relation to known flood extent provides an initial and rapid assessment of sensitive areas and populations. GIS layers of the 2011-2020 CLUP were overlaid by geohazard assessment information to assess natural hazards in relation to future infrastructure and human settlement patterns in the proposed multi-nodal development.

This offered a rapid visual assessment of vulner-ability as it is reflected in land use policy and zoning ordinances. Hagonoy’s latest CLUP ap-pears to be responsive to flood, storm surge and sea level rise predictions, as new development is retreating North. However, it is important that resettlement plans be thoroughly considered for their social and livelihood impacts (see Spotlight on Informal Settlers and Climate Resilience in Section 5).

SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAPFigure 3. 2011-2020 CLUP with Geohazard Overlay

Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from Hagonoy CLUP and provincial hazard assessment (2011)

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4.7 Social Vulnerability, Infrastructure and Physical Hazard Vulnerability can be understood as both a bio-physical risk and a social risk. This means that ‘vulner-ability’ can be considered a geographical space where vulnerable people are lo-cated, or a social space that is vulnerable regardless of its location 1,3.

Based on this ‘hazards-of-place’ model we utilized CBMS data from all barangays in the Municipality to create a map of social vulnerability (SoVI). Social vulnerability is a multidimensional concept that helps to identify those characteristics and experiences of communities (and individuals) that enable them to respond to and recover from environmental hazards 2,4. Indicators were given equal weight and an average of each attributes was used to create a composite standard deviation score. Table 4 summarizes the selection of socio-economic and physical


Figure 6. Social Vulnerability Analysis by Barangay Using CBMS and Geohazard DataSource: Prepared by Authors

indicators in the vulnerability assessment. In Figure 6, we included physical and natural hazards components of evacu-ation centers and geohazard assessment. We calculated the standard deviation of each individual attribute of relevant indicators from data collected in the CBMS, geohazard maps and Barangay DRRM evacuation plans to construct an index of vulnerability. Using a priori weighting, all indicators were given equal weight and an average of each attributes was used to create a composite standard deviation score.

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Source: Prepared By Authors

SoVI Findings At the municipal level Hagonoy exhibited the geohazard assessment of Moderate High, which indicates an overall moderate level of vulnerability. However at the Barangay level, more intricate differences can be noticed. Barangays with SoVI scores of greater than +0.15 standard deviations and high geohazard assessments are labeled as most vulnerable and include Tibaguin, Pugad, and Mercado. Barangays with a SoVI scores of more than –0.15 standard deviations from the mean and low-moderate geohazard assessments are considered least vulnerable and include Iba-Ibayo, and Iba. These Barangays are all clustered in the Northeast of the along the Labongan Chan-nel of the Angat River.

Not all factors are equal, and given that we are not in the decision-making role we as-signed equal weight to all indicators, sort-ing only by physical risk evaluation. There is a need to develop a defensible weight-ing scheme relevant to the specific context of Hagonoy. Using this index provides a transparent methodology to make strategic mitigation and adaptation efforts targeted at the most vulnerable or similarly vulnerable barangays based on evidence based analyses instead of political will 5. An integrated SOVI can assist planners and local decision makers in pinpointing those factors that threaten the sustainability and stability of the municipality as a whole and engaging inter barangay collaboration and learning around vulnerability .

Table 4: Vulnerability Assessment Indicators

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4.8 Institutional Vulnerability Analysis Institutions have the ability to address or exacerbate present vulnerabilities in the policies, programs and infra-structures they pursue. For example, oftentimes, climate change adaptation (CCA) in the Philippines is misunderstood to be simply a matter of Disaster Risk Reduction Manage-ment (DRRM). While both of these measures aim to reduce the vulnerabilities of communities, DRRM is concerned with immediate risks and CCA seeks more long-term strate-gies. Therefore, a municipality’s pursuit of DRRM at the cost of CCA can be detrimental to its long-term survival. Considering these types of challenges, an analysis of present structures and decision-making can allow for more reflective policy-making and capacity building. We conducted a rapid institutional analysis survey with key informants at the mu-nicipality of Hagonoy, which provides the following insights regarding current plans and institutional supports:

Disaster Risk Reduction Management

1. Currently the LGU has an ad-hoc DRRM manager as part of implementation of RA 10121.This was established in 2013 and is funded by the LGU.

2. The MDRRMO is not a department but is rather a unit under the office of the Mayor.

3. Currently the MDRRMO has dual functions, DRM and emergency rescue unit. It is more emergency-focused, on disaster preparedness, rescue, response relief operations, and rehabilitation. No medium or long-term vision currently ex-ists. A plan is in early stages of creation. There is currently only a contingency plan.

Climate Change Adaptation

1. The LGU does not have a climate change adaptation man-ager. While the LGU knows the risks, it has not defined explicit policy actions on CCA and has not prioritized these in the AIP. The institution sees that the creation of such a position could be added to the DRRM department to limit expenditures.

2. The LGU does not have a climate change adaptation de-partment, but it does have a unit of MENRO focused on SWM under the office of mayor.

3. Barriers to the creation of a CCA new department include writing local legislation that legitimizes the position, council approval and adherence to LGU limits of 45% of expenses on staff salaries.

A survey of local policy makers of the Sangunniang Bayan and executive staff at the Mayors Office revealed some per-ceived vulnerabilities and offer a perspective on how the LGU assesses its own vulnerability to climate intensified natural hazards, clarity of climate change science, sustainable de-velopment and agendas for climate action planning. Climate induced hazards were asked to be ranked on a lickert scale of 1-7 where 1 was most well prepared, and 4 somewhat pre-pared and 7 was least prepared . The SB reported that the PXQLFLSDOLW\�ZDV�EHVW�SUHSDUHG�IRU�PRUH�IUHTXHQW�IORRG-ing while water shortage was noted an area of least pre-pared for.

When asked the order of importance of policy actions as it relates to reducing vulnerability the SB ranked the following, in order of importance where 1 is the highest (8 responses) and 5+ being the lowest (1 response each).


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1) Solid Waste Management 2) Burning of fossil fuels 3) Resettlement of vulnerable populations 4) Capacity building and skills training of government officials esp. at the Barangay level 5) Infrastructure upgrades 6.) Mangrove restoration 7) Environmentally Friendly Buildings 8)Coping Mechanism for Livelihoods 9) Human Security 10) Land Use and Management

Further observations on institutions and survey results of the Sangguniang Bayan and CC planning can be found in Appen-dix B. One major observation is the conflation of concepts

SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAPof disaster risk reduction and management with climate change adaptation. This is understandable given the top-ics complexity and the confluence of the two activities can provide good strategic decision-making however their defi-nitions and time frames for action must be better under-stood by the institution, something illustrated in Table 6. A prerequisite for climate change adaptation is addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability, including the structural inequalities that create and sustain poverty and constrain ac-cess to resources. Further, institutions local and national play a key role in creating or addressing vulnerability. Integrating findings of socio-economic and institutional vulnerability into disaster risk management can begin with using this prelimi-nary vulnerability assessment, which can be strengthened by monitoring the community in greater detail. \

Table 5: Summary of Recommendations

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Table 6: Di$erences and Areas of Convergence Between DRR and CCASource: World Bank Guide to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities

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Photo: Christopher J. Carter

REFERENCES 1. Cutter, S. L., 2008. Vulnerability analysis, environmental hazards. In Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Assessment, edited.

2. Melnick and Brian Everitt. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp. 1845-1848.

3. Cutter, S. L., L. Barnes, M. Berry, C. Burton, E. Evans, E. Tate, and J. Webb. 2008. A place-based model for understandingcommunity resil-ience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change 18 (4) 598-606. 4. Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J. and Shirley, W. L. (2003), Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84: 242–261 5. Schmidtlein, M. C., R. C. Deutsch, W. W. Pie-gorsch, and S. L. Cutter, 2008. Building indexes of vulnerability: a sensitivity analysis of the social vulnerability index, Risk Analysis 28 (4): 1099-1114.

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SECTION 5: STRATEGIC AREAS

In Perspective In addition to the stakeholder and vulnerability assessment provided in the prior section, this report also sets out to analyze Hagonoy’s current activities through the lens of climate change and identify opportunities for improvement. !is corresponds with the Issues and Objectives, Option Identi"cation and Option Assessment phases of the UN Habitat’s planning model for climate change adaptation.

!e climate change ‘lens’ utilized for this section is based broadly on the directions outlined in the NCCAP. !e NCCAP, adopted in 2010, acts as the framework for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Philippines from 2011 to 2028. As LGU’s are expected to create LCCAP’s that are consist-ent with this national plan, it makes sense to nest Hagonoy’s LCCAP within the wider NCCAP framework.

In consultation with municipal sta#, and in recognition of the limited time-frame of this report, the following 4 areas are o#ered as possible priorities for Hagonoy’s LCCAP and will be discussed in greater detail:

1. Food Security2. Water Su$ciency3. Environmental and Ecological Stability4. Human Security

To ensure consistency with the NCCAP, it is recommended that Hago-noy’s LCCAP address all seven strategic directions with related outcomes. It is also important to recognize that these strategic directions are not static categories but rather interconnected dimensions which inform one another (Figure 1). Achieving a climate-resilient community in one of the follow-ing strategic areas requires attention to all of the others. Linkages are made between strategic areas where possible in the next section.

Figure 1: Interconnected Nature of Strategic Areas

Source: Prepared by the authors

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Food Security

5.1.1 What is Food Security? Food security is the capacity of all people to obtain the food they need to live a healthy life. There are four dimensions to food security: food availa-bility, food accessibility, food utilization and food systems stability. Food avail-ability refers to the amount of food present in a community, which relates to production, distribution, and exchange. Food accessibility refers to whether or not food is affordable and equitably allocated. Food utilization means that food has both nutritional and social value. Finally, food systems stability means that food markets are steady and predictable. A thriving community that is resilient to climate change requires that food needs be met in each of these areas.

The NCCAP aims to address the four dimensions of food security. The cen-tral strategic priority in the area of food security is to, “ensure availability, stability, accessibility, and affordability of safe and healthy food amidst cli-

mate change”1. At the national level, this will be done by focusing on improv-ing the resilience of the production, distribution and communities centered on agriculture and fisheries. Figure 1 is a full list of NCCAP outputs and activities to achieve food security.

5.1.2 Food Security in Hagonoy As Hagonoy is considered one of the major sources of fish in Ma-nila Bay, fisheries are a key element of food security. From both fisheries and aquaculture, Hagonoy produces more than 5,000 metric tons of species such as Milkfish, Tilapia and Mudcrab annually2, that are consumed both locally and abroad. Fisheries and aquaculture is also the main economic driver of the municipality, as 1,423 people are employed as fishpond operators 2.

In contrast to fisheries, agricultural output is sparse in Hagonoy. 2011 re-cords from the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) reflect that there is a total of 344.5 hectares of farmland, more than ½ of which is rainfed. These lands employ 284 people and produce approximately 4 metric tons per hec-

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tare 3. It is believed that the scarcity of agricultural lands is attributed to saltwater intrusion as well as the absence of irrigation facilities. In 2004, the Hagonoy Palapat Communal Pump Irrigation Project (HPCPIP) was initi-ated with the purpose of improving irrigation fresh water supply. However, the project was not completed due to a limited capacity for management and oversight.-Malnutrition, particularly child malnutrition, has been identified as a prob-lem in Hagonoy. According to the Municipal Nutrition Office, there has been a sharp increase between 2009-2011 in the rate of malnourished children,

Figure 1: NCCAP Strategic Actions on Food SecuritySource: Climate Change Commission, 2011

Photo: Tina Barisky

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Figure 3 reflects the degree of child malnutrition between 2007-2012. The most severe type, 3rd degree malnutrition, remains steady at less than 50 cases annually, while 2nd degree or moderate malnutrition has declined since 2012. However, it is the mildest form of malnutrition, 1st degree, which continues to rise. No cases of this type of malnutrition were re-corded between 2007 and 2009, but since then the Municipal Nutrition Of-fice received reports on a combined 927 cases. Data regarding the reasons for malnutrition are unavailable, however qualitative interviews reflect that it may be related to poverty incidence in Hagonoy.

Source: Municipal Nutrition Office

Source: Municipal Nutrition Office

5.1.3 Global Changes, Local Consequences Climate change has a range of implications for Hagonoy’s fisheries and agriculture. Saltwater intrusion is increasingly impacting food produc-tivity in Hagonoy. In recent years, saltwater intrusion has caused poor pro-ductivity in much of the agricultural land in Hagonoy, resulting in land con-version to fishponds. More than 75% of land use in Hagonoy is now devoted to aquaculture, mostly located in the southern stretch of the municipality3. Figure 4 demonstrates the conversion of agricultural land to aquaculture from 2008 to 2010.

The loss of agricultural land in Hagonoy presents a number of problems for food security. A reduced crop yield results in meager vegetable and grain

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production for the community, forcing Hagonoy to rely on imported food sources. A reliance on food systems exterior to the community means that Hagonoy is vulnerable to the volatility of market fluctuations.

This is especially a challenge for those in low-income informal settlements who are most vulnerable to fluctuations in food prices. The proportion of Hagonoy’s food source that is imported is unknown. Data on Hagonoy’s food exports are also unknown.

More frequent and severe flooding is also an impact of climate change that affects food productivity, accessibility and affordability. Hagonoy is subject to frequent flooding from many sources. First, as it is located at the outfall of the Pampanga River Basin, it is vulnerable to upstream flooding. Second, its low elevation makes it vulnerable to repeated high tide flooding. Third, like other parts of the Philippines, Hagonoy commonly experiences flooding from extreme weather-related events such as typhoons.

Qualitative research gathered for this report reflects that flooding reduces productivity because it makes already sparse agricultural land unusable. It also causes losses in aquaculture as fish escape from the fishponds. Small to medium fishpond owners are particularly vulnerable to these effects because the losses often mean that they must start their businesses over again with

little or no resources. According to the Local Development Investment Pro-gram (LDIP), small to medium sized fishpond operators have been seeing a decrease in aquaculture production in recent years. Numbers from theBulacan Bureau of Agriculture Statistics also substantiate this trend, reflect-ing that milkfish and tilapia production have been in decline since 2000 (Fig-ure 5). More than 37% of fishpond areas from Bulacan’s records are located in Hagonoy.

Flooding also impacts food accessibility as it makes farm-to-market roads impassable. When flooding occurs due to extreme weather events, food secu-rity is threatened because people are confined to their homes, sometimes for days. This is particularly a concern in the more isolated barangays of Hago-noy such as Tibaguin and Pugad.

Photo: Eva Crego-Liz

Source: Municipal Agriculture Office

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In the 2014-2016 ELA, an Aquaculture Enhancement Program has been proposed to increase the income of small fishpond operators and marginal fisherfolk through a fish farmer field school and the donation of resources such as fingerlings. The funding requirement of this program over the next two years is $3,000,000. There are also plans to link with Bulacan State University to establish a College of Fisheries School.

Looking further into the future, the CLUP 2011-2020 also proposes a multi-nodal development approach, which will develop the land in the southern part of the municipality as an Aquaculture Production Centre. This centre will act as a hub for aquaculture production, processing and distribution, as well as a source of fisheries research and technology development and education.

Where food is accessible, the climate-induced changes in production may cause food prices, particularly fish, to become unstable. Fish farmers sometimes harvest their fish in anticipation of high tide flooding, causing a glut in the market and a drastic decline in income. While this may temporarily bring down the price of fish, it also results in dry seasons, increasing the unpredictably of the market. Each of these issues possess implications for food security.

5.1.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Hagonoy Several of the policy options and programs set out in Hagonoy’s lat-est Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), Local Development Investment Program (LDIP), and Executive Legislative Agenda (ELA) may be adapted to address the challenges of climate change in the area of food security.

Sorting and Selling at Hagonoy FishportPhoto: Eva Crego-Liz

Source: Bulacan Bureau of Agriculture Statistics

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In response to climate change, the people of Hagonoy have adjusted their farming and fishing practices in a number of ways. To avoid major losses in aquaculture due to flooding, fish pond operators are adjusting their farming seasons by placing fingerlings in the water early in order to be able to har-vest before flood season. Increasingly, they are also diversifying the species of fish they farm in order to avoid the volatility of the trading market. To keep fishing production costs down, they are mixing traditional fish feeds such as algae with commercial feeds and smaller fish of lower quality. Some fishpond operators are supplementing their incomes with diverse sources, such as poultry growing. Some barangays have also implemented infrastruc-tural adjustments such as check gates at fishponds in order to control saltwa-ter intrusion.

Agriculture

Currently, the MAO is trying to combat the problem of saltwater intrusion in rice fields by testing strains of saltwater-tolerant species, of which 7 varieties will be planted during planting season in August or Sep-tember 2014.

Municipal plans set out several policy options to preserve remaining agricul-tural lands and to maximize their productivity. An Agriculture Preserva-tion Program has been proposed to provide assistance to farmers through an educational field school, with the funding requirement of $3,000,000. Additionally, a proposed $1,000,000 will be devoted to a High Value Crops Production Program to provide season-long training and vegetable seeds to increase local vegetable production as an alternative source of income for farmers.

Food-Supporting Infrastructure

A Farm-to-Market Roads Project has been proposed at a cost of $14,500,000, which focuses on concreting the passage between Carillo to Parung-Parong and Sitio Buga as well as Sta. Elena, located in the southern part of the Municipality. The goal of this project is to allow for expedited travel time, which will also increase food accessibility. There are also plans to

continue and complete the Irrigation Project at a cost of $6,000,000, which will address inadequate irrigation facilities by extending the coverage of ir-rigation in northern Hagonoy.

Nutrition

In order to combat malnourishment in children under the age of 5, the ELA suggests a Supplemental Feeding Program at the cost $12,000,000 as well as the establishment of a Municipal Malward Facility to provide nutritional needs and services at the cost of $2,000,000. There is also a re-quest for $1,500,000 in funding for a general Nutrition Program.

Example of a BioswaleSource: California Department of Transportation

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5.1.5 Recommendations In terms of supporting the productivity of food systems and the livelihoods of food systems workers, Hagonoy’s current plans are strong. The proposed training and support programs in agriculture and aquaculture will ensure that food systems workers have the resources needed to adapt to the effects of climate change and to stabilize food production in Hago-noy. It is recommended that training seminars also include climate change mitigation strategies, such as integrated aquaculture and organic produc-tion where feasible. Since there can be no food security without water secu-rity, Hagonoy’s plans to expand and complete the Irrigation Project should remain a top priority. Studies from the FAO indicate that there is a rela-tionship between the percentage of cultivated areas irrigated and the total percentage of population that is undernourished. As irrigation can increase crop yields of most crops by 100-400%4, the Irrigation Project will ensure that Hagonoy is maximizing the productivity of its agricultural land.

The relationship between food accessibility and insecurity is less understood in Hagonoy. More monitoring and research is needed in order to understand the food supply chain (i.e. how much of Hagonoy’s food supply is grown locally and how much of their production is exported). It is also recom-mended that an assessment be undertaken to determine which parts of the population are food insecure and to better understand the reasons for mal-nutrition. In this manner, attention can be directed to the most vulnerable segments of Hagonoy’s population.

Regarding food-supporting infrastructure developments, there is some concern that projects such as the Farm-to-Market Concreting Roads Project may exacerbate the problems posed by climate change. For example, imper-meable surfaces such as concrete roads may increase the effects of floods and the amount of runoff to nearby fishponds, thereby further reducing water quality.

It is therefore recommended that food-supporting developments such as these take into consideration green infrastructure to allow for in-

creased permeability of hard surfaces. An example of green infrastructure is a bioswale, or a vegetated channel that absorbs and filters flows of water. Other examples are permeable pavement, planter boxes and trees, all of which may be woven into street design to decrease the threat of floods. \

"PLANNING TOOLKIT 2. #

!e World Food Programme has a guide to help conduct a food supply chain assessment.

Visit http://www.wfp.org/content/market-analysis-tool-how-conduct-food-commodity-value-chain-analysis

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Table 1: Summary of Recommendations

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impacts on "sh health, habitats and food webs, as well as impacts on aquacul-ture costs and productivity and "sher-folk livelihoods. !ere are numerous ex-amples of actions and strategies to adapt to climate change and to mitigate its e#ects in aquaculture. !ese have been drawn from case studies in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and China, as well as from general aquaculture best practice.

To "nd out further information about these case studies, an informative tool is the 2014 FAO Circular on Fisheries and Aquaculture, which can be found at http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3569e/i3569e.pdf.

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As one of the leading drivers of livelihoods and food security in Hagonoy, measures speci"cally geared to aquaculture are needed in order for the mu-nicipality to adapt to climate change. Figure 6 shows that the broader changes in climate a#ecting aquaculture are sea-level rise, precipitation, increased heat, increased storm severity and salinity changes. In turn, these have secondary

Hagonoys Growing Fishponds Photo: Eva Crego-Liz

Source: FAO, 2014

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Table 2:

Climate-Resilient $TXDFXOWXUH�,QVLJKWV�IRU�Hagonoy

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Water Security

5.2.1 What is Water Sufficiency?

Water su!ciency refers not only to water availability, but to other water-related challenges such as pollution, vulnerability to disasters, or water and sanitation access. Although the Philippines is endowed with abundant wa-ter resources, they are under severe pressure from growing populations, rapid urbanization and industrialization. Water availability in the Philippines has become also time and site-speci"c due to geographic and seasonal variations. Access to basic drinking water supply and especially to basic sanitation is still precarious, and the lack of adequate wastewater management infrastructures resulting in the pollution of water bodies has a negative impact on the avail-ability of water resources. #e Philippines is prone to natural disasters such as typhoons and $ooding, which also impact the water supply infrastructure negatively.

#e NCCAP 2011-2028 identi"es all these issues, highlighting the existing weak institutional and water governance environment in the Philippines as the main drawback to e%ectively respond to all these challenges. #erefore, the objective of the water su!ciency agenda, as de"ned in the NCCAP, is to manage water resources in a sustainable way to ensure equitable access for all. It will focus on three immediate outcomes 1:

gender-responsive water sector

a%ordable water ensured

climate change enhanced

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5.2.2 Water Sufficiency in

Hagonoy

Water supply in Hagonoy is provided by the Hagonoy Water District (HWD). HWD was created in 1976 in compliance with the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973, being the first local water district in the Province of Bulacan. HWD is an independent, autonomous, non-stock, self-sup-porting, non-profit, self-reliant government-owned and controlled corporation (GOCC) that does not receive regular subsidy, grant or budgetary alloca-tion from any political government subdivision. HWD manages and operates the district in a busi-nesslike manner. The service area of HWD covers the whole town of Hagonoy, all of its 26 baran-gays and 3 barangays in the neighboring town of Paombong 2.

Water Availability

The source of water supply in Hagonoy is groundwater. The over-abstraction of water from the aquifer has caused problems of soil subsid-ence in Hagonoy and other coastal towns, with the consequent increase in tidal flooding and saltwater intrusion. According to the National Institute of

Geological Sciences of the University of the Philippines (UP-NIGS) several towns in Bulacan, Pampanga and Bataan have sunk 1 meter in the past 30 years or ten times the rate of the global sea level rise in the last century 9. To address this problem, the LGU of Hagonoy plans to explore alternative sources of water supply such as rainwater harvesting, surface water treat-ment, desalinization of seawater, or external sources as Angat Dam.

Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation

According to HWD8, in 2010 there were 24,366 residential and 561 com-mercial service connections, corresponding to 88% of the total number of households in HWD service area. Records from the community-based moni-toring system (CBMS) of Hagonoy show that in 2011 the proportion of

Figure 1: Strategic Actions on Water Sufficiency for 2011-2028

Source: NCCAP, 2010

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households without access to safe water supply was 1% of the total. The ob-served discrepancy between HWD and CBMS data might be due to different factors as data accuracy, the fact that HWD data considers 3 barangays that are not part of the municipality of Hagonoy, or the fact that other sources of safe water supply might be considered in the CBMS (i.e. private wells, bottled water). Despite the disparity in the data, it shows that the rate of ac-cess to safe water supply in Hagonoy is quite high. However, an interesting point that emerged during our semi-structured interviews in Hagonoy is that people rely on bottled water and/or water from private wells for drinking, as

they do not trust the quality of tap water. According to HWD, all samples taken from the deep wells of HWD pass the standards set by the Philippine National Standards for Drink-ing Water (PNS-DW)8. The reason for distrust might be due to the poor condition of the pipe system where water might get polluted, or to an extended presump-tion of poor water quality that might not be based on evidences. Measures to improve the quality of the water served, or to improve the perception people have about it, would reduce vulnerability and enhance water

sufficiency in Hagonoy by providing a reliable, sustainable and cheap source of drinking water.

Regarding access to sanitation, Hagonoy does not have a sewerage system. Most households either dispose of wastewater directly to water bodies, this being a major cause of water pollution, or use septic tanks, which only provide a partial treatment of sewage. The lack of maintenance of septic tanks constitutes an important problem as well, as the discharge or overflow of untreated septage into rivers or water courses is even more polluting than wastewater discharge. According to HWD, there are a number of private desludging firms operating in Hagonoy, although there are not appropri-ate septage treatment facilities. The common perception is that the collected septage is disposed of, without proper treatment, to drainage systems, wa-ter bodies or even in vacant lots1. In compliance with the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the National Sewerage and Septage Management Program (NS-SMP), HWD has developed the feasibility study of the “Septage Manage-ment Project – Hagonoy, Bulacan” to evaluate different alternatives for the construction of a septage treatment facility that meets the DENR standards for effluent discharges. HWD is also promoting septage management aware-ness and undertaking education of the public about the correct way to design a septic tank. Nevertheless, the fact that sanitation measures rely exclusively on private individuals make very difficult to ensure proper implementation, not to mention the economic burden that these measures might represent for poor households.

Water Quality

As previously mentioned, water courses in Hagonoy are highly polluted by domestic effluents and wastewater discharges. Other important sources of water pollution are the dumping of solid wastes, residues of fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural areas, and the intensive use of fish feeds in the aquaculture industry.

The water sampling conducted by HWD on August 2011 in major rivers in Hagonoy, clearly shows the level of pollution of Hagonoy’s water bodies. The most probable number (MPN) of fecal coliform E. coli in all the samples exceeded 1,600, whereas the PNSDW standards require that samples should

Source: HWD and Hagonoy CBMS

Table 1: Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Hagonoy

54


Vulnerability of the Water Supply Sector

In December 2013, the Provincial Government of Bulacan prepared the “Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report”9 for the whole Province. The report includes a vulnerability assessment of the water supply sector to typhoons, storms and flooding in the different municipalities of Bulacan. The different indicators used to determine the vulnerability index are presented in table 3.

The vulnerability of the water supply sector in Hagonoy regarding the considered indicators has been estimated as low, as it can be observed in Figure 2. However, several key informants have reported that during typhoons, storms and flooding episodes blackouts are usual. These black-outs may last for several days preventing the functioning of water pumps and leaving the households without water supply.

Source: “Septage Management Project – Hagonoy, Bulacan” �

Table 2: Water Sampling Test Results

Table 3: Scale Classification, Ratings and Sources of Indicators used in Vulnerability Assessment of Water Supply Sector from Typhoons/Storms and Flooding Impact

Source: Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report. Province of Bulacan�

55


This fact should be taken into account in the vulnerability assessment of the water supply sector. In this sense, measures to guarantee the power supply to water pumps during typhoons or flooding episodes (e.g. solar panels or any other alternative source of energy) will help to reduce the vulnerability of the sector.

5.2.3 Global Changes, Local Consequences

Climate change is expected to make more acute all the aforemen-tioned water-related challenges, at global but also at local level. The expected climate change scenario for the Philippines will involve:

� ��+LJKHU�WHPSHUDWXUHV� ��&KDQJLQJ�UDLQIDOO�SDWWHUQV�ZLWK�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�LQWHQVLW\�DQG� frequency of storm (La Niña) and drought (El Niño)� �6HD�OHYHO�ULVH

The effects that these changes in climate will have on water resources avail-ability and quality are summarized in table 4. In this climate change sce-nario, saltwater intrusion in Hagonoy groundwater resources is expected to increase, threatening, at present, the only source of water resources in the municipality. The increase of severe flooding episodes may also affect water security in Hagonoy, as disruptions of water supply due to power outage during floods have been reported to be common.

Figure 2: Vulnerability Index (VI) for the Water Supply Sector in Hagonoy

Adapted from: Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report. Province of Bulacan�

Table 4: Climate Change Impacts on Water Sufficiency

Based on Abano, S.P.4

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5.2.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies

in Hagonoy

The CLUP, ELA and LDIP of Hagonoy include specific interventions and policy options that directly and indirectly relate with the objectives of the water sufficiency agenda defined in the NCCAP. Some of the proposed interventions can be classified into different strategic areas, but their out-comes are consistent with the goals of the water sufficiency agenda. It is very important to understand these strategic areas not as sealed and unconnected compartments but as a web of connections where interventions defined in one of the areas may and should contribute to the outcomes and goals de-

fined for some of the other areas. The CLUP of Hagonoy plans to increase the urbanized area in the municipality by 2.3% to a total of 833.70 hectares (769 Has residential, 24.2 Has commercial, 40.5 Has institutional).

Urbanization may have negative impacts on water sufficiency as it alters runoff patterns and inhibits natural recharge of the aquifer affecting both water quantity and quality. In response, the use of green architecture and engineering in the new urbanized areas may help to reduce these impacts. Green infrastructure such as vegetated roofs, grassed swales, green parking areas, infiltration trenches or permeable pavement should be promoted in new developments 11.

Figure 3: Interventions and Policy Options included in Hagonoy’s CLUP, ELA and LDIP: outcomes consistent with the goals of the Water Sufficiency Strategic Area

defined in the NCCAP

Table 5: Planned land use evolution in Hagonoy

Source: CLUP, 2011-2020

Source: Authors Analysis of LGU activities

57


The planned expenditure on water sufficiency in the ELA and LDIP 2014-2016 amounts to 1 million PHP intended for the Distribution of Potable Water System and Sanitary Toilet Facilities.

5.2.5 Recommendations: Strategic Actions on

Water Sufficiency in Hagonoy

In conjunction with the strategic actions on water sufficiency defined at thenational level by the NCCAP, this section provides some insights on different actions the municipality of Hagonoy may consider in the development of its LCCAP regarding water sufficiency. This section addresses issues of:

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Water Governance

#e NCCAP identi"es the fragmented and weak institutional and water governance environment of the water sector in the Philippines, as one of the major problems regarding water su!ciency. As stated in the NCCAP, water management is lodged in over 30 government o!ces, with the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) limited to economic regulation, while the manage-ment of water sources (including watersheds), supply and distribution are done by di%erent agencies. As a consequence, there is uncoordinated sector planning and monitoring in the absence of a national government agency responsible for translating policies and strategies into a comprehensive climate-smart water program1. #is institutional weakness is also evident from the poor implemen-tation and enforcement of key water-related legislation, as it can be observed in table 6.

Table 6: Key water-related legislation and its status of implementation

Source: Turning the Tide: Improving Water Resource Management in the Philippines

58


the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems10. Within the IWRM framework, the watershed is the most appropriate planning unit, since up-stream land use and downstream water conditions are closely related. Up-stream and downstream linkages can be clearly felt in Hagonoy, which is located at the outlet of the Pampanga and the Angat River basins. As wa-tersheds transcend administrative boundaries, water resources planning and management at a watershed level should be undertaken not by a single LGU, but by an independent watershed authority or agency at a higher level 10. However, there are other measures that LGUs could implement to enhance water governance.

To strengthen the collaboration between WDs and the municipal govern-ments is crucial, as well as the implementation and proper enforcement of water-related legislation that is responsibility of municipalities. The CLUP of Hagonoy already includes some interventions along these same lines:

� ��+DUPRQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�ORFDO�ZDWHU�GLVWULFW�RSHUDWLRQ� ��6WULFW�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI �3'��3'��3'��5$��DQG�� RA 9275 (see table 6 for references)

An integrated management approach can also be adopted at a local level. As it has been mentioned above, linkages exist between land use and the condi-tion of water bodies. Land conversion and urbanization alter runoff patterns affecting water quantity and quality. Agriculture and aquaculture have also important repercussions on water quality. In this sense, a cross-sectorial inte-gration at the local level is needed to improve the ecological status of water courses and to enhance Hagonoy’s water sufficiency. Measures like the use of green architecture and engineering, or the promotion of organic agriculture and aquaculture, are consistent with this integrated management approach.

Sustainability of Water Resources Management

The traditional water management approach, known as hard path, is based on supply-side solutions to meet the increasing water demand. This approach will no longer be sustainable in a future where pressure over water resources

Table 6 (cont.) : Key water-related legislation and its status of implementation

Source: Turning the Tide: Improving Water Resource Management in the Philippines�

To address this problem, the NCCAP proposes the adoption of the In-tegrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach. IWRM is defined as a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize

59


will constantly increase due to population growth, changes in lifestyle and the effects of climate change. In opposition to this hard path, a more holistic and comprehensive approach to water sustainability planning, known as the soft path, is gaining ground in the past years.

Since the soft path aims to improve the overall productivity of water use rather than seek endless sources of new supply, the use of water efficient technologies and other measures to manage water demand are consistent with the soft path approach. It considers the supply of various qualities of water for different uses as well as the use of decentralized water infrastruc-ture. In this regard, the implementation of rainwater harvesting systems for irrigation or other purposes is a measure of water supply management that agrees with the soft path principles. Other characteristics of the soft path are 15:

� ��,W�ZRUNV�ZLWK�ZDWHU�XVHUV�DW�D�ORFDO�DQG�FRPPXQLW\�OHYHO� ��,W�WDNHV�LQWR�DFFRXQW�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�LQWHUDFWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�HQYLURQ�� ment and human activity seeking to protect the critical ecological services that water and ecosystems provide.

In the following subsections some of the issues pertaining to water demand and supply management are further developed.

Water demand management

A shift of paradigm from the strictly supply-side approach to a demand-side approach is needed to achieve the sustainability of water re-sources management. Managing the demand and increasing the productivity of existing water uses may postpone or even avoid the need to develop new resources.

a) Assessing the water demand

The first step to manage the water demand is to know how much water is be-ing used by different water users (i.e. domestic, industrial, agricultural). We

have not had access to water use data in Hagonoy, and we do not know if it actually exists. The feasibility study of the “Septage Management Project – Hagonoy, Bulacan” developed by HWD states that the average consumption per service connection was recorded at 19.39 m3 per month or 0.65 m3 per day. This is the only data about water consumption in Hagonoy we have had access to. It is not relevant information to assess water demand in the munici-pality, as residential and commercial consumption are aggregated in a single value. In addition, this value only refers to the water consumed from the wa-ter supply system of HWD, not considering other sources of water supply as private wells or bottled water. Thus, a recommendation in this regard would be to set up a water resources database and an information system in the case it does not exist. Water resources and water use data gathering and monitor-ing is crucial to sustainable manage water supply. Identifying the major water users and their water consumption level will help to better design the most appropriate water conservation and water demand management strategies. Along these lines, and important water use that should not be overlooked when assessing water demand is the amount of water needed to sustain eco-systems.

b) Demand management measures

Demand management measures include:

�8VH�DQG�SURPRWLRQ�RI �ZDWHU�HIILFLHQW�WHFKQRORJLHV: The use of incen-tives (e.g. discount in the water fee) may be a good measure to promote the installation and use of water-efficient technologies, not only in the industrial and agricultural sector but also at the household level. To make the instal-lation of water-efficient devises a requirement for new buildings through a SB resolution or ordinance, might be another measure to be adopted in this regard.

��3ODQWDWLRQ�RI �FURS�YDULHWLHV�ZLWK�OHVV�ZDWHU�UHTXLUHPHQWV� In addition to the adoption of water-efficient irrigation technologies, the plantation of crop varieties that require less irrigation water to grow could be also a meas-ure to manage water demand. Nevertheless, food security issues should be considered when exploring this possibility.

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Water Supply Management

Diversification of water sources helps to reduce the pressure over fresh water resources and enhances the resiliency of the water supply sector reducing its vulnerability to variability in water availability due to climate change. It can therefore be considered a good measure to achieve water suffi-ciency. The CLUP of Hagonoy includes an intervention along those lines: to explore alternative sources of water supply as rain water harvesting, surface water treatment, or external sources such as Angat Dam and desalinization of sea water.

In this subsection, general considerations about the viability and suitability of the implementation of rainwater harvesting, wastewater reclamation and/or desalinization systems in Hagonoy are provided. Surface water treatment and water transfers from Angat Dam are not addressed in this report, as the implementation of this kind of water supply systems is already well-stab-lished in everyday water management practice and in the literature. Moreo-ver, these options do not constitute an alternative to fresh water resources. Rainwater harvesting, wastewater reclamation and desalinization in addition to be real alternatives to fresh water resources have the advantage that can be generated within the municipal boundaries of Hagonoy, enhancing its water self-sufficiency.

a) Wastewater reclamation

Wastewater reclamation could be done for non-potable and potable uses. Non-potable uses include irrigation, environmental flows (water flows re-quired to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems), toilet flushing, gar-den watering and industrial uses among others. There are two different types of potable reclamation: direct and indirect. In the direct potable wastewater reclamation, wastewater re-enter the water supply system after being treated by a series of processes (flocculation, sand filtration, ozonation, activated car-bon filter, ultrafiltration). In the indirect potable wastewater reclamation, the treated wastewater is mixed with natural sources before re-entering the wa-ter supply system. A case of indirect potable wastewater reclamation would

��/HDNDJH�GHWHFWLRQ�DQG�UHSDLU��To reduce the amount of water that is lost in the water distribution system is an effective measure for water conservation. In this sense, it is important to have a monitoring system to effectively detect leakages.

��5HGXFWLRQ�RI �QRQ�UHYHQXH�ZDWHU��Water losses are not only due to leakages. Illegal connections to the system, non-regis-tered wells or metering inaccuracies can be also considered as water losses. In this sense, the control, regulation and appro-priate metering of all water users is key to effectively manage water demand.

��3ULFLQJ��A water tariff that reflects the real “value” of water may prevent the depletion of water resources and encourage water conservation.

� Water conservation campaigns: To raise public awareness on the importance of water conservation and the measures that could be adopted to that effect is key to assure the success of water demand management strategies.

�Explore alternative sources of water supply: The use of different sources of water for different purposes (e.g. rainwater, grey water, reclaimed water for irrigation or industrial uses) may reduce the need for fresh water supplies. This point is fur-ther developed in the next sub-section.

61


be the artificial recharge of groundwater with treated wastewater. Examples of direct and indirect potable wastewater reclamation are found in Windhoek (Namibia) and in Orange County (California – USA) respectively. One of the advantages of wastewater reclamation as a source of water supply is that it is climate independent, not being affected by climate variations.

The treatment process to be applied will depend on the level of purification needed for the intended use of the reclaimed wastewater. Direct and indirect potable reclamation imply the use of membrane technologies which involve high energy consumption. In this sense, clean energy alternatives should be explored not to increase greenhouse gas emissions . For non-potable uses, traditional wastewater treatments, with a lower energy demand, could be used. Other challenges of potable wastewater reclamation are public trust and possible impacts on human health, as some trace pollutants are known to pass membranes.

The main impediment for the imple-mentation of wastewater reclamation in Hagonoy is the lack of a sewage system that collects the wastewater and conveys it to a treatment plant. Nevertheless, wastewater collection systems could be implemented in new urban develop-ments and subdivisions. The wastewater could be treated in decentralized on-site treatment plants and re-used for toilet flushing and for watering green spaces. These measures might be enforced through a SB resolution or ordinance.

The artificial recharge of groundwater with wastewater is also an interest-ing measure for Hagonoy to explore. Although it requires more costly tech-nology and the construction of a more extensive sewage system, it could be a

good measure to alleviate the problems of groundwater depletion and soil subsidence experienced in Hagonoy.

b) Desalinization

As Hagonoy is a coastal municipality, desalinization of seawater is an alterna-tive water source that might be explored. The desalinization process is based on membrane technologies like reverse osmosis (RO), which as stated before involve high energy consumption. Lower energy consumption is needed in the desalinization process of brackish water, because of its lower salinity compared to seawater. In this sense, it would be more cost-efficient to consid-er the desalinization of estuarine or brackish groundwater instead of seawa-ter. Again, and as in the case of wastewater reclamation, the use of green-house-gas-neutral sources of energy in the implementation of these systems is crucial to consider them proper climate change adaptation measures.

Figure 4: Properties of resources for urban water supply

Source: Rygaard et al. 2011

62


Desalinization of brackish water, as wastewater reclamation, constitutes a climate independent source of water supply, being able to provide a steady supply even during dry periods, enhancing in this way water self-sufficiency.

In addition to the high-energy demand, another challenge of desalinization is the environmental impact that desalinization effluent may cause. The ef-fluent from the desalinization process has a salt concentration 2 – 15 times the feed water concentration, and it may also contain chemicals used in the pre-treatment 16 . Its discharge to water bodies may cause undesired envi-ronmental impacts on the aquatic ecosystems, if it is not done properly.

c) Rainwater collection

Rainwater harvesting is the most energy efficient alternative among the ones exposed in this subsection, being its energy consumption similar to conventional treatment of groundwater and surface water resources. Rain-water can be harvested both at household and at municipal level. It can be re-used for drinking purposes after treatment, or for toilet flushing, washing and/or irrigation with no need for treatment. The main limitations of rain-water to be considered as an alternative source of water supply is its climate dependency and the dimensions of the tank or reservoir needed to store it. In this sense, rainwater does not contribute as much as wastewater reclama-tion and desalinization to self-sufficiency.

However, its low energy demand and low cost, and the fact that already ex-ist legislation in the Philippines regarding rainwater harvesting, make it an appropriate alternative to be tested in Hagonoy before exploring more costly and energy intensive alternative water sources.

Figure 4 summarizes the properties of the different alternative water sourc-es exposed in this subsection as well as the associated challenges to their implementation.

G��3LSHG�ZDWHU�VXSSO\�V\VWHP�

Besides the implementation of alternative water sources to diversify water supply, the improvement of the existing piped water supply system must not be neglected. Data shows that the number of households connected to HWD system is quite high. However, key informants have reported dis-trust in piped water for drinking. In this sense, it is important to determine if this distrust responds to real facts or to public perception. Some studies have shown that public perception of water quality may be related to trust in water agencies and personal perceptions rather than technical parameters of water quality16. If this is the case, information and education campaigns may help to reverse this situation. If the distrust responds to the actual qual-ity of the water supplied, measures should be taken to improve the water treatment and the condition of the distribution system.

Other sources of drinking water, like bottle water, may be much more expen-sive than tap water and may have undesired environmental impacts like those associated to plastic consumption. Thus, to provide households with reliable, safe, affordable and sustainable drinking water supply is crucial to achieve water sufficiency.

Water Quality

Pollution of freshwater sources is also an important problem that threats the sustainability of the water supply. The improvement of surface and groundwater quality is one of the goals that the NCCAP pursue regard-ing water sufficiency. Two strategic actions are identified in this respect:

1) Implement the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the National Septage and Sewerage Program (NSSP)

2)Improve sanitation infrastructures

63


The CLUP of Hagonoy also includes interventions along those same lines:

� ��6WULFW�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI �3'��3'��3'��5$��5$�� 9275 (see table 6 for references)� ��3URYLVLRQ�RI �ZDVWH�ZDWHU�WUHDWPHQW�IDFLOLWLHV�DW�VWUDWHJLF�DUHDV� ��/DLG�SXW�HIIHFWLYH�GUDLQDJH�V\VWHP�

HWD has also elaborated the feasibility study for the “Septage Management Project – Hagonoy, Bulacan” in compliance with the Clean Water Act and the National Septage and Sewerage Program.

#e aforementioned project analyzes the feasibility to build a septage treat-ment plant and a sludge disposal facility in Hagonoy to provide septage desludging service to all customers of HWD. Septage treatment and dis-posal will reduce pollution of water bodies attributed to untreated septage discharge or overflow from septic tanks. The project considers three different

treatment options. However, it does not evaluate the feasibility of other type of wastewater treatment facilities, or the feasibility of more decentralized options.

a) Decentralized wastewater treatment systems

-sis of alternatives on treatment options. #e feasibility of alternative options to the construction of a central septage treatment facility has not been evalu-

decentralized solutions. In this sense, a cost-bene"t analysis will be needed to

It is important to consider the entire life-cycle cost (i.e. design, construction, operation, maintenance, repair and replacement) of the facility in the analysis. Operation and maintenance costs might be even more important than con-struction costs over the operational lifetime of a wastewater treatment facility.

Decentralized wastewater treatment systems may be on-site (serving a sin-gle household or building) or a cluster system (serving a larger area). #ese systems have found to be more cost-e%ective than centralized systems in some speci"c contexts, such scattered low-density rural areas 17. In this sense,

distribution of its population, disseminated in di%erent urban areas within dif-ferent barangays. A feasibility study that evaluates centralized and decentral-ized solutions would help to better identify the most appropriate wastewater

sludge they generate needs further treatment. #ere exist improved technolo-gies that at a low cost provide better on-site treatment than septic tanks. #e implementation of this kind of technologies in new buildings and households could be a good measure to improve wastewater treatment, to allow for waste-water reuse and to reduce the need for septage treatment. It may be promoted

Table 7: Clean Water act and National Septage and Sewerage Program �

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18mixing of pathogenic bacteria from human waste with the wastewater that is

water (human fecal plus $ushing water), yellow water (human urine plus $ush-ing water) and grey water (water from bathing and washing activities). #e

for black water, hygienization for yellow water and constructed wetlands for grey water. #is is only an example of the available decentralized wastewater treatment technologies that can be considered and evaluated to improve the

imply a decentralized management as well. Centralized management of decen-tralized systems is crucial to ensure their correct maintenance and functioning. Awareness and education of household owners on the importance of on-site wastewater treatment systems maintenance for the environment and how to

decentralized wastewater treatment facilities should be carried out by trained

Knowledge and Capacity Building

The adoption of new management approaches as well as the imple-mentation of new technologies will require the training of professionals and employees working in the water sector.

Education and public awareness campaigns on water conservation and envi-ronmental protection are also crucial to attain the sustainable management of water supply. Public consultation and information campaigns might be needed as well when implementing new sources of water supply or new water and wastewater technologies. Some management decisions, as the reuse of wastewater, may generate controversy and public concern. In this sense, public awareness and participation programs to involve communities in deci-

sion making are necessary to reach a more acceptable decision to all parties involved.

.QRZOHGJH�VKRXOG�DOVR�LQIRUP�DOO�WKH�PDQDJHPHQW�PHDVXUHV�DGRSWHG��7KHUH-fore, a monitoring and data collection program to develop an accurate water resources and wastewater database and information system is essential. In this sense, some key water indicators might be included in the CBMS of Hagonoy.

Summary of Recommendations

��:DWHU�JRYHUQDQFH�VKRXOG�EH�HQKDQFHG�DW�QDWLRQDO�DQG�ORFDO�OHYHO��$W�OR-cal level, collaboration between the LGU of Hagonoy and HWD should be strengthened and a more integrated, cross-sectorial and holistic water man-agement approach adopted. Measures like the use of green architecture and engineering, or the promotion of organic agriculture and aquaculture, are consistent with this integrated water management approach.

��6XVWDLQDEOH�ZDWHU�VXSSO\�VKRXOG�EH�DFKLHYHG�WKURXJK�WKH�IXOO�LQWHJUDWLRQ�RI �water demand, water supply and wastewater management.

��'DWD�RQ�ZDWHU�UHVRXUFHV�DQG�ZDWHU�XVHV�LV�QHHGHG�WR�GHVLJQ�VRXQG�PDQDJH-ment strategies. In this sense, a water resources database and an information system for Hagonoy should be developed (if one does not already exists). Relevant water indicators might be integrated in the CBMS.

�%HIRUH�GHYHORSLQJ�QHZ�VRXUFHV�RI �ZDWHU�VXSSO\��LW�LV�LPSRUWDQW�WR�HQKDQFH�the service of the already existing water supply system. In this sense, possi-ble improvements are:

- To provide a reliable, sustainable and cheap source of drinking wa ter for households by improving water quality or by improving public perception about water quality

- Clean energy alternatives that guarantee the power supply to water pumps during typhoons or flooding episodes

65



��:DVWHZDWHU�UHFODPDWLRQ��GHVDOLQL]DWLRQ�DQG�UDLQZDWHU�KDUYHVWLQJ�DUH�DOWHU-native water sources that may help to reduce the pressure over freshwater resources. They also enhance water self-sufficiency.

��(QHUJ\�GHPDQG�LV�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�IDFWRU�WR�FRQVLGHU�ZKHQ�HYDOXDWLQJ�WKH�feasibility of new water sources. In this sense, the solutions adopted should be greenhouse-gas-neutral (i.e. use of clean energy sources) not to contribute to global warming

��/RZ�HQHUJ\�UHTXLUHPHQWV�DQG�WKH�H[LVWHQFH�RI �VSHFLILF�OHJLVODWLRQ��5�$��No. 6716), make rainwater harvesting a suitable alternative water source to be tested in Hagonoy. Other alternatives that might be considered are the implementation of wastewater reclamation for toilet flushing and/or garden watering in new developments and the artificial recharge of groundwater.

��7KH�IHDVLELOLW\�DQG�FRVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI �GHFHQWUDOL]HG�ZDVWHZDWHU�WUHDW-ment systems in Hagonoy should be assessed and new wastewater treatment technologies considered. The implementation of this kind of solutions might improve wastewater treatment and reduce the need for septage treatment.

��3XEOLF�DZDUHQHVV�DQG�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�SURJUDPV�WR�LQYROYH�FRPPXQLWLHV�LQ�decision-making are necessary to reach acceptable decisions to all parties involved regarding water supply and wastewater management.

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Environmental & Ecological Stability

5.3.1 What is Environmental and Ecological Stability? Environmental and ecological stability can be understood as a synonymous to resilience. Resilience, as de"ned by the IPCC, is the ability of a social or eco-logical systems to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organization, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change 1. #us, the goal of the environmental and ecologi-cal stability agenda de"ned in the NCCAP 1 is:

ties through the protection and rehabilitation of critical ecosystems, and the restoration of ecological services.

#e term ecological or ecosystem services refers to the bene"ts people obtain from ecosystems. #ese include provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services such as $ood and disease control; cultural services such as spiritual, recreational, and cultural bene"ts; and supporting services, suchas nutrient cycling, that maintain the conditions for life on Earth 20. From this perspective, it becomes evident that ecosystem health is linked to human well-being, and stable and resilient ecosystems are critical mitigating the impacts of climate change on communities.

#is fact is acknowledged by the NCCAP that establishes the environmental and ecological stability agenda as one of the two top priorities for the period 2011 to 2016, along with sustainable energy.

Consistent with the goals and outcomes de"ned in the NCCAP for this spe-ci"c strategic area, this section will mainly focus on strategies to protect and

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5.3.2. Environmental and Ecological Stability in Hagonoy

environmental problems have been identi"ed:

waste management, and the excessive use of "sh feeds in the aquaculture industry.

extinction of endemic "sh species due to habitat destruction.

Pollution of Water Courses

-

have their own septic tank whereas some others discharge their wastewaters directly to the water

--

for building a septage treatment facility in the

Another important source of pollution is solid waste. Garbage is repeatedly washed out into the water courses by $ooding and/or high tide. #e

municipal dumpsite, located by the river, constitutes also an important threat to water quality.

priority areas of action. In this sense, the municipality is currently developing

#e intensive use of commercial "sh feed in the important aquaculture in-

enhance the aquaculture industry and to make it more sustainable have been

Figure 1: Strategic Action on Ecosystem and Environmental Stability for 2011-2028 defined in the NCCAP

Source: NCCAP, 2010

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Photo: Eva Crego-Liz�

Mangrove Degradation

reported by some of the interviewed key informants. Fishermen in the coastal -

contributed to mangrove recession: the cutting of mangrove wood for fuel and the conversion of mangrove areas into "shponds. #is trend is consistent with the general trend of mangrove decline in the Philippines. As reported by Pri-mavera 4from mangroves. According to the same source, the mangrove area in Central

5.3.3 Global Changes, Local Consequences

In addition to anthropogenic pressures, climate change poses new threats to the stability of the environment and ecosystems. Expected changes in temperature, rainfall and sea level rise may negatively impact mangrove sys-

-rizes the e%ects of changing climate in mangrove ecosystems.

5.3.4 Adaptation and Mitigation

Strategies in Hagonoy

policy options that relate directly and indirectly with the protection of the en-vironment. #e actions that most directly relate to the enhancement of ecosys-

and outcomes that can be classi"ed into di%erent strategic areas. In this sense, measures oriented to achieve water su!ciency, or to promote and

�0XQLFLSDO�'XPS�6LWH�LQ�%DUDQJD\�6DQ�3HGUR��+DJRQR\ Table 1: E!ects of Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems

Source: Faridah-Hanum et al. 2014

69


develop climate-smart industries can also contribute to the protection and the enhancement of environmental stability as it can be observed in Figure 2.

0DQJURYH�3URWHFWLRQ�DQG�5HVWRUDWLRQ�

Currently, mangrove and nipa palm plantations account for the 0.8 % of the total area of the municipality of Hagonoy. The new CLUP plans to increase this area in more than 100% by 2020. The Manila Bay Pro

tection Zone is planned to cover an area of 1,270.70 Ha. Values are provided

in Table 2. The Multi-nodal development proposed for Hagonoy in the CLUP 2011-2020 envisions an area for aquaculture production and coastal resource development in the southern part of the municipality. This development of the coastal area entails, as specified in the CLUP, an intensive mangrove re-forestation along the entire coastline of Hagonoy as well as its river deltas. The mangrove area is intended to serve as a buffer area that protects coastal communities from flooding, as well as a biodiversity reserve. To engage landowners in the planting and cultivation of nipa palm, the CLUP pro-poses the implementation of a program to revive the nipa vinegar industry of the town.

The total expenditure intended in the ELA 2014-2016 and in the LDIP 2014-2016 for the implementation of the mangrove and nipa reforestation amounts to 1.8 million of PHP, to be spent as three different items in 2014 (400,000 PHP), 2015 (600,000 PHP) and 2016 (800,000 PHP).

The restoration and protection of mangroves constitutes a key climate change adaptation action for coastal communities. Mangrove ecosystems provide a series of essential environmental services that enhance communi-ties’ resiliency to climate change, including the provision of fisheries habitat, timber and wood products, storm protection, flood abatement, prevention of

Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from Hagonoy CLUP

Source: CLUP 2011

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70


shoreline erosion, and regulation of coastal water quality. Mangroves also contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. Man-groves and marine ecosystems sequester carbon at significantly higher rates, per unit area, than terrestrial forests. Unlike most terrestrial ecosystems, mangroves store a significantly higher proportion of carbon in the soils be-low ground, where it can remain for very long time periods (up to millennia). On the other hand, if mangroves are degraded, lost or converted to other uses, large stores of carbon are released into the atmosphere contributing to GHG emissions 22. Therefore, mangrove restoration and the protection of coastal areas should be one of the key actions to be integrated from the CLUP into the future LCCAP.

5.3.5 Recommendations

The municipality of Hagonoy has already carried out mangrove plan-tations in the coastal areas without much success. Some deficiencies in the implementation of these kinds of projects have been already identified by the MAO officers, namely the plantation of not enough large seedlings as well as the plantation not in the right planting season. In this subsection, some key points to be considered in the development and implementation of mangrove restoration projects are exposed.

The Ecosystem Approach

The ecosystem approach constitutes a valuable framework for analyzing and acting on the linkages between people and their environment. As defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB), the ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. The ana-lytical framework proposed in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) is shown in Figure 3. Following the same rationale, a simplified framework will be used in the development of this sub-section highlighting some of the important steps and key issues to take into account in the planning and implementation of mangroves restoration and conservation projects.

Identifying Ecosystem Services: The Value of Mangroves

As mentioned in the introduction to this section, ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. They can be classified in four differ-ent categories:

From an economic perspective, the value of ecosystem services can be classi-fied as follows:

Figure 3: The analytical approach of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessmentand its main tasks .

Source: Alcamo et al. 2003

1) 3URYLVLRQLQJ�VHUYLFHV: products obtained from ecosystems (e.g. food)

2) Regulating services: benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes (e.g. flood abatement)

3) Cultural services: Nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosys-tems (e.g. spiritual and religious value of nature, aesthetic value of landscape)

4) Supporting services: services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services (e.g. soil formation)

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� ��Direct use values: Outputs than can be consumed directly (e.g. fuel-wood)

� ��Indirect use values: Societal or functional benefits (e.g. storm protection)

� ��2SWLRQ�YDOXHV (non-use values): Potential future direct or indirect values

� ��%HTXHVW�YDOXHV (non-use values): Value of saving for future generations

� ��Existence values (non-use values): Value from knowledge of continued existence

The identification of the services ecosystems provide to the community, as well as the estimation of their value is a key step in the planning an imple-mentation of an environmental restoration project. Although non-use values might be difficult to assess, it is important to identify the existing values in the community in relation to the environment and its protection in order to guarantee the success of the project. By knowing the interests and values of the community, the restoration project may be designed and communicated in a more effective way. Dur-ing our semi-structured interviews in the coastal barangay of Pugad, we have had the opportunity to assess that some of the fishermen are aware of the environmental value of mangroves and the importance of the services they provide to the community. They have also participated in the planting of mangroves promoted by the LGU of Hagonoy, and keep monitoring the evolution of the seedlings.

However, it would be interesting to conduct a larger survey within the two coastal barangays of Pugad and Tibaguin to assess the willingness of other sectors of the population to restore and protect the mangroves. The En-vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States has edited the guide, Community Culture and the Environment 25 (see Appendix C) that

could be a useful tool for planners to assess and better understand the values and interests of the community they are working with. However, some of the assessment questions might be context specific. Thus, their adaptation to the specific cultural and social context of the Philippines might be needed.

Adaptation to Climate Change

A climate adaptation strategy for environmental and ecological sta-bility should include actions to reduce ecosystems vulnerability, as well as actions to enhance resilience. Some adaptive management approaches to help mangrove and associated human communities to deal with climate change impacts could be:

Figure 4: Total Economic Value of Mangroves (TEV)

Source: Based on GIZ, 2012

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Reduction of Non-climate Stressors

The identification and reduction of non-climate stressors are of key importance, as any environmental restoration or rehabilitation project might fail if the causes of environmental degradation persist. The main non-cli-mate stressors detected in Hagonoy with regard to mangrove ecosystems are water pollution, mangrove cutting and fishpond development. Some actions to address these impacts have been included in the new CLUP of Hagonoy.

��5HGXFWLRQ�RI �QRQ�FOLPDWH�VWUHVVRUV�as water pollution or unsus-tainable mangrove forest use

�5HKDELOLWDWLRQ�RI �GHJUDGHG�PDQJURYHs as a way to increase their climate change resilience

�Improved local management through the engagement of local communities

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�6WUDWHJLF�SURWHFWHG�DUHDV

�3URPRWLRQ of accretion in mangroves as a way to allow mangrove substrate to keep pace with sea level rise

��3URDFWLYH�SODQQLQJ for changed conditions including zoning inland for future mangrove migration

�2QJRLQJ�PRQLWRULQJ�DQG�HYDOXDWLRQ of climate change impacts on mangroves

Figure 6: Measures to address the non-climate stressors affecting mangrove ecosystems in Hagonoy included in the CLUP

Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from Hagonoy CLUP�

Rehabilitation of Degraded Mangroves

#e Department of Environmental and Natural Resources of the

26 a complete guide to help in the planning and design of mangrove restoration and protec-tion programs. A detailed list of recommendations drawn from this guide can

areas to be considered in a mangrove restoration project are:

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Summary of Recommendations

-tation of a mangrove restoration project are:

- #e management approach- #e site and species identi"cation - #e engagement of the community

- #e institutional framework

sources of "nancing, as payment for environmental services, their inclusion in the National REDD+ strategy or the establishment of eco-towns in protected areas (see Appendix D). \

of the two top priorities for the period 2011 to 2016, along with sustainable energy, established in the NCCAP.

areas are two major environmental and ecological prob-

-

interventions and policy options that aim to enhance water quality as well as to restore and protect mangrove and coastal areas.

constitutes a valuable framework for analyzing and act-ing on the linkages between people and their environment. In this sense, it is very important to assess the value of the environmental services provided by mangroves as well as to be aware of existing values in the community in relation to mangroves, before planning and implementing a restoration or conservation project.

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1) Type of substrate

2) Current species present: planting species that are already. Plant-ing species that are already thriving in the area is a good strategy to guarantee the success of the reforestation project. Local knowledge could be an excellent resource to identify current and historical species present in the area.

��3UHVHQFH�RU�DEVHQFH�RI �VHDJUDVV��Seagrass beds are not good sites for mangrove plantation.

4) Tidal height. The average daily depth of the planting area is an important driver that affects mangrove growth and survival, as different species can tolerate different degrees of waterlogging.

5) Extent of wave action. Areas constantly battered by waves are not good for planting.

��3UHVHQFH�RI �DEVHQFH�RI �SHVWV�DV�EDUQDFOHV�DQG�FUDEV, as they can damage the young planted plants

��+LVWRULFDO�XVHUV�RI �WKH�DUHD�VKRXOG�EH�LGHQWLILHG. Engagement and participation in the mangrove restoration program through a Commu-nity-Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA) is another key factor in achieving the objectives of the program.

1. Management strategies and objectives

The first step in the definition and design of a mangrove restoration project is to establish the management approach that would be implemented as well as the management objectives.

An effective management approach could be the designation of two differen-tiated areas: one to be protected so the ecosystem could expand and naturally recover its good environmental status and another one to be managed by the community in a sustainable way, so people could benefit from the services mangroves provide.

For the area to be sustainable managed, it is important to establish the man-grove plantation objectives or the benefits the community wants to obtain from the plantation, as they will inform the most suitable specie to plant (see Figure 8).

2. Site identification and species selection

Proper site identification and species selection are two of the most critical factors when planning and designing a mangrove restoration project. Some important factors to consider are:

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, PhilippinesSource: Mangrove Management Handbook9

Source: Mangrove Management Handbook9

Biodiversity enhances ecosystems resilience to external disturbances. Where possi-ble, planting of various mangroves species is preferable to monospecific mangrove forests.The planting method also depends on the site and the species to be planted. Species with large seeds that are suitable to be planted directly on the ground include bakauan, pototan, tangal, dungon-lati, tabigi, bungalon and nipa. Other spe-cies with small seeds may require to be grown in a nursery before planting, as the pagatpat group. Regarding the site, planting in open areas with unstable substrate may require the growing of the plant in a nursery before planting.

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Human Security

5.4.1 What is Human Security? Human security can have numerous meanings. Usually, it means that the rights of all individuals, especially the poor and vulnerable, are protected and promoted. In the context of climate change, a society with strong services for education, health, housing and social protection will have the necessary foundations to attain human security.

As such, the NCCAP de!nes climate-resilient human security as a condition where all individuals have the resources- particularly in the areas of education, health, housing and social protection- to adapt to threats to their environmen-tal and social rights 1. In keeping with this vision, the NCCAP’s three primary objectives are as follows:

1. Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction plans should be implemented in all sectors at the national and local levels.

2. Health and social protection delivery systems must be responsive to cli-mate change risks.

3. Climate change- adaptive human settlements should be developed, promoted and adopted.

A full range of objectives and outcomes can be found in Figure 1.

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Figure 1: NCCAP Strategic Actions on Human Security

Source: Climate Change Commission, 2011

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5.4.2 Human Security in Hagonoy In conjunction with the NCCAP’s de!nition of human security, the following section will assess human security in Hagonoy by providing a brief overview in the dimensions of education, health, housing and social protec-tion.

Education

Hagonoy has 40 elementary schools and 8 high schools. In 2011, it also opened its !rst technical/vocational school, Bulacan State University - Hagonoy Campus 3. Public elementary education is accessible in every baran-gay. However, the low number of high schools creates a problem of education accessibility in Hagonoy. "ere is also a shortage in the number of high school teachers, as the teacher-student ratio in 2011 was 1:81 3.

Additionally, qualitative research suggests that low-income families feel the pressure of earning enough living wages, therefore children sometimes en-ter the labour force upon completion of elementary school. Subsequently, as shown in Figure 2, enrollment rates in high school are much lower than those

in elementary school.

"e Barangay Social Vulnerability (SoVi) Assessment re#ects that the lowest high school enrollment numbers are in Tibaguin and Pugad. In Pugad, 55.4% of children between the ages of 13-16 are not attending high school, and in Tibaguin, this statistic rises to 63.5%. Qualitative research suggests that the low high school enrollment in island barangays is due to the distance and travel costs associated with attendance.

Health

Hagonoy has 3 hospitals, 18 private medical clinics, 4 rural health units (RHUs), 22 barangay health centres, and 2 physical therapy and rehabilitation centres 4. However, these health facilities are in need of upgrading equipment and supplies. Access to health services is also an issue as the more isolated coastal barangays of Pugad and Tibaguin must travel by boat to receive health-care.

Housing

Inadequate housing continues to be a challenge in Hagonoy. Accord-ing to numbers from the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS), there were 1,646 households living in makeshi$ housing and 904 households considered informal settlements in 2011. Informal settlements are most preva-lent in Tibaguin and Pugad, of which the proportions of households who are informal settlements are 87% and 90%, respectively. It is not known whether the rate of inadequate housing has increased or decreased in recent years, as longitudinal data is currently unavailable.

Social Protection

Hagonoy is considered to be a generally peaceful community, with a low incidence of crime. Statistics from 2011 re#ect an average monthly crime rate of just 20.05. Peace and order is maintained with a total police force of 25 personnel, supplemented by Tanods at the Barangay level 3.

Source: CLUP, 2011

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"ere is a high incidence of poverty in Hagonoy. CBMS data from 2011 re-#ects that nearly 10,852 households, or approximately 44% of the population, have household incomes that are reportedly below the poverty threshold. "e Municipal Social Welfare and Development O%ce (MSWDO) is tasked with delivering basic social welfare needs to the community. Figure 4 re#ects that

the majority of activities conducted in 2011 were identi!cation procedures.

"e 2011-2028 CLUP has identi!ed that inadequate manpower and inaccurate data on indigency contribute to the MSDWO’s limited ability to provide ser-vices.

"e Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (DRRMC) was formed in 2013 with the aim of mitigating #ood hazard, with representation from each civil service department as well as each barangay. As it is still in its infancy, the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan (DRRMP) is yet to be created. Cur-rent work focuses on collecting information necessary for evacuation plans and hazard maps and on maintaining dialogue with Barangay councils to commu-nicate early warning and forecasting events.

Source: Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office

Source: CLUP, 2011 Figure 3: Hospitals and RHU's in Hagonoy

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5.4.3 Global Changes, Local Consequences Climate change has a number of impacts on human security in Hago-noy. Concerning education, the rise in sea level means that classrooms are subject to regular tidal #ooding. "e increased frequency in #oods lead to disruption of classes and the need for more frequent building repairs 3.

With regards to health, #ooding further increases the vulnerability of those barangays furthest from health facilities. In the case of extreme weather events and calamities, it can sometimes take several days for #ooding to subside and for roads to become passable once again, making it di%cult to access health-care. Coastal barangays also risk the dangers of travelling violent waters to seek

care in the event of a medical emergency. "ere are also multiple health risks associated with standing water created by #oods. Days of exten-sive #ooding can lead to water-borne diseases such as diarrhea and skin infections 32. "e Municipal Health O%ce in Hagonoy reported that in 2011, diarrhea and infected wounds were among the top ten causes of morbidity 3. While the causes of these diseases in Hagonoy remain unknown, there may be a linkage between the occurrence of extreme #ood events and the incidence of morbidity.

Housing and shelter are also threatened by the increased #oods and storms caused by climate change. "ose makeshi$ homes and informal settlements located nearby rivers and coasts are at risk of being washed away during extreme weather events. Durable homes also face the risk of #ooding and destruction, particularly nearby recently raised roads, which may not allow proper drainage southwards to Manila Bay. As a result, the trapped water adjacent to roads must remain until absorbed by the ground or dried by the sun, which increases the risk of damage and deterioration to homes lining such roads.

5.4.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Hagonoy "e municipal plans of Hagonoy already possess a number of projects that may be deployed for climate change adaptation. As one of the develop-ment thrusts listed by the CLUP is ‘Sustainable Settlements’, with a focus on shelter, education, health and protective services, there is already much atten-tion being devoted to enhancing human security. "e following are speci!c actions relevant to climate-resilient human security.

Figure 5: Example Barangay Hazard and Evactuation MapSource: MPDO

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Education

Hagonoy’s CLUP proposes to address the problem of regular classroom #ood-ing with school upgrades. "is will include the repair and maintenance of facilities as well as elevating classrooms and climate proo!ng school buildings. "e ELA suggests a funding requirement of $6,000,000 for this project 33.

In terms of addressing the problem of low enrollment for high school students, the CLUP also sets out to construct additional classrooms and to provide scholarships and school supplies assistance in order to make it easier for youth to attend to school. "ere is also a speci!c plan to expand the Ramona Trillana High School in order to make greater room for enrolled students 33.

Health

"e CLUP proposes several health policy interventions that can respond to the e&ects of climate change. To reduce the vulnerability of remote barangays in accessing health services, a municipal hospital or RHU may be established in the coastal district, at a projected cost of $50,000,00033. Increased coordination among the Barangay Rescue Units and the MDRRMO as well as the purchase of speedboats to im-prove healthcare response rates are also options under consideration.

Housing

In order to address housing-related vulnerability, several options are proposed. "e CLUP states that community-based innovations such as environmentally sustainable building materials, design and site plan-ning shall be explored to help minimize the impact of #ooding.

In recognition of the risks associated with living in makeshi$ housing on is-land and coastal barangays, the CLUP has proposed a relocation of populations living in low-lying and dangerous areas. As part of the CLUP’s multi-nodal development approach, a portion of Northern Hagonoy (Figure 6) has been suggested as an alternative area for housing these communities. "e 2014-2016 ELA estimates that the construction and site development of socialized hous-ing for informal settlers will cost approximately $20,000,000 33.

Another option to reduce the vulnerability of housing settlements on island barangays in the more immediate future is the construction of a breakwater along Pugad and Tibaguin, at an estimated cost of $100,000,000 13. "is pro-ject would serve as an infrastructural defense against rising seawaters during extreme weather events.

Tidal Flooding at Tibaguin Elementary SchoolPhoto: Christopher J. Carter

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Figure 6: CLUP Proposed Land Use MapSource: Adapted by Authors from CLUP, 2011

Social Protection

To address concerns in the area of social protection, the CLUP proposes to build capacity of police and !re personnel with police and !re substations in order to make these services accessible to faraway barangays. "is project is estimated to cost $2,000,000 USD 14.

In recognition of the limited capacity of MSWDO, the CLUP sets out to improve and expand social welfare services, at a cost of $15,000,000 14. In conjunction with this, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) has been formulated to address the high level of poverty by providing !nancial and social assistance to selected and quali!ed bene!ciaries with a funding requirement of $10,000,000. Additionally, to increase demographic knowl-edge regarding those accessing social welfare services, the CLUP suggests ongoing attention be given towards collecting information via the Commu-nity-Based Monitoring System.

"e people of Hagonoy have also responded to climate change in some informal ways. For example, qualitative evidence suggests that schools have adjusted teaching times with a makeup Saturday class if classes must be can-celled for two full days in a week due to high tide #ooding.

Households have also taken measures to protect their homes from #oodwa-ters and/or pollutants entering their homes, depending on available resourc-es. Examples pictured in the photos are from Tibaguin. "ese photos dem-onstrate measures such as screening and boarding of entrances to homes, as well as the more expensive concrete raising of doorways.

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5.4.5 Recommendations As human security is related to so many components of society, it can be a very di%cult objective to attain. It is clear that Hagonoy continues to have many needs in order to achieve climate-resilient human security. Current plans sug-gest that much work is already being done to better identify and meet these needs.

"e CLUP ensures that several measures are being taken to consider direct vulnerabilities to climate change, such as the need for infrastructural upgrades in schools and medical facilities. "ese hardscape measures will ensure greater protection against damages and interruptions to services caused by #ooding. It is recommended that upgrades to infrastructure be complemented by green infrastructure to allow for greater permeability, thereby decreasing the magni-tude of #oods and

Examples of adaptations to flooding in Tibaguin Photos: Tina Barisky and Eva Crego-Liz

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With respect to housing and informal settlements, there is some concern regarding the CLUP’s suggested resettlement options. As most of the informal settlers who may be in need of relocation are located on the coast or along riverbanks, it is reasonable to assume that many of these families rely on !sh-ing for their source of income. Qualitative research gathered for this report also indicates that these families derive a deep sense of identity attachment to !shing. Hence, a resettlement in what is planned to be an Agricultural Centre in Northern Hagonoy constitutes not only displacement from homes but also potentially the loss of livelihoods. Special recommendations regarding infor-mal settlements can be found in the spotlight section. \

human risk. It is also recommended that infrastructural development pro-jects such as the coastal breakwater project be subjected to an environmental impact assessment to ensure that climate-mitigating ecosystem services (such as mangroves) are not negatively impacted.

"ere is also some attention given within the CLUP to indirect vulnerabilities of climate change. For example, low high school enrollment patterns are con-sidered to be indirect vulnerabilities because a lack of education reduces em-ployment choices and income levels, and, subsequently, alternatives available to families to combat climate change. As such, the proposed programs to in-crease high school enrollment and social welfare services are critical elements of achieving climate resilience over the long-term. It is recommended that the LCCAP explicitly link to these actions as part of the adaptation strategy. "is will both integrate the LCCAP into existing plans and increase public under-standing on the importance of addressing indirect social vulnerabilities. Table 1: Summary of Recommendations

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SPOTLIGHT: Informal Settlers and Climate Resilience

As climate change causes shifts in coastal shorelines and riv-erbanks, responding to the need for resettlement is becoming a key challenge for many cities across the world. Informal settlers are par-ticularly vulnerable to these changes. In Hagonoy, there are 904 house-holds that are considered informal settlements, and these are primarily located in the island barangays Tibaguin and Pugad . These barangays are acutely exposed to the dangers of sea level rise, tidal flooding and storm surges. In response to these challenges, the CLUP has made a preliminary proposal to relocate the most vulnerable settlements. However, qualitative research conducted for this report suggests that some inhabitants of the island barangays are deeply tied to their fish-ing livelihoods and fear the threat of being relocated.

The following forecasting exercise is designed to provide a preliminary assessment of alternatives and scenarios. Given the inherent limita-tions of this report (see Methodology), it is recommended that such a strategy be undertaken with a greater amount of detailed and partici-patory research in order to establish a full range of options.

Coastal Informal Settlements of TibaguinPhoto: Tina Barisky

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As is apparent in this forecasting exercise, oftentimes reloca-tion is considered the most viable option for addressing the challenges posed by climate change in informal settlements over the long-term36. However, the success rate of reloca-tion has been far from perfect. Since there are many ways in which to conduct a relocation plan, the strategies employed are critical to ensuring its success. The following case study on San Fernando provides insights on how a responsible and climate-resilient resettlement might be achieved in Hagonoy.


Table 2: Alternatives Assessment of Informal Settlement Relocation

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constructed with funding from the World Bank and construction assis-tance from the Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP). The City subsidized the remaining 63 units.

Although Fisherman’s Village was built in 2006, it was found that by the end of 2007 only 37 of the 87 housing units were occupied because many could not afford the cost of improving the basic housing constructed for them. Hence, the City secured more funding from the World Bank to continue the development of the village. From 2008-2009, Project UP-SURGE was implemented to assist with socio-economic developments in the community, to encourage collaboration between people and NGOs and to facilitate actual occupancy of the built homes. The Fisherman’s Village is now liveable and successfully occupied by those for which it was built.

Although Fisherman’s Village was built in 2006, it was found that by the end of 2007 only 37 of the 87 housing units were occupied because many could not afford the cost of improving the basic housing constructed for them. Hence, the City secured more funding from the World Bank to continue the development of the village. From 2008-2009, Project UP-SURGE was implemented to assist with socio-economic developments in the community, to encourage collaboration between people and NGOs and to facilitate actual occupancy of the built homes. The Fisherman’s Village is now liveable and successfully occupied by those for which it was built.

Case Study: Fishermen’s Village, San Fernando, Philippines 35

San Fernando is a coastal city that experiences frequent typhoons and storm surges. Informal settlers along the coast were most vulnerable to the impacts of these events, often having to rely on the LGU for relief and recovery services. In 2004, the LGU determined to build a relocation facility for these settlers called the Fisherman’s Village, a development in a safer location along the shoreline with more climate-resilient homes. 24 units were initially

Fisherman’s Village, PhilippinesPhoto: MGDF


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Empower beneficiaries both socially and economically: the Fishermen’s Village project was designed as a cost-recovery scheme, which encouraged the relocatees to take ownership of their new settlement. In order to ensure that payments were affordable, partners provided not only livelihood training but also opportunities.

Conduct monitoring and evaluation: a successful relocation project doesn’t end once the housing construction is completed. In the case of San Fernando, the City followed up after initial plans to see how they could be improved, and sought ways to develop not only the infrastructure but also the socio-econom-ic fabric of the community.

The following are some valuable lessons and best practices that can be drawn from this case study:

Conduct a survey of informal settlers: before determining if relocation is a suitable option, it is important first to learn more about the group in ques-tion. Collecting not only demographical data but also values-based data can help provide a better sense of the options to consider moving forward 35.

Ensure livelihood sustainability: a successful resettlement project must make efforts not to deprive people of their livelihoods. Fishermen’s Village was strategically located along the shoreline so as to enable people continued access to their source of income, fishing 35.

Assess environmental sustainability of relocation site: prior to relocation, the San Fernando LGU conducted a study on coastal erosion to determine its trends, causes and possible mitigations. This will ensure that the resettlement will continue to be viable in the face of further climate changes 36.

Take a partnership approach: relocation must be viewed as a partnership between the municipality and the relocatees, and dialogue between these two parties must be open and continuous. In San Fernando, relocatees were given a direct communication channel to the City in addition to regular consulta-tion 34.


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1. Conduct a Participatory Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: in order to determine whether or not a relocation plan might be feasible for vulner-able residents in Hagonoy, it will be important to identify and invite im-pacted stakeholders to participate in a process of identifying and weight-ing values and objectives. Once values are determined, an alternatives assessment can be made like the preliminary one above to choose a plan of action 34.

2. Incorporate decision into a Local Shelter Plan: a local shelter plan assesses the resources and current capacity of the LGU to deliver current and projected housing needs. Integrating this project into the local shelter plan ensures that the resources needed for the project are considered in future development. A template for the Local Shelter Plan can be found in Appendix E.

Next Steps

Moving forward, it is recommended that the municipality of Hagonoy con-sider the following actions (in addition to the aforementioned best practices) in order to determine an appropriate decision regarding relocation of vulner-able informal settlements:

Makeshi! walls in TibaguinPhoto: Christopher J. Carter

"PLANNING TOOLKIT 3. #Best practice information on Participatory Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis can be found online.

Visit http://fp7hunt.net/Portals/HUNT/Reports/hunt%20best%20practice-4.pdf

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REFERENCES

1 Climate Change Commission. (2011). National Climate Action Plan, 2011-2028. Manila: Republic of the Philippines.

2 LDIP. (2014). Local Development Investment Plan 2014-2016. Hagonoy: Municipality of Hagonoy.

3 CLUP. (2011). Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 2011-2020. Hagonoy: Municipality of Hagonoy.

4 FAO. (2010). Building Resilience to Climate Change: Root Crop and Fishery Production. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

5 GRID Arrendal. (2014, July 17). Seven Options for Improving Food Security. Retrieved July 17, 2014, from GRID Arrendal: A Centre for Collaborating with UNEP. http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/food-crisis/page/3459.aspx

6 FAO. (2014). Climate Change Adaptation in Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome: FAO.

7 IFAD. (2009). Impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture in the developing world and opportunities for adaptation. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development. Climate Change Commission.

8 HWD, Development Alternatives, Inc. and USAID, 2011. Hagonoy, Bulacan. Septage Management Project. Feasibility Study.

9 Provincial Planning and Development Office, Provincial Government of Bulacan, 2013. Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report. Province of Bulacan. Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adap-tation in Local Development Planning and Decision-making Processes.

10 Abano, S.P. Integrated Water Resources Management (Presentation). National Water Resources Board, Policy and Program Division.

11 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Stormwater Management Best Practices. http://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/stormwater/best_practices.htm

12 Senate Economic Planning Office, August 2011. Policy Brief. Turning the Tide: Improving Water Resource Manage-ment in the Philippines (PB-11-03).

13 http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/iwrm.shtml

14 Rola, A.C., Arocena-Francisco, H., and Liguton, J.P.T. (Eds.), 2004. Winning the water war: watersheds, water policies and water institutions. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Makati City. P.278.15http://pacinst.org/issues/sustainable-water-man-agement-local-to-global/soft-path-for-water/

16 Rygaard, M., Binning, P.J., Albrechtsen, H.J, 2011. Increasing urban water self-sufficiency: New era, new challenges. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 92, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 185-194, ISSN 0301-4797, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.009.

17 Massoud, M.A, Tarhini, A., Nasr, J.A., 2009. Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: Applicability in developing countries. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 90, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 652-659, ISSN 0301-4797, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.001. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479708001618)

18 Prihandrijanti, M., Malisie, A., Otterpohl, R., 2008. Cost–Benefit Analysis for Centralized and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (Case Study in Surabaya-Indonesia). In book: Baz, Al Baz, I., Otterpohl, R., Wendland,

C. (Eds.), 2008. Efficient Management of Wastewater. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 259-258, R 10.1007/978-3-540-74492-4_22 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74492-4_22

19 http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/annexessglossary-p-z.html

20 Alcamo, J., and Bennett, E.M. 2003. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: a Framework for Assessment. Washington, D.C., USA, Island Press. 245p. ISBN: 1-55963-403-0.

21 Primavera, J.H., 2000. Development and conservation of Philippine mangroves: institutional issues. Ecological Eco-nomics, 35, p. 91-106

22 Faridah-Hanum, I., Latiff, A., Hakeem, K.R., Ozturk, M. (Eds.), 2014. Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia. Status, Chal-lenges and Management Strategies. New York, Springer. 473 p. ISBN 978-1-4614-8582-7.

23 The Blue Carbon Initiative. COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS. Why sound management of these key natural carbon sinks matter for greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Frequently asked questions

24 GIZ, 2012. Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bonn, Germany.

25 EPA, 2002. Community Culture and the Environment: A Guide to Understanding a Sense of Place. Office of Water, Washington, DC. 280 p.

26 Melana, D.M., Atchue III, J., Yao, C.E., Edwards, R., Melana, E.E. and Gonzales, H.I., 2000. Mangrove Management Handbook. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Manila, Philippines through the Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines. 96 p.

27 Agaloos, B.D. 1994. Reforestation of mangrove forests in the Republic of the Philippines. In Proceedings of the International Tropical Timber Organization: Development and Dissemination of Reforestation Technique of Mangrove Forest, Japan.

28 Samson, M.S., Rollon, R.N., 2008. Growth performance of planted mangroves in the Philippines: revisiting forest management strategies. Ambio, Vol. 37, No. 4, p. 234-240.

29 Primavera, J.H., Esteban, J.M.A, 2008. A review of mangrove rehabilitation in the Philippines: successes, failures and future prospects. Wetlands Ecological Management, 16, p. 345-358.

30 Forest Trends, The Katoomba Group, UNEP, 2008. Payments for Ecosystem Services. Getting Started: A Primer. http://www.un-redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx

31 http://www.un-redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx

32 WHO. (2001). World Health Organization. Retrieved July 19, 2014, from Too much water: The health effects of floods: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/emergencies/floodrought/en/index1.html

33 ELA. (2014). Executive Legislative Agenda. Hagonoy: Municipality of Hagonoy.

34 Feiden, P. (2011). Adapting to Climate Change: Cities and the Urban Poor. Washington: International Housing Coali-tion.

35 MDGF. (2012). Climate Change Adaptation: Best Practices in the Philippines. Manila: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines.

36 Albright, A. (2011). Identifying strategies to facilitate a successful relocation: The informal settlement of Klong Toey. Chulalongkorn Univeristy Bangkok, Thailand: The Duang Prateep Foundation.

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SECTION 6: Next Steps


6.1 In Perspective Moving forward in local climate change action plan-ning requires vision, planning, leadership, and community buy-in. Since Hagonoy is a relatively calamity-prone munici-pality, policy making and investments can be used to “build back better” from disasters. Given scarce resources climate adaption should be continually mainstreamed into plans, projects and core services to make “low regrets” investments towards a climate-proof Hagonoy. Today many opportunities exist to make short-term mitigation and risk reduction e&orts into long-term adaptations by making decisions strategically.

Guided by the precautionary principle that takes an ecosys-tem and participatory approach, local policy making can focus on poverty reduction and ecosystem service protection by addressing the most vulnerable people, places and indus-tries. Doing so requires a recognition of present blind spots, assumptions and vulnerabilities (see Vulnerability Assessment in Section 4), and a conscientious e&ort to increase monitor-ing and community action research to inform context-speci!c decision making and adaptation.

From a economic development perspective, reducing annual climate risk can be addressed through increasing productivity through diversifying rural livelihoods, and increasing local control over resources and decision-making by the LGU. in step with those most a'icted "is can serve current

98


development needs while also preparing ground for the future adaptive capacity 4. "e following section aims to outline ac-tions moving forward to the creation of an LCCAP, and in-cludes analysis in the following areas.

1. Mainstream LCCAP into current planning processes;2. Begin LCCAP plan creation;3. Finance;4. Ratify as ordinance/plan;5. Implementation & Institutionalization, and;6. Monitor, Evaluate and Adjust.

6.2 Mainstream LCCAP into current planning processes

Mainstreaming climate change adaptation is about considering how climate-related risks affect development projects, and adjusting these projects to address these risks. Doing so allows communities to use their resources in the best possible manner in order to thrive in the face of climate change.

Ongoing processes such as the revision of CLUPs and stand-alone projects and programs offer planning officials the opportunity to integrate adaptation principles and to engage with the public on the implementation of an LCCAP.

Although the 2011-2020 comprehensive land use plan re-mains before council for approval, there is an opportunity to identify current policy actions that alighn with long-term climate adaptation, many of which have been noted in the recommended Strategic Areas (Section 5). The core vision of these should be in-line with NCCAP efforts to focus on pov-erty reduction, which remains high at 44% in the municipality and the protection of ecosystem services.

Mainstreaming CCA principles into plans and creating strong project linkages can strengthen CCA efforts. Currently, the MPDO and Municipality are integrating CCA principles into the following plans:

� �7KH��&/83�� 7KH�=RQLQJ�2UGLQDQFH��DQG�� 7KH��\U�6ROLG�:DVWH�0DQDJHPHQW�3ODQ�

SECTION 6: NExT STEPS

Source: MPDO

Figure 1: Plans and Processes for CCA Mainstreaming

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Further areas where climate change actions, particularly poli-cies, can be formally incorporated include:

�'HYHORSPHQW�DSSURYDO�SURFHVVHV��LQFOXGLQJ�EXLOGLQJ�FRGHV��GHVLJQ�DQG�FRPPXQLW\�FRQWULEXWLRQV��7KH�&RPSUHKHQVLYH�'HYHORSPHQW�3ODQ��&'3��

��/RFDO�HFRQRPLF�GHYHORSPHQW�VWUDWHJLHV�DQG�SURJUDPV��LQ-FOXGLQJ�OLYHOLKRRG�SURMHFWV�

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��(QYLURQPHQWDO�PDQDJHPHQW�SODQV��SROLFLHV�DQG�SURJUDPV�

��,QIUDVWUXFWXUH�SODQV��VHZHU��ZDWHU��URDG��WUDQVLW��HWF��

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Much of this mainstreaming and enforce-ment is in conjunction with national legislation aimed at the reduction of vulnerability and environmental degrada-tion. However, successful implementation must also integrate stakeholder and public education because enforcement is often either underfunded or en-tirely absent. Legislated Acts and corresponding mainstreaming activities and tools are listed in Table 1.

SECTION 6: NExT STEPS

Table 1: Summary of Philippine Legislation as Related to Local Adaptation and Mitigation Efforts

Source: Authors Synthesis of Philippine Government Code

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In order to properly implement CCA, it is important under-stand how it is similar to and different from DRRM. As dis-cussed in Planning for an LCCAP (Section 4), both of these measures aim to reduce the vulnerabilities of communities, but DRRM is concerned with immediate risks and CCA seeks more long-term strategies.

Although both areas must be given distinct attention in plan-ning, there are areas of convergence and opportunities for streamlining. The aim of this distinction is to move beyond actions that are simply an immediate respone to destruction and to frame climate adaptation as a long-term effort towards resilience.

6.3 Begin LCCAP plan creation

Many strategies for LCCAP writing, stakeholder analysis and social participation and are covered in Preparing For an LCCAP (Section 4) of this report. The UN Habitat’s climate change planning framework (upon which this report was based) provides planners with practical tools for address-ing climate change in different urban planning processes, with the flexibility to be used as both a general resource and a step-by-step guide. These steps include preparing a monitoring and evaluation framework, determining monitoring and evalu-ation partners and responsibilities, establishing a documenta-tion and reporting protocol.

��6HW�DQG�HYDOXDWH�LQFOXVLRQ�WDUJHWV�IRU�YXOQHUDEOH�DQG�PDU-ginalized stakeholders and public participation in order to improve the performance and transparency of adaptation planning efforts.

��3XEOLVK�&/83��&'3��/&&$3�DQG�RUGLQDQFHV�LQ�7DJDORJ��DQG�English languages online and in print to increase accessibility.��0DNH�PDWHULDOV�IURP�PHHWLQJV�DYDLODEOH�RQOLQH��DW�EDUDQJD\�halls or dissemination through social media channels.

6.4 Finance

As noted in each of the Strategic Areas, adequate finance is important in order to attain climate resilience, and yet it is also often out of reach. In a report on climate finance, the ABD1 noted that: “Developing countries in Asia and the Pacific are likely to face the highest reductions in agricultural potential in the world due to climate change.” They found that aggressive investments into agricultural productivity enhancements are the key to reversing climate change impacts on both agriculture and food security—potentially reducing two-thirds of the increase in malnutrition levels arising from climate change, something that remains a pressing concern for Hagonoy 5,6 .

Further investments and promotion of water security meas-ures such as water catchments can ease the dependence and excessive drafting of the municipality on groundwater sourc-es. In this section, we offer recommendations on how Hagonoy can maximize its current CCA financing.

Between 2004 and 2009 the National Philippine Government appropriated US$1.576 billion dollars for direct and indi-rect climate change programs, namely through the Climate Change Act and Peoples Survival Fund. Bulacan PENRO recommends an earmarking of 5% of the budget for climate adaptation activities. However, it is under the discretion of LGUs to determine the sourcing from Operating, Capital, and

SECTION 6: NExT STEpS

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loan and grant programs, some of which can be accessed by municipalities.

4. Foundations, charities and non-profit organizations: Many large, international philanthropic foundations and non-profit organizations operate grant programs. While some are linked to associated climate change planning support programs, there are some opportunities to fund smaller-scale actions.

5. private sector and public-private partnerships: In some cases, privately owned companies provide infrastructure services, like water treatment or public transportation, for cities. Some services and infrastructure are also developed and operated through public-private partner-ships where the private sector builds and operates the facility for a fee charged to users. Both options provide financing

possibilities for infrastructure-related adaptation. Although Hagonoy may already have working PPPs for water and infrastructure, LCCAP planning may be an opportunity to reevaluate the quality of service delivery and assess alterna-tive partnerships to achieve social protection and risk sharing in public investments.

6. Carbon finance: Where climate actions include a green-house gas mitigation benefit (I.e. Mangrove carbon credits and waste management that captures methane), some cities are exploring how emerging carbon markets can be used to leverage private and public funding.

7. Internal Operating and Budgets of Municipality: Hago-

“Confronting climate change is in the series of great opportuni-ties disguised as insoluble problems”

-John Gardiner

Partnership financing for strategic CCA activities.

Most global finance for climate change adaptation is chan-neled through the National Philippine Government and cor-responds with the seven NCCAP Strategies Areas. By making the LCCAP consistent with these Strategic Areas, a door may be opened to additional funding sources.

Once completed, the LCCAP will be an important fundraising tool for plan im-plementation, especially for capital-in-tensive adaptations such as low-regrets infrastructure upgrades and expansion. Potential funding avenues will likely include:

1. National and provincial Govern-ment support/transfers: National and Provinicial trust funds allotted P500 million are available via the Peoples’ Survival Fund (RA 10174) overseen by the Climate Change Commission to help LGU’s kick-start their plans. LGUs can submit climate change- related funding requests and source assessment costs to this fund.

2. Multilateral and bilateral financing: Designed for the im-plementation of national strategies and programmes, access to these funds will likely go through, and be coordinated with, the National Government and subnational authorities (exam-ples include JICA, USAID, and Aus Aid).

3. Grants and loans: Regional and international financial organizations, like the Philippine National Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Climate Change Trust, operate


102


noy can build resilience to climate change by investing in already-needed basic services and infrastructure. This can be done using own-source revenue, taxes, fees, and charges capi-tal or operating budgets .

Current financing of CCA activities are sourced from the calamity fund and mandate that 5% of the annual budget be earmarked to be actively used for preparedness (70% which includes seminars, equip, mitigation and quick response (30%). Remaining balances roll over to next year for up to 3 years.

While the Municipality has already funded coastal climate adaptation projects that rely on volunteerism to reduce project costs such as mangrove restoration in Pugad and Tibaguin, further green infrastructure may be more cost effective along river ways and to protect fishponds. A thorough vulnerability assessment can clarify actions and objectives towards poverty reduction and the protection of natural resources. In completing the LCCAP, Hagonoy will demonstrate its readiness to investors and the provincial government alike to secure core financing for projects.

Table 2: Land Use and Building Taxes, Fees & Charges Related to CCA

Figure 2.Source: Municipal Treasurer


103


SECTION 6: NExT STEpSOpportunities for Mainstreaming Finance

Revenue Code

As Hagonoy is currently seeking to update an ag-ing revenue code, this is an opportunity to channel municipal finance and expenditures towards the following adaptation efforts:

��,QFUHDVH�RYHUDOO�UHYHQXHV�IRU�&&�UHODWHG�LQYHVWPHQWV�DQG�projects;

��(DUPDUN�QHZ�IXQGV�IRU�JUHHQ�,QIUDVWUXFWXUH��HQHUJ\�UHW-rofits, alternative energy and water systems, and green job creation;

��6XSSRUW�HQYLURQPHQWDO�PRQLWRULQJ�DQG�UHVHDUFK�FDSDELOLWLHV�

��3DUWLFLSDWRU\�DFWLRQ�SODQQLQJ��HVSHFLDOO\�IRU�LQIRUPDO�DQG�vulnerable settlements and aquiculture industry;

��3XEOLF�LQIRUPDWLRQ�SURMHFWV�UHJDUGLQJ�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH��

��6XSSRUW�D�QHZ�FOLPDWH�VPDUW�LQGXVWU\��DQG�

��&UHDWLRQ�RI ��D�FOLPDWH�DGDSWDWLRQ�LQQRYDWLRQV�IXQG�IRU�PLWLJD-tion and adaptation projects and industry incentives.

Revising a revenue code may evoke public opposition. In discussion with industry stakeholders, projects and funds that demonstrate the transparent allocation of funds into mitiga-tion and adaptation activities, such as tangible infrastructure and economic development strategies, can enhance public buy in.

[planning Toolkit 4.]

Hagonoy may also find it valuable to research the costs that adapta-tion projects have occurred around the world. Climate Finance Options) is an informational website sponsored by the World Bank and UNDP.

Visit: http://www.climatefinanceoptions.org

The Adaptation Learning Mechanism website also contains pro-ject-level information that may be useful for this purpose (Climate Finance Options 2011; Adaptation Learning Mechanism 2011).

Visit: http://www.adaptationlearning.net

[planning Toolkit 5.]

The 2014 release of the UN Habitat’s planning for Cli-

mate Change: A Strategic,

Values-Based Approach for

Urban planners mat prove very useful in the upcoming LCCAP process. An e-published verison of the guide and toolkit is available online

Visit: http://www.uncclearn.org/sites/www.uncclearn.org/files/inventory/unhab60.pdf results from a monitoring pro-gram.

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Currently 20% of the municipal budget is designated to economic development fund (projects of the annual invest-ment plan) which is another opportunity to mainstream CC adaptation with local economic development and public works projects to display quick wins and medium term adaptation Figure 2.

Investment Evaluation

Public investment in climate adaptive infrastructure and programs provide the platform for civil and industrial development. Sea dykes may prevent tidal flooding and reduce salinization and river dykes in the short-term, (10-20 yrs) but long term sustainability of these construction endeavors should be critically examined. A Multiple Criteria Analysis (MCA) assesses numerous alternatives to determine the most efficient and sustainable allocation of public funds. Assessing the performance climate adaptation actions such as infrastruc-ture and programs can consider monetary, non-monetary and social returns on investment.

6.5 Ratify as Ordinance/Plan LCCAPs can be streamlined through the existing planning process and will not require provincial validation before implementation. While this streamlining can expedite the LCCAP preparation process, it is also an opportunity to meaningfully engage stakeholders and members of gov-ernment in discussions about economic, social and physical resilience, and to clarifying objectives and strategies. Upon participation deemed adequate and a public hearing, the Lo-

cal Development Council and Sangunniang Bayan will have final approval, ratifying the plan as a legislated document.

6.6 Implementation & Institutionalization A plan is only as successful as its implementation. LCCAPs can be challenging to implement as they are previ-ously unprepared documents, cut across many departments and are only part of the beginning phase of distinctive fund-ing schemes. Further departments or working groups may need to be created in addition to DRR efforts. Clear objec-tives, responsible funding and monitoring can ensure that intended policy directions for adaptation are followed and objectives are reached. Things to consider when implement-ing include the following:

� ��:KR�ZLOO�EH�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�RYHUVLJKW and management of LCCAp implementation?� �:KR�ZLOO�LPSOHPHQW�HDFK�VWUDWHJ\"� �:KDW�LV�WKH�WLPHOLQH�RI �HDFK�VWUDWHJ\"� �+RZ�ZLOO�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI �VWUDWHJ\�EH�IXQGHG"� ��+RZ�ZLOO�LW�EH�PRQLWRUHG�DQG�HYDOXDWHG"

Mainstreaming a local climate change action into planning and implementation requires detailed knowledge of current legislation, social preferences and values, and priority goals related to scarce resources. It is important to remember that the implementation of LCCAP is to create safer, adaptive and resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable devel-opment.

From a public engagement perspective, garnering public


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Incentives

Under the Secretary of the Philippines 2014-2020 Agenda, the LGU Award & Incentive program can provide a Seal of Disaster Preparedness and Seal of Environmental Protection for performing an LCCAP preparation. Prepara-tion of all plans can bring the Seal of Good Local Govern-ance.

This is aimed at enhancing LGU Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation-Disaster Risk Reduction Management and Disaster Preparedness through the following:

a. Assessment; b. Institutional Capacity Enhancement, c. Climate Adaptation Support Service (CASS) Access to up to million PP in Financing.

Accountability

Climate action planning has real benefits but also clear ramifications if LGUs knowingly expose people or sen-sitive ecosystems, hinder climate adaptation efforts or misuse funds. Under Sec. 19 of RA 10121 LGUs may are to be held accountable for the performance and:

��'HUHOLFWLRQ�RI �GXWLHV�UHVXOWLQJ�WR�GHVWUXFWLRQ��FDVXDOW\��damaged facilities and fund misuse.��3UHYHQWLQJ�HQWU\�DQG�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI �UHOLHI �JRRGV�LQ�GLVDV-ter-stricken areas.��7DPSHULQJ�ZLWK�RU�VWHDOLQJ�KD]DUG�PRQLWRULQJ�DQG�GLVDVWHU�preparedness equipment and paraphernalia.��,OOHJDO�VROLFLWDWLRQV�E\�SHUVRQV�RU�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�UHSUHVHQW-

support for the LCCAP can increase support for its imple-mentation. Some LGUs in the Philippines have taken a family approach to resilience building and climate change adaptation planning. In Sorsogon city Mayor Benito Doma noted “Iyong natutunan ko rito sa forum, siguro magpa-family-based, capabili-ty-building ng mama, papa, ate, at kuya. Kailangan nilang ma-internalize ang concept, ang plan,”. Taking Climate adaptation plans to the household level the most elemental of social organizations can prove a highly effective way of address-ing action planning for climate change. An implementation / monitoring and evaluation tool is located in Appendix F.

Local planning efforts should create/identify the office that will be responsible for the LCCAP’s implementation with the participation of the stakeholders and other LGU depart-ments. Some actions to consider include:

� ��(QVXULQJ�VXUYLYDO�RI �DGDSWDWLRQ�DFWLRQ�SODQQLQJ�� beyond political terms;

� ��3URPRWLQJ�%DUDQJD\�GLVFUHWLRQ�LQ�FDUU\LQJ�RXW�� CCA activities;

� ��3UDFWLFLQJ�FRQVLVWHQF\�ZLWKLQ�WKH�/*8�LQ�GHILQLQJ�� climate change adaption in Hagonoy;

� ��&ROOHFWLQJ�PHDVXUDEOH�GDWD�RQ�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�LP� � pactd via CBMS, and; � ��(PSOR\LQJ�D�ERWWRP�XS�DSSURDFK�WKURXJK�ZRUNLQJ�� action planning, at the Barangay’s discretion.


106


ing others as defined in the NDRRMC guidelines.

Violations of any of the listed above can lead to fines of PHP 50,000, imprisonment of 6-12 years and disqualifica-tion from public office.

6.7 Monitoring and Evaluation In 2005, the Philippines and 167 other countries adopted the Hyogo Framework for Action, a 10-year in-ternational plan United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction that sought to attain disaster resilience for vulnerable communities. The blueprint generated a 10-point checklist of essentials for LGUs more resilient to disasters (Appendix F).

To avoid gaps in LCCAP implementa¬tion, plan drift and to demonstrate its value to external evaluators and financiers, monitoring and evaluation is critical. Providing a relevant framework for assessing each major strategic area can be readily integrated into the LCCAP planning’s process so that a local development committee or core stakeholder working group can identify readily available indicator sources such as data collected in the CBMS.

In order to further engage the LCCAP working group in a re¬flexive practice of setting goals, monitoring data can be collected yearly in collaboration with provincial authorities, business associations and participating stakeholders or-ganizations, gathering data and assessing performance and future directions. To begin, this process can start by having stakeholders identify relevant and attainable performance measures for each objec¬tive.

Complete assessment of the LCCAP can take place every 3-5 years engaging core stakeholders in data collection and to assess the performance of indicators in relation to larger adaptation objectives and to create an opportu¬nity to pose the question ‘why ‘ targets are being met or not and ‘how’ strategy must change to address vulnerabilities and work towards climate resilience.

Recommendations

��,GHQWLI\�GDWD�VRXUFHV�RU�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�FXUUHQWO\�DFWLYH�LQ�environmental monitoring.

��([SDQG�&RPPXQLW\�%DVHG�0RQLWRULQJ�6\VWHP�WR�FDSWXUH��

1. Environmental observations of drought, fisheries and sensitive areas. 2. Current Adaptation for floods (leave, stay, friends, evacuation, etc.)

3. Long term plans for adaptation (leave, stay)

Upon ratification of this OCP strategy, the adoption of new bylaws and ordinances and corresponding economic objec-tives can also present an opportunity to evaluate the LC-CAP’s effectiveness. In doing so, this will ensure a measur-able path to attaining a climate resilience in Hagonoy. \


107


6327/,*+7��/LQNLQJ�&RDVWDO�*UHHQ�Infrastructure and Local Economic Development

��3URSRVHG�VXIILFLHQW��FRVW�HIIHFWLYH�PRQLWRULQJ�DSSURSULDWH�WR�WKH�VFRSH�and scale of the project to evaluate a project’s benefits, and;��:HUH�FRQVLVWHQW�ZLWK�12$$�VSHFLHV�UHFRYHU\�SODQQLQJ�HIIRUWV�LI �ORFDWHG�in areas where recovery planning efforts for Endangered Species Act listed species were underway.

Approaching cycles of natural disasters as opportunities can pro-vide for strategic investment in CCA related investment while also engag-ing secondary objectives such as job creation. Following hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico, public works projects in the United Stated focused on building coastal green infrastructure with local job creation. They called these projects ‘Shovel-ready’ in which (1) feasibility studies and/or other baseline information required for a design were already available, (2) required consultations and permits, if not in-hand, were either in progress or had reasonable assurance provided that would be attained quickly, and (3) Na-tional Environment and Policy Act (NEPA) analysis and other environmen-tal permits and authorizations were completed, so that the project could be implemented shortly after funding was made available 2 .

+LJK�SULRULW\�ZDV�JLYHQ�WR�SURMHFW�DSSOLFDWLRQV�WKDW�

��+DG�WKH�JUHDWHVW�SRWHQWLDO�WR�DFKLHYH�HFRORJLFDO�EHQHILWV�DQG�PD[LPL]H�MREV�creation/preservation;��:HUH�DEOH�WR�EHJLQ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�ILUVW��GD\�RI �WKH�DZDUG�VWDUW�GDWH��&RXOG�EH�FRPSOHWHG�ZLWKLQ��²��PRQWKV��+DG�WKH�JUHDWHVW�SRWHQWLDO�WR�EH�VXVWDLQDEOH�DQG�SURYLGH�ODVWLQJ�EHQHILWV�RI �regional or national significance;��,GHQWLILHG�VSHFLILF�JRDOV�DQG�RXWFRPHV��ZLWK�DSSURSULDWH�HFRORJLFDO�DQG�HFR-nomic performance metrics;

Engaging industry knowledge, local capital and materials can turn recovery and adaptation e!orts into intelligent reinvestment in hago-noy’s economy and society. Photo: Christopher J. Carter

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REFERENCES

1 Philippines Office of the Secretary (2013). DILG Outcome Areas & Programs and Projects for FY 2014 to 2016. http://www.dilg.gov.ph/programsprojects/DILG-Outcome-Areas-Programs-and-Projects-for-FY-2014-to-2016/7

2 Beatley, Timothy (2009). Planning for Coastal Re-silience: Best Practices for Calamitous Times. Island Press http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail action?docID=10493911

3 P.E.T. Edwards, A.E. Sutton-Grier, G.E. Coyle (2013). Investing in nature: Restoring coastal habitat blue infrastructure and green job creation, Marine 3ROLF\��9ROXPH��0DUFK��7KH�1DWXUH�&RQVHUY-ancy. Pages 65-71, (http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/pdf/tnc_noaa_arra_restoration_summary.pdf)

4 UN-HABITAT. 2009. “Guide to Municipal Finance .”Nairobi: UN-HABITAT. http://www.unhabitat.org/ SPVV�OLVW,WHP'HWDLOV�DVS["SXEOLFDWLRQ,' ��

5 Brugmann, Jeb. 2011. “Financing the Resilient City.” White Paper. Washington, DC: ICLEI

6 Boswell, Michael Greve, Adrienne I. Seale, Tammy L (2011). Local Climate Action Planning. Island Press .

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Islands In the Shapes of Nations (May mga isla na sa hugis ng mga bayan)

During studio fieldwork with the communities of Malolos, Calumpit and Hagonoy we composed film based on our impressions and visual capture with stake holders, elders and places of Bulacan.

The film is based on a poem written by fellow SCARP M.A. planning candidate Kathryn Gwun-Yeen Lennon All images were captured by planner and film-maker Christopher J. Carter.

The film 2 minutes long and is has been translated into Tagalog.

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CLOSING

LCCAPs can be

especially difficult to create because LGUs have never created them and they deal with some of the most difficult issues of our time. The uncertainty that climate change has already brought to the municipality coupled with modern challenges of urbanization will be met with a unique character and capacity.

The municipality of Hagonoy retains a rich history, a strong culture of bayanihan (Spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective) and many capable civil servants that will grant the planning process vision and strength. Hagonoy’s historical role as the heart of aquaculture industry in Bulacan, strong inter-LGU partnerships and capable civil servants will undoubtedly fuel the maghanda(collective preparation) of an LCCAP that addresses the vulnerabilities and opportunities of climate change.

This report makes clear that Hagonoy is positioned to be a leader in coastal and aquaculture adaptation, as well as sustainable de-velopment, setting an example for LGUs nationwide. To the beginning of LCCAP creation and long-term adaptation, we wish you a successful journey and look forward to your successes. \

Ang hindi lumilingon sa pinanggalinganAy hindi makakarating sa paroroonan

She who does not look back at her origin Will never arrive at her destination

-Tagalog Proverb

Paghahanda sa Pagbabagong Klima

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University of British Columbia Dr. Leonora AngelesDennis GupaGabrielle Esser

Department of Interior and Local GovernmentAlrdrich Livelo (DILG Hagonoy)

Province of BulacanArlene PascualEngineer Randy N. PoNerissa T. Bautista

Municipality of HagonoyRaulito Manlapaz SrRaulito Manlapaz JrSanggunian BayanEmmeth OndoyColonel Bondoc (Police)Mhyla Santos (Municipal Budget O!ce)Angelina B. Del Sol (Department of Social Welfare)Rosemarie Magat (Legislative Councillor, Women & Children)Mercedes Lazaro (Municipal Treasury)Marvin Reyes (MPDO)Orly Tanjuan (MPDO)Steven Velasco (MPDO)Sally Bautista (MPDO)Millan Martin (MPDO)Nemencio Sabino(Engineering)Estelito Libao (MDRRMC)Dioscoro Francisco(MAO)Romeo Reyes (MAO)

Barangays of HagonoyCaptain Cesar Aranas (Tibaguin)Secretary Jimmy Palma (Tibaguin)Erwin Aduna, Treasurer (Tibaguin)Errol Duran, Council Member (Tibaguin)Bernardo Jimenez, Secretary ( San Sebastian)Captain Pacencia D.C. Reyes (San Pedro)Secretary Fred D. Delos Santos (San Pedro)Captain Catalino Manalo (Carillo)Captain Bobbie Carpio (Tampok)Val Perez , Secretary (Tampok)Manansala, Imelda, Clerk (Tampok)Cesar Mangahas, Record Keeper (Tampok)

Fisher Folk and BuyersQuirino Calonzo (San Pedro)“Bernie” (Carillo)Edgardo Baltazar(Pugad)Mr. Santos(Pugad)Reynaldo Gregory(Pugad)Gina Alviz (Apo Ana Consignacion)

Mother LeadersJovita Omaña (Tampok)Lourdes Derige (Tampok)Lani Bautista (Tibaguin)

EducatorsJerry T. Santos (Tibaguin)Jocelyn Perez (Pugad)

AppENDIx A: KEy INFORMANTS

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procure ment of rescue equipment and vehicles. A two year SWM Action Planning process is underway with the 26 Barangays.

1. Active training by DRRM, 2. Public IEC and media communications 3. Strengthening vertical linkages to provincial and national are strengthening. 4. Strengthening Horizontal linkages going into barangays, schools and LGU employees.

orientation and their appreciation of its bene!ts gained.

predict which things might be funded and include them. Supplemental AIPs may be submitted.

AppENDIx B: ADDITIONAL FINDINGS )520�7+(�,167,787,21$/�$1'�6$1**81,$1*�%$<$1�6859(<

112


$33(1',;�&��(19,5210(17$/�$:$5(1(66�$1'�9$/8(6��$66(660(17�48(67,216�$1'�0(7+2'6

Source: EPA, 2002. Community Culture and the Environment: A Guide to Understanding a Sense of Place. Office of Water, Washington, DC. 280 p.

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AppENDIx D: FINANCING OF MANGROVE pROJECTS

-nancing, as payment for environmental services, their inclusion in the National

ECO-TOWNS

An eco-town, as de!ned by the NCCAP, is a planning unit composed of mu-nicipalities or a group of municipalities located within and in the boundaries

-sheds), highly vulnerable to climate change risks due to its geography, geo-

to build climate change resilient communities and local economy through pov-erty reduction and ecosystem protection. In this sense, it considers a Climate Adaptation Support Service (CASS), which provides immediate income to the

could be, in the case of coastal or !shing communities, the protection of marine

Payment for Environmental Services (PES)

(PES). A PES scheme can be de!ned as a voluntary transaction in which a well-de!ned environmental service (ES), or a form of land use likely to secure that service is bought by at least one ES buyer from a minimum of one ES provider if and only if the provider continues to supply that service (conditionality) (13). In the case of CASS, the payment is public, as the ES buyer would be the gov-ernment and the ES provider the communities targeted by the CASS. However,

-ers and sellers (e.g. carbon markets) or self-organized private deals. In the case of mangrove protection and restoration projects, the ES provider would be the coastal communities in charge of protecting and restoring the mangrove area, whereas the ES buyer could be any member of the community that bene!ts from the ES provided by mangroves (e.g. the revenues of speci!c indirect taxes

could be allocated to the protection and rehabilitation of mangrove areas, being all the tax payers the buyers of the speci!c ES).

REDD+

One of the strategic actions on ecosystem and environmental stability for 2011-2028 de!ned in the NCCAP is the implementation of the National REDD+ strategy. In the same lines as the PES, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an UN program that aims to create a !nan-

countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. REDD+ goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable manage-ment of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (14). In this sense, mangrove conservation and rehabilitation projects are suitable to be !nanced by the REDD+ program, especially given the high rate of carbon sequestration of mangroves.

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A33(1',;�(��/2&$/�6+(/7(5�3/$1��/63��7(03/$7(

needs of both the informal and the formal sectors, particularly renters, govern-ment employees and those availing of either socialized or economic housing. Urban development program requires consideration of mixed used develop-ment to allow subsidized social housing projects.

capacity of the LGU pertaining to delivery of housing and urban services vis-à-vis their actual and projected housing need. With this baseline information, the LGU shall be able to prepare a realistic action plan for housing delivery based

CLUP of the Local Government Unit and shall likewise serve as a policy input to the MTPDP of the National Government.

[CONTENT OF THE TEMPLATE]

1 RATIONALE (THIS WILL EXPLAIN THE NEED FOR THE SHELTER PLAN)

2 TARGET POPULATION

NGOs, MFIs, CBOs, MSGs, Business Sector) relevant to the project, including roles and responsibilities.

-

ments.

-tion of the Shelter Plan.

is composed of LGU departments, urban poor groups, NGAs (HLURB, HUD-CC, NHA), NGOs, business sector representatives, and other relevant organi-zations. Usually, the Mayor issues an order authorizing the LGU department heads to participate and this ensures permanent representation.

3 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CITY/MUNICIPALITY, APPRECIATION OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT TREND IN GENERAL

of the local government unit (LGU) in terms of its socio-economic, biophysi-cal, institutional and other important characteristics pertinent to shelter.

3.2 Geographic Location and Features

3.2.1 Location

3.2.2 Climate

3.2.3 Topography and Soils

3.2.4 Vulnerability to Geohazards

3.3 Urban Development Trends

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-ment

discuss the present capabilities of the key stakeholders such as the LGU (the “owner” or implementer of the strategy), the sector (socialized housing sector, low-income, and economic sector), NGAs, business, NGOs, etc. in terms of

-ingness to pay. A separate pro!ling of the socialized housing sector should be

willingness to pay.

and Industry, Tourism

4 ANALYSIS OF HOUSING DEMAND, AVAILABLE RESOURCES AND NEED FOR RESOURCES

used in coming up with the plans including various assumptions used as basis for computations.

situation - tenurial status as regards to homelots and housing units, "ooding problems, danger areas, threats of disasters, demolition activities. Discuss also housing-related services, such as current power and water supply, sanitary fa-cilities, and garbage disposal system and other shelter-related services in detail.

4.1.2 Demand for Shelter

-ning of the planning period. Likewise include a discussion on the backlog

mentioned in this section is the number of years (program period) needed by LGU to address this need. A table should accompany the discussion on hous-ing needs.

beginning of the planning period. Likewise include a discussion on the various

needs (water, power, roads, sanitation, drainage, garbage disposal systems) and structural upgrading needs. To be mentioned in this section is the number of years (program period) needed by the various service providers to address these needs.

throughout the planning period, including new housing sites. Part of the discussion should dwell on the population growth rate, causes of increase or decrease in population growth rate, household size and migration patterns, if signi!cant. To be mentioned in this section is the number of years (program period) needed by LGU to address this need.

-log, upgrading needs and future growth demands.

-tiatives whether on-going or in the advanced stages of implementation that can augment the total housing demand.

computation for the realization of the shelter project requirements including land acquisition, land development and house construction.

needed to address the housing in order to realize the housing vision of the

funds for housing and its related services. Innovative technologies can also be cited as a resource in case it is used in the locality and proves to be bene!cial to the majority of those needing housing assistance.

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4.1.4.1 Local Government

4.1.4.4 Target Household

-

4.1.5.1 City-wide

4.1.5.2 Household Level

5 APPRECIATION AND ANALYSIS OF ISSUES AND CONCERNS

2 of the template that will facilitate formulation of the local shelter plan. It also discusses the possible solutions planners can undertake to consider the issues and concerns raised.

5.1.1 Geographic location

5.1.2 Urban Development Trends

5.1.3 In-migration – discuss migration issues and the contributing factors making the area appealing to migrants.

as implementer of the shelter strategy for the socialized housing sector in rela-tion to its policies, programs and thrusts for the shelter sector. Discussions can include leadership, structure and sta!ng of the LGU and availability of system

for accounting available terrestrial A&D lands which can facilitate shelter plan-ning.

capacity to pay for housing and its related services (land, development cost, cost of housing construction). Includes discussion on various income groups with its corresponding number of households needing housing assistance, their average monthly income, potential percentage of income for housing, potential

terms identi"ed by the LGU.

strongly in#uence the strategy.

6 PROPOSED ACTIONS (STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS)

identi"ed by the planner in order to attain the housing vision and goals to be achieved by the local shelter plan.

-alistic and time-bounded. It must be geared towards the vision and consistent with the CLUP.

6.1.2 Strategic Interventions or Options

-ing options available for each income group with emphasis on details such as lot size, #oor area, type of house, type of land development and services to be provided.

microenterprise assistance to be provided on-site in parallel with the shelter plan.

6.1.2.3 Capacity Building - Socialized Housing Sector

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6.1.2.4 LGU Institution Building

6.1.2.5 Land Acquisition

6.1.2.6.1 Short (immediate) Term Strategies

6.1.2.6.2 Medium Term Strategies

6.1.2.6.3 Long Term Strategies

6 PROPOSED ACTIONS (STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS)

identi!ed by the planner in order to attain the housing vision and goals to be achieved by the local shelter plan.

-alistic and time-bounded. It must be geared towards the vision and consistent with the CLUP.

6.1.2 Strategic Interventions or Options

-ing options available for each income group with emphasis on details such as lot size, "oor area, type of house, type of land development and services to be provided.

microenterprise assistance to be provided on-site in parallel with the shelter plan.

6.1.2.3 Capacity Building - Socialized Housing Sector

6.1.2.4 LGU Institution Building

6.1.2.5 Land Acquisition

6.1.2.6.1 Short (immediate) Term Strategies

6.1.2.6.2 Medium Term Strategies

6.1.2.6.3 Long Term Strategies

7 OPERATIONS/IMPLEMENTATION PLAN:

critical activities, resource requirements, and responsible institutions.

7.1 Formulation of strategies

7.1.1 Short (immediate) Term Strategies

7.1.2 Medium Term Strategies

7.1.3 Long-Term Strategies

7.2 Proposed Investment Program

8 LGU COMMITMENT

-

9 MONITORING SCHEME

-sult areas (KRAs) drawn up by the LGU. Accomplishments versus targets must

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be measured with appropriate indicators to ensure maximized bene!ts for the poor, !nancial, economic and social returns. Formulate appropriate indicators per KRA. Lessons learned must also be shared within the LGU and to neigh-

10 ANNEXES -als that may aide the planners, project evaluators and readers in understanding, reviewing, monitoring and updating the shelter plan. Annexes may include the

11 REFERENCES

o Major government projects (infrastructure)

o Other related documents

o Worksheet for Housing Needs Calculation

o Inventory of Lands

o Inventory of Informal Settlers

o Maps

o List of NGOs and CBOs operational in the area

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AppENDIx F: IMpLEMENTATION & MONITORING TEMpLATES

Food Security �Issue Action

Funding (Capital/Operating)

Priority (Action By Date)

Accountability Effort

Water Security Issue Action




120


AppENDIx E: IMpLEMENTATION & MONITORING TEMpLATES

Environmental and Ecological Stability �Issue Action




Human Security Issue Action




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AppENDIx E: IMpLEMENTATION & MONITORING TEMpLATES

Monitoring and Evaluation Tool �Issue Action

Benchmark Goal Actual Data

Source

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towards a local climate adaptation plan - hagonoy philippines

Documents

lccap hagonoy

hagonoy plan

hagonoy proud

hagonoy bulacan philippines

climate change affect

hagonoy municipal planning

effects of climate change

philippines tina barisky