TOURISM

Why?• People have more disposable income.• Companies give more paid holidays

than they used to.• Travel has become cheaper

(particularly air travel)• Holiday providers now use the

internet to sell their products to people directly which also makes them cheaper.

There has been a Global increase in tourism in the last 60 years….

Why• Improvements in transport (e.g. more airports)

have made it quicker and easier to travel to places.

• Countries in more unusual destinations such as the middle east and Africa have got better at marketing themselves as tourist attractions. This means more people are aware of them.

• Many countries have invested in infrastructure for tourism to make them more attractive to visitors.

Some areas are also becoming more popular than they used to be….

Cities, mountains and coasts are all popular tourist areas

CITIES

Culturee.g. museums, art galleries …

Entertainment (bars, restaurants, theatres)

shopping

Popular destinations include:• London• New york• Paris• Rome

COASTAL AREAS

Beaches

Swimming

Snorkelling

Fishing

Water skiing

Popular destinations include:• Spain• The Caribbean• Thailand

MOUNTAIN AREAS

scenery

walkingclimbing

skiing

Snow boarding

Popular destinations include:• Alps• Dolomites• Rockies

• Tourism creates jobs for local people.

• It also increases the income of other businesses that supply the tourism industry.

• Tourism is important to the economy of both rich and poor countries e.g. tourism in France generated 35 million euros In 2006 and 2 million jobs.

• Poorer countries tend to be more dependant on income from tourism than richer ones.

Tourism is important to the economies of many countries

• There were 32 million overseas visitors to Britain in 2008.

• The UK is popular with tourists because of its:• Countryside• Historic landmarks• Churches and cathedrals• Castles

• London is particularly popular for its museums, theatres and shopping.

• London is the destination for half of all visitors to the uk.

• In 2007 tourism contributed £114 billion to the economy and employed 1.4 million people.

Tourism makes a big contribution to the UK economy

Factors that affect the number of visitors to the UK

Bad weather

World economy

Exchange rate

Terrorism

Conflict

Major events

Tourist area life cycle model

The lake district National park• Gets around 15 Million visitors per year

• Tourists come to enjoy the scenery- for example the large lakes and mountains

• There are many activities available:• Pony trekking• Bird watching• Walking• Boat rides• Sailing• Rock climbing

• There are also cultural attractions e.g. the Beatrix potter and wordsworth museums.

UK Tourism-case study

Strategies are needed to cope with the impact of touristsTourists cause traffic congestion, erode footpaths and drop litter!Coping with the extra traffic• Public transport in the area is being improved so people leave

their cars at home.• There are campaigns to encourage people to use the new

services.Coping with the erosion of footpaths• Solutions include encouraging visitors to use less vulnerable

areas and instead changing the line of paths and using more hard wearing material for paths.

• Protecting wildlife and farmland• There are signs to remind visitors to take their litter home and

covered bins are provided at popular sites.• There have been campaigns to encourage visitors to enjoy the

countryside responsibly.

There are plans to make sure the Lake district continues to attract tourists.

• The official tourism strategy for Cumbria is to attract an extra 2 million visitors by 2018.

• Public transport will be improved to make it more accessible.

• There is to be widespread advertising.

• Farms will be encouraged to provide services such as quad biking, clay pigeon shooting and archery alongside traditional farming.

• Timeshare developments are to be increased.

Mass Tourism is organised tourism for large numbers of people.

Mass tourism has both positive and negative impacts!

Mass Tourism

Positive NegativeEconomic Impacts • Brings Money into local

economy.• Creates jobs for local people.• Increases the income of

industries that supply tourism e.g. Farming

• A lot of the profit made from tourism is kept by the large travel companies rather than going to the local economy.

Social Impacts • Lots of jobs means young people are more likely to stay in the area.

• Improved roads, infrastructure and communications benefit local people.

• Income from tourism can be reinvested in local community projects

• The tourism jobs available to locals are often badly paid and are seasonal.

• Traffic congestion caused by tourists can inconvenience local people.

• The behaviour of some tourists can offend locals.

Environmental impacts • Income from tourism can be reinvested in protecting the environment.

• Transporting lots of people long distances releases greenhouse gasses that cause global warming.

• Tourism can increase litter and pollution.

• Tourism can lead to the destruction of natural habitats

There are ways to reduce the negative impacts of mass tourism:• Improving Public transport encourages people to use it, which reduces traffic

congestion and pollution.• Limiting the number of people visiting sensitive environments.• Providing lots of bins helps reduce litter.

The importance of Tourism needs to be maintainedAreas that rely heavily on tourism need to make sure tourists keep coming!Here are a few ways they can do this:• BULID NEW FACILITIES• REDUCE TOURIST IMPACTS WHICH MAKE THE AREA LESS

ATTRACTIVE• ADVERTISE AND MARKET THE ARE TO ATTRACT NEW TOURISTS• IMPROVE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE• OFFER NEW ACTIVITIES• MAKE IT CHEAPER TO VISIT.

Kenya is in East AfricaIt gets over 700 00 visitors per year.

There are a few reasons why people visit• A fascinating tribal culture and lots of

wildlife including the big five ( Rhino, lion, elephant, buffalo and leopard)

• A warm Climate with sunshine all year round

• Beautiful scenery including savannah, mountains, forests, beaches and coral reefs.

Mass tourism –case study

Positive NegativeEconomic Impacts • Tourism contributes 15% of

the country's gross national product.

• In 2003 around 219 000 people worked in the tourist industry.

• Only 15% of the money earned through tourism goes to locals. The rest goes to big companies

Social Impacts • The culture and customs of the native maasai tribe are preserved because things like traditional dancing are often displayed for tourists.

• Some Maasai tribes people were forced off their land to create national parks.

• Some Muslim people in Kenya are offended by the way female tourists dress.

Environmental impacts • There are 23 national parks In Kenya e.g. Nairobi national park. Tourists have to pay money to get in. This money is used to maintain the national parks which help protect the environment and wildlife.

• Safari vehicles have destroyed vegetation and caused soil erosion.

• Wild animals have been affected• Coral reefs have been damaged.

Tourism in extreme Environments

Extreme environments are becoming popular with tourists

There are many reasons why tourists are attracted to extreme environments:

• They're ideal settings for adventure holidays activities such as jeep tours, river rafting and trekking.

• Some people want something different and more exciting to do on holiday.

• A lot of people enjoy an element of risk.• Some wildlife can only be seen in these areas.• Some scenery can only be seen in extreme places.

There are also reasons why tourism is increasing in extreme environments

• Improvements of transport have made it quicker and easier to get to some of these destinations.

• People are keen to see places like Antarctica for themselves while they have the chance.

• Tourism to extreme environments is quite expensive but people now have more disposable income.

• Adventure holidays are becoming more popular because of TV programmes and advertising.

The ecotourism's in extreme environments are usually delicately balanced, because its so difficult to survive in the harsh conditions there. The presence of tourists can upset this fragile balance and cause serious problems.Here's an example of how tourism can damage the environment in the Himalayas:• Trees are cut down to provide fuel for trekkers and other

tourists leading to deforestation.• Deforestation destroys habitats.• Deforestation means there are fewer trees to intercept

rain. Which can lead to flooding.• Tree roots normally hold the soil together so

deforestation also leads to soil erosion.• Tourists cause footpath erosion• Rivers become polluted by sewerage

Tourism in extreme environments can be Damaging

Tourism in extreme environments- Case studyThe Antarctica is becoming more popular with Tourists• Antarctica is a continent at the earths South pole. • It covers an area of about 14 million km 2 and about 98% is covered with ice.• The number of tourists visiting Antarctica each year is rising e.g. there were 7413

in 1996/1997 season but 46000 in the 2007/2008 season.• Tourists are attracted by the scenery and wildlife.

• Tourism has environmental impacts in Antarctica• Antarctica is cold and doesn’t get much sunshine in winter so the land ecosystems

are very fragile- it takes a long time for them to recover from damage. The sea ecosystem is delicately balanced, this means that tourists can have a massive impact on the environment there:

• Tourists can trample plants, disturb wildlife and drop litter.• There are fears that tourists could introduce non-native species or diseases that

could wipe out existing species.• Spillage of fuel from ships is also a worry as fuel spills kill molluscs and fish as well

as the birds that feed on them.

Ecotourism is tourism that doesn’t harm the environment and benefits the local people.

Eco Tourism

Ecotourism involves:Conservation-protecting and managing the environment.Stewardship-taking responsibility for conserving the environment.

Ideally conservation and stewardship should involve local people and local organisations so that local people benefit from tourists.

Ecotourism is usually a small scale activity, with only small numbers of visitors going to an area at a time. This helps keep the environmental impact of tourism low.

Environmental benefits Economic benefits Benefits for local people

• Local people are encouraged to conserve the environment rather than use it for damaging activities.

• It reduces poaching and hunting of endangered species.

• Ecotourism projects try to reduce the use of fossil fuels.

• Waste that tourists create is disposed of carefully.

• Ecotourism creates jobs for local people (e.g. as guides or in tourist lodges) which helps the local economy grow.

• Local people not directly employed in tourism can also make money by selling local crafts to visitors or supplying the tourist industry with goods.

• People have better and more stable incomes in ecotourism than in other jobs e.g. farming

• Many ecotourism schemes fund community projects e.g. schools, water tanks and health centres.

Ecotourism Benefits the environment, economy and local people

1. Sustainable development means improving the quality of life for people but doing it in a way that doesn’t stop people in the future getting what they need.

2. Ecotourism helps areas to develop by increasing the quality of life for local people- the profits from ecotourism can be used to build schools or healthcare facilities.

3. The development is sustainable because its done without damaging the environment- without ecotourism people may have to make a living to improve their lives by doing something that harms the environment e.g. cutting down trees.

Ecotourism helps the sustainable development of areas