tour 104 tourism planning

School of Hospitality Management

TOURISM PLANNING


Planning defined

• It is a multidimensional activity and seeks to be integrative. It embraces social, economic, political, psychological, anthropological, and technological factors. It is concerned with the past, present and the future.


General Concepts of Planning

• What is Planning- In its broadest definition, planning is organizing the future to achieve certain objectives.


General Concepts of Planning• Major types of Planning

- Economic development planning.- Physical land use planning;- Infrastructure planning – transportation facilities and services, water supply, electric power, sewage and solid waste disposal, and telecommunications;- Social facility planning – educational, medical, and recreation facilities and services- Park and conservation planning- Corporate planning- Urban and regional planning – applies the comprehensive planning approach integrating economic, land use, infrastructure, social facility and park and conservation planning


What is Planning?

PLANNING

Basic human activity

Rational Choice

Control of Future Action

Problem Solving Activity


What Planning is NOT

• Not a purely individual activity• Not present-oriented• Has little or nothing in common with the

“trial-and-error” approach in problem solving

• Not just the imagining of desirable futures• Planning is the deliberate social or

organizational activity of developing an optimal strategy for achieving a desired set of goals


Tourism Planning

• Aimed at bringing certain benefits to society while maintaining sustainability of the industry

• Prepared within a time framework• Must apply a flexible, comprehensive,

integrated, environmental and sustainable, community-based and implementable approach

• May be incorporated into the general planning of an area


General Concepts of Planning• Objective

– refers to what is expected to be achieved from the planning

• Policy– refers to the development

approach applied to guide and determine decision-making

–expressed in term of a set of statements and relates directly to the development objectives;


General Concepts of Planning• Plan

– refers to an orderly arrangement of parts of an overall system that reflects the policy;

– consists of maps, other graphic representations, and explanatory text including statements on recommendations;

• Strategy– refers to the means accomplishing the policy

and plan recommendations• Conservation

– refers to the planned management of specific sites and places natural and cultural resources in general


What does the scientific and technical literature say about our tourism and sustainability?

• Jensen and Bonnevie (1995)- On a global scale, the only fully sustainable tourism is to make tourists stay at home

• McKercher (1993)- The concept of sustainability is itself a threat to the longevity of the tourism industry, because, moving toward an ecological definition of sustainability may reduce access to the natural resources upon which the industry depends.

• Campbell and Heck (1997)- Suggested that sustainability is the condition where actions are socially desirable, economically feasible and ecologically viable.


What does the scientific and technical literature say about tourism and sustainability?

• A sustainable solution occurs at the intersection of what is socially desirable, ecologically viable and economically feasible

Ecologically

Viable

Economically Feasible

Socially Desirable

Sustainable Solution



• Sustainability must consider Temporal, Spatial, and Functional Scales– Three important aspects: time, space, and

function -Time – concerns over what period do we measure

the sustainability of tourism five years, a decade, a generation?

-Space – concerns over how we judge sustainability by community, municipality, province, region, or country

-Function – concerns over the functionality of state institutions



• Sustainability deals with concept of equity- Intra-generational equity deals with creating or strengthening opportunity, equalizing income or redistributing power within the host population where tourism is occurring.- Inter-generational equity the need to preserve natural resources for future generations rather than considering how tourism development may affect those living in the future.



• Achieving sustainability leads to social, economic and ecological systems that are more resilient- Social resilience – the ability of human communities to respond or adapt to change- Economic resiliency – communities with diverse economies are resilient in the sense that downturns in one industry do not significantly adverse the entire community’s economy.- Ecological resiliency – the ability of an ecosystem to return to a state of equilibrium following some type of disturbance


Useful indications of Sustainable Tourism

• What are indicators?- Indicators measure of information with which decision-makers may reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions (WTO, 1996)

- Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the resource base on which the industry depends (WTO, 1996)

- Indicators are pieces of information which measure things that are important to real decisions.


Indicator Measure

Stress Number of visitors/tourists (per annum/season)

Social Stress Ratio of visitor/tourist members to local population (per annum/per season)

Attractiveness List of natural and cultural resourcesRate of attractiveness of cultural and natural resources

Planning process Existence of local/regional plan for development

Tourism Planning process Existence of local/regional plan for tourism development

Area protection Category of protectionPercentage of protected area compared to the whole territory of the destination

Local involvement Ratio the number of locally owned tourist business to the total number of tourist businesses

Local control Existence of formal measures (public hearing, community meeting, local referendum) to ensure local control over development planning and implementation

Employment Number of jobs created in tourism (full time equivalent)Ratio of local employee number to the number guest workers

Tourism contribution to the local economy

Proportion of local tax income generated by tourism only

Economic Diversity Share of different economic activities in the total tax income

Energy Consumption Ratio of renewable energy sources to non-renewable energy sources (consumption)

Waste Management Percentage of households with proper sewage systemPercentage of waste receiving treatment

Education and training Percentage of local people involved in tourism with professional training and educationDistribution of tourism employees by educationPercentage of tourism employees (and local people) participating in on-the-job training in a

given time

Local Satisfaction Overall perception of tourism’s impact to local community

Tourist Attraction Overall satisfaction of tourists concerning the quality and the value/price ratio of the complex tourist product

Percentage/change of repeat visits compared to first-time visits


The need for a tourism plan

• To determine the optimum level of tourism that can result in the achievement of environmental conservation objectives

• To ensure that the natural and cultural resources are indefinitely maintained in the process of development



• There must be careful matching of tourist markets and products through the planning process without compromising socio-cultural and environmental objectives.

• The direct and indirect economic benefits can best be optimized through the careful and integrated planning.



• Tourism can generate various socio-cultural benefits as well as problems

• Tourism is a multi-sectoral, complicated and fragmented activity such that planning and project development coordination are necessary

• Planning provides the rational basis for development staging and project programming.



• To upgrade and revitalize existing outmoded or badly developed tourism areas and plan for new tourism areas in the future; and

• To satisfy the manpower skills and capability requirements of tourism development.


Sub-Regional and Area-Wide Planning


Sub-Regional and Area-Wide Planning

• Made up of policy and structure plans• Policy: states the extent of tourism development that

is appropriate for the area and the special considerations.

• Structure Plans: – shows the access to the area– primary and secondary attractions– places or sites where tourist facilities will be concentrated – the connecting transportation network– Type and approximate amount of accommodation to be

developed– Tour circuits and tourist stopovers


Important principles in Area-Wide Planning

• Establishment of a good access point or gateway for tourists visiting the area. There may be more than one.

• Establishment of a staging area at or near the access point.

• Clustering of tourist attractions: induces more tourists to visit the area and encourage them to stay longer. Efficient provision of access and other infrastructure.

• Designation of tourism development zones• Designation of an interesting and efficient

transportation network: should allow for organising tour circuits that form loops and minimize backtracking on the same roads


Important Principles in Area-Wide Planning• Development of tourist stopovers: points of tourist

interest, with minor tourist facilities• Provision of multi-purpose infrastructure: serves

general community needs and tourism development

• The Plan (area-wide / sub-regional) should also include:– Market analysis and establish market targets– Establish carrying capacities– Recommendations on institutional elements and

environmental measures– Approaches to conserving local cultural identities and

bringing benefits to local communities

tour 104 tourism planning

Technology