totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

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LowE, HighRE Sports Facili6es Michael P To,en, Senior Advisor, Green Sports Alliance, February 20, 2015 Presidio Graduate School, Business of Sports & Sustainability Course LEED Gold, SF 49ers Levi’s Stadium LEED Gold, Consol Energy Stadium LEED Silver, Arena Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil LEED PlaNnum? Dragonshaped Stadium, Seoul, Korea

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Page 1: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Low-­‐E,  High-­‐RE  Sports  Facili6es  Michael  P  To,en,  Senior  Advisor,  Green  Sports  Alliance,  February  20,  2015  

Presidio  Graduate  School,  Business  of  Sports  &  Sustainability  Course  

LEED  Gold,  SF  49ers  Levi’s  Stadium  

LEED

 Gold,  Con

sol  Ene

rgy  Stadium  

schlaich bergermann und partnerschlaich bergermann und partner

!RENA�DA�!MAZ¹NIA

,OCATION -ANAUS��"RAZIL4YPE�OF�STRUCTURE STEEL�STRUCTURE/WNER #OMPANHIA�DE�$ESENVOLVIMENTO�DO�%STADO

DO�!MAZONAS#OMPLETED ����3COPE�OF�OUR�WORK CONCEPTUAL�DESIGN��CONSTRUCTION�DESIGN!RCHITECT GMP�q�!RCHITEKTEN�VON�'ERKAN��-ARG�UND

0ARTNER#ONTRACTORS #ONSTRUTORA�!NDRADE�'UTIERREZ

4ECHNICAL�DATA,ENGTH ����M7IDTH ����M(EIGHT ���M3EATS CA��������#LADDING�MATERIALS 04&% COATED�GLASS�CLOTH#ERTIFICATIONS��PLANNED ,%%$�0LATINUM��$'."�'OLD

4O�COVER�THE�SPECTATOR�STANDS�AND�6)0�AREAS�OF�THE�NEW�STADIUM�IN-ANAUS��A�STEEL�ROOF�STRUCTURE�WAS�DEVELOPED��CONSISTING�OF�DIAGONALLYARRANGED��CANTILEVERING�STEEL�BOX�GIRDERS��INCORPORATED�WITH�A�SECONDARYSTEEL�STRUCTURE�CARRYING�THE�MEMBRANE�CLADDING�4HE�COMPRESSION�RING�AT�THE�INNER�ROOF�EDGE�AND�THE�OUTER�TENSION�RINGARE�MAIN�PARTS�OF�THE�PRIMARY�STEEL�STRUCTURE�WHICH�IS�SUPPORTED�BY�SPHER ICAL�BEARINGS�AT�THE�BASE�POINTS��RESULTING�AN�UNIQUE�LOAD BEARING�STRUCTUREDESIGN�4HE�SELECTION�OF�THIS�STRUCTURAL�SYSTEM��ESPECIALLY�THE�DIAGONAL�ARRANGE MENT�OF�ROOF�GIRDERS��WAS�MADE�TO�VISUALIZE�THE�ARCHITECTURAL�CONCEPT�ANDTO�GENERATE�A�DISTINCTIVE�CHARACTERISTIC�STRUCTURAL�DESIGN�4HE�REACTIONS�OF�THE�ROOF�STRUCTURE�ARE�TRANSFERRED�TO�THE�FOUNDATION�BYTHE�REINFORCED�CONCRETE�STRUCTURE�WITH�UP�TO���BASEMENT�LEVELS�

0HOTOS��-ARCUS�"REDT

LEED  Silver,  Arena  Amazônia,  M

anaus,  Brazil    LEED

 PlaNn

um?  Dragon

-­‐shape

d  Stadium,  Seo

ul,  Korea  

Page 2: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

State  of  Art  70  AD  

Roman  Colosseum  

Largest  Amphitheater  in  World    •  Passive  Solar  Design  –  

daylight,  cooling,  ven6la6on  

•  Rapid  ingress  &  egress  360°  for  80,000  aLendees    

when    design  by    “computer  digital  algorithms”    meant  people  with  pencils  

 with  Velarium  (shades)  extended  

Page 3: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Large  Numbers  Law  

IoE  

Internet  of  Everything  

Page 4: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Spring 2009 9

Building  Zone  evolu6ons  From  3D        4D      5D        6D        7D  BIM  

(Building  InformaNon  Modeling/  Building  Intelligence  Management)  

Page 5: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Neil  Calvert,  “Why  We  Care  About  BIM…,”  DirecNons  Magazine,  Dec.  11,  2013,  h,p://www.direcNonsmag.com/arNcles/why-­‐we-­‐care-­‐about-­‐bim/368436    

BIM7+

(Cradle-to-Cradle)

Cradle-­‐to-­‐Cradle  Con6nuous  Commissioning    

Page 6: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Issa, Suermann and Olbina

(A) Solar radiation Analysis (B) Daylighting analysis

(C) Shading analysis (D) Ventilation and Airflow Analysis

Figure 1: Different kinds of analysis performed by Autodesk Ecotect (Source: <www.autodesk.com/revit>)

2.2 VICO Virtual Construction (VC)

The Virtual Construction (VC) process involves building a building twice, once on the computer and once in the real world. It is a process by which a builder simulates a building before and during the actual construction process. VC relates time (4D) and cost (5D) to the underlying building model and allows the user to instantly relate a change to its impact on the project. It is ideally suited on projects with high cost and high risk and which can lead to high rewards for mitigating those costs and risks. Virtual construction is the natural extension of BIM superimposed with schedule and cost which when it is made ac-cessible to all stakeholders thus fostering communication and cooperation. The BIM allows the project team to collaborative-ly examine and tweak the building to meet budget and completion goals. As such, VC is invaluable for budget-constrained projects, where deadlines are important and project success is critical. As shown in Figure 3, the project risk is reduced as the representation of project progresses from 2D to 3D to 4D (schedule) to 5D (cost). VC is most applicable to projects of about $20 million and up, however, size is not as important as risk in the decision of whether to select VC or not. According to VICO (<www.vicosoftware.com>), through the use of VC on a hospital expansion project connecting three existing buildings with 102,000 sqf., the project team was able to eliminate 95% of the design clashes (700) and also reduced the project scheduled duration by 27% (42 weeks).

2666

Increase  in  project  Value    with  increase  in  BIM  details  

Solar  Radia6on  Analysis  Dayligh6ng  Analysis  

Shading  Analysis   Ven6la6on  &  Airflow  Analysis  

Page 7: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g04-­‐G53mbmc    

From  3D  to  IPv6  BIM7+  Con6nuous,  smarter  lifecycle  performance  

Page 8: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Enterprise  IoT  Market  Overview  

Page 9: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

C97-729611-00 © 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3

*Virtual)Team)Member)

Stadiums

Retail stores -  Digital signage -  Info Kiosks -  POS -  Computers, servers -  Network infra

Manufacturing -  Robotics -  PLCs -  Any IP connected

device

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

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5 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014

7.2 6.8 7.6

50

2010 2015 2020

0

40

30

20

10

Bill

ions

of d

evic

es

25

12.5

Inflection point

Timeline

Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011

50 Billion smart devices Adoption 5x faster than electricity, telephony

Michael  Enescu,  CTO,  Open  Standards  IniNaNve  (OSI)  keynote  –  “From  Cloud  to  Fog  &  The  Internet  of  Things”  –  Chicago,  LinuxCon  2014    

1 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 1

Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives

LinuxCon 2014 – August 21

Page 11: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

24

Trillion Sensors�(TSensors)�Vision• Mobile�sensor�market�for�volumes�not�

envisioned by�leading�market�research�organizations�in�2007,�grew�exponentially�over�200%/y�between�2007�and�2012.��

• Several�organizations�presented�their�visions�for�a�continued�growth�to�trillion(s).

• Market�research�companies�don’t�yet�see�this�growth�(see�Yole’s forecast).

• So�the�explosion�to�trillion(s)�is�likely�to�be�driven�by�applications�not�yet�envisioned by�leading�market�research�organization.

• I�launched�TSensors�Roadmap�development*�to�improve�visibility�of�needed�sensors�to�enable�accelerated�development.• 1st step:�The�TRILLION�Sensor�Universe,�

Conference�at�BSAC,�March�6,�2013• 2nd Step:�TSensors�Summit�Conference�at�

Stanford�University�with�presentations�by�global�sensor�visionaries.

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

100,000,000,000

1,000,000,000,000

10,000,000,000,000

100,000,000,000,000

2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037

Sensors/year

Trillion�Sensor�Visions

"Abundance"QCOM�Swarm�Lab,�UCBBoschHewlettͲPackardIntelTI�Internet�devicesYole�MEMS�Forecast,�2012TSensors�Bryzek's�Vision10�year�slopeMobile�Sensors�Explosion

Roadmap  to  the  Trillion  Sensor  Universe,  Dr.  Janusz  Bryzek,  VP  Development,  MEMS  and  Sensing  SoluNons  Fairchild  Semiconductor  Hayward,  CA,  iNEMI  Spring  Member  MeeNng  and  Webinar,  Berkeley,  CA,  April  2,  2013  

Page 12: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Information Technologies (of all kinds) double their power (price performance,

capacity, bandwidth) every year --

Law of Accelerating Returns

Ray Kurzweil, What Does the Future Look Like, Sept 18, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe7hG1NXVdw

Doubling)(or)Halving)times)

• Dynamic RAM Memory “Half Pitch” Feature Size 5.4 years

• Dynamic RAM Memory (bits per dollar) 1.5 years

• Average Transistor Price 1.6 years

• Microprocessor Cost per Transistor Cycle 1.1 years

• Total Bits Shipped 1.1 years

• Processor Performance in MIPS 1.8 years

• Transistors in Intel Microprocessors 2.0 years

• Microprocessor Clock Speed 2.7 years

22

Page 13: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Moore’s)Law)is)only)one)example

Exponential)Growth)of)Computing)for)110)Years)Moore's)Law)was)the)fifth,)not)the)first,)

paradigm)to)bring)exponential)growth)in)computing

Year

Logarithmic+Plot

15

Page 14: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot

Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot

16

Page 15: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Law of Accelerating ReturnsEvery form of communications technology is

doubling price-performance, bandwidth, capacity every 12 months

Ray Kurzweil, What Does the Future Look Like, Sept 18, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe7hG1NXVdw

Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot

27

Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot

27

Page 16: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Law of Accelerating ReturnsMiniaturization:

another exponential trend

h,p://www.ted.com/talks/ray_kurzweil_on_how_technology_will_transform_us?language=en    

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnyQWr8hk0A

Ray KurzweilExponential Finance

July, 2014

Wireless smart sensor networks

Trillion$ ValuableSmartphone

NANO technology engineering & Mfg

Page 17: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Law of Accelerating ReturnsInformation

technologies Communication

technologies

Miniaturized technologies

COIN technologies

Page 18: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Rise of the Industrial Internet

Page 19: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Global  Energy  Flows  (2011)  

Industrial  Internet  can  impact  100%  of  energy  producNon  

Industrial  Internet  can  impact  44%  of  global  energy  consumpNon  

Page 20: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

21

Market�Segments�for�Internet�of�Things

Roadmap  to  the  Trillion  Sensor  Universe,  Dr.  Janusz  Bryzek,  VP  Development,  MEMS  and  Sensing  SoluNons  Fairchild  Semiconductor  Hayward,  CA,  iNEMI  Spring  Member  MeeNng  and  Webinar,  Berkeley,  CA,  April  2,  2013  

Page 21: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

7 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014

•  Storage and Compute declining faster •  Network scales very differently than compute

Sensors will evolve faster than bandwidth Distributed computing more compelling over time

•  Data gravity?

Compute

Storage

Network

Moore’s and Nielsen’s predictions hold

1 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 1

Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives

LinuxCon 2014 – August 21

Michael  Enescu,  CTO,  Open  Standards  IniNaNve  (OSI)  keynote  –  “From  Cloud  to  Fog  &  The  Internet  of  Things”  –  Chicago,  LinuxCon  2014    

Page 22: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

9 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014

90% of the world’s data created in last 2 years

46 million smart meters in the U.S alone 1.1 billion data points (.5TB) / day A single consumer packaged good manufacturing machine generates 13B data samples/day A large offshore field produces 0.75TB data/week A jet engine produces 20TB flight data/hour

1 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 1

Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives

LinuxCon 2014 – August 21

Michael  Enescu,  CTO,  Open  Standards  IniNaNve  (OSI)  keynote  –  “From  Cloud  to  Fog  &  The  Internet  of  Things”  –  Chicago,  LinuxCon  2014    

Page 23: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

10 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014

ACTION

SENSORS

DATA

IoT Traffic will grow at 82% CAGR through 2017*

1 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 1

Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives

LinuxCon 2014 – August 21

Michael  Enescu,  CTO,  Open  Standards  IniNaNve  (OSI)  keynote  –  “From  Cloud  to  Fog  &  The  Internet  of  Things”  –  Chicago,  LinuxCon  2014    

Page 24: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf
Page 25: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

CGRs  –  Connected  Grid  Routers  Connect  to  Anything  on  the  Edge  

•  Over  the  spectrum  of  Legacy  systems  to  Smart  Centers  •  Backhaul  to  any  network  (wire,  wireless,  3G,  Satellite)  •  Host  Fog  compu6ng  workloads    

$6  B  revenues  

Page 26: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

From Integrated designs to integrated operations

Building Lighting

HVAC low-side

Plug Loads

Computing

HVAC high-side

Realistic scenario

-variables

Occupancy

Operating hours

Occupant behavior

Weather

Loads

INTEGRATED DESINGS

INTEGRATED OPERATIONS

Design stage – most efficient/peak

36 Integrated  Designs  &  Integrated  Opera6ons  

Lifecycle  &  Cradle-­‐to-­‐Cradle  

Punit  Desai,  Environmental  Sustainability  at  Infosys  Driven  by  values,  Powered  by  innovaNon,  InfoSys,  presentaNon  to  RMI,  Sept  15,  2014  

1

PRESS RELEASE

Infosys BPO awarded 5-Star Rating by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) 5-star rating signifies being the most energy efficient Bangalore, India - May 13, 2010: Infosys BPO, the business process outsourcing subsidiary of Infosys Technologies, today announced that it has been awarded the 5-star rating for energy efficiency by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for its building located in its Phase 2 campus in Hinjewadi, Pune, India. The rating is under the “Star rating for BPO buildings” scheme of BEE that rates office buildings in India from which BPO services are rendered on a scale of 1 to 5 stars, where a 5-star rating signifies being the most energy efficient. The rating is valid for a period of 5 years. The eligibility criteria included the overall energy usage efficiency and minimization of operation costs of the BPO building. The 5-star rating was an outcome of using higher efficiency products that enabled reduction in the energy consumption in the building. The building spans a total area of 25,577 square metres and the annual energy consumption is approximately 2406199 kWh. Commenting on the rating, (Swami) Swaminathan, CEO & MD, Infosys BPO, said, “We are delighted to have received this prestigious rating. Obtaining the BEE 5-star rating highlights our commitment towards energy efficiency. We continue to focus on designing world-class green buildings with energy efficient designs, using solar heaters as well as efficient lighting systems. We are also focused on educating our employees to optimize energy consumption by shutting down computers and other electrical devices when not in use. We believe that these small steps can help address the larger concerns in India.” The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is a statutory body at the national level and functions under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. The organization has launched the “Star rating for BPO buildings” scheme to recognize energy conservation and efficiency of office buildings. About Infosys BPO: Infosys BPO Ltd. (www.infosys.com/bpo), the Business Process Outsourcing subsidiary of Infosys Technologies, was set up in April 2002. Infosys BPO focuses on integrated end-to-end outsourcing and delivers transformational benefits to its clients through reduced costs, ongoing productivity improvements, and process reengineering. Infosys BPO operates in India, the Czech Republic, China, the Philippines, Poland, Thailand, Mexico, USA and Brazil and as on March 31, 2010 employed approximately18, 610 people. It closed FY 2009-10 with revenues of $352.1 million. About Infosys Technologies Ltd. Infosys (NASDAQ: INFY) defines, designs and delivers IT-enabled business solutions that help Global 2000 companies win in a Flat World. These solutions focus on providing strategic differentiation and operational superiority to clients. As on March 31, 2010 Infosys employed about 113,800 employees in over 50 offices worldwide. Infosys is part of the NASDAQ-100 Index and The Global Dow. For more information, visit www.infosys.com.

36  Mc2  

buildings  

Page 27: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Integrated and goal oriented design approach

HVAC(Goal( Ligh3ng(Goal( Water(Goal(

!  Max envelope heat gain 1.0 W/sqft

!  Total building @ 750-1000 sqft/TR

!  25 deg C, 55% RH

!  LPD of 0.45 W/sqft

!  90% of building to be day lit > 110 lux

!  No Glare throughout the year

!  Architects

!  Facade Specialists

!  IT Specialists

!  HVAC Engineers

!  Lighting Specialists

!  Architects

!  Facade Specialists

!  Lighting Specialists

!  Electrical Designers

!  PHE Engineers

!  Architects

!  Landscape Architects

!  Less than 25 LPD for

office building

!  Zero discharge

!  100% self sufficient

TEAM

GOAL(

13

Punit  Desai,  �Environmental  Sustainability  at  Infosys  Driven  by  values,  Powered  by  innovaNon,  InfoSys,  presentaNon  to  RMI,  Sept  15,  2014  

Page 28: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

6 | Building Analytics

Building Analytics in actionAt one client facility running Building Analytics, the preheating coil and cooling coil were operating simultaneously and wasting more than $900 and 80,000 kBTUs on a daily basis. The problem was pinpointed at a leaking chilled water valve that once repaired produced $60,000 in annual savings with ROI in the first month.

Mixed air temperature sensor

Outdoor air temp

“ Occupancy” is at set point

Return fan status

Preheating discharge temperature

Heating valve position

Cooling valve position

Supply air temperature set point

Supply fan status

Simultaneous heating and cooling

Building name:

Equipment name:

Analysis name:

Estimated daily cost savings:

Problem: Excess or simultaneous heating and cooling

either providing excess heating or cooling or operating simultaneously.

Possible causes:

and is leaking.

> Temperature sensor error or sensor installation error is causing improper control of the valves.

SMALL  SENSORS  BIG  DATA  

VISUAL  ANALYTICS  

Page 29: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Benchmarking of Infosys buildings Design%target% Units% Exis:ng%(US)% BeXer% Best%prac:ce% Infosys%Delivered(energy(intensity( kBtu/sfYy( 90( 40Y60( <30( <25(

LPD:(Design( W/sf( 1.5( 0.8( 0.4Y0.6( 0.4Y0.6(

LPD:(Opera3onal( W/sf( 1.5( 0.6( 0.1Y0.3( <0.15(

Installed(computers/appliances..( W/sf( 4Y6( 1Y2( <0.5( <0.7(

Glazing(RYvalue((center(of(glass)( sfYF0Yh/Btu( 1Y2( 6Y10( ≥20( >5(

Window(RYvalue((including(frame)( sfYF0Yh/Btu( 1( 3( 7Y8( >5(

Glazing(spectral(selec3vity( Ke(=(Tvis/SF( 1( 1.2( >2.0( >2.0(

Roof(solar(absorptance(and(emilance( α,(ε# 0.8,(0.2( 0.4,(0.4( 0.08,(0.97( 0.18,(0.99(

Installed(mechanical(cooling( sf/ton( 250Y350( 500Y600( 1200Y1400+( 750(Y(1000(

Cooling(designYhour(efficiency( kW/ton( 1.9( 1.2Y1.5( <0.6( <0.59(

US India

11

Punit  Desai,  �Environmental  Sustainability  at  Infosys  Driven  by  values,  Powered  by  innovaNon,  InfoSys,  presentaNon  to  RMI,  09-­‐15-­‐2014  

Page 30: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

•  20%  reduc6on  in  build  costs  (buy  4,  get  one  free!)  

•  33%  reduc6on  is  costs  over  the  life6me  of  the  building  

•  47%  to  65%  reduc6on  in  conflicts  and  re-­‐work  during  construc6on  

•  44%  to  59%  increase  in  the  overall  project  quality  

•  35%  to  43%  reduc6on  in  risk,  beLer  predictability  of  outcomes  

•  34%  to  40%  beLer  performing  completed  infrastructure  

•  32%  to  38%  improvement  in  review  and  approval  cycles  

BIM  Lifecycle    Con6nuous  Commissioning  

Page 31: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Issa, Suermann and Olbina

2D 3D 4D 5D

Risk

Figure 3: Decrease in project risk with the increase in model details

VICO Control is a location based virtual construction system that allows the creation of compressed schedules which al-low the user to determine progress by comparing actual productivity to the project schedule. Many BIM models are not able to store information beyond what the building looks like and as such do not allow the user to store info on the construction process. VICO Control allows integrated construction of the whole project and allows the user to link duration and cost in-formation directly to the model. Accordingly the user can instantly see the impact of changes in scope and schedule on the entire project. It links the building model to estimating and scheduling information going from 3D to 5D and allows the user to add additional parameters to each and every element in the BIM. Thus, the user can attach a recipe describing the means and methods of construction to a particular piece of geometry. Such a system allows the user, for example, to determine the concrete, steel, formwork and labor associated with the column shown in Figure 4, in order to produce an estimate and sche-dule for that component. A building then becomes an accumulation of all its components (Figure 5) and its construction schedule becomes a combination of the schedule for each of its components (Figure 6). Simulation of such a building with different components will allow for design and value engineering improvements for the project.

Another form of simulation involves generating virtual mockups (Figure 7) of a building, e.g. determining the size and shape of metal panels that cover an intricate structural steel substructure or generating shop drawings for interior finishes. In closing, a project may be represented in several parallel models created by the designer, contractor and the subcontractor re-spectively. The architect is interested in design coordination, the contractor is interested in cost and schedule simulation, the subcontractor is interested in fabrication of building components, the owner is interested in the as-built model. If the contrac-tor works with the designer at beginning the may be able to use the designer’s model instead of creating their own. Some-times the contractor is interested in building their own BIM in order to (1) learn project, (2) to generate cost and schedule and (3) to perform a quality assurance on the project This decision is based on project type and team preferences.

2668

Decrease  in  project  risk    with  increase  in  BIM  details  

6D

Cradle-­‐to-­‐Cradle  Facility  Lifespan  Integra6on    

7D

Neil  Calvert,  “Why  We  Care  About  BIM…,”  DirecNons  Magazine,  Dec.  11,  2013,  h,p://www.direcNonsmag.com/arNcles/why-­‐we-­‐care-­‐about-­‐bim/368436    

A/E  Firms  Contractors  Owners  

Page 32: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Hashem Akbari Arthur Rosenfeld and Surabi Menon, Global Cooling: Increasing World-wide Urban Albedos to Offset CO2, 5th Annual California Climate Change Conference, Sacramento, CA, September 9, 2008, http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/events/2008_conference/presentations/index.html

World of Solar Reflecting Cities$2+ Trillion Global Savings Potential, 59 Gt CO2 Reduction

100 m2

Page 33: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

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In  addiNon  to  the  AA  Arena’s  roof  solar  reflecNve  index  high  enough  that  it  reflects  heat  and  reduces  the  energy  needed  to  cool  the  building,  the  underground  parking  reduces  heat-­‐trapping  asphalt.      So  players  like  Miami  Heat’s  Dwyane  Wade  can  also  keep  their  car  interiors  cool,  as  in  his  baby  blue  Cadillac  Escalade  (15/25  mpg).  

Reducing  Urban  Heat  Island  –  Underground  Parking  

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schlaich bergermann und partnerschlaich bergermann und partner

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Arena  Amazônia  Leed  Silver  World  Soccer  Stadium  2014    

Manaus,  Brazil  

•  Brazil  ranks  among  the  world’s  top  5  countries  with  LEED-­‐cer6fied  projects.    •  30  million  c2  of  LEED-­‐cer6fied  space.      •  Six  were  cer6fied  for  use  in  the  2014  World  Cup  Soccer  Championships.      •  Arena  Amazônia  used  a  frac6on  of  the  steel  (5,700  tons)  compared  to  

conven6onal  sports  and  entertainment  venues.  

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Arena  Amazônia  

State-­‐of-­‐the-­‐art  lightweight  roof  based  on  the  principle  of  a  horizontally  oriented  spoked  wheel.  The  circular  roof  structure  is  comprised  of  high-­‐strength  cables  connec6ng  inner  “tension  rings”  at  the  center  of  the  circle  to  an  outer  rim,  or  “compression  ring.”  The  cable  “spokes,”  which  are  allocated  at  the  inner  edge  of  the  roof,  are  6ghtened  between  the  outer  compression  ring  and  the  tension  rings.  This  creates  a  lightweight,  almost  floa6ng  roof.    A  secondary  steel  structure  serves  as  a  frame  to  support  the  polytetrafluoroethylene  (PTFE)-­‐coated  high-­‐strength  resilient  fiberglass  membrane  cladding.  The  roof  elements  also  serve  as  guLers  to  collect  the  large  amounts  of  water  expected  during  the  rainy  seasons.  The  design  of  the  guLers  facilitates  rainwater  collec6on  to  be  used  in  the  arena’s  plumbing  systems.  

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•  Since  2008  Portland  Trail  Blazers  diverted  90%  waste  from  landfills;  1/3rd  cut  in  energy,  water  &  gas  consump6on;  100%  use  of  compostable  and  local/organic  food-­‐related  materials.    

•  2.5  million  kWhs  saved  per  year,  and  purchasing  100%  renewable  power.  •  $3  million  accrued  savings  over  first  5  years,  for  $643,000  extra  costs  –  a  superb  467%  ROI.  •  Trail  Blazers  expect  eventual  LEED  pla6num  cer6fica6on.  

Portland  Trail  Blazers  First  NBA  LEED  (Gold/Pla6num)  EXISTING  Arena  2008  

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CONSOL  Energy  Center  received  42  points  for  LEED  Gold  cer6fica6on  (minimum  of  39  required).      

9  points  sustainable  sites  9  points  indoor  environmental  quality    8  points  energy  and  atmosphere    7  points  materials  and  resources  5  points  innova6on  in  design    4  points  water  efficiency    

Consol  Energy  Center  First  NHL  Gold  LEED  Cer6fied  NEW  Arena  2010  

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Orlando  Magic  Amway  Center  –    First  NBA  Gold  LEED  New  2012    

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•  Cut  C02  emissions  by  68%,  reducing  750,000  metric  tons  a  year.  

•  Full  enthalpy  recovery  wheel  on  the  exhaust  and  return  air  streams,  with  100%  outside  air  economizers.  

•  Reten6on  ponds  recover  all  storm  water  onsite.  •  Built  on  former  golf  course  reclaimed  land.  

N  Texas  Univ.  Apogee  –  First  Pla6num  LEED  Stadium  in  USA  2011  

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Ligh6ng  –  Solid  State  (SSL)  

TUNNELING  THROUGH  TO  LOW-­‐E  

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

What is Light?

Radio that you can “see”… 17

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

[or,  Informa6on  that  You  Can  Process  –  from  eyes  to  solar  PV  panels]  

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Multi-Year Program Plan

Page 1

1 INTRODUCTION According to a recent United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) report, lighting consumed about 18 percent of the total site electricity use in 2010 in the U.S [1]. A second DOE report also finds that by 2025, solid-state lighting (SSL) technology offers the potential to save 217 terawatt-hours (TWh), or about one-third of current site electricity consumption used for lighting in the U.S. This projected savings in site energy consumption would correspond to about 2.5 quadrillion British thermal units (Btus), or “quads”, of primary energy generation, which is approximately equal to the projected electricity generation of wind power and twelve times that of solar power in 2025 (as shown in Figure 1.1). At a price of $0.10/kilowatt-hour, this would correspond to an annual dollar savings of $21.7 billion [2].

FIGURE 1.1 2025 PROJECTED ELECTRICITY SAVINGS FROM SSL [3]

This demonstrates that SSL provides a significant opportunity to reduce energy consumption, thereby improving domestic energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. Department of Energy has responded to this opportunity with the formation of the Solid-State Lighting Program.

The energy savings projections assume significant progress in efficient SSL sources, as well as widespread market adoption. Specifically, by 2025, this analysis assumes SSL sources will reach a

By 2025, the goal of the DOE SSL Program is to develop advanced solid-state lighting technologies that — compared to conventional lighting technologies — are much more energy efficient, longer lasting, and cost competitive by targeting a product system efficiency of 50 percent with lighting that accurately reproduces sunlight spectrum.

100%

2025 Projected Wind Power Electricity Generation

12X

2025 Projected Solar Power Electricity Generation

20 Million

U.S. Household Electricity Use

217 TWh

The 2025 Projected Electricity Savings from Solid-State Lighting

DOE,  Solid-­‐State  LighNng  Research  and  Development,  MulN-­‐Year  Program  Plan  ,  MAY  2014  

Within  10  

years  

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Amory Lovins & Imran Sheikh, The Nuclear Illusion, May 2008, www.rmi.org

nuclear coal CC gas wind farm CC ind cogen

bldg scale cogen

recycled ind cogen

end-use efficiency

CCS

Cost of new delivered electricity (US¢/kWh)

US current average

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1¢/kWh

2¢ 47

93 kg

Amory Lovins & Imran Sheikh, The Nuclear Illusion, May 2008, www.rmi.org

Coal-fired CO2emissions displaced per dollar spent on electrical services

Carbon  displacement  at  various  efficiency  costs/kWh  

Keystone  high  nuclear  cost  scenario  

3¢    

4¢    

kg  CO2,  displaced  pe

r  2007  do

llar  

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Philips  L  Prize  Winning  Lamp  

10W  LED  replacing  60W  Incandescent  &  Lasts  400,000  hours  (45  years  con6nuously  on)!  

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Energy  Savings  Forecast  of  Solid-­‐State  LighNng  in  General  IlluminaNon  ApplicaNons,  U.S.  Department  of  Energy  August  2014  

Page 10

The following sections describe the major results of the forecast model for each of the lighting submarkets.

Residential, commercial, and industrial lighting employ many of the same lighting technologies in their indoor lighting applications. There are many similarities between the commercial and industrial sectors in terms of lighting technology and use trends, as lighting applications in these sectors are characterized by long operating hours (often greater than 10 hours per day) and higher lumen output requirements compared to the residential sector. Commercial and industrial lighting consumers are typically facility managers who are highly concerned with the lifetime costs of a lighting product. Therefore, technologies with high efficacy and long lifetime are more popular in these sectors, despite higher initial costs. Because of this distinct preference, both the commercial and industrial sectors are currently dominated by highly efficient and long lifetime linear fluorescent and HID technologies, which are primarily used in the linear fixture and low/high bay submarkets. Combined, the linear fixture and low/high bay submarkets represent 85% and 88% of the 2013 general illumination energy consumption in the commercial and industrial sectors, respectively.

LEDs are projected to only offer incremental improvement over linear fluorescent and HID technologies in the near-term; however, with expected performance and price improvements, LEDs hold great promise in the long-run for cutting energy consumption in the commercial and

U.S.  Ligh6ng  Service  Forecast  2013  to  2030  (Trillions  of  Lumen-­‐hours)  

Fluorescent  

High-­‐Intensity    Discharge  (HID)  

LED  Luminaires  

LED  lamps  

CFLs  

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=

Smart!LED

1!80 watt!

LED

Smart LED Advantages!Higher Lumens & lower Watts from Fewer lamps

Smart LED other benefits - longer lifespan, no mercury, fully dimmable, instant start/restart, less heat, tunable colour spectrum

100k hrs 20k hrs 2k hrs10k to 20k hrs

Luminaire  

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12 Nov 2014 | DOE Workshop | L. Brock 3

Lighting Focus is Changing

To: From:

Light is life! Light is productivity!

Light is energy!

Light is dynamic!

Light is smart!

Light is emotion! Light is yours! Light is safety!

Light is health!

Light is design!

Light is vision!

Light is creation!

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The  switch  from  metal  halide  fixtures  to  LED  lights  reduced  energy  consump6on  by  60  –  70%  and  at  the  same  6me  reduces  glare  and  shadows.    

Solid  State  LED  Ligh6ng  SeaLle  Mariner’s  Safeco  Field  

1st  MLB  Stadium  North  America    

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312  luminaires  used  in  the  Phoenix  stadium  total  310  kW  compared  to  1240  kW  used  by  the  previously-­‐installed  780  metal  halide  (MH)  fixtures  —  a  75%  reduc6on.    The  cooler-­‐running  LED  lights  also  reduce  HVAC  expenses  in  the  venue.    LEDs  also  offer  the  ability  of  instant  on  and  off  whereas  MH  ligh6ng  has  a  rela6vely  long  restrike  period.    

Solid  State  LED  Ligh6ng  Super  Bowl  XLIX  (2015)  

University  of  Phoenix  Stadium    

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STAPLES  Center  is  the  first  NBA  arena  to  feature  LED  ligh6ng  and  is  the  first  NHL  arena  in  the  United  States  to  feature  LED  ligh6ng  (Montreal's  Bell  Centre  is  the  first  North  American  arena  to  convert  to  LED  sports  ligh6ng).      STAPLES  Center  is  looking  towards  an  energy  cost  savings  of  approximately  $280,000  annually.  

Solid  State  LED  Ligh6ng  Los  Angeles  Staples  Center  

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SEM  oF  ROD  (greenish)  and  CONE  (blue)  cells  of  the  reNna.  ROD  cells  are  sensiNve  to  low  light  levels  and  produce  low-­‐clarity  black  and  white  vision.  CONE  cells  are  sensiNve  to  higher  levels  of  light  and  produce  sharp,  high-­‐clarity  trichromaNc  color  

Cone  

Rod  

LET  THERE  BE  LIGHT-­‐-­‐  Re6nal  Rods  and  Cones  

Cone   Rod  

top-­‐down  view  

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FOVEA  is  ROD-­‐free  and  has  a  very  high  density  of  CONES.      

The  density  of  CONES  falls  off  rapidly  to  a  constant  level  at  about  10-­‐15  degrees  from  the  fovea.    

At  about  15°-­‐20°  from  the  fovea,  the  density  of  the  RODS  reaches  a  maximum.  

The  FOVEA  is  the  only  area  of  the  reNna  where  20/20  vision  is  a,ainable,  and  key  for  seeing  fine  detail  and  color.  It  comprises  less  than  1%  of  reNnal  size  but  takes  up  over  50%  of  the  visual  cortex  in  the  brain.  

Rods   Rods  

Cones   Cones  

Num

ber  R

ods  &

 Con

es    per  m

m2  

Fovea  

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3  types  of  light-­‐sensiNve  CONE  cells  create  TRI-­‐CHROMATIC  (or  TRI-­‐STIMULUS)  color  –  blue,  green  &  red  –  or  short-­‐wavelength,  medium-­‐wavelength  and  long  wavelength  sensiNvity,  respecNvely.    ROD  cells  mediate  no  color  vision.  

Mesopic Vision

RODs   CONEs  

RODs  &  CONEs  

Re6nal  Sensi6vity  

Re6n

al  Sen

si6v

ity  

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Our  visual  system  consists  of  a  2-­‐receptor  system:    CONE  cells  providing  vision  in  bright  light    (PHOTOPIC  vision)    ROD  cells  providing  vision  in  very  low  levels  of  light    (SCOTOPIC  vision)    RODS  &  CONES  funcNon  together  at  Nmes  like  dusk  (MESOPIC  vision).      3  types  of  CONE  cells,  red,  green  &  blue  (TRI-­‐STIMULUS),  provide  wide  range    color  percepNon  in  bright  light.  

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MESOPIC  region  is  where  both  the  rods  and  cones  are    funcNoning.      The  lower  light  level  allows  the  ROD  to  replenish  the  light  sensiNve  rhodopsin  and  begin  funcNoning.    The  TRI-­‐STIMULUS  CONE  receptors  sNll  have  enough  light  to  provide  some  amounts  of  color  vision.  

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SCOTOPIC  region    occurs  in  very  dim  light  like  viewing  grass  in  a  moonless  night.      Here  only  the  RODS  are  funcNoning.      The  chemicals  in  the  CONES  no  longer  have  enough  light  to  respond,  thus  we  no  longer  see  color.  

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LIGHT SOURCE SPECTRAL EFFECTS

ACTUAL SCOTOPIC SENSITIVITY IS OVER 120 TIMES GREATER THAN PHOTOPIC. THRESHOLD SCOTOPIC VISION IS (9) PHOTONS AT THE RETINA, EQUIVALENT TO A CANDLE AT (30) MILES ON A CLEAR NIGHT

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Intrinsically  photosensi6ve  Re6nal  Ganglion  Cells  (ipRGCs)    also  called    

photosensi6ve  Re6nal  Ganglion  Cells  (pRGC),  or    melanopsin-­‐containing  re6nal  ganglion  cells    

ipRGCs  respond  to  light  in  the  absence  of  all  rod  and  cone  photoreceptor  input    

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LIGHT SOURCE SPECTRAL EFFECTS

ipRGCs COMPRISE APPROXIMATELY 2% OF THE RETINA, ARE OUTSIDE THE FOVEA, AND MOST RESPONSIVE AT ABOUT 490nm

ORIGINALLY DISCOVERED IN 1923 AND…. IGNORED

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PHOTOPIC,  MESOPIC  &  SCOTOPIC  together  allow  us  to  see  over  a  wide  range  of  lighNng  levels  with  about  1  or  2  billion  Nmes  (109,  nine  orders  of  magnitude)  range  from  the  dimmest  to  the  brightest  image  we  can  see.  

Luminous  Intensity  (Candela  per  sq  meter)  1  Candela  =    

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Stockman  A.  &  Sharpe  L.T.  (2006).  Into  the  twilight  zone:  the  complexiNes  of  mesopic  vision  and  luminous  efficiency.  Ophthalmic  &  Physiological  OpNcs,  26,  225-­‐39  

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 Reliance  on  the  lumen  (lm)  as  the  sole  measure  of  ligh6ng  benefits  (lm/m2  and  lm/W)  can  unnecessarily  waste  energy,  increase  costs,  and  reduce  safety,  security  and  visibility.      U6liza6on  of  analogous  benefit  metrics  in  ligh6ng  standards  that  characterize  human  visual  responses  would  increase  the  value  of  ligh6ng  for  many  applica6ons.  

BETTER  LIGHTING  METRICS  

Opportuni6es  with  LEDs  for  Increasing  the  Visual  Benefits  of  Ligh6ng  Mark  S.  Rea,  Ligh6ng  Research  Center,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Ins6tute,  Troy  NY  

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common light source specified to deliver this prescribed illuminance level, it can be used as a convenient reference source for assessing equal brightness illuminance levels from different candidate light sources. For this example, the column of values in Table 1 labeled VB2(O) show that, compared to HPS, the MH source would require 5% less power, the 2700 K LED would require 28% more power, and the 6500 K LED would require 35% less power to deliver equal perceived brightness. As can be seen, even though the photopic luminous efficacy of the LED 6500 K lighting system is rated 20% lower than the HPS lighting system, for the prescribed benefit in this example, at the recommended light level, 35% energy savings can be achieved for an equal level of perceived brightness.

Table 1. Photopic luminous efficacies (lm/W) of four common light sources used in outdoor lighting applications together with the relative electric power levels, compared to HPS, needed to deliver equal visual benefits according to the design concepts of unified illuminance and of brightness illuminance. The values highlighted in pink (darker shade) indicate more electric power would be required to deliver the same visual benefit as HPS while less would be required for those highlighted in green (lighter shade).

� lm/W� V(O)� V’(O)� Vmh(O)� Vml(O)� VB2(O) VB3(O)

HPS� 96� 1.00� 1.00� 1.00� 1.00� 1.00� 1.00�

MH� 72� 1.33� 0.55� 0.98� 0.69� 0.95� 0.85�

LED�2700�K� 65� 1.47� 0.81� 1.22� 0.95� 1.28� 1.22�

LED�6500�K� 80� 1.20� 0.38� 0.78� 0.50� 0.65� 0.55�

Summary Solid state lighting provides many degrees of freedom to users and to regulators that could be used to increase the value of lighting. Better control of the spectral power distribution (spectrum and amount) as well as spatial and temporal controls potentially can be used to maximize benefits and reduce costs.

This potential cannot be realized fully, however, if the only measurable benefit provided by the lighting system is the lumens it generates. By expanding our portfolio of benefit metrics to include those that actually characterize our visual and non-visual responses to light, solid state lighting can provide greater value to users and to society than has ever before been delivered by lighting.

References [1] M. S. Rea, “Value Metrics for Better Lighting,”

Washington, DC: SPIE (2013).

[2] Commission International de l'Éclairage, “Commission International de l'Éclairage Proceedings,” Cambridge: University Press (1924).

[3] Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, “Light as a True Visual Quantity: Principles of Measurement,” Paris: Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (1978).

[4] G. Wyszecki, W. S. Stiles, “Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae,” New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons (1982).

[5] Illuminating Engineering Society, “The Lighting Handbook, 10th edn.” Illuminating Engineering Society, New York (2011).

[6] C. H. Graham (ed.), “Vision and Visual Perception,” New York: John Wiley & Sons (1965).

[7] P. K. Kaiser, R. M. Boynton, “Human Color Vision,” Washington, DC: Optical Society of America (1996).

[8] H. Kolb, E. Fernandez, R. C. Nelson (eds.), “Webvision: The organization of the retina and visual system,” University of Utah Health Sciences Center (2004). http://webvision.med.utah.edu/.

[9] M. S. Rea, J. D. Bullough, Y. Akashi, “Several views of metal halide and high pressure sodium lighting for outdoor applications,” Lighting Research and Technology 41:297-320 (2009).

[10] Illuminating Engineering Society, “RP-20-98. Lighting for Parking Facilities,” New York: Illuminating Engineering Society (1998).

Opportuni6es  with  LEDs  for  Increasing  the  Visual  Benefits  of  Ligh6ng  Mark  S.  Rea,  Ligh6ng  Research  Center,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Ins6tute,  Troy  NY  

Photopic  luminous  efficacies  (lm/W)  of  four  common  light  sources  used  in  outdoor  lighNng  applicaNons  together  with  the  relaNve  electric  power  levels,  compared  to  HPS,  needed  to  deliver  equal  visual  benefits  according  to  the  design  concepts  of  unified  illuminance  and  of  brightness  illuminance.  The  values  highlighted  in  pink  (darker  shade)  indicate  more  electric  power  would  be  required  to  deliver  the  same  visual  benefit  as  HPS  while  less  would  be  required  for  those  highlighted  in  green  (lighter  shade).  

Photopic  luminous  efficacy  (lm/W)  Adding  Unified  Illuminance  and  Brightness  Illuminance  

Lumens  represent  the  spectral  sensiNvity  of  just  2  of  5  known  photoreceptors  in  human  reNna,  and  only  1  of  many  neural  channels  supporNng  visual  percepNon  and  other  responses  to  light  on  the  reNna.    LEDs  are  uniquely  and  readily  able  to  maximize  the  visual  benefits  of  lighNng.  Solid  state  lighNng  systems  provide  degrees  of  freedom  more  difficult  to  achieve  with  discharge  or  thermal  based  lighNng  systems.  

Unified  Illuminance     Brightness  Iilluminance    Photopic  Lum  Eff     Scotopic  Lum  Eff    

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NOTES  ON  LUMINOUS  EFFICACY  

V(λ)  –  photopic  luminous  efficacy  func2on  -­‐  only  represents  the  (achromaNc)  spectral  weighNng  funcNon  of  the  human  fovea  for  such  tasks  as  reading  or  threading  a  needle.      V(λ)  is  an  inappropriate  characterizaNon  of  the  light  sNmulus  for  off-­‐axis  (peripheral  reNna)  detecNon  of  hazards.  V(λ)  is  based  upon  the  spectral  sensiNvity  of  the  two  types  of  photoreceptors  in  fovea,  but  the  fovea  is  rela6vely  unimportant  for  detec6ng  poten6al  hazards  seen  by  the  peripheral  re6na,  as  is  important  for  driving  a  car.    V(λ)  cannot  be  used  to  accurately  characterize  the  visual  sNmulus  that  evokes  subjecNve  impressions  of  scene  brightness.  PercepNons  of  brightness  are  dominated  by  short-­‐  wavelength  radiaNon,  but  the  fovea  does  not  contain  any  of  the  reNna’s  short-­‐wavelength-­‐sensiNve  photoreceptors.    A  person’s  sense  of  personal  security  in  a  parking  lot  at  night  is  directly  related  to  subjec6ve  impressions  of  scene  brightness.  

Next Generation StreetlightsThe Case for LEDs

12 |

Figure 2 - San Jose comparison of LPS and dimmable LED streetlights at 100% and 75% power

100% 75%

Next Generation StreetlightsThe Case for LEDs

12 |

Figure 2 - San Jose comparison of LPS and dimmable LED streetlights at 100% and 75% power

100% 75%

LED  

HPS  

By  using  the  lumen  as  the  benefit  metric  for  parking  lots,  we  unnecessarily  waste  a  great  deal  of  electric  energy  at  night.  

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5

LEEP Award Winner: Marine Corps Base Quantico

• Location: Virginia

• Square Feet: 3.8 million

• 101 total parking lots

• Total kWh saved: 459, 346 / year

• Key Features: Conversion from HID (MH, HPS, and even some MV) to low wattage LED

• Award: Highest % energy savings in a retrofit parking lot

Existing New Portion Savings Energy Use 6,570 kWh 968 kWh 85% Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.14 0.02 ---

Jeff  McCullough,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Taking  the  LEEP:  Experience  with  LEDs  in  Parking  Lots  and  Structures,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

Ligh6ng  Energy  Efficiency  in  Parking  (LEEP)  Campaign    

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Jeff  McCullough,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Taking  the  LEEP:  Experience  with  LEDs  in  Parking  Lots  and  Structures,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

Ligh6ng  Energy  Efficiency  in  Parking  (LEEP)  Campaign    

6

LEEP Award Winner: Walmart • Location: Across the country

• Square Feet: 40+ million square feet

• 117 total parking lots (submitted for awards)

• Total kWh saved: 15+ million / year

• Key Features: Conversion from HID (MH & HPS) and

new construction to lower wattage LED

• Awards:

1. Highest % energy savings in a retrofit parking lot

2. Highest % energy savings in a new construction parking lot

3. Highest absolute energy savings in a new construction parking lot

4. Greatest overall energy savings portfolio wide

Existing New Average Energy per Site Energy Use 212,490 kWh 81,791 kWh 130,699 kWh Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.10 0.04 ---

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3

History of Lighting

Century  old  Lamp  &  Luminaire  Legacy  

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Page 2

4 Assuming constant lumen demand per square foot of floor space in each sector, the lighting market model forecasts U.S. lumen demand from 2013 to 2030. The Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2014 provides annual average growth forecasts of floor space in the residential and commercial sectors, which are used to project increases in lumen demand moving forward (U.S. EIA, 2014). Projections suggest that residential floor space will increase by an average of 1.31% per annum over the 20-year analysis period, and the commercial sector floor space will increase by an average of 1.00% per annum. AEO 2014 does not provide a growth forecasts for the industrial or outdoor sectors. Because the outdoor sector includes buildings-related outdoor lighting, it was assumed that its growth rate would match that of the commercial sector. For the industrial sector, the AEO 2014 annual projections for manufacturing employment growth were used as a proxy for annual average floor space growth estimates of floor space.

5 Each year, new lamps enter the market as old lamps are replaced or fixtures are installed or retrofitted. This creates an annual lumen market turnover, which may be satisfied by a suite of lighting technologies. The lighting market model considers three possible events that create lumen market turnover: 1) new installations due to new construction; 2) units replaced upon failure of existing lamps; and 3) units replaced due to lighting upgrades and renovations. The quantity of lumen turnover due to new installations is

4 Additional detail on how the annual lumen demands were calculated can be found in Appendix C. 5 Additional detail on how the lumen market turnovers were calculated can be found in Appendix C.

Residential Commercial Industrial Outdoor

General Service

Incandescent

Sectors

Decorative Directional Linear Low / High Bay

Street / Roadway Parking Building

Exterior

Submarkets

TechnologiesIncandescent

Reflector Halogen

CFL Reflector CFL Pin T5

Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium Mercury Vapor LED Lamp LED Luminaire

Halogen Reflector CFL

T8 T12

Energy  Savings  Forecast  of  Solid-­‐State  LighNng  in  General  IlluminaNon  ApplicaNons,  U.S.  Department  of  Energy  August  2014  

Ligh6ng  Landscape    

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Page 37

Page 37

Page 37

Energy  Savings  Forecast  of  Solid-­‐State  LighNng  in  General  IlluminaNon  ApplicaNons,  U.S.  Department  of  Energy  August  2014  

BR=Bulged  Reflector        MR=MulNfaceted  Reflector      PAR=Parabolic  Aluminized  Reflector  

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18

Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure

Existing lighting infrastructure limits the full potential of SSL; more effort is needed to open the doors to new lighting systems and form factors

www.ssl.energy.gov Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Laboratory  (PNNL),  SSL:  Early  Lessons  Learned  on  the  Way  to  Market,  Lighzair  2014,  June  3,  2014    

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11

Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change What can the manufacturer do now to address future proofing? • Make components replaceable • Make parts traceable • Ensure an upgrade path

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3

Reports available on www.ssl.energy.gov

under CALiPER

LED PAR38 Lamps [Cambrian  explosion  of  specia6on  -­‐  Caveat  Emptor]  

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27

Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure - UPDATE

Example of low-voltage LED commercial lighting combined with control/communication

Example of outdoor wireless controller

Example of IEEE 802.3at compliant PoE switch

Example of DC powered ceiling system

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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Multi-Year Program Plan

Page 7

FIGURE 2.2 FORECAST OF SHIPMENTS OF COMMERCIAL LAMPS AND LUMINAIRES, 2013-2020 [23] Source: Energy Efficient Lighting for Commercial Markets. Prepared by Navigant Research, 2Q 2013.

2.1.1 United States Many of the lighting market trends seen on a global scale are similar to those within the U.S. Growing installations of energy-efficient light sources in the U.S. are evident in a nine percent drop in annual lighting electricity consumption between 2001 and 2010, in spite of an 18 percent growth in number of installed lamps [1]. This growth is occurring in all sectors and applications; however, it is most notable in the residential sector due largely to the migration away from incandescent lighting.

FIGURE 2.3 U.S. LIGHTING INVENTORY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, AND LUMEN PRODUCTION, 2010 [1] Source: 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization. Prepared by Navigant Consulting, Inc., January 2012.

Figure 2.3 shows that although the majority of U.S. lamps are in the residential sector, both light production and energy use are largely influenced by the commercial and outdoor sectors, due to the high output of lighting fixtures coupled with long hours of use [1]. This demonstrates a large potential for energy savings in those sectors, should LEDs displace linear fluorescent and HID lamps.

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Outdoor

Number of Lamps Energy Use

71%

25%

2%

2%

25%

50%

8%

17%

8%

60%

11%

21%

Lumen Production

2010  U.S.  Ligh2ng  Market  Characteriza2on.  Prepared  by  Navigant  Consul2ng,  Inc.,  January  2012    

US  Ligh6ng  Market  

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6

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Sale

s (G

lm)

20302013

Linear Fixtures

Hi / Low Bay

DownlightTrackGSL

2020

Commercial / Industrial Sector – LED Sales

Sales Conversion 1 Glm equals ~200k 4’x2’ troffers

Mary  Yamada,  Navigant,  DOE’s  Market  Development  Workshop  Market  Trends,  November  13,  2014    

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7

Outdoor Sector – LED Sales

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Sal

es (G

lm)

20202013

Area

GarageBuilding

Sales Conversion 1 Glm equals ~200k area luminaires

Mary  Yamada,  Navigant,  DOE’s  Market  Development  Workshop  Market  Trends,  November  13,  2014    

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6

The Evolution of Adoption: It Takes Time

Source: Navigant Consulting

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h,ps://performance.nrel.gov/    

Comparing  Products  &  Performance  

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RESULTS  (259)  

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Augmenting natural daylighting with ultra-efficient LEDs offer capital and operating savings, as well as dramatic reductions in Mercury emissions

LED lighting could displace 100s GWs

12.8  

9.2  

0.9  

3  3.5  

100W  incandescent  

72W  Halogen    incandescent  

27W  CFL  

15W  LED  

Total  Emissions  per  bulb  (mg  mercury)  

Power  plant  emissions  

CFL  assumes  100%  mercury  loss  

OVERALL  MERCURY  (HG)  OF  100W  EQUIVALENT  LIGHT  BULBS  OVER  LIFETIME  OF  CFL  

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LIGHT TRESPASS AND URBAN SKY GLOW

LOS ANGELES POST-RETROFIT OF 140,000 LED LUMINAIRE S

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2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP

Avg Annual Salary for Pro Athlete

2~4 M

Annual Payroll for Pro Teams

60~240 M

Chance of Getting Injured %

20%

Value of Drug Free Conditioning

Priceless

Human Factors

John  Hwang,  CEO  of  Planled,  Tuning  the  Spectrum:    Light,  Health,  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness,  2014  DOE  Solid-­‐state  LighNng  Market  Development  Workshop  

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

Human Centric Lighting (Starts with Circadian Rhythm)

• Light affects circadian rhythm

• Daylight moves from yellow to blue to red

• Exposure to natural light affects serotonin (linked to our mood) and inhibits the production of melatonin (used to regulate sleep)

21

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

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Circadian (Light for Natural Body Function)

� Circadian Reinforcement / Tracking � Alertness / Circadian Mimicking

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

Why Human Performance/Productivity is Important

https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/sus-dev/value-case-sustainable-building-feb06/html/page7.html

22

Ini6al  capital  cost  premium  

Salary  Cost  18.29  

0.36  

0.01  

0.24  Energy  cost  

Water  Cost  

O&M  Cost  

1.00  

0.24  Rental  Cost  

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

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2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP

• Mostly 2-3 Year Payback Just on Energy Savings

• Potential Annual Energy Savings = $5 M per Year

• 30,000 Employees with Avg of $82,000 Annual Salary

• Improved Productivity 2% of 30,000 Employees $49.2 M per Year

• Research Applied Design Potentially Has 10x Greater Benefit than Energy Savings

Financial Perspectives

John  Hwang,  CEO  of  Planled,  Tuning  the  Spectrum:    Light,  Health,  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness,  2014  DOE  Solid-­‐state  LighNng  Market  Development  Workshop  

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Profiting from Smart LEDs !Better Lighting and Brighter Profits !Lower Costs and Avoided Pollution

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End$Use(consumption(patterns(of(a(professional(sports(arena(in(Texas((Annual(consumption(14.2(million(kWh)

Lighting is the 2nd largest energy use in sports arenas, and offers one of the fastest paybacks among energy efficiency upgrades.

percentage

Page 90: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

NHL$30$arenas$electricity$annual$

consump5on$(kWh)*

30$arenas$Ligh5ng$annual$

kWh$consump5on$

(20%)

LED$lightng$conversion$30$arenas$CC$kWh$annual$savings$

(50%)

Gross$annual$savings$(10¢/

kWh)

Demand$Charge$Savings

Tons$annual$CO2$

reduc5ons$(@$1.6$ton/1000$

kWh)

Gross$cost$per$ton$CO2$reduc5ons

Simple$Payback NPV ROI

450,000,000 90,000,000 45,000,000 $4,500,000 variable 72,000 C$62.50 ~2$yrs

$8+Million/yr Savings NHL/NBA Smart LED Conversion

More than $4.5 million per year !(including 8 NBA-shared arenas excluded below)

More than $3.4 million per year !(excluding 8 NHL-shared arenas that are included above)

NBA$21$arenas$electricity$annual$

consump5on$(kWh)*

21$arenas$Ligh5ng$annual$

kWh$consump5on$

(20%)

LED$lightng$conversion$21$arenas$CC$kWh$annual$savings$

(50%)

Gross$annual$savings$(10¢/

kWh)

Demand$Charge$Savings

Tons$annual$CO2$

reduc5ons$(@$1.6$ton/1000$

kWh)

Gross$cost$per$ton$CO2$reduc5ons

Simple$Payback NPV ROI

341,379,310 68,275,862 34,137,931 $3,413,793 variable 54,621 C$62.50 ~2$yrs

*Based on NHL collected arena utility data

*Based on NHL collected arena utility data

Page 91: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

$8+M/yr Smart LED Savings = after-tax

net earnings from 1.6 million more NHL/NBA Arena Ticket

Sales per year*

11 NHL teams 2014 ticket price ranges $200 to $350!19 NHL teams 2014 ticket price ranges $ 75 to $150

(*based on illustrative average price $100 per ticket, and 5% after-tax net earnings)

Page 92: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Nila  broadcast-­‐quality  smart  LED  luminaires  were  showcased  at  the  NBA  Development  League  tournament.    The  arena  was  lit  exclusively  with  115  tungsten-­‐balanced  Boxers,  with  a  total  power  draw  of  23,000  wa,s.    That's  in  place  of  the  usual  load  of  100,000  wa,s  used  by  the  tradiNonal  fixtures  at  the  previous  year’s  tournament  –  77%  savings.    Nila’s  luminaires  are  being  used  and  assessed  in  the  Staples  arena  to  replace  two  exisNng  lighNng  systems  (NBA  and  NHL).    MulNple  savings  plus  added  benefits:  energy,  emissions,  polluNon,  lamp  replacement,  labor,  color  quality,  lumen  quanNty,  visual  acuity,  instant  restart.  

Nila  Broadcast  LEDs  for  NBA  Tournament  

Page 93: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

 LEEP  -­‐  Ligh6ng  Energy  Efficiency  in  Parking  Campaign  LED  parking  lamps  last  5  6mes  longer  than  tradi6onal  outdoor  lights,  with  rapid  paybacks  by  cu{ng  energy  costs  up  to  70%  and  maintenance  costs  up  to  90%.    

Million  Square  Feet  Installed  or  Planned  

Page 94: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Incandescents last 1k to 10k hrs!CFLs/HIFs last 10k to 20k hrs!HIDs last 20k to 30k hrs

Smart LEDs are Long-Lasting Assets !In addition to kWh savings, LEDs accumulate O&M savings

from avoided relamping & labor maintenance costs

2 Digital Lumens

Gauging the Lifetime of an LED

8VHIXO�/LIHWLPH�5DWLQJ�&DOFXODWLRQV�IRU�/('V8QOLNH�LQFDQGHVFHQW�ODPSV��ZKLFK�HLWKHU�ZRUN�RU�GRQ·W�ZRUN��DW�WKH�HQG�RI�WKHLU�OLYHV��/('V�UDUHO\�IDLO�RXWULJKW���,QVWHDG��long past their useful lifetime (in excess of 50,000 hours) nearly 100% of LEDs will continue to emit appreciable light,

albeit at a slowly diminishing rate over time. Thus, MTBF has little meaning in the LED world. The most valuable gauge

for determining the lifetime rating of an LED light source is lumen maintenance — also known as lumen depreciation —

the percentage of initial lumens an LED maintains over a specified period of time.

The prevailing lumen maintenance standard for industrial applications is L70, which is the expected number of operating

hours before light output diminishes to 70% of its initial levels. This percentage is favored because in-depth research

�FRQGXFWHG�E\�WKH�$OOLDQFH�IRU�6ROLG�6WDWH�,OOXPLQDWLRQ�6\VWHPV�DQG�7HFKQRORJLHV��DND�$66,67��LQGLFDWHV�WKDW�PRVW�XVHUV�fail to notice the slow loss of light until well after it passes the 70% mark.

Arriving at L70�LV�D�WZR�VWHS�SURFHVV���)LUVW��/('�OLJKW�VRXUFHV�DUH�WHVWHG�WR�WKH�,(6�/0����VSHFLILFDWLRQ��ZKLFK�UHTXLUHV�6,000 hours of testing (and optionally 10,000 hours) at three junction temperatures: 55º�&����º C, and a temperature

selected by the manufacturer. (Note: Junction temperature, the internal temperature of the LED chip itself inside the

fixture is an indicator of the quality of a system’s thermal management, and is important because high temperatures

can significantly affect LED light output and lifetimes.) L70 is then extrapolated from these test results. L70 is an

extrapolated value because actual testing would take years longer than a product’s shelf life — e.g., the lamp would be

obsolete before testing is complete. (For example, a 50,000-hour test would correspond to 5.7 years of continuous testing.)

The useful lifetime ratings for LEDs range from 36,000 to 60,000 hours, based on those extrapolated calculations.

Figure 1: Typical light output change for different light sources vs. operating hours. The curves for incandescent, f luorescent, HID drop off rapidly after a point because the light source fails. (Source http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/richman_tm21_lightfair2011.pdf )

([WUDSRODWHG�9DOXHV�8QSOXJJHG8QWLO�YHU\�UHFHQWO\��WKH�IRUPXOD�XVHG�WR�H[WUDSRODWH�,(6�/0����WHVWLQJ�UHVXOWV�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�/70 lifetime rating for

an LED was not standardized, meaning that each vendor performed these calculations differently. This resulted in

lifetime ratings claims that varied widely among vendors, leading to an unnecessary level of uncertainty and doubt among

industrial consumers.

7R�DGGUHVV�WKLV�LVVXH��,(6�UHFHQWO\�LQWURGXFHG�WKH�70����VSHFLILFDWLRQ��ZKLFK�VWDQGDUGL]HV�WKH�/70 extrapolation formula

DQG�GLFWDWHV�ZKLFK�/0����WHVW�UHVXOWV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�LQ�WKH�/70 calculation. TM-21, for example, stimulates which values

can be used in the extrapolation formula based on the sample size, number of hours and intervals tested, and test suite

temperature (ambient, high ambient). It also creates an upper limit to the extrapolation — no more than six times the

number of hours tested — thereby eliminating excessive vendor claims. Most LED chip vendors only test to 6,000 or

Digital Lumens 3

Gauging the Lifetime of an LED

10,000 hours, capping the maximum rating to 36,000 to 60,000 hours. If you see claims in excess of those numbers, be doubly sure to request the underlying data and make sure it is from a reputable source.:LWK�,(6�70����EHLQJ�DGRSWHG�E\�/('�YHQGRUV�DQG�WHVW�ODEV��LQGXVWULDO�FRQVXPHUV�JDLQ�D�XVHIXO�DQG�VWDQGDUGL]HG�WRRO�for comparing the varying lifetime ratings of LEDs. Here is an example of TM-21 data:

Table 1: TM-21 data for a Cree XP-G LED run at 1000mA with a solder point temperature of 55 º, 85 º, and 105 º C respectively. As can be clearly seen in the 85 º C case, the calculated life is well over 250K hours but the reported lifetime is only six times the 10,800 hours that the LEDs have actually been tested to, as can be seen in the table and graph to the left. Note: This data is updated periodically. Please refer to http://www.cree.com/products/pdf/LM-80_Results.pdf for the most up-to-date information.

8VHIXO�/LIHWLPH��/('��YHUVXV�/LIHWLPH�5DWLQJV��,QFDQGHVFHQW�The question then becomes: Can LED useful lifetime ratings be compared, on an apples-to-apples basis, to the lifetime ratings of incandescent lamps, which are based on MTBF? The short answer is yes. If incandescent lifetime ratings were extrapolated to their corresponding L70 values, the lamps would fail (e.g., exceed MTBF) well before they reached these thresholds (see Figure 1).

LEDIData Set 10 11 12Tsp 55°C 85°C 105°CSample Size 20 20 20Test Dura on 10,080 hrs 10,080 hrs 6,048 hrsɲ -4.219E-06 1.284E-06 5.561E-06ɴ 9.847E-01 1.016E+00 1.007E+00Calculated Life me ɲ<0; see Reported Life me L70(10k) = 290,000 hours L70(6k) = 65,500 hoursReported Life me L70(10k) > 60,500 hours L70(10k) > 60,500 hours L70(6k) > 36,300 hours

XLamp XP-G White1000 mA

TM-21 Lifetime Report

This document is provided for informational purposes only and is not a warranty or a specification. For product specifications, please see the data sheets available at www.cree.com. Copyright © 2011 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Cree, the Cree logo and XLamp are registered trademarks of Cree, Inc.

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

% L

umin

ous F

lux

Time (hours)

55°C (LM-80)

85°C (LM-80)

105°C (LM-80)

55°C (TM-21)

85°C (TM-21)

105°C (TM-21)

LEDs last 50k to 250k hrs

Digital Lumens 3

Gauging the Lifetime of an LED

10,000 hours, capping the maximum rating to 36,000 to 60,000 hours. If you see claims in excess of those numbers, be doubly sure to request the underlying data and make sure it is from a reputable source.:LWK�,(6�70����EHLQJ�DGRSWHG�E\�/('�YHQGRUV�DQG�WHVW�ODEV��LQGXVWULDO�FRQVXPHUV�JDLQ�D�XVHIXO�DQG�VWDQGDUGL]HG�WRRO�for comparing the varying lifetime ratings of LEDs. Here is an example of TM-21 data:

Table 1: TM-21 data for a Cree XP-G LED run at 1000mA with a solder point temperature of 55 º, 85 º, and 105 º C respectively. As can be clearly seen in the 85 º C case, the calculated life is well over 250K hours but the reported lifetime is only six times the 10,800 hours that the LEDs have actually been tested to, as can be seen in the table and graph to the left. Note: This data is updated periodically. Please refer to http://www.cree.com/products/pdf/LM-80_Results.pdf for the most up-to-date information.

8VHIXO�/LIHWLPH��/('��YHUVXV�/LIHWLPH�5DWLQJV��,QFDQGHVFHQW�The question then becomes: Can LED useful lifetime ratings be compared, on an apples-to-apples basis, to the lifetime ratings of incandescent lamps, which are based on MTBF? The short answer is yes. If incandescent lifetime ratings were extrapolated to their corresponding L70 values, the lamps would fail (e.g., exceed MTBF) well before they reached these thresholds (see Figure 1).

LEDIData Set 10 11 12Tsp 55°C 85°C 105°CSample Size 20 20 20Test Dura on 10,080 hrs 10,080 hrs 6,048 hrsɲ -4.219E-06 1.284E-06 5.561E-06ɴ 9.847E-01 1.016E+00 1.007E+00Calculated Life me ɲ<0; see Reported Life me L70(10k) = 290,000 hours L70(6k) = 65,500 hoursReported Life me L70(10k) > 60,500 hours L70(10k) > 60,500 hours L70(6k) > 36,300 hours

XLamp XP-G White1000 mA

TM-21 Lifetime Report

This document is provided for informational purposes only and is not a warranty or a specification. For product specifications, please see the data sheets available at www.cree.com. Copyright © 2011 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Cree, the Cree logo and XLamp are registered trademarks of Cree, Inc.

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

% L

umin

ous F

lux

Time (hours)

55°C (LM-80)

85°C (LM-80)

105°C (LM-80)

55°C (TM-21)

85°C (TM-21)

105°C (TM-21)

TM21 Lifetime reportXLamp® XP-G LEDs

Unlike fluorescents, there are no ON/OFF cycling limitations for LED light sources, because frequent switching does not impact the useful life of an LED. So, when LEDs are integrated with occupancy and/or daylight harvesting sensors, and are cycled on and off more frequently, useable lifespan is being extended because they are being turned off when not needed.!

For systems with incandescent, HID and HIF light sources, engineers typically over-light space to account for rapid initial lumen depreciation. This adds to up-front costs and lifetime energy costs of incandescent, HIF & HID lighting applications.

Page 95: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Cisco IBSG © 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Page 4

Point of View

connected cities, enabling meaningful innovation for years to come.

We thus see the future of public lighting as a transition from analog to digital, from fluorescent lightbulbs to solid-state lighting—all connected to an energy grid through a variety of last-mile access technologies (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Moving from “Traditional” to “Intelligent” Lighting Networks.

Additional savings can be achieved by incorporating connected controls to the Internet. And even greater value can be derived by using the lighting network for other connected services. Ubiquitous wireless connectivity and an “Energy Internet” are recognized by city authorities as enablers of these improvements.

Cisco and Philips: Establishing Networked Lighting Infrastructure and the ‘Energy Internet’ Studies have shown that infrastructure plays a key role in making the planet more livable. Two questions arise, however: 1) What is a sustainable city infrastructure, and 2) how can companies help cities set these up?

With a mutual market focus around “livable” connected cities, Cisco and Philips are developing new concepts and innovations around network-enabled LED street lighting, including widespread education of elected officials, city managers, investors, and industry peers; development of new and powerful business ecosystems; and proofs of concept with leading cities.

Cisco and Philips are looking at how extra benefits can be derived in cities by connecting public street lighting to the Internet—the “Energy Internet” (sometimes called “Smart Grid”)—and other IP networks, which we expect can add significant incremental benefits to the “stand-alone LED” described above.

Source: Philips and Cisco, 2012

Moving from “Traditional” to “Intelligent” Lighting Networks

source: The Time Is Right for Connected Public Lighting Within Smart Cities, CISCO & Philips, October 2012

Page 96: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

© 2012 Strategies Unlimited 27

LED Lighting Market Segmentation

LED Lighting Market

Luminaires

Replacement Lamps

A19 /Standard

PARS

MR16

Candelabras /Globes/

Decorative

L F T

June13, 2012

Page 4

The lamp technologies have been categorized as displayed below in Figure 2-1. The categories are based on those used in the 2001 LMC, the categories used in the various data sources, as well as input from members of the technical review committee. Descriptions of each lamp technology can be found in Appendix A.

Figure 2-1 Lamp Classification6

6 Low pressure sodium is a discharge lamp, but not a high intensity discharge lamp. It has been classified as such for presentation purposes.

IncandescentͻGeneral Service - A-typeͻGeneral Service - DecorativeͻReflectorͻMiscellaneous

HalogenͻGeneral ServiceͻReflectorͻLow Voltage DisplayͻMiscellaneous

Compact FluorescentͻGeneral Service – ScrewͻGeneral Service – Pin ͻReflectorͻMiscellaneous

Fluorescent

ͻT5ͻT8 less than 4 footͻT8 4 footͻT8 greater than 4 footͻT8 less than 4 footͻT8 4 footͻT8 greater than 4 footͻT8 U-shapedͻT12 U-shapedͻMiscellaneous

High Intensity Discharge

ͻLED LampͻMiscellaneous

ͻMercury VaporͻMetal HalideͻHigh Pressure SodiumͻLow Pressure Sodium

Other

SMART LED DIVERSITY OF LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

A-type - Incandescent lamps PARS - parabolic aluminized reflector lamps MR16 - multifaceted reflector halogen bulbs LFT- Linear Fluorescent tubes

LED Replacement of: Luminaire  

Page 97: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/hwcfl/HWCFL-efficacy.asp

Hi-Wattage CFL (55-200 watts)

CFL (27-40 watts)

Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) (5-26 watts)

Mercury Vapor

Halogen Infrared Reflecting

Tungsten HalogenIncandescent

Fluorescent (full-size & U-tube)

Electrodeless fluorescent

Metal halideHigh-Pressure Sodium (HPS/HID)

White Sodium

Smart LEDs (tunable color spectrum)

Efficacy of Various Light Sources

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Low-Pressure Sodium (yellow-orange color)

Lumens per Watt !(lamp plus ballast)

Page 98: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

22

Dialight Maintenance(savings(

(

•  Maintenance(costs(up(to($2,000(per(lamp!(

•  Tradi:onal(lamps(o;en(don’t(reach(full(

expected(life(due(to(vibra:on,(excessive(heat(

•  Hazardous(areas(require(mul:ple(personnel,(

permiDng,(scaffolding(

•  Produc:on(down(:me(=($$$(

How$does$maintenance$savings$affect$payback?$

Expected$life$

•  Metal(halide(bulb(=(2(years(

•  LED(fixture(=(10+(years(

Scenario$

•  $1,000(/(year((

•  (100)(153W(LED(High(Bays(replace(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

•  (100)(480W(HID(High(Bays(

Annual$Savings:$

•  Maintenance(Savings($100,000(/(year(

•  ~1(year(payback(

Maintenance savings : $100,000 / year

Hazardous location example

Page 99: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Smart LEDs are Tunable !Along Color Spectrum

Page 100: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Smart LED RFPs Should Include !Key Technical Specifications

LED photometric testing standards: !• IES LM-79-08 Light output, efficacy, color for LED products!• IES LM-80-08 Light output over time, temperature for LED packages

IES TM-21-11 Extrapolating LM-80 test data to predict life!• IES LM-82-12 Light output, efficacy, color over temperature for light engines!• ANSI/UL 153:2002 (Secs. 124-128A) Methods for in-situ temperature

ANSI/UL 1574:2004 (Sec. 54) method (ISTM) testing for EnergyStar!• IP6 Addressable

Approved method describing procedures and precautions in performing reproducible measurements of LEDs:!! – total flux, – electrical power, – efficacy (lm/watt), and – chromaticity!

N A N C Y C L A N T O N , P E , F I E S , I A L D L E E D F E L L O W

C L A N T O N & A S S O C I A T E S , I N C . B O U L D E R , C O L O R A D O

W W W . C L A N T O N A S S O C I A T E S . C O M

Streetlighting Guidelines and Design Decisions

www.clantonassociates.com

Questions?

www.clantonassociates.com

Page 101: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Financing Options: Comprehensive !Lighting Retrofits with Smart LEDs1. SelfCFinancing$(when$exceeding$internal$hurdle$rates),$loan$

2. ProgramCRelated$Investment,$PRI$(taxCexempt$philanthropic$founda5ons)$

3. Commercial$Property$Assessed$Clean$Energy$(PACE)$(where$available)$

4. U5lity$OnCBill$Financing/OnCBill$Repayment$(OBF/OBR)$(where$available)$

5. Sustainable$Energy$Bonds$(SEB)$(for$publicCowned$facili5es)$

6. Energy$Service$Agreement/Managed$Energy$Service$Agreement$(ESA/MESA)$

7. Energy$Service$Performance$Contract$(ESPC)$by$an$Energy$Service$Company$(ESCO)$(thirdCparty$financing)

Page 102: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

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11

II. Energy Efficiency Finance Structures and Negotiating Key Agreements

The market has embraced energy efficiency as more than just incremental product upgrades; energy

efficiency projects are increasingly integrated, engineered systems comprised of advanced technology

products as well as the associated unique and valuable services that demand equally unique financing

solutions. Figure 2 below summarizes the five emerging energy efficiency finance models covered by this

primer. The ESA and MESA models have diverged from the more traditional ESPC model, while the PACE

and on-bill models have developed independently as a response to market demand.

Figure 2: Energy Efficiency Finance Models

Financing Model

Energy Savings Performance

Contract (ESPC)

Energy Services

Agreement (ESA)

Managed Energy

Services Agreement

(MESA)

Property Assessed Clean Energy

(PACE)

On-Bill Financing/ Repayment (OBF/OBR)

Market Penetration

High for MUSH;

low for

Commercial and

Industrial

Low Low Low Low

Target Market Segment

MUSH,

Commercial,

and Industrial

MUSH,

Commercial,

and

Industrial

MUSH,

Commercial,

and

Industrial

Residential,

Commercial

Residential,

Commercial,

and

Industrial

Balance Sheet On or Off On or Off On or Off Undetermined On or Off

Typical Project Size Unlimited

$250,000 -

$10 million

$250,000 -

$10 million

$2,000 - $2.5

million

$5,000 -

$350,000

Allows for Extensive Retrofits

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Repayment Method Energy savings

Energy

savings

Energy

savings

Property

assessments

Via utility

bill

Security/ Collateral

Depends on

financing (e.g.,

lease or debt)

Equipment Equipment Assessment Lien

Equipment;

Service

termination

Responsibility for Utility Bills

ESCO or

Customer Customer

MESA

provider Customer Customer

This section describes each of these emerging models in brief and provides an assessment of the

advantages and disadvantages associated with each.

source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati

*MUSH= Municipalities, Universities, Schools & Hospitals

*

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13

Figure 3: ESPC Basic Structure

The baseline energy profile of the facility and predictability of the technology performance are also important inputs in determining the financeability of ESPCs. Introducing innovative technologies that lack  extensive  performance  data  increases  the  overall  risk  of  the  project’s  performance.  Because  neither  the lender nor the ESCO see significant upside for deploying more innovative (and potentially more effective but less reliable) technologies, ESPC arrangements tend to remain on the technologically conservative side. Even for component providers, penetrating the ESCO market can be a long and slow process, but it is not without reward given the multibillion-dollar addressable market. ESPC contracts can also be used in projects that bundle energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements for the customer. For the customer that wishes to own energy efficiency improvements and on-site renewable energy generation, adding generation, such as a solar photovoltaic system, to the scope of the ESPC can be an efficient way to accomplish (and finance) both. In some cases, an ESPC for energy efficiency owned by the customer, coupled with a PPA for renewable energy generation owned by a third party, is the most capital-efficient way to deliver both projects, especially if the customer is a tax-exempt entity that is not able to effectively use or monetize the renewable energy generation tax benefits such as the investment tax credit (ITC) and accelerated depreciation. Sources of Financing The  customer’s  ownership  of  energy  efficiency  improvements  under  ESPCs  may  be  financed  using  a  mix  of debt, equipment leasing, tax equity, government incentives, rebates, and grants, as described in Section I above. Loans are generally secured via liens on equipment installed and are underwritten based on the creditworthiness of the customer. The availability and cost of capital will largely be tied to the credit of the customer, as opposed to the potential performance of the energy efficiency upgrades, thus making financing available to primarily the most creditworthy customers, not necessarily the most efficient projects. Furthermore, the value of any energy efficiency capital investments that accrue beyond the term of the ESPC cannot readily be captured at the time of financing. Accounting Issues Although the ESCO is providing services relating to the installation and performance of the energy efficiency upgrades, the upgrades are owned by the customer whether or not they are financed. Thus,

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14

the capital cost  of  the  upgrades  will  appear  on  the  customer’s  balance  sheet.  Investments  that  appear  on  a  company’s  balance  sheet  often  face  a  more  challenging  internal  approval  process,  even  where  an  internal champion is supportive of the project. The energy efficiency investment is not likely central to the  customer’s  business  and,  from  an  accounting  point  of  view,  it’s  better  for  the  customer  if  treated  as  an expense kept off its balance sheet. As compared to the ESA and MESA models in which the monthly payments are simply off-balance sheet expenses, similarly sized monthly payments for debt service that are on the balance sheet will likely be treated with greater scrutiny. Legal Issues As part of its Dodd-Frank rulemaking process, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has proposed that ESCOs be required to register as "municipal financial advisors" and be subject to regulatory oversight as such. The ESCO industry, however, argues that ESCOs, like engineering firms, should be exempted from this new registration requirement. This debate is ongoing and has yet to be resolved. Overall Assessment

Strengths

- Performance guarantees reduce project risks, which is valuable in large, complex retrofits

- ESCOs have a long history of contracting experience and standardized processes

- Projects are maintained through rigorous monitoring and verification

Weaknesses

- Contractor and financier incentives limit deployment of new technology

- High transaction costs - Long negotiation periods - Not a realistic framework for smaller

projects - Unclear whether ESCOs will be able to

administer programs or originate loans without being registered Municipal Finance Advisors under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

- On  customer’s  balance  sheet

B. Energy Services Agreements (ESAs) As discussed above, under an ESPC the customer owns the energy efficiency improvements on-balance sheet and either self-funds the up-front costs or uses debt or lease financing to cover the up-front costs. As an alternative, the ESA model diverged from the ESPC structure and draws its inspiration from the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) structure. In a PPA, a utility or a host customer agrees to purchase the electricity generated by a project from the project owner. The PPA structure has been widely adopted for power projects across the U.S. for conventional, renewable, utility-scale, and distributed energy generation projects, including in the residential space. Financing innovations and tax incentives such as the ITC have led to widespread adoption of residential and commercial-scale solar projects using the PPA  structure.  The  ESA  model’s   innovation   is   to   translate   the  PPA   into  an  ESA  as   a   tool   for   financing

ESPC Basic Structure

source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati

Page 104: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

ESA Basic Structure

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Figure 4: Basic ESA Structure

Investors are repaid through the stream of customer payments for energy savings, tax incentives, rebates, and environmental attributes. The creditworthiness of the customer and the ESCO will impact the ability of the project developer to secure financing for an ESA-based project and the pricing of such financing. In some cases, parent guarantees may be needed in innovative financing models until investors in this area become comfortable with their risk exposure. In an attempt to reduce transaction costs and expand investment into this segment, the market may increasingly see transactions in which a single investor funds groups of projects that meet certain criteria. Accounting Issues ESAs may be treated as operating leases or capital leases. Under current Federal Accounting Standards Board (FASB) standards, ESAs that   are   treated   as   operating   leases   remain  off   the   customer’s   balance  sheet (while capital leases are on-balance sheet). However, FASB has proposed new rules that would impact the accounting treatment of operating leases. If FASB adopts this new lease treatment, ESA projects treated as operating leases would not remain off-balance sheet and instead would be placed on the  customer  or  obligor’s  balance  sheet.  Under the proposed FASB revisions, however, an ESA can be structured to meet the service agreement criteria (which would remain off-balance sheet), avoiding treatment as an on-balance sheet operating lease. ESA providers and providers of emerging energy efficiency financing structures such as Managed ESAs are avoiding this potential accounting issue by offering service-based agreements that are not treated as leases under current or proposed FASB standards. Managed ESAs are described in further detail below. Overall Assessment ESAs build on the successful PPA model of project finance, where third-party project developers and investors provide the up-front capital for energy efficiency improvements, which is repaid over time by a

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17

customer through energy savings. This model may face barriers to implementation if revised FASB standards result in on-balance sheet treatment and ESAs cannot be structured to meet revised FASB standards for off-balance sheet treatment.

Strengths

- Currently, customers may finance energy efficiency improvements off-balance sheet

- Customers pay only for actual savings

realized

- Customers do not bear operation and

maintenance responsibilities or performance

risk during the ESA contract term

- Project developers are incentivized to

maximize energy savings or other

performance metrics

- ESA provider may be able to monetize tax benefits that customer could not

- The ESA provider may be able to obtain financing for groups of similar energy efficiency projects that meet certain criteria from a single investor, thereby lowering transaction costs

Weaknesses

- Proposed FASB rule modification could subject ESAs to new accounting rules

- Project developer has to secure debt and/or equity financing from providers that understand the ESA model; familiarity with the well-established PPA model, however, may help mitigate this weakness

C. Managed Energy Service Agreement (MESA) Description and Key Features The MESA is a slightly different version of an ESA, wherein a project developer owns the energy efficiency equipment and in addition serves as a middle person between the customer and the utility. With a MESA structure, the customer has the project developer as a single point of contact and makes a single payment for all of its utility expenses. In contrast, under an ESA structure, the customer pays the ESA provider for the realized savings and then pays each of its utilities individually for the water, gas, and/or electricity that may be consumed. As with an ESA, MESAs involve the sale of energy savings as a service and are considered to be off-balance sheet arrangements at this time. Companies with a fully integrated business model (e.g., technology provider, developer, and financier) that want to enter the energy efficiency market may find it most attractive to utilize the MESA structure for energy efficiency projects. New companies in this space have established varying arrangements for how energy savings accrue to the customer. Under one structure, the customer pays the MESA project developer its baseline energy bill for the duration of the contract, and all savings accrue to the MESA project developer. In other models, the project developer guarantees a percentage reduction in energy bills to the customer, thereby sharing in the energy savings throughout the contract period.

source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati

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19

D. Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) PACE was developed in 2007 and enables local governments to finance energy efficiency improvements using land-secured special assessment or improvement district structures. The authority to create land-secured municipal finance districts already exists in most states around the country and has been used as far back as the 17th century to finance local improvements such as sewer lines, sidewalks, seismic retrofits, fire safety improvements, parks, and sports arenas. Under such authority, local governments issue bonds to finance local improvements that have a public purpose and levy assessments against property benefitted by such improvements. The assessments are collected along with property taxes and are secured by a lien on the property.

Description and Key Features In a PACE program, existing municipal improvement district authority typically is expanded to include energy efficiency or renewable energy improvements on private property. These districts generally are established as a result of petition or vote of constituents or property owners in a local jurisdiction and then approved by the governing body of that jurisdiction. Property owners voluntarily agree to have assessments levied against their property in exchange for receiving the up-front capital for the energy efficiency improvements.

Figure 6: Basic PACE Structure

In the event of a sale or transfer, the lien securing the assessments remains on the property, becoming an obligation of the next property owner. Thus, the repayment obligation is tied to the entity benefiting from the energy savings achieved at the property. As with other tax and government assessment liens, liens used to secure PACE assessments are senior to privately held liens such as mortgages. This security feature reduces risk to bond investors and lenders, thereby enabling local governments to offer this financing at relatively low interest rates. It is important to note, however, that as with property taxes, in

Commercial PACE Basic Structure

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21

of  the  FHFA’s   rulemaking  proceeding  and   federal   litigation.  PACE   is  advancing  and  holds  promise  as  a  model for financing energy efficiency improvements in the commercial sector.

Strengths

- Assessment lien is attractive to investors; security feature enables competitive interest rates

- Repayment obligation remains with property in the event of sale or transfer by owner

- Term tied to payback period

Weaknesses

- Legal challenges to lien priority in the residential sector

- Local government approval process required to implement program

- While PACE provides a model for raising financing for capital investments, it does not provide a model for financing the servicing aspects of energy efficiency

- No consensus yet regarding accounting treatment as on-balance sheet or off-balance sheet

E. On-Bill Financing/Repayment On-Bill Financing/On-Bill Repayment (OBF/OBR) uses utility or third-party capital to pay for energy efficiency or renewable energy retrofits in a building, the cost of which is repaid by the customer on the customer’s  utility  bill.  OBF  refers   to  programs  that use utility capital, whereas OBR programs leverage third-party capital. To date, various forms of on-bill programs have been implemented in over 20 states, serving residential, commercial, and industrial customers. While OBF/OBR programs are currently in pilot stages and market penetration is still low, these programs are generally seen as successful, with low default rates and borrowing costs. Description and Key Features Although OBF/OBR programs vary significantly, key elements include (1) repayment of the costs of building  energy  efficiency  retrofits  through  the  customer’s  utility  bill;  (2)  very  low  up-front costs to the customer and very low interest rates (often zero percent); (3) threat of utility disconnection in the event of default; and (4) use of utility or third-party capital for the initial cost of energy efficiency retrofits (see “Sources  of  Financing”  below).     The central feature of OBF/OBR programs is that repayment for energy efficiency improvements is bundled   into  the  customer’s  monthly  utility  bill.  This  feature  allows  customers  to   immediately  see  the  effect of energy efficiency improvements on their overall energy expenditures, which often decrease immediately—even with the bundled repayments—due to low interest rates and minimal up-front costs for the customer. Because customers are able to quickly realize the economic benefits of energy savings, OBR/OBF  addresses  the  “first-cost”  hurdle  to  energy  efficiency retrofits and expands customer demand. The utility bill repayment mechanism also lowers administrative costs by leveraging the existing infrastructure and resources of the utility (which typically administers the program or partners with the administrator), including customer relationships and billing systems.

source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati

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18

Figure 5 below provides an illustrative MESA structure.

Figure 5: Basic MESA Structure

Sources of Financing The MESA project developer may finance a MESA project using the same strategies as the ESA developer

described above, including the establishment of an SPE for each MESA project. MESA projects will

attract lenders, however, who are generally willing and able to tolerate the risk on utility rates. Since the

MESA project developer is responsible for utility payments, it carries the risk of utility rates increasing

faster than predicted. As with the ESA structure, since energy efficiency improvements do not qualify for

the ITC or PTC, unlike solar and wind-generation projects, tax equity investors are not a primary source

of capital for energy efficiency projects. Overall Assessment

Strengths - Currently, customers may finance energy

efficiency improvements off-balance

sheet

- Customers do not bear operations and

maintenance responsibilities or

performance risk during the MESA

contract term

- Project developers are incentivized to

maximize energy savings

- Customer has a single point of contact

and a single payment for all utility

expenses

Weaknesses

- Same as the ESA structure

- MESA project developer typically

carries utility rate escalation risk

MESA Basic Structure

AUSTIN BRUSSELS GEORGETOWN, DE HONG KONG NEW YORK PALO ALTO SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC

18

Figure 5 below provides an illustrative MESA structure.

Figure 5: Basic MESA Structure

Sources of Financing The MESA project developer may finance a MESA project using the same strategies as the ESA developer

described above, including the establishment of an SPE for each MESA project. MESA projects will

attract lenders, however, who are generally willing and able to tolerate the risk on utility rates. Since the

MESA project developer is responsible for utility payments, it carries the risk of utility rates increasing

faster than predicted. As with the ESA structure, since energy efficiency improvements do not qualify for

the ITC or PTC, unlike solar and wind-generation projects, tax equity investors are not a primary source

of capital for energy efficiency projects. Overall Assessment

Strengths - Currently, customers may finance energy

efficiency improvements off-balance

sheet

- Customers do not bear operations and

maintenance responsibilities or

performance risk during the MESA

contract term

- Project developers are incentivized to

maximize energy savings

- Customer has a single point of contact

and a single payment for all utility

expenses

Weaknesses

- Same as the ESA structure

- MESA project developer typically

carries utility rate escalation risk

source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati

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24

this   financing  model’s   success   seem  to  be   the  ability   to  combine  multiple funding sources within one program and the ability to target multiple building sectors, which increases project volume. To scale up, however, OBF/OBR programs would need to overcome a number of barriers. Administrative costs remain high, particularly for programs that serve residential customers, due to the need for individual energy audits and new billing structures, and the lack of standardized agreements. Many programs still rely on government funding, which reduces sustainability. And while pilot programs have had low default rates, there are a number of matters that would need to be dealt with more thoroughly to make OBF/OBR viable on a larger scale, including financial and consumer protection regulations, allocation of risk in the event of default, priority of OBF/OBR-related payments as compared to customers’  regular  energy  bills,  transferability  of  obligations  in  the  event  of  property  sale,  and  ways  to  ensure positive cash flows.

Strengths

- Addresses  “first-cost”  hurdle  to  customer  adoption by requiring little capital up front

- Shows strong record of repayment by customers to date

- Leverages existing utility resources and customer practices to collect payments

- Bundled utility bill clearly shows impact of energy efficiency on overall energy expenditures

- Payment obligation may follow the customer or the meter

- Can be structured to address diverse customers and market segments

- Can be structured to address split energy incentives of tenants and owners

- Accounting treatment may be on-balance sheet or off-balance sheet

Weaknesses

- In some cases, requires a third party to bear  the  “first  costs”  that  are  avoided  by the customer

- Threat of utility disconnection is subject to legal uncertainty

- May require high up-front investment by utility to reform billing structures and other systems

- Assuring that energy savings will exceed loan/tariff payments is difficult

- Potential consumer lending regulations increase legal costs and uncertainty

- Obtaining landlord buy-in may be difficult if the tenant reaps all of the energy efficiency benefits

- Transaction and implementation costs can be relatively high

- Existing programs rely heavily on government funding and support

Utility OBF/OBR* Basic Structure

source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati

*OBF/OBR=OnCBill$Financing/OnCBill$Repayment

Page 108: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

HVAC  

TUNNELING  THROUGH  TO  LOW-­‐E  

Page 109: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Now use 1/2 global power 30-50% efficiency savings achievable w/ high ROI

ELECTRIC MOTOR SYSTEMS

Page 110: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

ASHRAE--Chiller Plant Efficiency

0.5 (7.0)

0.6 (5.9)

0.7 (5.0)

0.8 (4.4)

0.9 (3.9)

1.0 (3.5)

1.1 (3.2)

1.2 (2.9)

NEEDS IMPROVEMENTFAIRGOODEXCELLENT

AVERAGE ANNUAL CHILLER PLANT EFFICIENCY IN KW/TON (C.O.P.)(Input energy includes chillers, condenser pumps, tower fans and chilled water pumping)

New Technology All-Variable Speed

Chiller Plants

High-efficiency Optimized

Chiller Plants

Conventional Code Based Chiller Plants

Older Chiller Plants

Chiller Plants with Correctable Design or Operational Problems

Based on electrically driven centrifugal chiller plants in comfort conditioning applications with 42F (5.6C) nominal chilled water supply temperature and open cooling towers sized for 85F

(29.4C) maximum entering condenser water temperature and 20% excess capacity. Local Climate adjustment for North American climates is +/- 0.05 kW/ton

kW/ton C.O.P.

0.59 typical Trane Guaranty

Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore0.49  Infosys,  Bangalore,  India  

0.59  Trane,  Singapore  

Sources:  LEE  Eng  Lock,  Trane,  Singapore;  Punit  Desai,  Infosys,  Bangalore,  India;  Tom  Hartman,  TX,  h,p://www.hartmanco.com/    

Page 111: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore

Typical Chiller Plant -- Needs Improvement(1.2 kW per ton)

Page 112: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore

High Performance Chiller Plant (0.56 kW/t)

Page 113: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore

HOW? Bigger pipes, 45° angles, Smaller chillers

Page 114: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

!  Making pipes just 50% fatter reduces friction by 86%

Pipe%Dia%in%inch%

Flow%in%GPM%

Velocity%Ft%/sec%

Head%loss%S/100S%

6% 800% 8.8% 3.5%

10% 800% 3.2% 0.3%

Big Pipe, small pumps 33

Punit  Desai,  �Environmental  Sustainability  at  Infosys  Driven  by  values,  Powered  by  innovaNon,  InfoSys,  presentaNon  to  RMI,  Sept  15,  2014  

Page 115: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

1. Ask for 0.60 kW/RT or better for chiller plant.

2. Ask for performance guarantee backed by clear financial penalties in event of performance shortfall.

3. Ask for accurate Measurement & Verification system of at least +-5% accuracy in accordance to international standards of ARI-550 & ASHRAE guides 14P & 22.

4. Ask for online internet access to monitor the plant performance.

5. Ask for track record.

Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore

Simple Guide to retrofit success

0.50  

Page 116: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Improvement Over Time

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Nor

mal

ized

EUI (

1975

Use

= 1

00)

Year

Improvement in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (Year 1975-2013)

90-1975 90A -1980

90.1-1989 90.1-1999

90.1-2007

90.1-2010

90.1-2004

14%

4.5% 0.5% 12.3%

4.5%

18.5%

90.1-2001

90.1-2013

18.5%

6~8%

Improvement  in  ASHRAE  Standard  90.1  (1975-­‐2013)  

PNNL,  Building  Codes  Commercial  Landscape,  PNNL-­‐SA-­‐103479,  June  2014  

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Interrelationships

IECC  adopts  90.1  by  reference  –  designer  choice  which  to  use  but  cannot  ‘pick  and  choose’,  must  use  one  or  the  other  only  IgCC  adopts  the  IECC  by  reference  but  adds  criteria  to  address  addi6onal  items  not  covered  in  the  IECC  or  increases  stringency  of  the  IECC  IgCC  adopts  189.1  by  reference  –  designer  choice  which  to  use  but  cannot  ‘pick  and  choose’,  must  use  one  or  the  other  only  ASHRAE  189.1  adopts  90.1  by  reference  but  adds  criteria  to  address  addi6onal  items  not  covered  by  90.1  or  increases  stringency  of  90.1  

Interrela6onships  Building  Energy  Commercial  Codes  

ASHRAE  189.1    ASHRAE  90.1    

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ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Projections

11

Heating and cooling use index based on weighted equipment efficiency requirement changes; Envelope based on typical medium office steel frame wall and window areas with U-factor changes; Lighting power based on building area allowances weighted for U.S. building floor area; Overall Standard 90.1 progress based on PNNL’s analysis.

ASHRAE  Standard  90.1  Projec6ons  to  2030  

PNNL,  Building  Codes  Commercial  Landscape,  PNNL-­‐SA-­‐103479,  June  2014  

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Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2008, p. 366. The figure is based on National Petroleum Council, 2007 after Craig, Cunningham and Saigo.

Oil

Gas

Uranium

Coal

ANNUAL Wind

Hydro

Photosynthesis

ANNUAL Solar Energy

Annual global energy consumption by humans

SOLAR PHOTONS ACCRUED IN A MONTH EXCEED    THE  EARTH’S  FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES

1  Nme  use  

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In the USA, cities and residences cover 56 million hectares.

Every kWh of current U.S. energy requirements can be met simply by applying photovoltaics (PV) to 7% of existing urban area—on roofs, parking lots, along highway walls, on sides of buildings, and in dual-uses. Requires 93% less water than fossil fuels.

Experts  say  we  wouldn’t  have  to  appropriate  a  single  acre  of  new  land to make PV our primary energy source!

15%  

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2013 Wind Technologies Market Report 59

that the turbine scaling and other improvements to turbine efficiency described in Chapter 4 have more than overcome these headwinds to help drive PPA prices lower.

Source: Berkeley Lab Figure 46. Generation-weighted average levelized wind PPA prices by PPA execution date and region Figure 46 also shows trends in the generation-weighted average levelized PPA price over time among four of the five regions broken out in Figure 30 (the Southeast region is omitted from Figure 46 owing to its small sample size). Figures 45 and 46 both demonstrate that, based on our data sample, PPA prices are generally low in the U.S. Interior, high in the West, and in the middle in the Great Lakes and Northeast regions. The large Interior region, where much of U.S. wind project development occurs, saw average levelized PPA prices of just $22/MWh in 2013.

The relative competitiveness of wind power improved in 2013 Figure 47 shows the range (minimum and maximum) of average annual wholesale electricity prices for a flat block of power64 going back to 2003 at 23 different pricing nodes located throughout the country (refer to the Appendix for the names and approximate locations of the 23 pricing nodes represented by the blue-shaded area). The dark diamonds represent the generation-weighted average levelized wind PPA prices in the years in which contracts were executed (consistent with the nationwide averages presented in Figure 46).

64 A flat block of power is defined as a constant amount of electricity generated and sold over a specified period. Although wind power projects do not provide a flat block of power, as a common point of comparison a flat block is not an unreasonable starting point. In other words, the time variability of wind energy is often such that its wholesale market value is somewhat lower than, but not too dissimilar from, that of a flat block of (non-firm) power (Fripp and Wiser 2006).

U.S.  Wind  Power  LCOE  PPA  in  2013  2.5¢/kWh  Global  Wind  Power  LCOE  in  2013  6.5¢/kWh    

Ryan  Wiser  &  Mark  Bollinger,  2013  Wind  Technologies  Market  Report,  Lawrence  Berkeley,  August  2014  

6¢/kWh  

2¢/kWh  

4¢/kWh  

LCOE=Levelized  Cost  of  Electricity   PPA=Power  Purchase  Agreement  

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FIRST  SOLAR  U6lity-­‐Scale  Solar  PV    2013  LCOE  $0.07-­‐0.15/kWh*  

*2013  data,  costs  depending  on  irradiance  levels,  interest  rates,  and  other  factors,  e.g.  development  costs,  h,p://www.firstsolar.com/en/soluNons/uNlity-­‐scale-­‐generaNon    

Cents/kWh  

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Deutsche  Bank  Predic6ng  Huge    Distributed  Solar  PV  Uptake  2015-­‐2016    

h,p://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/05/deutsche-­‐bank-­‐predicNng-­‐huge-­‐distributed-­‐solar-­‐pv-­‐uptake/  ,  September  13,  2013,  CleanTechnica  

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h,p://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/05/deutsche-­‐bank-­‐predicNng-­‐huge-­‐distributed-­‐solar-­‐pv-­‐uptake/  ,  September  13,  2013,  CleanTechnica  

Deutsche  Bank  Predic6ng  Huge    Distributed  Solar  PV  Uptake  2015-­‐2016    

Page 126: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Designed  by  Toyo  Ito,  the  dragon-­‐shaped  50,000  seat  arena  is  clad  in  8,844  solar  panels  on  14,155  m2  roof.        

It  illuminates  the  track  and  field  with  3,300  lux  (lumens  per  m2).  The  Solar  PV  system  provides  100%  of  the  electricity  during  games,  and  surplus  energy  is  sold  during  non-­‐game  periods.      

Built  upon  a  clear  area  of  19  hectares,  nearly  7  hectares  has  been  reserved  for  the  development  of  integrated  public  green  spaces,  bike  paths,  sports  parks,  and  an  ecological  pond.      

The  stadium  also  integrates  addiNonal  green  features  such  as  permeable  pavements  and  the  extensive  use  of  reusable,  local  materials.  

Dragon-­‐Shaped  100%  Solar  PV    Stadium  in  Taiwan    

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100  Addi6onal    Slides  

Page 128: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

FIRST  FUEL  Remote  Building  Analy6cs  pla~orm  

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FIRST  FUEL  Remote  Building  Analy6cs  pla~orm  

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FIRST  FUEL  Remote  Building  Analy6cs  pla~orm  

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Analy6cs  provide  more  ac6onable  and  informa6ve  views  into  usage.  Tools  that  use  mulNple  data  sources  –  such  as  FirstFuel’s  combinaNon  of  weather  data,  interval  usage  data,  and  other  publicly  available  informaNon  found  through  semanNc  search  –  allow  for  “mass  customizaNon”  of  energy  insight  –  an  outcome  that  provides  specific  and  acNonable  informaNon  about  each  building  across  a  porzolio,  at  scale.    Customer  engagement  remains  a  key  nut  to  crack.  While  the  value  of  remote  analyNcs  is  becoming  clearer  for  uNliNes  and  program  administrators,  building  owners  and  operators  have  to  see  the  value  as  well.  Industry  stakeholders  are  beginning  to  work  together  to  educate  end-­‐users  about  the  enormous  power  to  be  gained  from  be,er,  faster,  and  cheaper  insight  into  building  performance.    Opera6onal  savings  opportunity  is  s6ll  misaligned  with  opera6onal  savings  investment.  Low  -­‐to-­‐no  cost  operaNonal  changes  represent  a  huge  opportunity  for  energy  and  cost  savings,  but  program  spending  pa,erns  have  not  yet  significantly  shi�ed.  Both  the  uNliNes  and  PUCs  see  operaNonal  savings  playing  a  criNcal  role  in  energy  efficiency  impacts,  but  regulatory  and  program  regimes  need  to  adjust  for  this  to  become  a  reality.  

Building  Analy6cs  pla~orm  

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Arena  Videos    Architecture  -­‐  Design  Engineering  –ConstrucNon  Real-­‐Nme  ConNnuous  Commissioning  DeConstrucNon  –  DeCommissioning  –  Circle  Economy        OpNmum  Energy  h,p://opNmumenergyco.com/resources/#videos-­‐presentaNons        Introducing  AutoDesk  AEC  Feed  iPad  app  (0:41)  h,p://youtu.be/1K7yChiNPtM      Autodesk  BIM  101:  Intro  to  Building  InformaNon  Modeling  (2:11)  h,p://youtu.be/U2-­‐rw3M3hgk    

Fly-­‐through  MN  Vikings  new  stadium  design  (2:40)  h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAt_ooyAEsQ    Future  NHL  Stadiums  (2:10)  h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Tzi81XXStk    Top  10  Future  Stadiums  worldwide  (3:10)  h,p://youtu.be/yFWkutdlBYk        Architectural  AnimaNon:  FIFA  related  World  Cup  2022  Sports  Complex  CompeNNon  3D  CGI  VisualizaNon  (6:38)  h,p://youtu.be/ribw-­‐EKXufU      New  NaNonal  Stadium  for  Tokyo  2020  Summer  Olympics  (4:11)    by  Zaha  Hadid  Architects  Area:  290,000  m²,  Capacity:  80,000  people  EsNmated  compleNon:  March  2019  h,p://youtu.be/w7II0J_aT7A  

NHL  to  NBA  at  Air  Canada  Centre  (2:55)  h,p://youtu.be/_uFt-­‐wEj7jY      Consol  Arena  –  IBWave.com  Design  for  Stadiums,  wifi,  IP  wiring  of  arena  h,p://youtu.be/B75ilvgS394  (1:20)      Consol  Energy  Center  -­‐  Pi,sburgh  Penguins  Arena  Nmelapse    2008-­‐2009  (3:10)  h,p://youtu.be/nWGhE081uiU?list=PLi2-­‐znfag4ZXgYAdwzv_3gg0LYXRKTu5i      Barclays  Center  Arena  Nmelapse  (2:27)  h,p://youtu.be/NUvqlkIGl8U      Barclays  Center  Arena  Curtainwall  Install  Sequence  (0:27)  h,p://youtu.be/qCfAaQEUFqY  

LOW-­‐E  VIDEOS  

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2  Years  of  Vikings  Stadium  Construc6on  in  2  Minutes  

Page 138: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

HI-­‐RE  VIDEOS  BNSF  Train  hauling  Vesta  wind  powers  (4:32)  h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okrS3bhNn24#t=56      Altair  Hyperworks  so�ware  simulaNon  visualizaNon  (1.24)  h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5Ioi_4bdL0    Siemens  3MW  Wind  turbine  installaNon  Hawaii  (2  min)  h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHS10eGjNq8    WindFarmer  –  Wind  Farm  Design  So�ware  by  GL  Garrard  Hassan  (2:13)  h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLHHMtV0RW0        

Solar  Panel  InstallaNon  New  Jersey  Parking  Deck  h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2H1Ww6Ib_U    

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Universal%Interoperability%Key$principles$from$Internet$Tech.$

Any$device$should$work$with$all$other$objects$in$any$space$$

•  Across%building%types%–  ResidenAal,%commercial,%vehicles,%…%

•  Across%geography%–  Countries,%language,%…%

•  Across%Ame%– Worthy%of%durability%

•  Across%end%uses%–  CoordinaAon,%cooperaAon%

•  Across%people%–  Age,%disability,%culture,%acAvity,%context,%…%

Bruce  Nordman  (LBNL),  IoOT  —  learning  from  the  first  13  billion*,  ET,  IoT  session,  2014  

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

• Produce more light per watt than other lights • Last longer (4x) • Run cooler • Dimming with linear energy savings • Don’t degrade as rapidly as fluorescents and

degradation has no impact on energy consumption • When properly controlled, they don’t flicker • Cold temps don’t bother them • Contain fewer rare earth materials and no Mercury • Function on low voltage wire

Why Commercial Lighting is Migrating to LEDs

8

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

LEDs are Massively More Efficient…

0

50

100

150

Inca

ndes

cent

Halo

gen

Flou

resc

ent

LED

2012

LED

2013

LED

2014

Lumins/Per Watt

14.3 13.6 50.8

100 120 140

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp#Comparison_with_alternative_technologies

300 Lumens/Watt is already working

in labs

9

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

LEDs are Used Everywhere

Hospitality Area Lighting Street Lighting

Office & Industrial Retail & Museum

Outdoor Lighting Architectural Lighting Video Screens

Portable Lighting Indoor Lighting

10

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

Typical Lighting-class LED Package

• LED Chip: Determines brightness and efficacy

• Phosphor system: Determines color point and stability

• Package: Protects the chip and phosphor; Helps with light and heat extraction http://www.youtube.com/wa

tch?v=1iA73GwhEfY

15

Lens

LED chip

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

Traditional Lamp vs. LED Technology

Two Key Differences: –Directionality of

light •Omni-directional vs. directional

–Means of evacuating heat •Convection vs. conduction

Traditional lamps: R

efle

ctor

light & heat

LEDs: 90°-140° viewing angle

light

heat

light

16 heat

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

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© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

Primary Source

Visible Light Infrared (heat)

Ultraviolet (tanning)

The Sun

18

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

Page 146: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

The Gold Standard Artificial Source

Incandescent

19

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

Page 147: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public

Which one is likely the “Best” artificial source?

LEDs Provide Richer Color Perception

Metal Halide

Fluorescent

HPS

Warm White LED

Cool White LED

If this is the “Gold Standard”

Incandescent

20

How  IoT  and  PoE  [Power  over  Ethernet]  LED  LighNng  Will  Transform  IT,  BRKSPG-­‐1404,  Ma,  Laherty,  Business  Development  Manager,  Office  of  CTO,  ENG  Labs,  2014  

Page 148: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

LED  lighNng  that  uses  Power  over  Ethernet  (PoE)  can  be  powered  not  by  an  electrical  powerline  but  by  basic  Ethernet  cable.  The  low-­‐voltage  Category  5  or  Cat  6  cable  can  send  both  power  and  data  to  LEDs.  And  that  can  save  on  wiring  costs  as  well.    The  LED  light  fixtures  get  an  IP  address,  interact  with  networked  sensors,  devices,  and  mobile  users,  and  become  fully  programmable.      By  connecNng  lighNng  directly  to  the  Internet,  controls  can  be  driven  by  so�ware.  And  new  apps  will  make  lighNng  a  service.    Building  owners  can  achieve  lower  Total  Cost  of  Ownership  (TCO)  including  lower  first  costs,  lower  operaNng  expense,  and  lower  cost  of  space-­‐reconfiguraNon.      Energy  savings  go  beyond  the  efficiency  of  the  LED  light  source,  to  capture  addiNonal  savings  through  more  universal  and  pervasive  controls.  For  example,  so�ware  technology  allows  for  across  the  board  load  shedding  including  Demand-­‐Response  (DR)  capabiliNes  required  by  some  uNlity  companies.    

LED  Ligh6ng  Using  Power  over  Ethernet  (PoE)    

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7

SSL Saving Energy Today

…but the full performance and

energy savings potential of SSL is far from realized or assured

Source: Navigant Consulting

Page 150: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Multi-Year Program Plan

Page 13

TABLE 2.1 U.S. INSTALLED BASE AND ENERGY SAVINGS OF LED LIGHTING BY APPLICATION [7]

Application1

2013 LED Installed2

Penetration %

2013 LED Units

Installed2 Millions

2013 Energy Savings

TBtu (TWh)

Energy Savings Potential

TBtu (TWh)

A-Type 1.1% 34.2 40.5 (3.9)

802 (77.3)

3.4% 33.3 79.7 (7.7)

395 (38.0)

Small Directional 16% 7.5 15.3 (1.5)

71.9 (6.9)

Decorative 0.7% 8.3 2.3 (0.2)

269 (25.9)

Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 7.3 (0.7)

1,052 (101)

Industrial 2.1% 1.8 9.2 (0.9)

789 (76.0)

Other3 0.5% 3.8 7.4 (0.7)

178 (17.1)

Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 162 (15.6)

3,556 (342)

Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 13.8 (1.3)

256 (24.7)

Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 6.5 (0.6)

140 (13.5)

Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 5.4 (0.5)

59.3 (5.7)

Other3 2.9% 0.7 1.2 (0.1)

48.6 (4.7)

Total Outdoor 5.8% 9.5 26.9 (2.5)

504 (48.6)

Total All 1.4% 105 188 (18.1)

4,060 (391)

Notes: 1. Descriptions of each application group are provided in Appendix 5.2.3. 2. Installations are the total cumulative number of LED lamps and luminaires that have been installed

as of 2013. 3. The “other” and “building exterior” applications were not analyzed in 2012.

OLED technology has yet to gain a measurable share of the general lighting market, but the OLED community is making strides toward commercializing products for certain applications. Most OLED prototypes have yet to attain light output levels suitable for many general lighting applications. Initial products have been largely decorative in nature although some OLED products have been developed for task lighting applications, such as desk or table lamps and automotive interior lighting.

Directional

DOE,  Solid-­‐State  LighNng  Research  and  Development,  MulN-­‐Year  Program  Plan  ,  MAY  2014  

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Multi-Year Program Plan

Page 13

TABLE 2.1 U.S. INSTALLED BASE AND ENERGY SAVINGS OF LED LIGHTING BY APPLICATION [7]

Application1

2013 LED Installed2

Penetration %

2013 LED Units

Installed2 Millions

2013 Energy Savings

TBtu (TWh)

Energy Savings Potential

TBtu (TWh)

A-Type 1.1% 34.2 40.5 (3.9)

802 (77.3)

3.4% 33.3 79.7 (7.7)

395 (38.0)

Small Directional 16% 7.5 15.3 (1.5)

71.9 (6.9)

Decorative 0.7% 8.3 2.3 (0.2)

269 (25.9)

Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 7.3 (0.7)

1,052 (101)

Industrial 2.1% 1.8 9.2 (0.9)

789 (76.0)

Other3 0.5% 3.8 7.4 (0.7)

178 (17.1)

Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 162 (15.6)

3,556 (342)

Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 13.8 (1.3)

256 (24.7)

Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 6.5 (0.6)

140 (13.5)

Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 5.4 (0.5)

59.3 (5.7)

Other3 2.9% 0.7 1.2 (0.1)

48.6 (4.7)

Total Outdoor 5.8% 9.5 26.9 (2.5)

504 (48.6)

Total All 1.4% 105 188 (18.1)

4,060 (391)

Notes: 1. Descriptions of each application group are provided in Appendix 5.2.3. 2. Installations are the total cumulative number of LED lamps and luminaires that have been installed

as of 2013. 3. The “other” and “building exterior” applications were not analyzed in 2012.

OLED technology has yet to gain a measurable share of the general lighting market, but the OLED community is making strides toward commercializing products for certain applications. Most OLED prototypes have yet to attain light output levels suitable for many general lighting applications. Initial products have been largely decorative in nature although some OLED products have been developed for task lighting applications, such as desk or table lamps and automotive interior lighting.

Directional

Multi-Year Program Plan

Page 13

TABLE 2.1 U.S. INSTALLED BASE AND ENERGY SAVINGS OF LED LIGHTING BY APPLICATION [7]

Application1

2013 LED Installed2

Penetration %

2013 LED Units

Installed2 Millions

2013 Energy Savings

TBtu (TWh)

Energy Savings Potential

TBtu (TWh)

A-Type 1.1% 34.2 40.5 (3.9)

802 (77.3)

3.4% 33.3 79.7 (7.7)

395 (38.0)

Small Directional 16% 7.5 15.3 (1.5)

71.9 (6.9)

Decorative 0.7% 8.3 2.3 (0.2)

269 (25.9)

Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 7.3 (0.7)

1,052 (101)

Industrial 2.1% 1.8 9.2 (0.9)

789 (76.0)

Other3 0.5% 3.8 7.4 (0.7)

178 (17.1)

Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 162 (15.6)

3,556 (342)

Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 13.8 (1.3)

256 (24.7)

Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 6.5 (0.6)

140 (13.5)

Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 5.4 (0.5)

59.3 (5.7)

Other3 2.9% 0.7 1.2 (0.1)

48.6 (4.7)

Total Outdoor 5.8% 9.5 26.9 (2.5)

504 (48.6)

Total All 1.4% 105 188 (18.1)

4,060 (391)

Notes: 1. Descriptions of each application group are provided in Appendix 5.2.3. 2. Installations are the total cumulative number of LED lamps and luminaires that have been installed

as of 2013. 3. The “other” and “building exterior” applications were not analyzed in 2012.

OLED technology has yet to gain a measurable share of the general lighting market, but the OLED community is making strides toward commercializing products for certain applications. Most OLED prototypes have yet to attain light output levels suitable for many general lighting applications. Initial products have been largely decorative in nature although some OLED products have been developed for task lighting applications, such as desk or table lamps and automotive interior lighting.

Directional

DOE,  Solid-­‐State  LighNng  Research  and  Development,  MulN-­‐Year  Program  Plan  ,  MAY  2014  

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Multi-Year Program Plan

Page 20

TABLE 2.3 SUMMARY OF LED PACKAGE PRICE AND PERFORMANCE PROJECTIONS

Metric 2013 2015 2017 2020 Goal

Cool-White Efficacy (lm/W) 166 192 211 231 250

Cool-White Price ($/klm) 4 2 1.3 0.7 0.5

Warm-White Efficacy (lm/W) 135 169 197 225 250

Warm-White Price ($/klm) 5.1 2.3 1.4 0.7 0.5

We have chosen to normalize the values used in this and previous reports to a specific current density and operating temperature in order to set projections and track progress. More recently, with the introduction of an ever-widening portfolio of package designs, it has become increasingly difficult to apply this method of normalization. In certain cases, the total die area cannot be accurately determined and in others the required current density cannot be achieved. The definition of a single current density for multi-die packages with mixed die types is problematic. Even where the specified current density can be achieved, it does not always correspond to the optimum operating conditions for that package and often provides a pessimistic indicator of package performance in a real application. For example, Cree reports an efficacy of 200 lm/W for their MK-R product at 1W and 25°C (6500K). The same package has a normalized efficacy of 149 lm/W. Changing the measurement conditions also impacts the normalized price. At 200 lm/W the normalized price is $40/klm but drops to $4/klm at 149 lm/W. A new normalization method needs to be introduced to cater to the different package designs and provide realistic real-word performance.

A more useful normalization method might take account of what is important in a real application, which involves a trade-off between lumen output, efficacy, and price. As the die cost has reduced, it has become more cost effective to operate a larger number of LED packages at lower current densities to achieve higher efficacy at the same lumen output. Lower current densities create less heat and allow for simpler and cheaper packaging to be employed. Mid-power LED packages are a good example. A typical 3535 or 5630 package9 costs 10 to 15 cents in modest volumes and produces around 30 lumens at 100 mA (300 mW), yielding an efficacy of 100 lm/W at a price in the $3/klm to $4/klm range.

Ultimately, it might be argued that the die area doesn’t matter, because what is important is the number of lumens emitted from a given package emitting area (lm/mm2), the cost of those lumens (lm/$), and the efficacy (lm/W). Further work is required to identify a suitable normalization procedure that can be applied across the whole gamut of package types.

2.3.3 LED Lamp and Luminaire Prices LED lamp and luminaire prices vary widely depending upon the application. To validate the progress on price reductions for LED-based lighting, a comparison of replacement lamps is both practical and appropriate. The most aggressive pricing has been associated with the most popular residential lamps, and consequently we have focused on the dimmable A19 60W-equivalent (800 lm) 9 3535 and 5630 packages are types of mid-power LEDs with package dimensions of 3.5 mm x 3.5 mm and 5.6 mm x 3.0 mm respectively.

Multi-Year Program Plan

Page 19

FIGURE 2.9 PRICE-EFFICACY TRADE-OFF FOR LED PACKAGES AT 35 A/CM2 AND 25°C Notes: 1. Cool-white packages assume CCT = 4746-7040K and CRI >70; warm-white packages assume CCT = 2580-

3710K and CRI >80. 2. Rectangles represent region mapped by maximum efficacy and lowest price for each time period. 3. The MYPP projections have been included to demonstrate anticipated future trends.

Figure 2.9 charts the evolution of LED package efficacy and price. Each time period is characterized by a rectangle with an area bound by the highest efficacy and lowest price products. Efficacies as high as 159 lm/W (cool white) and 123 lm/W (warm white) have been reported during 2013 as well as prices as low as $5/klm (cool white) and $6/klm (warm white). The MYPP price-efficacy projections are also included in Figure 2.9 for comparison purposes and are summarized in Table 2.4. The values achieved for efficacy and price are beginning to lag the projections and are not achieved simultaneously for the same device. As expected, higher efficacy products continue to demand higher prices, and lower prices correlate with reduced performance. However, while peak efficacy values have not increased significantly over the past year, prices for the highest performing products have continued to fall, and the spread in efficacy values has narrowed.

$0

$1

$10

$100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

LED

Pac

kage

Pric

e ($

/klm

)

Efficacy (lm/W)

Cool Target

Warm Target

2015

2020

2015

Mid 2009

End 2009

Mid 2009

End 2009

2020

End 2010

End 2010

20112011End 2011

End 2011

20132013

End 2012

End 2012

2010

End 2013

End 2013

20172017

DOE,  Solid-­‐State  LighNng  Research  and  Development,  MulN-­‐Year  Program  Plan  ,  MAY  2014  

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Multi-Year Program Plan

Page 50

FIGURE 3.9 ENERGY CONSUMPTION COMPARISON FROM DOE LCA STUDY [54] Source: Life-Cycle Assessment of Energy and Environmental Impacts of LED Lighting Product. Prepared by EERE Building Technologies Office, April 2013.

The DOE-sponsored LCA studies have shown that SSL can reduce energy use from lighting and maintain performance levels without using large amounts of toxic or rare-earth materials. Unlike fluorescent lighting technology, LEDs and OLEDs do not require mercury or lead, and they make more effective use of rare-earth materials. The DOE LCA showed that in terms of air, resource, water, and soil impacts, LED-based SSL has far less negative impact than incandescent lighting and marginally less than CFLs. Additionally, and LED lighting has further room to improve. The LCA indicates that SSL represents an advancement in sustainability for lighting, particularly as further improvements in efficiency are realized. As discussed in Section 1, the energy consumption impacts of SSL are enormous and are already making an impact. The reduction in energy use from lighting in the U.S. enables improved energy security, reduced energy demand, economic benefits of lower energy consumption, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Although SSL products are demonstrating exceptional sustainability, more could be done to even further limit environmental impacts. The following are some of the efforts that are being pursued:

• Lighting that reduces the ecological impacts of providing light at night, such as the Coastal Light offered by Lighting Science Group, which provides a spectrum designed to minimize disruption of sea turtle hatching.11

• Streetlights designed to minimize light pollution. The International Dark-Sky Association suggests guidelines to reduce the amount of unusable upward emitted light at night [55]. LED lighting products with their improved optical distribution can significantly reduce the amount of light wasted upward into the atmosphere.

• “De-materializing” or reducing the amount of material, particularly energy-intensive materials such as aluminum, used for SSL products. With thoughtful new design, the opportunity exists

11 More information on the Coastal Light can be found at https://www.lsgc.com/fixtures/sea-turtle-friendly-led-fixture/.

Life-­‐Cycle  Assessment  of  Energy  and  Environmental  Impacts  of  LED  LighNng  Product,  DOE  EERE  Building  Technologies  Office,  April  2013.  

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5

Lesson 2: Lifetime

Despite the promise of long life, there is no standard way to rate the lifetime and reliability of LED products

www.ssl.energy.gov

LED package lumen maintenance is PART of the story but not the WHOLE story

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6

What actually fails and why?

LED Systems Reliability Consortium, 2013

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12

Lesson 5: Color stability

The color delivered by some LEDs shifts over time, enough to negatively impact adoption in some applications

www.ssl.energy.gov

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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13

Lesson 5: Color stability - UPDATE

• A few manufacturers now offer warranties for color shift

• IES PIF on color stability – Should lead to a TM for

projecting color shift over time

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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14

Lesson 6: Flicker

Some LEDs flicker noticeably, which may negatively impact adoption in some applications

www.ssl.energy.gov

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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13

LEDs can flicker more than other sources

Percent Flicker

Flic

ker I

ndex

1005025 75

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.5

0.15

40

0.3

00

Incandescent, Metal Halide

Magnetically ballasted fluorescent

Electronically ballasted fluorescent

Solid-State

www.ssl.energy.gov

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16

Lesson 7: Glare

LEDs can cause glare, which may negatively impact adoption in some applications

www.ssl.energy.gov

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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17

Lesson 7: Glare - UPDATE

• NGL judges have noted improvements but glare remains their #1 complaint

• Industry is taking this seriously – Diffusing lenses – Edge lit designs – Other optics that reduce

spot luminance and reduce contrast of LED to background

Focal Point

Acuity Brands - Peerless

NGL Indoor 2014 Noted for glare control

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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18

Lesson 8: Dimming

Achieving high-quality dimming performance with LED lamps is difficult, but improving

www.ssl.energy.gov

Source: Modified from NEMA SSL-6

19

Lesson 8: Dimming - UPDATE

• NEMA SSL-7A compliant products beginning to appear on market

• NEMA SSL-7B in progress

• CALiPER tested PAR38 LED lamps: – Some achieve high

quality dimming, almost identical to incandescent

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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15

Lesson 8: Dimming Achieving high-quality dimming performance with LED lamps is difficult, but improving

www.ssl.energy.gov

Depending on: 1) characteristics of the LED

sources (drivers) 2) characteristics of the dimmer 3) number and type of light

sources on the circuit

You might encounter: • Limited dimming range • Unpredictable dimming curve • Dead travel • Pop-on • Drop-out • Flashing, ghosting • Premature failure • Audible noise • Inoperability

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21

Lesson 9: Interoperability Greater interoperability of lighting control components and more sensible specifications of lighting control systems are required to maximize the energy savings delivered by LED-based sources

www.ssl.energy.gov

Example: ZigBee Light Link to Ethernet

Gateway

Lighting Control on Wi-Fi network

ZigBee Light Link

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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22

Lesson 9: Interoperability - UPDATE

• Industry consortia actively working on interoperability – TALQ - outdoor – TCLA – indoor

• ANSI C137 Lighting Systems committee recently launched by NEMA

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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17

Lesson 10: Serviceability

Lack of LED product serviceability and interchangeability has created market adoption barriers in certain sectors

Example: Zhaga Book 2 mechanical interface

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Laboratory  (PNNL),  SSL:  Early  Lessons  Learned  on  the  Way  to  Market,  Lighzair  2014,  June  3,  2014    

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24

Lesson 10: Serviceability - UPDATE • NGL recognized several products for serviceability • Zhaga standards for 7 different LED light engine form

factors so far; 3 more in development – 174 products certified so far

Book 3 module

Book 2 holder

Book 4 module

Book 3 luminaire

Examples of NGL Indoor 2014

Products noted for serviceability

H.E. Williams

GE Lighting

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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26

Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure - UPDATE

• New innovative form factors

• New controls approaches – Wireless – Networked – Luminaire integrated

sensors • New power distribution

approaches – Low-voltage, DC power – Can be combined with

control/communication – Power over Ethernet

(PoE), other approaches

Blackjack Lighting

GE Lighting

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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25

Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure

Existing lighting infrastructure limits the full potential of SSL; more effort is needed to open the doors to new lighting systems and form factors

www.ssl.energy.gov

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  SSL  Early  Lessons  Learned  –  Progress  and  Updates,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop,  Nov.  13,  2014  Detroit,  MI    

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10

Beyond the Mainstream: What Else Can It Do?

“[LED] Light Bulbs Could Replace Your

Wi-Fi Router”

“New Technology Inspires a

Rethinking of Light”

“Casting [LED] Light on Astronaut Insomnia”

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11

New Form Factors

Source: Acuity Brands

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12

New Form Factors

Source: GE Lighting Source: Fred Maxik, Lighting Science

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13

Integrated Controls

• Integrated motion and ambient light sensors

• Daylight harvesting • Vacancy sensing

Source: Cree

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19

For the Latest Information

www.ssl.energy.gov

Page 175: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP

Pilot Projects

1st Generation Tunable System

2nd Generation Tunable System

John  Hwang,  CEO  of  Planled,  Tuning  the  Spectrum:    Light,  Health,  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness,  2014  DOE  Solid-­‐state  LighNng  Market  Development  Workshop  

Page 176: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP

Spectrally Targeted System

2700K~6500K SSL 3500K FL

3800K HID 5000K SSL

Interior

Exterior

John  Hwang,  CEO  of  Planled,  Tuning  the  Spectrum:    Light,  Health,  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness,  2014  DOE  Solid-­‐state  LighNng  Market  Development  Workshop  

Page 177: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP

Tunable Task Lighting

John  Hwang,  CEO  of  Planled,  Tuning  the  Spectrum:    Light,  Health,  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness,  2014  DOE  Solid-­‐state  LighNng  Market  Development  Workshop  

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What does Tuning the Spectrum Mean?

Leslie  North,  Aurora  LighNng  Design,  Tuning  the  Spectrum:  Light,  Health,  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness,  2014  DOE  Solid-­‐state  LighNng  Market  Development  Workshop  

Page 179: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Dynamic Terminology

• Dimming • Color Changing � Color Preference

• Warm-Dim • Color Tuning • Circadian � Reinforcement /

Tracking � Alertness Therapy /

Circadian Mimicking

Leslie  North,  Aurora  LighNng  Design,  Tuning  the  Spectrum:  Light,  Health,  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness,  2014  DOE  Solid-­‐state  LighNng  Market  Development  Workshop  

Page 180: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Color Tuning (Light for Consistency / Refinement)

• Can you Match Sources?

• Color Temperature • Color Rendering • Tint Control • Binning Tolerances

& Tolerance Over Time

Page 181: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Color Tuning (Light for Consistency / Refinement)

Natural/Enhanced Color Balanced Color Vivid Color

Source: Acuity Brands

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10

Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change

Haitz’s Law Every decade, the cost per lumen falls by a factor of 10, and the amount of light generated per LED package increases by a factor of 20, for a given wavelength (color) of light.

The theoretical maximum for an economical white LED with phosphorescence mixing is 260-

300 lm/W.

The  Manufacturer’s  PerspecNve,  Sco,  J.  Hershman  MIES,  LC,  ExecuNve  Vice  President  of  Design  and  Product  Development  LF  IlluminaNon,  2014  DOE  Solid-­‐state  LighNng  Market  Development  Workshop  

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12

Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change

• Identify the manufacturer • Bar or QC codes • Quick disconnects for drivers and LED’s • Modular design of key components

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15

Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change

Standards Conventions which are voluntary undertaken by an industry.

Widely Adopted • IES/ANSI RP1610 – Defined terms • LM-80 – LED package measurement procedure • TM-21 – Method for calculating lifetime based on LM-80 testing • LM-79 – Luminaire test procedure • ANSI C78.377 – Color characteristics

Selectively adopted • Zhaga – Primarily deals with physical characteristics • Alternate color system metrics

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17

Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change

• Minimum luminaire performance. • Make the constants clear. (Lumens

vs. Candela vs. Wattage) • Warranty • Consider the entire lighting system • Don’t neglect installation

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16

Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change

To date standards and regulations have done little to influence interoperability of components.

Standards are needed for: • Electrical operating characteristics of LED’s - voltage bins • Thermal characteristics and thermal transfer • Electrical connections – socketed solutions • Light Emitting Surface sizes • Dimming interfaces for drivers

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2

ABOUT LEEP

• Lighting Energy Efficiency in Parking (LEEP) Campaign – www.leepcampaign.com – #LEEPCampaign

• Joint campaign organized by BOMA, Green Parking Council, IFMA, International Parking Institute, and DOE’s Better Building Alliance

• Install or commit to install energy efficient lighting and controls in parking lots, structure, garages, or ramps – Year 1 goal: 100 million square feet (surpassed) – Year 2 goal: 500 million square feet (cumulative to year 1 values)

Jeff  McCullough,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Taking  the  LEEP:  Experience  with  LEDs  in  Parking  Lots  and  Structures,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

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LEEP Award Winner: MGM Detroit Grand

• Location: Detroit, MI

• Square Feet: 2.6 million

• Parking Spaces: 5,000+ • Key Features: metal halide to LED • Award: Highest absolute annual energy savings in a

retrofit at a single parking structure

Existing New Energy Savings Energy Use 4,993,796 kWh 1,015,248 kWh 3,978,548 kWh Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.25 0.05 ---

Jeff  McCullough,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Taking  the  LEEP:  Experience  with  LEDs  in  Parking  Lots  and  Structures,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

Ligh6ng  Energy  Efficiency  in  Parking  (LEEP)  Campaign    

Page 189: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Power  Quality  Myths  and  MisconcepNons:  What  you  need  to  know,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

2

Power quality fundamentals

• Power quality broadly describes the fitness of electric power delivered over networks to drive electric loads in a manner that allows the loads to function as intended without significant reduction in performance or lifetime

• Power quality is a system characteristic, not a component characteristic. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality and many more causes of such poor quality power.

• Power quality can be degraded by displacement between voltage and current waveforms, and distortion of voltage or current waveforms

• Displacement can be lagging or leading – Inductive loads (e.g. motors and magnetic transformers) cause lagging

displacement – Capacitive loads (e.g. most SMPS and LED sources) cause leading displacement

• Voltage waveform distortions typically created by generators • Current waveform distortions typically created by loads

Page 190: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Power  Quality  Myths  and  MisconcepNons:  What  you  need  to  know,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

3

Power quality fundamentals

• Power quality degredation typically results in higher RMS currents, and harmonic currents

• Higher RMS currents – Lead to greater electricity transport (I2R) losses – Require greater wire, circuit breaker, transformer, etc. sizes

• Harmonic currents – Can degrade performance of electronic equipment – Can damage some electronic equipment – Some (odd multiples of three) matter more than others

• Phase-cut dimming controls degrade the power quality of any circuit they are operating on, regardless of the light source technology being controlled

Page 191: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Power  Quality  Myths  and  MisconcepNons:  What  you  need  to  know,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

4

Power quality metrics

• Common power quality metrics (e.g. power factor and THD) are useful but imperfect (not unlike CCT and CRI) – (True) power factor is a measure of displacement and distortion – THD is a measure of current (THD-I) or voltage (THD-V) distortion

• Proper use of power quality metrics requires an understanding of what they are attempting to characterize, and their limitations.

• Low(er) power factor loads do not consume more energy, but they do draw more RMS current

• A component in an electrical system (such as a lighting fixture on a circuit) with low power quality metrics does not necessarily degrade the power quality of the system, due to the potential for compensating effects among connected, interacting components in that system.

Page 192: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Power  Quality  Myths  and  MisconcepNons:  What  you  need  to  know,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

6

Power quality math is not simple

Power

Power Factor

THD-I

LED Source A

13W

0.90

46%

LED Source B

6.1W

0.92

36%

A + B + C

30.1W

0.96

23%

LED Source C

11W

0.91

39%

Page 193: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Power  Quality  Myths  and  MisconcepNons:  What  you  need  to  know,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

7

Field Example: Aberdeen Federal Building

• 7 stories, 210,466 square feet in Aberdeen, South Dakota

• Targeted baseline lighting (Summer 2010)

– 4,981 fluorescent T8 4’ lamps x 28 watts = 139,468 watts

– 2 fluorescent T8 2’ lamps x 14 watts = 28 watts

– Total targeted baseline lighting = 139,496 watts

– Whole building power factor measured at/by utility meter = 0.8614

(averaged 15 minute data for June-July 2010)

• Retrofit lighting (Fall 2010)

– 4,981 LED T8 format 4’ lamps x 14 watts = 69,734 watts

– 2 LED T8 format 2’ lamps x 7 watts = 14 watts

– Total retrofit lighting = 69,748 watts

– LED T8 format lamp power factor = 0.60

– Whole building power factor measured at/by utility meter = 0.8603

(averaged 15 minute data for June-July 2011)

Page 194: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Power  Quality  Myths  and  MisconcepNons:  What  you  need  to  know,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

10

Relativity

Power

THD-I

Mobile Phone A

6W1

126%1

LED Source B

9.5W

13%

1Charging, with 35% remaining battery life

Page 195: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Power  Quality  Myths  and  MisconcepNons:  What  you  need  to  know,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

11

Managing risk

• Concerns over the power quality of a new technology replacing an incumbent should be weighed in context with: – the power quality of the incumbent – the relative power or current draw vs. the incumbent – the power quality and relative power or current draw of other connected

components in the system. • Specify ANSI C82.77-2002 recommendations today • The next update to ANSI C82.77 (currently under development) will take

into account the expected market adoption of LED sources • Be aware of power quality design trade-offs

– Cost, components, potentially lifetime and reliability – Some LED driver architectures commonly used in low-cost replacement lamps have

a fundamental power factor vs. flicker trade-off • Contact DOE if:

– You have any evidence of a power quality problem caused by the installation of LED sources

– You are planning a large retrofit of LED sources with power quality performance that does not meet ANSI C82.77-2002 recommendations

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2

Light Loss Factors: What Are They?

• All lighting systems decline in lumen output over time due to reductions in lamp emissions and changing surface properties—lamp, luminaire, and room, if applicable.

• This is accounted for by using a Light Loss Factor (LLF) during the design process.

• A Light Loss Factor is a multiplier that is used to predict future performance (maintained illuminance) based on the initial properties of a lighting system.

• LLF = 1 – Expected Depreciation• The Total LLF is determined by multiplying the independent effects 

of multiple factors.

Michael  Royer,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Laboratory  (PNNL),  �Designing  for  the  Future:  Understanding  Lumen  DepreciaNon  and  Light  Loss  Factosr  (LLF),  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

Page 197: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

9

Lumen Depreciation for Conventional Sources

Adapted from: DiLaura DL, Houser KW, Mistrick RG, Steffy GR. Editors. 2011. The lighting handbook: Reference and application. 10th edition. New York (NY): Illuminating Engineering Society. 1,328 p.

Michael  Royer,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Laboratory  (PNNL),  �Designing  for  the  Future:  Understanding  Lumen  DepreciaNon  and  Light  Loss  Factosr  (LLF),  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

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2

Why Solid State Lighting?

• Potential to save about 46% of lighting site electricity by 2030 • Huge energy resource on par with renewables

Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (January 2012)

www.ssl.energy.gov/tech_reports.html

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Overcoming  SSL  Market  Barriers,  Midwest  Energy  SoluNons  Conference,  Session  Topic:  How  Can  Advanced  LighNng  &  Controls  RevoluNonize  Efficiency?  January  16,  2014      

Page 199: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Overcoming  SSL  Market  Barriers,  Midwest  Energy  SoluNons  Conference,  Session  Topic:  How  Can  Advanced  LighNng  &  Controls  RevoluNonize  Efficiency?  January  16,  2014      

8

LED Lighting Facts

• Manufacturers voluntarily list products in program, posting LM-79 information

• Intended to promote accurate manufacturer performance claims

• No minimum performance requirements • Used by utilities, lighting professionals, and

retailers to qualify products • Some national retailers require LED Lighting

Facts listing • New verification testing program launched

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4

Output and Efficacy of Tested PAR38 Lamps

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Spotlight  on  Par38s,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

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5

Current Performance

5/30/14

L Prize target Avg 65 lm/W

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Spotlight  on  Par38s,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

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11

LED PAR38 Beam Quality: Spot Results

A1 A2

A3 A4

A5 A6

A7 A8

www.ssl.energy.gov

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Spotlight  on  Par38s,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

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20

CALiPER Report 20.1 Conclusions

• In each category, at least one LED lamp was rated more favorably than the benchmark halogen. Halogen should not always be considered the ideal source for lighting quality.

• Single-emitter LED lamps were favored in both beam quality and shadow quality

• Poor color consistency within the beam, and stray light outside the main beam pattern, were the attributes most likely to be noted by the observers as negatives

• LED lamps with narrow spot distributions were generally viewed as having less-acceptable beam quality than their narrow-flood or flood counterparts

• Observers generally preferred 3000 K LED lamps over 2700 K LED lamps, but their ranking of color quality did not always correlate with the CRI of the lamps Full report available at: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_20.1_par38.pdf

Kelly  Gordon,  Pacific  NW  NaNonal  Lab  (PNNL),  Spotlight  on  Par38s,  LightFair  Intl,  June  2014  

Page 204: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

PROPOSING  MEASURES  OF  FLICKER  IN  THE  LOW  FREQUENCIES  FOR  LIGHTING  APPLICATIONS,  Brad  Lehman,  Department  of  Electrical  &  Computer  Engineering,  Northeastern  University,  Boston  MA  Arnold  Wilkins,  Visual  PercepNon  Unit,  University  of  Essex,  Colchester,  UK;  Sam  Berman,  Senior  ScienNst  Emeritus  Lawrence  Berkeley  NaNonal  Laboratory,  Berkeley  CA  Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  Northwest  NaNonal  Laboratory,  Portland  OR;  Naomi  Johnson  Miller,  Pacific  Northwest  NaNonal  Laboratory,  Portland  OR,  IEEE,  2011.  

A-lamp/G-lamp A-lamp/G-lamp

R30/PAR30 “AC LED” ModuleR38/PAR38

MR16

Fig. 3. Experimental Data of Flicker in Solid State Lighting Sources

Percent Flicker

Flic

ker I

ndex

1005025 75

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.5

0.15

40

0.3

00

Incandescent, Metal Halide

Magnetically ballasted fluorescent

Electronically ballasted fluorescent

Solid-State

Fig. 4.Examples of Lighting Products on the Flicker Frame of Reference

2872

Page 205: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

PROPOSING  MEASURES  OF  FLICKER  IN  THE  LOW  FREQUENCIES  FOR  LIGHTING  APPLICATIONS,  Brad  Lehman,  Department  of  Electrical  &  Computer  Engineering,  Northeastern  University,  Boston  MA  Arnold  Wilkins,  Visual  PercepNon  Unit,  University  of  Essex,  Colchester,  UK;  Sam  Berman,  Senior  ScienNst  Emeritus  Lawrence  Berkeley  NaNonal  Laboratory,  Berkeley  CA  Michael  Poplawski,  Pacific  Northwest  NaNonal  Laboratory,  Portland  OR;  Naomi  Johnson  Miller,  Pacific  Northwest  NaNonal  Laboratory,  Portland  OR,  IEEE,  2011.  

Some  SSL  products  currently  on  the  market  have  equal  or  be,er  flicker  performance  than  tradiNonal  lighNng  technology.    Some  SSL  products  currently  on  the  market  are  clearly  well  outside  the  flicker  frame  of  reference  established  by  tradiNonal  lighNng  technology,  and  modulaNng  luminous  flux  in  previously  unseen  manners.    Flicker  index  and  percent  flicker  correlate  fairly  well  at  lower  levels  of  percent  flicker  (<  40).  However,  shape  variaNon  captured  by  flicker  index  separates  otherwise  similar  (same  percent  flicker)  products  at  higher  levels  of  percent  flicker.    SSL  products  currently  on  the  market  exhibit  wide  variaNon  in  flicker  performance.  Flicker  performance  is  directly  related  to  the  LED  power  electronic  driver,    since  luminous  intensity  is  (approximately)  proporNonal  to  current  through  the  LEDs  (Wilkins,  2010;  IEEE  PAR1789,  2010).    

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14

` Small Commercial Lighting Program projects ◦ 1,000 to 10,000 square feet – Paid ~$0.05/sf ◦ 1,000 to 25,000 square feet – Paid ~$0.04/sf ◦ Incentives sliding scale based on size

` Commercial Lighting Program projects ◦ 1,000 to 100,000 square feet – Paid ~ $0.035/sf ◦ Incentives sliding scale based on size

` Today: Commercial Lighting Program projects ◦ 1,000 square feet to any size – Paid ~ $0.03/sf ◦ Incentive amounts capped ~ 200,000 square feet

SIZE & INCENTIVES SCALABLE - COST CONTROL

Market  TransformaNon  through  Quality  LighNng,  Kenn  Latal,  LC,  IES  ICF  InternaNonal,  November  13,  2014,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop    

Page 207: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

15

` Over 1,250 lighting practitioner companies have joined the program

` Over 2,850 individuals have been trained in the principles of effective, energy-efficient lighting design;

` Over 2,250 projects have been implemented or designs developed totaling 23,811,366 sf;

` Peak demand reduced by over 33,500 kW, with energy savings of over 162 GWh.

(~6.8 kWh/sf)

IN NEW YORK STATE SINCE PROGRAM RELEASE

Market  TransformaNon  through  Quality  LighNng,  Kenn  Latal,  LC,  IES  ICF  InternaNonal,  November  13,  2014,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop    

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6

` Color Rendering Index (CRI) ` Luminous Intensity (Glare) or Advanced

Lighting Distribution with Glare Control ` Mean Illuminance (Light Level) ` Illuminance Uniformity (Light Uniformity) ` Energy Use (Watts per square foot)

THE LIGHTING CRITERIA

Market  TransformaNon  through  Quality  LighNng,  Kenn  Latal,  LC,  IES  ICF  InternaNonal,  November  13,  2014,  DOE  SSL  Market  Development  Workshop    

Page 209: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Philips Lumileds 3 February 2, 2014

LEDs and electronics

Interface between LEDs and electronics • Forward voltage range • Forward current range • Flux, efficiency • Tolerances and distributions • Peak voltage / current rating

L0 Die

L1 Package

L2 Carrier

L3 Module

L4 Lamp /

luminaire

L5 System

LEDs Drivers, controls, sensors…

• Footprint and layout • Electrical connections • # of channels and drive requirements • Thermal management • …

Improve system cost and performance by better integration Two examples:

1. Hybrid light engines with integrated color control 2. High voltage light engines with integrated driver

Current status

Target

Page 210: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

CHROMATICITY*Chroma'city,is,an,

objec've,specifica'on,of,the,quality,of,a,color,

regardless,of,its,luminance,as,determined,by,its,hue,and,colorfulness.,It,is,the,quality,of,a,color,or,light,with,reference,to,its,purity,

and,its,dominant,wavelength.,

Ligh'ng,jargon,de?mys'fied,

CColor*temperature,Color,temperature,describes,whether,a,light,source,appears,‘warm’,or,‘cool’,–,indicated,by,the,correlated,color,temperature,(CCT).,Lamps,with,a,warm,appearance,have,a,CCT,of,2700?3000K,and,are,considered,appropriate,for,domes'c,seKngs;,cooler,lamps,might,be,4000K,and,are,used,more,oNen,in,offices,and,shops.,,

CRI Short for color-rendering index, CRI is the ability of a light source to show the

colours of objects accurately. The higher the CRI on a 1-100 scale, the more

accurately the lamp will render colors. Lamps with poor color rendering will

distort some colours. CRI only works for approximately white sources and

doesn’t actually tell you which colours a light source renders well or badly.

Page 211: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Ligh%ng'jargon'de.mys%fied'

K'

Kelvin The'light'color'of'a'light'source'determines'the'atmosphere'in'the'room.'It'is'defined'by'the'color’s'temperature'of'ar%ficial'light'source,'expressed'in'Kelvin'(K).'Low'temperatures'create'warm'ligh%ng,'high'temperatures,'in'turn,'create'a'colder.looking'environment.'

Page 212: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Ligh%ng'jargon'de.mys%fied'

L'

LIGHT&ENGINE&An'LED'light'engine'is'a'combina%on'of'one'or'more'LED'modules'together'with'the'associated'electronic'control'gear'(ECG),'also'known'as'an'LED'driver.'An'LED'module'contains'one'or'more'LEDs,'together'with'further'components,'but'excluding'the'ECG.'

LED Light'emiGng'diodes'(LEDs)'are'based'on'solid.state'semi.conductor'technology'and'are'the'most'efficient'white'light'source.'Having'no'air,'glass'or'fragile'filaments,'LEDs'are'extremely'resistant'to'shock'and'vibra%on.'They'deliver'big'energy'savings,'good'color'rendering,'dimmability'and'a'long'life'which'reduces'maintenance'needs.''

LED&driver&An LED driver is a self-contained power supply that has outputs matched to the electrical characteristics of your LED or array of LEDs. There are currently no industry standards, so understanding the electrical characteristics of your

LED or array is critical in selecting or designing a driver circuit. Drivers should

be current-regulated (deliver a consistent current over a range of load

voltages).

Page 213: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

PIR$Short&for&passive&infrared,&PIR&sensors&are&electronic&sensors&that&measure&infrared&light&radia9ng&from&objects&in&their&field&of&view.&Some9mes&known&as&proximity&sensors,&they&can&detect&heat&from&objects&that&is&undetectable&by&mere&&humans.&When&combined&with&ligh9ng&they&can&be&used&to&deliver&the&light&only&when&needed,&for&example,&with&street&lights&which&would&otherwise&be&in&full&use&throughout&the&night&even&when&there&is&no&one&in&the&vicinity.&

Ligh9ng&jargon&deDmys9fied&

P&

Page 214: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

SOURCE

TRIPLE STRENGTH PORTFOLIO

Page 215: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Pervasive Information & Communication Technologies Key to Success

Using portfolios of multiple-benefit actions to becomeclimate positive and revenue positive

Ambitious, Continuous Efficiency Gains Smart Green Power Protecting

Ecosystem Services

Adopting Cost & Risk-Resilient Portfolio

Page 216: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

1)SHRINKING - CONTINUOUS EFFICIENCYAdopt decoupling+ and comprehensive IRP for delivering utility services to the point of use at least cost & risk, fully including end-use efficiency improvements and onsite/distributed generation

2)SHIFTING – GREEN/SMART ENERGYSelect only verifiable ‘green power/fuels’ that are climate- & biodiversity-friendly, accelerate not slow poverty reduction, & avoid adverse impacts

3)SOURCING - ECOSYSTEM OFFSETSAdd standards-based (CCB) carbon mitigation options to portfolio that deliver triple benefits (climate protection, biodiversity preservation, and promotion of community sustainable development)

Promoting Triple S Portfolio through Innovative Policies

Page 217: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

$1.2 billion savings over 5 years on energy, water

& chemical costs.670% ROI

“If  the  chief  executive  is  not totally committed, it won’t  succeed,”  

Pasquale Pistorio, CEO, STMicro, 1987-2005

So the financial incentive is there, but as CEO Pasquale Pistorio stressed,  it’s  not  enough.

Page 218: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Between 1998-2010 STMicroplanted 10 million trees in reforestation programs in Morocco, Australia, USA, France and Italy (9,000 ha total).

179,000 tons of CO2 sequestered.

SOURCE:Compensate the remaining direct CO2emissions through reforestation or other carbon sequestration methods, to reach CO2 direct emissions neutrality by 2015.

SHRINK: Reduce total emissions of CO2 due to our energy consumption (tons of CO2 per production unit) by 5% per year:

STMicro Carbon Positive & Revenue Positive

SHIFT: Adopt whenever possible renewable energy sources of wind, hydroelectric, geothermic, photovoltaic, and thermal solar.

Source: STMicroelectronics, Sustainability Report 2010, Our culture of Sustainable Excellence in Practice, www.st.com/internet/com/CORPORATE_RESOURCES/FINANCIAL/FINANCIAL_REPORT/ST_2010_sustainability_report.pdf

Page 219: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Half to 75% of all natural resource consumption becomes pollution and waste within 12 months.

E. Matthews et al., The Weight of Nations, 2000, www.wri.org/

CLOSING THE LOOP– Reducing Use of Virgin Resources, Increasing Reuse of Waste Nutrients, Green Chemistry, Biomimicry

Page 220: Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf

Bloomberg  New  Energy  Finance,  2030  Market  Outlook:  Solar,  June  27,  2014  

Global  Residen6al-­‐Scale  Solar  PV  System  Economics    

More rooftop PV build will spur uptake but could also prompt opposition from utilities and government.

SMALL-SCALE PV A major advantage of PV is that it not only competes on a wholesale level as described above, but also at a retail level. Unlike utility-scale projects, consumer uptake of small-scale PV is driven both by its economics and its existing market penetration.2 In other words, as more small-scale systems are installed, there is a positive feedback effect that can drive exponential growth in uptake. This phenomenon can also be seen in the mobile phone and other consumer markets.

Because of major cost reductions for modules, residential PV has now·become economic in many countries. Consumers can make a return on investment above 6% (real) by installing a PV system and operating it for the 25-year lifetime to replace electricity from the grid. In the Americas, this currently holds for Hawaii and Chile and by 2025 this will be the case Brazil and California as well . In a region such as Texas, PV has had a difficult time gaining traction, partially owing to the very low power prices. In a decade, in spite of low power prices, residential PV will be an attractive investment.

It is clear that in many countries installing PV will save households and businesses money, and some parts of the Americas have already begun to see uptake of unsubsidised PV systems such as utility-scale PV in Chile. As solar technology gets cheaper we expect households and businesses to increasing opt for solar systems. There will however be opposition from utilities and changing rate structures for consumers. The first signs of this trend can already be observed: in

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Spain, for example, the government has threatened to impose a tax on electricity generated for auto-consumption, although the final bill is still pending. Ultimately however we don't believe developments such as this will have a material effect on the size of the market in the long term, particularly as the small-scale power storage solutions become increasingly viable .

Figure 9: Global residential-scale PV system economics 2014 2025

500 ] 500

450 450 . any

50GW

400 . any

400 Hawaii .Hawaii Denmark 8 8 .. 1350 tit 350 Slovakia

Australia I Neth. stralia

Neth. • "' Slovakia 100GW "' - 100GW Q) Q) 0 Switz. Po 9 0 §. 250 '§. 250

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100 100

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Irradiation (kWhlkW/year) Irradiation (kWh/kW/year)

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Note: NJ, New Jersey; CA, California.

2 Small-scale PV is PV deployed on rooftops as opposed to ground-mounted systems. Their size can vary from small residential to large commercial systems.

Bloomberg l P 2014

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