total quality management (tqm) chapter 1 introduction to total quality management

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Total Quality Management (TQM) CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Total Quality Management

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Total Quality Management (TQM)

CHAPTER 1Introduction to Total Quality Management

Total Quality Management (TQM)

What is Quality ?

Definitions of Quality

Quality means different to different people:

1. Customer-Based: Fitness for use, meeting customer expectations.

2. Manufacturing-Based: Conforming to design, specifications, or requirements. Having no defects.

3. Product-Based: The product has something that other similar products do not that adds value.

4. Value-Based: The product is the best combination of price and features.

5. Transcendent: It is not clear what it is, but it is something good...

Total Quality Management (TQM)Quality means different to different people. There are five ways of looking at quality definitions

I. Transcendent Definition:

"Quality is neither mind nor matter, but a third entity independent of the two…even through Quality cannot be defined, you know what it is."

II. Product-Based Definition: "Quality refers to the amounts of the unpriced attributes contained in each unit of the priced

attribute."

III. User-Based Definition:

"Quality is fitness for use." (J.M. Juran, ed., Quality Control Handbook, p2).

IV. Manufacturing-Based Definition:

"Quality [means] conformance to requirements." "Quality is the degree to which a specific product conforms to a design or specification."

V. Value-Based Definition:

"Quality means best for certain customer conditions. These conditions are (a) the actual use and (b) the selling price of the product."

What is TQM? TQM is the enhancement to the traditional way of doing

business. It is a proven technique to guarantee survival in the world-

class competition. TQM is for the most part common sense. Analyzing three words (TQM), we have:

Total—Made up of the wholeQuality—Degree of excellence a product or service providesManagement—Act, art, or manner of handling, controlling,

directing, etc.

Therefore TQM is the art of managing the whole to achieve the excellence.

What is TQM? (Continued) TQM is defined as both philosophy and a set of guiding

principles that represents the foundation of a continuously improving organization.

It is the application of quantitative methods and human resources to improve all the processes within an organization and exceed customer needs now and in future.

TQM integrates fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and technical tools under disciplined approach.

Total Quality Management (TQM) In trying to define TQM is it is well worth considering the relevance and meaning of

the three words in it's title.:

Total - The responsibility for achieving Quality rests with everyone a business no matter what their function. It recognizes the necessity to develop processes across the business, that together lead to the reliable delivery of exact, agreed customer requirements. This will achieve the most competitive cost position and a higher return on investment.

Quality - The prime task of any business is to understand the needs of the customer, then deliver the product or service at the agreed time, place and price, on every occasion. This will retain current customers, assist in acquiring new ones and lead to a subsequent increase in market share.

Management - Top management lead the drive to achieve quality for customers, by communicating the business vision and values to all employees; ensuring the right business processes are in place; introducing and maintaining a continuous improvement culture.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Antecedents of Modern Quality Management

Guilds of Medieval Europe (From the end of 13th Century to Early 19th Century)

The Industrial Revolution (From the end of 17th Century to 1800s)

The World War II (From 1938 to 1945)

Post World War Era (After 1945)

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Antecedents of Modern Quality Management

The Industrial Revolution(From the end of 17th Century to 1800s)

Craftsmanship

The Factory System

The Taylor System

Total Quality Management (TQM)Post World War II

The Birth of Total Quality Management

The birth of the Total Quality Control in US was in direct response to a quality revolution in Japan following WW-II as Japanese manufacturers converted from Producing Military Goods for internal use to producing civilian goods for trade.

At first Japan had a widely held reputation for shoddy exports, and their goods were shunned by international markets. This led Japanese organizations to explore new ways of thinking about quality.

And from here starts the era of “Quality Gurus”!

Total Quality Management (TQM)What is a quality guru?

A guru, by definition, is a good person, a wise person and

a teacher.

A quality guru should be all of these, plus have a concept

and approach to quality within business that has made a

major and lasting impact.

These gurus have done, and continue to do, that, in

some cases, even after their death.

The Era of Quality GurusThere have been three groups of gurus since the 1940’s: Early 1950’s: Americans who took the messages of quality to

Japan

Late 1950’s: Japanese who developed new concepts in response to the Americans

1970’s-1980’s: Western gurus who followed the Japanese industrial success

Total Quality Management (TQM)

J. Edward Deming

Joseph M. JuranJoseph M. Juran

The Americans who went to Japan:

Armand V Feigenbaum

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Joseph Juran Juran is a founder of the Juran Institute in Wilton, Connecticut.

He promoted the concept known as Business Process Quality, which is a technique of Cross-Functional Quality Improvement.

He was invited to Japan in 1954 by the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE)

He predicted the quality of Japanese goods would overtake the quality of goods produced in US by Mid-1970s because of Japan’s revolutionary rate of quality improvement

Total Quality Management (TQM) W. Edward Deming Deming, who had become frustrated with American managers when most programs of statistical

quality control were terminated once the war and government contracts came to an end, was invited to Japan in 1954 by the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE).

Deming was the main figure in popularizing quality control in Japan and regarded as national hero in that country.

He believes that quality must be built I into the product at all stages in order to achieve a high level

of excellence.

His thoughts were highly influenced by Walter Shwartz who was the proponent of Statistical Quality Control (SQC). He views statistics as a management tool and relies on statistical process control as means in managing variations in a process.

Total Quality Management (TQM)W Edwards Deming placed great importance and responsibility on management, at both the individual andcompany level, believing management to be responsible for 94% of quality problems. His fourteen pointplan is a complete philosophy of management, that can be applied to small or large organizations in thepublic, private or service sectors:

1. Create constancy of purpose towards improvement of product and service2. Adopt the new philosophy. We can no longer live with commonly accepted levels of delay, mistakes and defective workmanship3. Cease dependence on mass inspection. Instead, require statistical evidence that quality is built in4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price5. Find problems. It is management’s job to work continually on the system6. Institute modern methods of training on the job7. Institute modern methods of supervision of production workers, The responsibility of foremen must be changed from numbers to quality8. Drive out fear, so that everyone may work effectively for the company9. Break down barriers between departments10. Eliminate numerical goals, posters and slogans for the workforce asking for new levels of productivity without providing

methods11. Eliminate work standards that prescribe numerical quotas12. Remove barriers that stand between the hourly worker and their right to pride of workmanship13. Institute a vigorous program of education and retraining14. Create a structure in top management that will push on the above points every day

Total Quality Management (TQM) Philip B Crosby

Crosby is known for the concepts of “Quality is Free” and “Zero Defects”, and his quality improvement process is based on his four absolutes of quality:

– Quality is conformance to requirements

– The system of quality is prevention

– The performance standard is zero defect

– The measurement of quality is the price of non-conformance

Total Quality Management (TQM)The American Response

The US Business Community Wakes up in 1980s from Deep Slumber

Several other quality initiatives followed. The ISO 9000 series of quality-management standards, for example, were published in 1987. The Baldrige National Quality Program and Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award were established by the U.S. Congress the same year. American companies were at first slow to adopt the standards but eventually came on board.

The major rationale behind establishment of this law was intense foreign competition especially from Japan.

The award has set a national standard for quality, and hundreds of major corporations used the criteria in application form as a basic management guide for quality improvement programs.

Meeting criteria is not an easy matter. A perfect score is 1000

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Why Apply for Baldrige Award?

We applied for the Award, not with the idea of winning, but with the goal of receiving the evaluation of the Baldrige Examiners. That evaluation was

comprehensive, professional, and insightful...making it perhaps the most cost-effective, value-added business consultation available anywhere in

the world today.

Bob BarnettExecutive Vice President

Motorola, Inc.2003 Baldrige Award Ceremony

Total Quality Management (TQM)TQM Beyond 2000

As the 21st century begins, the quality movement has matured. The new quality systems have evolved beyond the foundations laid by Deming, Juran and the early Japanese practitioners of quality

– In 2000 the ISO 9000 series of quality management standards was revised to increase emphasis on customer satisfaction. Sector-specific versions of the ISO 9000 series of quality management standards were developed for such industries as automotive (QS-9000), aerospace (AS9000) and telecommunications (TL 9000 and ISO/TS 16949) and for environmental management (ISO 14000).

– Six Sigma, a methodology developed by Motorola to improve its business processes by minimizing defects, evolved into an organizational approach that achieved breakthroughs – and significant bottom-line results. When Motorola received a Baldrige Award in 1988, it shared its quality practices, like Toyota Motor Corporation, with others.

Total Quality Management (TQM)– Quality function deployment was developed by Yoji Akao

as a process for focusing on customer wants or needs in the design or redesign of a product or service.

– Quality has moved beyond the manufacturing sector into such areas service, healthcare, education and government.

– The Malcom Baldridge National Quality Award has added education and healthcare to its original categories: manufacturing, small business and service. Many advocates are pressing for the adoption of a “nonprofit organization” category as well.