./. ment. Defic. Res. (1970) 14, 111 111

TOPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALMARDERMATOGLYPHICS

L. S. PENROSE and DANUTA I.OESCH

Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harperbury Hospital, St. Albansand

Psychoufurolo^ilical Institute, Pruszkow, near Warsaw, Poland.

INTRODUCTIONThe present writers have described a method of classifying patterns on the

soles which is based on topological principles (Penrose and Loesch, 1969). A greatdeal of work has been done on the classification of palmar patterns (Cummins andMidlo. 1943). However, the.se traditional inetliods. widely used l)y anthropologists,have not always proved convenient in clinical and genetical studies. The object of thepresent paper is to provide a descriptive formula which might be of special value inpathological comparisons and genetical studies.

GENERAL PRINCIPLESThe principle of topological classification is, firstly, to describe all loops, noting

that a whorl always consists of two loops, and then to enumerate all the triradii,specifying the most important ones. The number of triradii on a normal hand,including those which are extralhnital, exceeds the number of loops by four (Penrose,1965).

Arch formations, cusps, multiplications and fans are neglected because they arenot true patterns and are not topologically significant. Consequently, vestiges arealso excluded. According to the same principle, the exits of main lines are not criticalso tliey are not part of the proposed classification. Nevertheless, such information canbe added to the new description if desired, for example, the A-line exit has .someclinical significance and may be conveniently recorded at the end of the fonnula.

Loops

Each loop is specified according to the configurational area in which it occursand the direction of its core. The areas used in the present method, which correspondroughly to foetal mounds, are shown in Fig. 1. Areas II and IV. as shown here, areslightly larger than those used in traditional classifications (Cummins and Midlo,1943). The thenar and first interdigital areas are combined to form area I. Theliypothenar area, which could be described as area V, is here called H.

I.,oops are classified as peripheral, i.e. I, II. I l l , IV and H, when their corespoint away from the centre of the palm {Fig. 2). Conversely, the cores of loops,described as central (II, III, IV and H), point towards the centre of the palm(Fig. 3). This way of classifying loops, instead of using the terms distal and proximal,is derived from considering imaginary lines, which can he drawn at right angles tothe ridges and which form the "dual" pattern as explained in a previous paper

[Received January 26th, 197Q)

112 PALMAR DERMAIOCLYPHICS

Fig. 1. Cnnfiguratioiia!areas, on the palm,which correspond totoetal mounds.

(Penrose 1969a). Representative lines of this type are shown in Figs. 2 to 9. A whorlor a double loop of spiral type is, in all areas, considered to be a combination of twocomplementary loops.

I'hree particular loops have to be separately specified (Fig. 4). The first is aperipheral loop on the fourth interdigital area, whose core exits on the ulnar borderof the palm, here called IV". The second is a loop on the hypothenar area with itsdirection and exit towards the radial side of the wrist, called Ff—equivalent to thetraditional carpal loop. The third is a peripheral loop on area one, with exit on theradial thenar border, here called I''. Tented loops can also be distinguished although,in practice, it is nearly always possible to assign a direction to the loop core; whenthis is not possible the tented loop is classified according to the configurational areaupon which its centre lies. An interdigital peripheral tented loop most commonly liesin area III, as in Fig. 5, and can be called III"^. On the hypothenar area, tentedloops can be called, according to the previous nomenclature (Cummins and Midlo.1943) T^, T'' and T", indicating the directions of their cores.

TriradiiOn area I, a triradius is signified in" the letter c when it lies in the distal lialf of

the area; otherwise it can be called / (Fig. 5). Axial triradii are, as usual, signified byt, t', t" and ('". A border, or extralintital. triradius is recorded as t^ (Fig. 6). Atriradius situated near the centre of the hypotlienar area can be called t" (Figs. 5and 9). On rare occasions a triradius deviates sufficiently to the radial side to becalled (•".

Sometimes one of the interdigital triradii subtends two digits and this is rtjuiva-lent to the fusion of two triradii. This can occur when there is no interdigital loop

L. S. I'ENKOSE and DANUIA LOESOH 113

Fig. 2. Peripheral loops 1. I I . HI , IVand H; their relationship to a line drawnat right angles to the ridges is shown.

Fig. :i. Central loops I I . I I I . IV and H.Note their relationship to a line drawn at

right angles to the ridges.

Fig. 4. Loops which are separatelyspecified, IV", H ' and I^

HH

Fig. 5. I l l ' Tin" H H c e f t t" 1" 4 (4)

114 PALMAR DERMAIOGLYPHICS

txtra-limital

Fig. 6. Ir I r l V H H e e t t' t^ z ' 3 (1) Fig. 7. t'' z" 2 (5)

Fig. 8. I l l I I I i V H H Hr t' t' i" tb 6 (1) Fig. 9. IV" H H t tb t" 4 (3)

L. S. PENROSE and DANUIA LOESCH 115

vmHH HH<

Fig. in. Representative loop pairs in hypothenar area on left palm prints. The rt:lationshipbetween the patterns (i) to (viii) can be expressed as a progressive twisting in a clockwisedirection and gradual separation of two loops. The twisting leads to a clockwise type of whorl

in pattern (iv).

on III or IV and one of the triradii. h or c. is considered to he missing. The fusedtriradii ab are called z, fused triradii be called z' and cd called z", to indicatezygodactylous tendencies (Figs 6 and 7).

Interdigital triradii, including those which may he considered accessory hut notthose specified as z. z' or z", are recorded by giving their number which is usually 4.

ExamplesThe method of description i.s shown in Figs. 5 to 9. In writing the formula, the

order of precedence is :For loops, areas in numerical order, followed t)y H, peripheral loops I>efore

central or separately specified loops,'I'riradii are given in alphabetical order, followed hy the number of unspecified

interdigital triradii.At the end of the formula, if s<j desired, the A line exit can be written Jn

brackets. Details of the method of description, with instructions, arc given inAppendix 1. Sections 1 & 2.

In Fig. 5 there are three triradii in area I : r, c and /, accompanied by loop, I,and a whorl. I K. There is a tented loop. III"^. and two peripheral loop.s in thehypothenar area, H H. associated with triradii /" and f-'. There are four unspecifiedinterdigital triradii. The main line A exits at 4.

I'ig. 6 .sliows two V loops with the corresponding e triiadii, z' with peripheralloop IV and central and peripheral H loops, connected with /' and an extralimitalt^.

Fig. 7 sliows a palm with no loops and presence of z". 1 here are only two un-specified interdigital triradii.

116 PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS

In Fig. 8 an uncommon interdigital type of pattern is shown, consisting of a whorl,III III, and a central loop, IV. The hypothenar area contains H, H and H"" andtriradii t', t', t" and t^. 1 he main line A exists at 1.

Fig. 9 shows the unusual IV" loop, two central H loops with (^ and t^ triradii.

Hypothenar area

Classification of pattern types on the hypothenar area raises special difficulties.The principle adopted here is merely to list the loops and triradii; this gives, in mostcases, a fair description of the configuration and provides more information than thetraditional classification {see Appendix 1. Section 3). In many cases, however, thesame description would apply to a number of apparently different patterns which aretopologically equivalent. The relationship of some representative patterns in thisregion, and their nomenclature, is shown in Fig, 10.

In this system, two loops, whose cores are nearly parallel, have the same symbolas shown in Fig. 10, i and ii.

Two loops are considered to require different symbols if the angle between theircores is greater than 90°, as in Fig. 10, iii to vii, or if one of tlie loops is separatelyspecified as in Fig. 10, viii.

NORMAL VARIATIONThe frequencies of individual characters, loops or triradii, in a representative

European sample of the normal population, containing 250 males and 250 females{in all, one thousand hands), are given in Table 1. I-'or the sake of simplicity, tentedloops were not separately distinguished and triradii < and / were grouped together.The pattern intensity, measured by the total number of loops, can be obtained fromthe totals of the columns in the Table.

Comparing the frequencies in males and females we find an excess of pattern onarea I in males and excess of z triradii in females. With respect to laterality. there isa great excess of area I and iV patterns on the left hand and an excess of II and IIIpatterns on the right.

Pattern intensity is slighUy, but, in this sample, not significantly greater in males{1.73 loops per palm) than in females (1.62 loops per palm); it is ahnost the same forleft and right hands.

Frequencies of whole palmar patterns, classified according to the proposedmethod have been listed in the form of a dictionary (see Appendix 2) as previouslydone with soles (Penrose and Loesch, 1969). The special value of such a dictionaryis to make it possible to ascertain whether a given palmar pattern is of a common orof a rare type. I h e classification is designed also to enable genetical studies to bemade of separate elements or combinations of them. This can be done after collectingand analysing family material.

CLINICAL APPLICATION{a) Autosomal aberrations : The frequencies of individual characters in samples

of autosomal aberrations are shown in Table 2. Irisomies G, D and E and tlie

r(—1

L. S. PENROSE and DANUTA LOESCH U7

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118 PALMAR DERMAlCXa.YPHICS

t o o q q c q q e o q t o o c o co t ^ r - c o i x s q e o q q q o o in col o d O O d o d c o O t O Q e o C i t O ^ ^ c O i O O c O O C O c i d t o CO

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L. S. PENROSE and DANUIA LOESCH 119

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120 PALMAR DERMATOCLYPHICVS

deletion Bp- are compared with the control group without specifying sex. Strikingpeculiarities in the abiionnal .samples arc immediately seen; for example, in area I,D tri.somy shows an eiiornious excess of pattern wliilc C> and K show a deficit. Onarea III, G and D trisomies show an excess of pattern and tlit- Bp- deh'tion shows adeficit. Conversely, pattern on area IV is deficient in all three trisomies hut excessivein Hp- deletion. As is well known, G trisotny exhibits a great excess of H loops and Da considerable excess of them. All four aberrations showed a marked deficit in Hpatterns. The same trends are noticeable in the comparative frec|uencies of triradii.For example, in G and D trisomy there is an enormous excess of (".

Pattern intensity is extremely high in D trisomy {2.47 Uxips per palm), also highin G tri.somy (I.HB); conversely, in E trisoniy it is very low (1.18).

The application of the present method to differential diagnosis is best shownby studying the comparative frequencies of wliole palmar patterns in groups ofabnormals and controls, using dictionaries (see Appendices 2 and 3). I-'or example,the pattern type III H t t" 4 has a frequency, on the male mongol left hand, of26/inO and 1.2/100 on the left hand of male controls.

fb) Sex chromosomal aberrations : Comparison of palms from Turner (X),Klineft'lter (XXY) and otlier cases with aberrant sex chromosomes with palms ofcontrol XY males and XX females, with respect to frequencies of pattern elements,is shown in Table 3. In Turners, the main differences are loss of pattern in area IVand excess of all kinds of loops in the hypothcnar area, with corresponding excess oft" and t^ triradii. An opposite tendency was observed in the XXX group. There wasmarked deficit of H, H and H " loops and corresponding triradii t" and t^. Siinilariy,m Klindeltcrs there is loss of pattern in the hypothenar region, particularly loss ofH and H loops. Correspondingly t" and t^ are uncommon as compared with XY. Inthe XYY group there is a deficit of /' and t" triradii as compared with normal XYmales. These obsei-vations supplement those of Holt (1969).

It may be mentioned, that a zygodactylous tendency seems to be strong in allthf sex chromo.M)mal aberrations, as sliowii by increased fretfuencies of z' and ~".This is in agreement with the general rule that pattern intensity is low when thenumber of sex c hromosomes is increa.sed.

SUMMARY

A method of classifying palmar patterns, which depcTids on topological ideas, ispresented. The notation describes all loops and specified triradii. Traditional ideasare, as far as possible, incorporated. Tbe same mediod has l)een previously suggestedfor soles.

The intention is to provide a convenient basis for genetical and clinical study.The European control material, comprising 250 males and 2.'iO females, is presentedin the form of a dictionary from wliich frequencies of separate elements and of theircombinations can be obtained.

Comparison is made with samples of autosoinal and sex chromosomal aberra-tions to illustrate the potentialities of the new method.

L. S. PENROSE and DANUIA LOESCH 121

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe writers wish to express their gratitude to Dr. Krystyna Zajaczkowska, Mr.

M. A. C. Ridler and Mr. P. Saldana for providing control data and also to Mrs. J.Godlewska for technical assistance. 1 hanks are due to many colleagues who suppliedpatliological data, including Drs. J. Aitken, H. O. Akesson, J. M. Berg, K. Boczkow-ski, R. Ceppellini, J. H. Clark, H. G. Close, M. Crawfurd, Clare Davison, ElaineDonogluie, J. H. Edwards, G. W. Fisher, H. Forssman, M. Fraccaro, P. Franceschini,A. S. R. Goonetilleke, R. R. Gordon, A. W. (Griffiths, D. G. Harnden, R. A. Hunter,A. D. Isaacs, Patricia A. Jacobs, A. W. Johnston, B. H. Kirman, J. Lindsten, J. S.McCracken, W. J. Mellman, R. Mereditii, Margareta Mikkelsen, D. Pitt, P. E.Polani, W. H. Price, Sliirley Ratcliffe, B. W. Richards, A. Shapiro, G. F. Smith,Ann Stewart and S. W. Wright.

REFERENCESCUMMINS, H . and MIDLO, C. (1961) Fingerprints, palms and soles. Philadelphia: The Biakiston

Company, and New York; Dover Publications Inc.HOLT, S. B. (1969) Dermatoglyphics and sex chromosomes. In Selected topics on genital

anomalies and related subjects. Ed. M. N. Rashad and W. R. M. Morton. Springfield,Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.

PENROSE, L. S. (1965) Dermatngiyphic tnpology. Nature. Lend.. 205, 544.PENROSE, L. S. (1966) Dermatoglyphic patterns in large acrneentrir trisomy. /. ment. Defic.

Res., 10, 1.PENROSE, L. S. (1968) Memorandum on dermatoglyphic nomenclature. Birth Defecls Original

Article Series 4, No. 3. New York ; The National Foundation.PENROSE, L. S. (1969a) Dermatoglyphic patterns in trisomy 17 or 18. J. ment. Defic. Res.. 13,

44.PENROSE, L. S. (1969h) Dermatoglyphir topolgy. In Hautleisten und Kraiikheiten. p.169. Ed. W.

Hirsrh. Berlin : Grosse Verlag GMBH.PENROSI',, L. S. and LOESGH, D . (1969) Demiatoglyphic sole patterns; a new attempt at classi-

fication. Huutiin Biology. 41, 427.

APPENDIX 1.In.structio7u for Classifying Patterns on the Palm.

I. Note all loops, using nomenclature based on their positions and the directionsof their cores.

The order of precedence in the formula (and in the dictionary') is as shownbelow ;

I - peripheral loop on interdigital area I.

I*" - radial loop on area I.

II - peripheral loop on interdigital area II.

11" - peripheral tented loop on interdigital area II.

II " central loop on interdigital area II.

122 PALMAR DERMATOOLYPHICS

III - peripheral loop on interdigital area III.

ni"^ - peripheral tented loop on interdigital area III.

III - central loop on interdigital area III.

IV - peripheral loop on interdigital area IV.

IV^ - peripheral tented loop on interdigital area IV.

IV - central loop on interdigital area IV.

IV" - ulnar (peripheral) loop on interdigital area IV.

H - peripheral loop on hypothenar area.

H - central loop on hypothenar area.

H"" - radial loop on liypothenar area, whichcorresponds to traditional carpal loop.

T* - tented loop on hypothenar area with its corepointing carpally.

T'" - tented loop on hypothenar area with its corepointing radially

T" — tented loop on hypothenar area with its corepointing towards ulnar side of palm.

For convenience, a list of equivalent terms for hypothenar configurations isattached.

2. Note all triradii, including any which are extralimital.

e - lies in distal part of area I./ - lies in central or proximal part of area I.

/, t\ t". / '" - axial triradii as traditionally described (Penrose, 196fi).( - border triradius./'• - very rate triradius, deviating to radial side of palm.(" - triradius situated near the centre of hypothenar area.z - zygodactylous formation (fused ah),

z' — zygodactylous fonnation (fused he),, traditionallyknown as absence of c.

2" - zygodactylous formation (fused cd).

The distal digital and accessor\' digital triradii are not separately specified. Thusa, a', h, b', c, c' and d, d' are indicated only by their number, I), which can vary from1 to 6 but is usually 4.

On one palm the number of loops equals the number of triradii minus 4; thus,for purposes of checking loops and triradii, the number of unspecified triradii less 4,i.e. D - 4, can be recorded. Then, in a set of palms, the total number of loops musttally with the total number of triradii with the correction - (D - 4), positive ornegative.

L. S. PKNROSE and DANUIA LOESCH 123

3. Equivalents for hypothenar patterns (.see Penrose, 1968—Fig. 10).

Traditional Present Method

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124 PALMAR DERMATOCiLYPHICS

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