topics sanctity of life – strong sanctity of life strong sanctity of life – doctrine of double...
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Topics• Sanctity of Life
– Strong Sanctity of Life
– Doctrine of Double Effect
– Weak Sanctity of Life
– Strengths and weaknesses
• Quality of Life– Quality of life calculus
– Concerns
– Scholarly opinion
• Right to Life– Criteria
– Mary Anne Warren
– Warnock Committee
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Sanctity of Life Question
• What makes your life Sacred/Set apart from other forms of life?
• Think of some examples of how your life is Sacred!
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Sanctity of Life• Strong Sanctity of Life
• Doctrine of Double Effect
• Weak Sanctity of Life
• Strengths and weaknesses
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Pro-Life• Pro-Life groups support
the notion that all life is sacred from natural conception to natural death.
• God gives life.
• Man has no right to create or destroy life.
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Supporting scripture:Old and New Testament
• So God created humankind in his image (imago dei).– Genesis 1:27
• God breathed life into Adam’s nostrils.– Genesis 2:7– Divine Spark
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Supporting Scripture:Old Testament
• God blessed them, and God said to them, ‘Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.– Genesis 1:28
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Supporting Scripture:Old Testament
• He said, ‘Naked I came from my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return there; the Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord.’– Job 1:21
• You shall not murder.– Exodus 20:13
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Supporting Scripture:New Testament
• Christ’s incarnation reaffirms the sanctity of human life – we are set apart– John 1:14.
• And the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father’s only son, full of grace and truth.
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Sanctity of Life• Strong Sanctity of Life
• Doctrine of Double Effect
• Weak Sanctity of Life
• Strengths and weaknesses
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Double Effect…• A scenario where the
pregnancy will result in the death of mother and child.
• The intention is to save the mother’s life.
• A consequence is the death of the child.
• E.G. Foetus begins to develop in the fallopian tube.
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Criticisms
• Some think that this is the same as aborting a child intentionally if the mother’s life is in danger.
• How do you gage intentions?
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Sanctity of Life• Strong Sanctity of Life
• Doctrine of Double Effect
• Weak Sanctity of Life
• Strengths and weaknesses
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Ethical Disticntions
• Extraordinary means is a justification for killing.
• Consider the Christian principle of love and compassion.
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Church of England (1965)Abortion: An Ethical Discussion
• This document expressed the overriding compassion for the needs of the mother, especially where there is a threat to her mental or physical health.
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Church of England (1993)Abortion and the Church
• We do not believe that the right to life, as a right pertaining to persons, admits of no exceptions whatever; but the right of the innocent to life admits surely of few exceptions indeed.
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Church of England (1993)Abortion and the Church
• Circumstances exist where the character or location of the pregnancy renders the foetus a serious threat to the life and health of the mother, in such circumstances the foetus could be regarded as an ‘aggressor’ on the mother.
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Church of England (1993)Abortion and the Church
• The mother would be entitled to seek protection against the threat to her life and health which the foetal life represented.
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Sanctity of Life• Strong Sanctity of Life
• Doctrine of Double Effect
• Weak Sanctity of Life
• Strengths and weaknesses
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Strengths• All human life equal
value.– Race, gender etc
• Killing is always wrong.– All have a future.
• Equal dignity.– Irrespective of disability.
• Avoids too much group pressure and power– E.g. taboos on disability.
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Weaknesses:Charles Darwin
• The theory of Natural Selection challenges the notion of imago dei.
• If life is not in the ‘image of God’ then we are no different from other animals.
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Weaknesses:Immanuel Kant
• No reason to link vital signs to valuing life.– It is not the
development of the body that makes you human.
• He linked the possession of reason to valuing life.– It is the development
of reason that makes you human.
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Weaknesses:Peter Singer
• To threat the human life as having a special priority over animal life is ‘speciesisms’.
• He did a lot of work on Animal Rights.– See booklet on
extracts from Moral Problems.
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Weaknesses:Other
• Value all life, not just human foetuses.– Mother and child –
see Thomson.
• Conflicts of duty are not dealt with.– Which life is more
sacred: mother or child?
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Quality of Life Question
• What gives your life value?
• What actions, abilities do you consider vital to your life?
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Quality of Life
• Quality of Life Calculus
• Concerns
• Scholarly opinions
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Quality of life calculus• The value of life to vary
by its quality:– The immanence of death– Constancy of pain– Ability to think– Ability to enjoy life– Ability to make rational
choices
• Who benefits and whose quality of life is being judged?– Foetus, parents, society?
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Quality of Life
• Quality of Life Calculus
• Concerns
• Scholarly opinions
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Quality of Life Concerns
• When considering ‘Quality of Life’…
– Is there a danger of ‘playing God’?
– Are we treating the foetus with dignity?
– Consider the slippery slop to actions like the Holocaust!
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Quality of Life
• Quality of Life Calculus
• Concerns
• Scholarly opinions
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Peter Singer and Helga Kuhse
• It would be better to drop the Sanctity of Life Ethic and work out a Quality of Life Ethic instead.