topicality scholars gdi09

Topicality File *

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

1Scholars

Topicality

Topicality File *

1Topicality File *

3Resolved 1NC

4Resolved - Extension

5Resolved After the Colon

6The = specific

7The = All

8USFG 1NC Not The States

9USFG EXT Not The States

10USFG 3 Branches

11Should 1NC Past Tense Of Shall

12Should 1NC Past Tense of Shall

13AT: Should--Past Tense More Grammatical

14Should - Duty

15Should - Desirable

16Should = Excludes certainty (AT: Consult)

17Substantially 10%

18Substantially 50%

19Substantially 80%

20Substantially Definitions

21AT: Percentages are arbitrary

22Increase 1NC Preexisting

23Increase EXT Pre-Exisiting

24Increase Create New

25Increase - 1NCNet Increase

26Increase EXT Net Increase

27Social Service - 1NCMust be Federal Assistance

28Social Service - Reduce dependency

29Social Service - Title XX (1/2)

30Social Service - Title XX (2/2)

31Social Service - 1NC Cash

32Social Service - EXTCash Supplements

33Social Service EXT Cash Supplements - Other Cases

34Social Service EXT Cash Supplements Medicaid

35Social Service EXT Cash Supplements - Housing

36Social Service - 1NC - Native Americans

37Social Service - EXTNative Americans

38Social Service - 1NCEducation

39Social Service - 1NC Healthcare

40Social Service EXT Healthcare

41Social Service EXT - Medicare

42Social Service - 1NC - Food Stamps

43Social Service - Excludes (EITC)

44Social Service Excludes List

45Social Service Excludes List

46Social Service - Excludes Military and Institutional

472NC Social Service = Broad

482NC Social Service = broad



51Social Services - Include

52Social Services - Include

53Social Service - Includes Abortion

54Social Service - Include Basic Needs

55Social Service - Includes Disability Assistance

56Social Service - Includes Education

57Social Service - Includes Healthcare, Education, Welfare

58Social Service - Includes Housing

59Social Service - Includes Medicaid but Excludes Medicare

60Persons - Human

61Persons - Corporations

62Persons Corporations

63Animals Persons

64Living in Poverty - 1NC Federal Definition

65Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition

66Living in Poverty EXT Food Standard

67Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition

68Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition Predictable

69Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition - Predictable

70AT: Poverty Line Bad

71AT: Federal Poverty Level

72Living in PovertyBelow 100

73AT: Revising Federal Guidelines

74ExtChanging Guidelines Bad for Predictability (1/2)

75ExtChanging Guidelines Bad for Predictability (2/2)

76Politics Links-Revising Guidelines (Unpopular)

77AT: Poverty Line should be relative

78Federal Poverty Line Bad (1/2)

79Federal Poverty Line Bad (2/2)

80Ext #1Poverty Measure Bad (Laundry List)

81Ext #2Poverty Measure Bad

82Ext #3Poverty Measure Bad

83Poverty = Bad Resources (1/2)

84Poverty = Bad Resources (2/2)

85Poverty = Basic needs

86AT: Basic Needs

87Poverty = Children

88Poverty = Communication poverty

89Poverty = Criminals/Violent Situations

90Poverty = Day Laborers and Housemaids

91Poverty = Education

92Poverty = Expenditure

93Poverty = Food

94Poverty = Mental people

96Poverty = Rural

97Poverty = Unemployment

98In = within

99In = throughout

100US Includes All Areas Under US jurisdiction

101US Includes Territories and Possessions

102US Includes Military Bases

103US = the 50 States

Resolved 1NC A. In policy-related contexts, resolved denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition Definition of the word resolve, given by Webster is to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as it was resolved by the legislature; It is of similar force to the word enact, which is defined by Bouvier as meaning to establish by law.

B. Violation: the affs plan isnt explicitly tied to a federal policy. Resolved in the resolution mandates that the affirmative defend the United States Federal Government enacts a law affirming the resolution.

C. This is a voting issue

1. Aff conditionality not having to tie the plan to a policy explodes the topic by allowing the aff to moot the 1nc and sever out of any links because isnt stuck to a specific mechanism of solving their aff.

2. Neg ground their interpretation an infinite number of cases that avoid policy debates in their entirety and makes us only debate their authors moral high ground. No policy means that we literally get no disads.

3. This is a voting issue makes the topic undebateable by overstretching our research burden undermining preparedness for all debates

Resolved - ExtensionResolved means to express by formal vote

Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary 98 (dictionary.com)

Resolved:

5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; -- followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

Resolved implies a specific course of action

American Heritage 0 (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, http://www.bartleby.com/61/87/R0178700.html)INTRANSITIVE VERB:1. To reach a decision or make a determination: resolve on a course of action. 2. To become separated or reduced to constituents. 3. Music To undergo resolution.

Resolved means to reach a firm decisionMerriam Webster Online 8 http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=resolved

resolve[1,verb] Main Entry: 1resolve Pronunciation: \ri-zlv, -zolv also -zv or -zov\ Function: verb Inflected Form(s): resolved; resolving Etymology: Middle English, from Latin resolvere to unloose, dissolve, from re- + solvere to loosen, release more at solve Date: 14th century transitive verb 1obsolete : dissolve, melt 2 a: break up, separate ; also : to change by disintegration b: to reduce by analysis c: to distinguish between or make independently visible adjacent parts of d: to separate (a racemic compound or mixture) into the two components 3: to cause resolution of (a pathological state) 4 a: to deal with successfully : clear up b: to find an answer to c: to make clear or understandable d: to find a mathematical solution of e: to split up (as a vector) into two or more components especially in assigned directions 5: to reach a firm decision about 6 a: to declare or decide by a formal resolution and vote b: to change by resolution or formal vote 7: to make (as voice parts) progress from dissonance to consonance 8: to work out the resolution of (as a play)

Resolved means a firm decision

American Heritage 0 (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, http://www.bartleby.com/61/87/R0178700.html)Resolve TRANSITIVE VERB:1. To make a firm decision about. 2. To cause (a person) to reach a decision. See synonyms at decide. 3. To decide or express by formal vote.

Resolved means determined and firm in intent.

Random House Unabridged 6 (http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=resolved&r=66)resolved Audio Help /rzlvd/ Pronunciation Key - Show Spelled Pronunciation[ri-zolvd] adjective firm in purpose or intent; determined.

Resolved After the ColonThe colon is meaningless everything after it is whats important

Websters 0 Guide to Grammar and Writing (http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm)Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.

The colon just elaborates on what the debate community was resolved to debateEncarta World Dictionary 7 (http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861598666)

colon (plural colons) nounDefinition: 1.punctuation mark:the punctuation mark (:) used to divide distinct but related sentence components such as clauses in which the second elaborates on the first, or to introduce a list, quotation, or speech.A colon is sometimes used in U.S. business letters after the salutation. Colons are also used between numbers in statements of proportion or time and Biblical or literary references.

Colon is a punctuation mark that precedes an explanationOxford English Dictionary 8 (http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/colon_1?view=uk)colon 1/koln/ noun a punctuation mark (:) used to precede a list of items, a quotation, or an expansion or explanation.

Colon is the sign used to introduce a sentence or phraseCambridge Dictionary Online 8 (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=14990&dict=CALD)colon (SIGN) Show phonetics noun [C] the sign (:) used in writing, especially to introduce a list of things or a sentence or phrase taken from somewhere elseThe = specificThe denotes a specific, unique objectAmerican Heritage 0 Dictionary of the English Language (dictionary.com)

the

Used before singular or plural nouns and noun phrases that denote particular, specified persons or things: the baby; the dress I wore. Used before a noun, and generally stressed, to emphasize one of a group or type as the most outstanding or prominent: considered Lake Shore Drive to be the neighborhood to live in these days. Used to indicate uniqueness: the Prince of Wales; the moon. Used before nouns that designate natural phenomena or points of the compass: the weather; a wind from the south. Used as the equivalent of a possessive adjective before names of some parts of the body: grab him by the neck; an infection of the hand. Used before a noun specifying a field of endeavor: the law; the film industry; the stage. Used before a proper name, as of a monument or ship: the Alamo; the Titanic. Used before the plural form of a numeral denoting a specific decade of a century or of a life span: rural life in the Thirties.

The means unique, as in there is one USFG

Merriam-Websters 8 Online Collegiate Dictionary, http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary

used as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is a unique or a particular member of its class

The word the implies there is only one as in the USFGCambridge Dictionaries Online 7used to refer to things or people when only one exists at any one time:

The = All

The means all parts.

Merriam-Websters 8 Online Collegiate Dictionary, http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary

4 -- used as a function word before a noun or a substantivized adjective to indicate reference to a group as a whole

The serves a function to indicate a generic following noun or phraseMerriam Webster Online 8 http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=the

Main Entry: 1 the Pronunciation: \before consonants usually th, before vowels usually th, sometime before vowels also th; for emphasis before titles and names or to suggest uniqueness often th\ Function: definite article Etymology: Middle English, from Old English th, masculine demonstrative pron. & definite article, alteration (influenced by oblique cases as ths, genitive & neuter, tht) of s; akin to Greek ho, masculine demonstrative pron. & definite article more at that Date: before 12th century 1 aused as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is definite or has been previously specified by context or by circumstance bused as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is a unique or a particular member of its class cused as a function word before nouns that designate natural phenomena or points of the compass dused as a function word before a noun denoting time to indicate reference to what is present or immediate or is under consideration eused as a function word before names of some parts of the body or of the clothing as an equivalent of a possessive adjective jused as a function word before the plural form of a surname to indicate all the members of a family kused as a functon word before the plural form of a numeral that is a multiple of ten to denote a particular decade of a century or of a person's life lused as a function word before the name of a commodity or any familiar appurtenance of daily life to indicate reference to the individual thing, part, or supply thought of as at hand metersused as a function word to designate one of a class as the best, most typical, best known, or most worth singling out ; sometimes used before a personal name to denote the most prominent bearer of that name 2 a (1)used as a function word with a noun modified by an adjective or by an attributive noun to limit the application of the modified noun to that specified by the adjective or by the attributive noun (2)used as a function word before an absolute adjective or an ordinal number b (1)used as a function word before a noun to limit its application to that specified by a succeeding element in the sentence Capital, Washington -- (the federal government of the United States)

Government is the political and administrative hierarchy of the statePolitical Science Dictionary 73 (Dryden Press, Illinois, p. 174)

Government is the political and administrative hierarchy of an organized state. Governments exercise legislative, executive, and judicial functions; the nature of the governmental system is determined by the distribution of these powers. Government may take many forms, but it must be sufficiently powerful and stable to command obedience and maintain order. A governments position also depends on its acceptance by the community of nations through its diplomatic recognition by other states.

Government is the apparatus of the stateShafritz 88 (The Dorsey Dictionary of American Government and Politics, p. 249)Government is the formal institutions and process through which binding decisions are made for a society. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) wrote in Civil Disobedience (1849) that that government is the best which governs least. This statement is often attributed to Thomas Jefferson but while it certainly reflects his philosophic sentiments, it has never been found in any of Jeffersons writings. 2 The apparatus of the state, consisting of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. 3 A political entity that has taxing authority and jurisdiction over a defined geographic area for some specified purpose, such as fire protection or schools. 4 The indiciduals who temporarily control the institutions of a state or subnational jurisdiction. 5 The United States government, especially as in the government.

Should 1NC Past Tense Of Shall A. Violation - Should refers to a future act that has not been carried out the affirmative must defend a world where the federal government enacts a policy increasing alternative energy incentives that has not yet been enacted

Remo 32 Foresi v. The Hudson Coal Co, SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA, 106 Pa. Super. 307; 161 A. 910; 1932 Pa. Super. LEXIS 239 July 14,

As regards the mandatory character of the rule, the word 'should' is not only an auxiliary verb, it is also the preterite of the verb, 'shall' and has for one of its meanings as defined in the Century Dictionary: "Obliged or compelled (to); would have (to); must; ought (to); used with an infinitive (without to) to express obligation, necessity or duty in connection with some act yet to be carried out." We think it clear that it is in that sense that the word 'should' is used in this rule, not merely advisory. When the judge in charging the jury tells them that, unless they find from all the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant is guilty of the offense charged, they should acquit, the word 'should' is not used in an advisory sense but has the force or meaning of 'must', or 'ought to' and carries with it the sense of obligation and duty equivalent to compulsion. A natural sense of sympathy for a few unfortunate claimants who have been injured while doing something in direct violation of law must not be so indulged as to fritter away, or nullify, provisions which have been enacted to safeguard and protect the welfare of thousands who are engaged in the hazardous occupation of mining.

B. This is a better interpretation

1. Limits There are a huge number of past instances where the federal government has increased alternative energy incentives, every Energy Policy Act the government has passed since the energy crisis in the 1970s has involved some incentives each of these is wildly unpredictable for the negative. AND, the abuse of unlimited topics is magnified when debating the past since we cant have generics every case occurs in a different timeframe which means our disadvantages and case arguments have to be written to dozens of different contexts. We would literally have to have a tub for every era of American history.

2. Ground Consensus is generally settled on historical questions which means you can choose ones where the literature is not only slanted but actually indicates such a slanted consensus. Moreover, we know past actions didnt cause nuclear wars or anything else extreme but the aff still has the opportunity to make counter-factual claims about failure to enact such programs causing nuclear war this is a losing proposition they will ALWAYS outweigh

3. Education Debate trains us to be future policy makers, lawyers and activists. All of these require the ability to make COST-BENEFIT CALCULATIONS relying on PREDICTIVE INFORMATION to be effective. This is a skill that can only and best be taught in policy debates using the assumptions of fiat. If history is valuable and relevant it can be used as empirical examples to prove and disprove future arguments which solves all your offense

Should 1NC Past Tense of ShallAND, Utopianism such as fiat is key to formulating realistic political strategies for future social change

Streeten 99 (Paul, Professor Emeritus of Economics at Boston University, Development, The Case For Being Utopian, Volume 42, Issue 2, p. 118)

First, Utopian thinking can be useful as a framework for analysis. Just as physicists assume an atmospheric vacuum for some purposes, so policy analysts can assume a political vacuum from which they can start afresh. The physicists assumption plainly would not be useful for the design of parachutes, but can serve other purposes well. Similarly, when thinking of tomorrows problems, Utopianism is not helpful. But for long-term strategic purposes it is essential. Second, the Utopian vision gives a sense of direction, which can get lost in approaches that are preoccupied with the feasible. In a world that is regarded as the second-best of all feasible worlds, everything becomes a necessary constraint. All vision is lost. Third, excessive concern with the feasible tends to reinforce the status quo. In negotiations, it strengthens the hand of those opposed to any reform. Unless the case for change can be represented in the same detail as the case for no change, it tends to be lost. Fourth, it is sometimes the case that the conjuncture of circumstances changes quite suddenly and that the constellation of forces, unexpectedly, turns out to be favourable to even radical innovation. Unless we are prepared with a carefully worked out, detailed plan, that yesterday could have appeared utterly Utopian, the reformers will lose out by default. Only a few years ago nobody would have expected the end of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the unification of Germany, the break-up of Yugoslavia, the marketization of China, the end of apartheid in South Africa. And the handshake on the White House lawn between Mr Peres and Mr Arafat. Fifth, the Utopian reformers themselves can constitute a pressure group, countervailing the selfinterested pressures of the obstructionist groups. Ideas thought to be Utopian have become realistic at moments in history when large numbers of people support them, and those in power have to yield to their demands. The demand for ending slavery is a historical example. It is for these five reasons that Utopians should not be discouraged from formulating their proposals and from thinking the unthinkable, unencumbered by the inhibitions and obstacles of political constraints. They should elaborate them in the same detail that the defenders of the status quo devote to its elaboration and celebration. Utopianism and idealism will then turn out to be the most realistic vision.

C. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness

AT: Should--Past Tense More Grammatical

1. We have a grammatical interpretation arguing what is technically more consistent is irrelevant formal grammar is rarely used and every day ungrammatical constructions prove it doesnt spiral into the destruction of all meaning

2. Massive fairness issues supersede A mangled but fair resolution would probably produce some good debates people will find ways to stop the slide into ungrammatical hell but an interpretation the structurally wires in unfairness like theirs inherently precludes the possibility of good debates

3. Youre not grammatical traditional rules governing should have been abandoned it is just used for future obligation

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 0 (4th Edition, p. 1612)Usage Note Like the rules governing the use of shall and will on which they are based, the traditional rules governing the use of should and would are largely ignored in modern American practice. Either should or would can now be used in the first person to express conditional futurity: If I had known that, I would (or somewhat more formally, should) have answered differently. But in the second and third persons only would is used: If he had known that, he would (not should) have answered differently. Would cannot always be substituted for should, however. Should is used in all three persons in a conditional clause: if I (or you or he) should decide to go. Should is also used in all three persons to express duty or obligation (the equivalent of ought to): I (or you or he) should go. On the other hand, would is used to express volition or promise: I agreed that I would do it. Either would or should is possible as an auxiliary with like, be inclined, be glad, prefer, and related verbs: I would (or should) like to call your attention to an oversight. Here would was acceptable on all levels to a large majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey and is more common in American usage than should. Should have is sometimes incorrectly written should of by writers who have mistaken the source of the spoken contraction shouldve.4. This straight up makes no sense if the resolution was a past-tense it would have said should have they should have to come up with a coherent recognizable sentence using should in the context they talk about before you accept this interpretation

Should - DutyShould is a duty or obligation

Webster's 84 II, p. 1078

Should is used to express duty or obligationShould is equal to obligation

WORDS AND PHRASES 53, Vol. 39, p. 313.

The word should, denotes an obligation in various degrees, usually milder than ought. Baldassarre v. West Oregon Lumber Co., 239 p.2d 839, 842, 198 Or. 556.Should indicates obligation or duty

Compact Oxford English Dictionary 8 (should, 2008, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?view=uk)

Should modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness. 2 used to indicate what is probable. 3 formal expressing the conditional mood. 4 used in a clause with that after a main clause describing feelings. 5 used in a clause with that expressing purpose. 6 (in the first person) expressing a polite request or acceptance. 7 (in the first person) expressing a conjecture or hope. USAGE Strictly speaking should is used with I and we, as in I should be grateful if you would let me know, while would is used with you, he, she, it, and they, as in you didnt say you would be late; in practice would is normally used instead of should in reported speech and conditional clauses, such as I said I would be late. In speech the distinction tends to be obscured, through the use of the contracted forms Id, wed, etc.Should - DesirableShould expresses desirability

Cambridge Dictionary of American English 7 (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=should*1+0&dict=A)

should (DUTY)

auxiliary verb

used to express that it is necessary, desirable, advisable, or important to perform the action of the following verb

Should = Excludes certainty (AT: Consult)Should isnt mandatory

Taylor and Howard 5 ( Resources for the Future, Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa (Michael and Julie, Investing in Africa's future: U.S. Agricultural development assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa, 9/12, http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001784/5-US-agric_Sept2005_Chap2.pdf)

Other legislated DA earmarks in the FY2005 appropriations bill are smaller and more targeted: plant biotechnology research and development ($25 million), the American Schools and Hospitals Abroad program ($20 million), womens leadership capacity ($15 million), the International Fertilizer Development Center ($2.3 million), and clean water treatment ($2 million). Interestingly, in the wording of the bill, Congress uses the term shall in connection with only two of these eight earmarks; the others say that USAID should make the prescribed amount available. The difference between shall and should may have legal significanceone is clearly mandatory while the other is a strong admonitionbut it makes little practical difference in USAIDs need to comply with the congressional directive to the best of its ability. Should is permissiveits a persuasive recommendation

Words and Phrases 2 (Words and Phrases: Permanent Edition Vol. 39 Set to Signed. Pub. By Thomson West. P. 370)

Cal.App. 5 Dist. 1976. Term should, as used in statutory provision that motion to suppress search warrant should first be heard by magistrate who issued warrant, is used in regular, persuasive sense, as recommendation, and is thus not mandatory but permissive. Wests Ann.Pen Code, 1538.5(b).---Cuevas v. Superior Court, 130 Cal. Rptr. 238, 58 Cal.App.3d 406 ----Searches 191.

Should means desirable or recommended, not mandatory

Words and Phrases 2 (Words and Phrases: Permanent Edition Vol. 39 Set to Signed. Pub. By Thomson West. P. 372-373)

Or. 1952. Where safety regulation for sawmill industry providing that a two by two inch guard rail should be installed at extreme outer edge of walkways adjacent to sorting tables was immediately preceded by other regulations in which word shall instead of should was used, and word should did not appear to be result of inadvertent use in particular regulation, use of word should was intended to convey idea that particular precaution involved was desirable and recommended, but not mandatory. ORS 654.005 et seq.----Baldassarre v. West Oregon Lumber Co., 239 P.2d 839, 193 Or. 556.---Labor & Emp. 2857Should is not mandatory

Words and Phrases 2 (Words and Phrases: Permanent Edition Vol. 39 Set to Signed. Pub. By Thomson West. P. 369)

C.A.6 (Tenn.) 2001. Word should, in most contexts, is precatory, not mandatory.----U.S. v. Rogers, 14 Fed.Appx. 303.----Statut227Should describes what is probable

Compact Oxford English Dictionary 8 (should, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?view=uk)

should

modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness. 2 used to indicate what is probable. 3 formal expressing the conditional mood. 4 used in a clause with that after a main clause describing feelings. 5 used in a clause with that expressing purpose. 6 (in the first person) expressing a polite request or acceptance. 7 (in the first person) expressing a conjecture or hope.

Should is used to express probability or expectation

WEBSTER'S 84 II, p. 1078

Should - used to express probability or expectation. They should arrive here soon.Substantially 10%

Substantially means at least 10%

McKelvie, 99, Justice, United States District Court for the District of Delaware, 90 F. Supp. 2d 461; 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21802

Claim 1 of the '092 patent and claim 1 of the '948 patent contain the phrase "a die of substantially uniform cross-section." KXI contends the term "substantially" means "at least a 10% change in size." KXI contends that as applied to the claim, the phrase "substantially uniform cross-section" means "the die should not change in diameter by more than 10%." Culligan contends the phrase "substantially uniform cross-section" in the '092 and '948 patents means the internal cross-section of the die must vary less than about 0.010 inch along the length of the die.

Substantially 50%

Substantially means at least 50%

Selya 5, (Justice, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, 408 F.3d 41; 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 9539)For instance, the BAA permits the use of foreign goods if it is in the "public interest," 41 U.S.C. 10d, and Law 109 does not contain such an exception. There are also disparities between the BAA and Law 109 as the former has been interpreted in federal regulations. One such disparity is that the preference for domestic construction materials in procurement by federal agencies is 6%, see 48 C.F.R. 25.204(b), whereas the Preference Board currently sets the preference for purposes of Law 109 at 15%. Furthermore, the BAA requires contracts for construction of public buildings to favor items manufactured in the United States that are "substantially all" composed from American raw materials. 41 U.S.C. 10b. The applicable federal regulation defines "substantially all" as meaning at least 50%. See 48 C.F.R. 25.101(a)(2). In contradistinction, Law 109 seems to require that cement be manufactured 100% from indigenous (Puerto Rican) raw materials, save for those indigenous materials that are unavailable in commercial quantities. See 3 P.R. Laws Ann. 927(d).

Substantially 80%

Substantially means 80%

Curtin 3 (John T. Judge, United States District Court for the Western District of New York, 2-23 Gateway Equipment Corp. -vs- United States of America - 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2942, United States District Court for the Western District of New York, lexis)The government cites Webster's Ninth New College Dictionary for the definitions of "limit" and "impairment" as suggesting "meanings equivalent to restriction and reduction, respectively." Item 30, p. 3, n.1. It posits that the word "substantially" suggests "an order of magnitude equivalent to 80% or 90%." Id. It concludes that "using those definitions, 'substantially limited' and 'substantially impaired' means that there must be an 80%-90% restriction and/ or reduction of use by virtue of the design of the CB-4000." Id.Substantially Definitions

Substantially is quantitative

Merriam-Webster 3 (www.m-w.com)

Main Entry: substantialb : considerable in quantity : significantly great

Substantially is without material qualification

Blacks Law Dictionary 91 [p. 1024]

Substantially - means essentially; without material qualification.

Substantially is essentially

Words and phrases 64, p. 818.

Substantially means in substance; in the main; essentially; by including the material or essential part.

Substantially is to a great extent or degree

WordNet 97 (dictionary.com)

Substantially - adv 1: to a great extent or degree; "I'm afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger"; "the house has fallen considerably in value"; "the price went up substantially" [syn: well, considerably] 2: in a strong substantial way; "the house was substantially built".

Substantially is to a large degree

Cambridge International Dictionary of English 1, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/default.asp?dict=A

Substantially - adverb - The new rules will substantially (=to a large degree) change how we do things.

Substantial is of ample or considerable amount, quantity, or size

The Random House College Dictionary 73, p. 844

Substantial - is of ample or considerable amount, quantity, or size.

AT: Percentages are arbitrary

Accepting a substantial increase without linking it to a specific percentage is meaningless

Dube 2 (Steve, Western Mail, EARTH SUMMIT RHETORIC BLASTED BY OBSERVERS DESPERATE FOR CHANGE, 9/4, lexis)

There were also scathing words from Simon Thomas, the Ceredigion MP who attended the summit as a member of the House of Commons environment committee. Mr Thomas blasted British and European statesmen, including Rhodri Morgan and Tony Blair, for failing to stand up to the United States by insisting on raising the proportion of renewable energy produced to 15pc, and accepting instead a meaningless reference in the final agreement that renewable energy should be substantially increased.Substantially increase has no useful meaning unless its attached to a specific numerical target

Africa Research Bulletin 2 (WORLD SUMMIT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 9/1, lexis)

Negotiations having stalled for 48 hours, trading renewable energy for sanitation the US won the argument so there would only only be a reference in the final agreement that renewable energies "should be substantially increased". But with no commitments or timetables, environment and development groups believed that the agreement would be almost worthless.

Increase 1NC Preexisting A. Interpretation Increase means to make greater, which presumes a preexisting program.

Random House Dictionary, 1987

Increase v.t. 1. To make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment; add to: to increase taxes. v.t. 2. To become greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality: Sales of automobiles increased last year.

B. Violation The plan creates a new social service C. Vote Neg

1. Limits Their interpretation is bad because it would allow the Aff to establish any new program. This explodes the limits of the topic and destroys predictability.

2. Ground Their interpretation destroys any predictable ground. We cant be prepared to debate the case because there is no literature on programs that have not been implemented, evaluated, and studied. Increasing or modifying existing programs is the only fair division of ground to provide for Aff creativity but Neg predictability.

3. Education Their interpretation destroys any meaningful education about public health instead it would force the debate into generic positions.

Increase EXT Pre-ExisitingIncrease requires making an already existing social service greater, they create a new service

Buckley et al 6 attorney (Jeremiah, Amicus Curiae Brief, Safeco Ins. Co. of America et al v. Charles Burr et al,

http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/06-84/06-84.mer.ami.mica.pdf)

First, the court said that the ordinary meaning of the word increase is to make something greater, which it believed should not be limited to cases in which a company raises the rate that an individual has previously been charged. 435 F.3d at 1091. Yet the definition offered by the Ninth Circuit compels the opposite conclusion. Because increase means to make something greater, there must necessarily have been an existing premium, to which Edos actual premium may be compared, to determine whether an increase occurred. Congress could have provided that ad-verse action in the insurance context means charging an amount greater than the optimal premium, but instead chose to define adverse action in terms of an increase. That def-initional choice must be respected, not ignored. See Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 392-93 n.10 (1979) ([a] defin-ition which declares what a term means . . . excludes any meaning that is not stated). Next, the Ninth Circuit reasoned that because the Insurance Prong includes the words existing or applied for, Congress intended that an increase in any charge for insurance must apply to all insurance transactions from an initial policy of insurance to a renewal of a long-held policy. 435 F.3d at 1091. This interpretation reads the words exist-ing or applied for in isolation. Other types of adverse action described in the Insurance Prong apply only to situations where a consumer had an existing policy of insurance, such as a cancellation, reduction, or change in insurance. Each of these forms of adverse action presupposes an already-existing policy, and under usual canons of statutory construction the term increase also should be construed to apply to increases of an already-existing policy. See Hibbs v. Winn, 542 U.S. 88, 101 (2004) (a phrase gathers meaning from the words around it) (citation omitted).

Increase requires pre-existence

Brown 3 US Federal Judge for the UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON (ELENA MARK and PAUL GUSTAFSON, Plaintiffs, v. VALLEY INSURANCE COMPANY and VALLEY PROPERTY AND CASUALTY, Defendants, 7/17, lexis)

FCRA does not define the term "increase." The plain and ordinary meaning of the verb "to increase" is to make something greater or larger. 4 Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 589 (10th ed. 1998). The "something" that is increased in the statute is the "charge for any insurance." The plain and common meaning of the noun "charge" is "the price demanded for something." Id. at 192. Thus, the statute plainly means an insurer takes adverse action if the insurer makes greater (i.e., larger) the price demanded for insurance.

An insurer cannot "make greater" something that did not exist previously. The statutory definition of adverse action, therefore, clearly anticipates an insurer must have made an initial charge or demand for payment before the insurer can increase that charge. In other words, an insurer cannot increase the charge for insurance unless the insurer previously set and demanded payment of the premium for that insured's insurance coverage at a lower price.

Increase Create New

Increase doesnt require pre-existence

Reinhardt 5 (Stephen, U.S. Judge for the UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT, JASON RAY REYNOLDS; MATTHEW RAUSCH, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. HARTFORD FINANCIAL SERVICES GROUP, INC.; HARTFORD FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendants-Appellees., lexis)

Specifically, we must decide whether charging a higher price for initial insurance than the insured would otherwise have been charged because of information in a consumer credit report constitutes an "increase in any charge" within the meaning of FCRA. First, we examine the definitions of "increase" and "charge." Hartford Fire contends that, limited to their ordinary definitions, these words apply only when a consumer has previously been charged for insurance and that charge has thereafter been increased by the insurer. The phrase, "has previously been charged," as used by Hartford, refers not only to a rate that the consumer has previously paid for insurance but also to a rate that the consumer has previously been quoted, even if that rate was increased before the consumer made any payment. Reynolds disagrees, asserting that, under the ordinary definition of the term, an increase in a charge also occurs whenever an insurer charges a higher rate than it would otherwise have charged because of any factor--such as adverse credit information, age, or driving record 8 --regardless of whether the customer was previously charged some other rate. According to Reynolds, he was charged an increased rate because of his credit rating when he was compelled to pay a rate higher than the premium rate because he failed to obtain a high insurance score. Thus, he argues, the definitions of "increase" and "charge" encompass the insurance companies' practice. Reynolds is correct. Increase" means to make something greater. See, e.g., OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (2d ed. 1989) ("The action, process, or fact of becoming or making greater; augmentation, growth, enlargement, extension."); WEBSTER'S NEW WORLD DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH (3d college ed. 1988) (defining "increase" as "growth, enlargement, etc[.]"). "Charge" means the price demanded for goods or services. See, e.g., OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (2d ed. 1989) ("The price required or demanded for service rendered, or (less usually) for goods supplied."); WEBSTER'S NEW WORLD DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH (3d college ed. 1988) ("The cost or price of an article, service, etc."). Nothing in the definition of these words implies that the term "increase in any charge for" should be limited to cases in which a company raises the rate that an individual has previously been charged.

Increase - 1NCNet Increase

A. Violation - Increase must be a net increase based off of existing services making something permanent isnt an increase

Rogers 5 (Judge, STATE OF NEW YORK, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, RESPONDENT, NSR MANUFACTURERS ROUNDTABLE, ET AL., INTERVENORS, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, **; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, lexis)

Statutory Interpretation. HN16While the CAA defines a "modification" as any physical or operational change that "increases" emissions, it is silent on how to calculate such "increases" in emissions. 42 U.S.C. 7411(a)(4). According to government petitioners, the lack of a statutory definition does not render the term "increases" ambiguous, but merely compels the court to give the term its "ordinary meaning." See Engine Mfrs.Ass'nv.S.Coast AirQualityMgmt.Dist., 541 U.S. 246, 124 S. Ct. 1756, 1761, 158 L. Ed. 2d 529(2004); Bluewater Network, 370 F.3d at 13; Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees v. Glickman, 342 U.S. App. D.C. 7, 215 F.3d 7, 10(D.C. Cir. 2000). Relying on two "real world" analogies, government petitioners contend that the ordinary meaning of "increases" requires the baseline to be calculated from a period immediately preceding the change. They maintain, for example, that in determining whether a high-pressure weather system "increases" the local temperature, the relevant baseline is the temperature immediately preceding the arrival of the weather system, not the temperature five or ten years ago. Similarly, in determining whether a new engine "increases" the value of a car, the relevant baseline is the value of the car immediately preceding the replacement of the engine, not the value of the car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.

B. Voting issue

1. Limits extending any existing policy means they can take ANY current social service and just say its good, this means we have to debate all potential current services AND every additional services in the literature

2. Negative ground we cant get disad uniqueness or perception disads is they just do the status quo, perception disads are uniquely important on a topic about federal incentives since the purpose of incentives is to debate how actors respond to federal signals.

Increase EXT Net IncreaseIncrease means net increase

Words and Phrases 8 (v. 20a, p.264-265)Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991. Term increase, as used in statute giving the Energy Commission modification jurisdiction over any alteration, replacement, or improvement of equipment that results in increase of 50 megawatts or more in electric generating capacity of existing thermal power plant, refers to net increase in power plants total generating capacity; in deciding whether there has been the requisite 50-megawatt increase as a result of new units being incorporated into a plant, Energy Commission cannot ignore decreases in capacity caused by retirement or deactivation of other units at plant. Wests Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code 25123.

Increase requires evidence of the preexisting condition to determine a net increase

Ripple 87 (Circuit Judge, Emmlee K. Cameron, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Frances Slocum Bank & Trust Company, State Automobile Insurance Association, and Glassley Agency of Whitley, Indiana, Defendants-Appellees, 824 F.2d 570; 1987 U.S. App. LEXIS 9816, 9/24, lexis)

Also related to the waiver issue is appellees' defense relying on a provision of the insurance policy that suspends coverage where the risk is increased by any means within the knowledge or control of the insured. However, the term "increase" connotes change. To show change, appellees would have been required to present evidence of the condition of the building at the time the policy was issued. See 5 J. Appleman & J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice, 2941 at 4-5 (1970). Because no such evidence was presented, this court cannot determine, on this record, whether the risk has, in fact, been increased. Indeed, the answer to this question may depend on Mr. Glassley's knowledge of the condition of the building at the time the policy was issued, see 17 J. Appleman & J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice, 9602 at 515-16 (1981), since the fundamental issue is whether the appellees contemplated insuring the risk which incurred the loss.

Social Service - 1NCMust be Federal Assistance

A) Our interpretation: The resolution states that the United States federal government should substantially increase social services this means federal assistance.

B) Violation: The affirmative uses an actor that is not the federal government

C) Standards:

1. Predictability anything actor outside the federal government is impossible for us to anticipate they could pick anyone from Bill Gates to Chuck E Cheese. This ruins any chances we have of developing a solid strategy

2. Limits they explode the topic by unlimiting the number of possible actors. This justifies going beyond social services and persons living in poverty and before you know it were not even debating the resolution anymore.

3. Topic education this is supposed to be about social services form the federal government anything other than this robs us of the opportunity to learn about how government and politics interacts with persons living in poverty.

4. They give us terrible ground they can spike out of any link we could ever come up with by spiking out of the federal government

D) Voter for fainess, ground and education.

Social Service - Reduce dependency

Title XX indicates that social services must reduce welfare dependency

Stewart 78 (Supreme Court Justice, analysis on a Unanimous supreme court majority, Department of Public Aid of Illlinois, et al v. Mandley et al., case no. 76-1159, 436 U.S. 725; 98 S. Ct. 2068; 56 L. Ed. 2d 658; lexis, AD: 7/8/9) LS

And the declared purpose of the new Title XX social services program enacted in 1975, 42 U. S. C. 1397 et seq. (1970 ed., Supp. V), was to "[encourage] each State, as far as practicable under the conditions in that State, to furnish services directed at the goal of . . . achieving or maintaining economic self-support to prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency. . . ."

Eliminating dependency is a defining theme of social services

Bledsoe et al 72 (Ralph has M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in public administration from USC is a professor of Federal

management at the Federal Executive Institute, and a member of the Federal Government's Senior Executive Service, Dennis R. Denny, Charles D. Hobbs and Raymond S. Long, Productivity Management in the California Social Services Program, Public Administration Review, Vol. 32, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec.), pg. 799-803, AD: 7/8/9) LS

The second problem of social services is finding a purpose for them. Again, the federal law is vague, but one theme prevails throughout the Social Security Act. Services should be aimed at helping individuals to attain or retain capability for self care or self support and personal independence. In other words, the goal of services should be to reduce dependency on public welfare. This theme first appeared in the 1962 Amendments to the Social Security Act and was reinforced in the 1967 Amendments. Thus, for the past 10 years, the states have been required to define and perform social services that will result in reduced dependency.

Social Service - Title XX (1/2)

Social Services Block Grant Program should be the litmus test for topicalityanything else is nonprofit

Salomon 94 (Lester is a leading expert on alternative tools of government action and on the nonprofit sector in the U.S., Ph.D in government from Harvard and B.A. in economic and policy from Princeton, Who Benefits from the Nonprofit Sector? edited by Charles T. Clotfelter, Google books, p. 135-6, AD: 7/8/9) LS Social services or human services are inherently amorphous terms. In the British context, these terms are used to refer to the entire range of people oriented services and benefits, including basic income support for he elderly and the unemployed (Brenton 1985). In the United States, this broad array of services and benefits is more commonly referred to as social welfare, and the term social services is used slightly more narrowly. Thus, under the basic federal program that funds such servicesoriginally known as the Title XX program and now broadened and renamed the Social Services Block Grant Programsocial services were defined as any activities that helped to support five broad goals: (1) economic self-support; (2) self-sufficiency; (3) protective care for children or adults; (4) prevention of institutionalization; or (5) provision of services to help people in institutions (Wickenden 1976, 572). In the first year of implementation of this program, states specified 1,313 different services that fell within these five broad goals. These were subsequently grouped into no fewer than forty-one different Title XX service categories, including adoption assistance, case management, chore services, counseling, day care, education and training services, family planning, foster care, information and referral, legal services, protective services, provision of meals, recreational services, residential care, special services for the handicapped or disadvantaged, sheltered workshops, and vocational rehabilitation (Gilbert and Specht 1981,4). While this definition is quite broad, it nevertheless excludes some activities that fall within the domain of nonprofit organizations active in the human services field. Accordingly, we will adopt a usage that is closer to the U.S. Census of Service Industries concept of social and legal services. In particular, we exclude hospitals, schools, and arts, culture, and recreation institutions, but include agencies that provide direct income and other material support, individual and family services, day care, residential care (except for nursing homes), job training, mental health and addiction services, nonhospital health care, as well as agencies that engage in community organizing, advocacy, or community development, including research and public education. We will refer to the organizations that fall within this field as the nonprofit human service sector.

Social services are purchased using Title XX

Indiana Administrative Code 2 (Article 13: Federal Social Services Block Grant Act,

http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/T04700/A00130.PDF, AD: 7/8/9) LS

"Social services" means services purchased using Federal Social Services Block

Grant Act funds and state and local funds.

Title XX requires uniform definition of servicesmost predictable interpretation

House of Representatives 0 (Committee on way and means, The 2000 Green Book: background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means, http://www.policyalmanac.org/social_welfare/archive/ssbg.shtml, October 6, AD: 7/8/9) LS

In the past, limited information has been available on the use of title XX funds by the States. Under the

Title XX Social Services Block Grant Program, each State must submit a report to the Secretary of the

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on the intended use of its funds. These preexpenditure reports are only required to include information about the types of activities to be funded and the characteristics of the individuals to be served. The Family Support Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-485) strengthened reporting requirements. That legislation required States to submit annual reports containing detailed information on the services actually funded and the individuals served through title XX funds. DHHS published a final rule on November 15, 1993 implementing the reporting requirements and providing uniform definitions of services.

Social Service - Title XX (2/2)

There are only 5 goals that social services can be directed to

United Code Service 9 (Title 42, The public health and welfare, Chapter 7, Social Security Act, Title XX, Block grants to states for social services, lexis, AD: 7/8/9) LSFor the purposes of consolidating Federal assistance to States for social services into a single grant, increasing State flexibility in using social service grants, and encouraging each State, as far as practicable under the conditions in that State, to furnish services directed at the goals of--(1) achieving or maintaining economic self-support to prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency; (2) achieving or maintaining self-sufficiency, including reduction or prevention of dependency; (3) preventing or remedying neglect, abuse, or exploitation of children and adults unable to protect their own interests, or preserving, rehabilitating or reuniting families; (4) preventing or reducing inappropriate institutional care by providing for community-based care, home-based care, or other forms of less intensive care; and (5) securing referral or admission for institutional care when other forms of care are not appropriate, or providing services to individuals in institutions, there are authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this title [42 USCS 1397 et seq.].

Title XX key to uniform policies

Title XX Social Services Block Grant Plan, 8, Department of Human Services, Administration for Budget, Analysis and Financial Management , http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dhs/DHS-SSBG-FY08-09_250475_7.pdf , AD: 7/8/9) LS

Section 2006 of Title XX of the Social Security Act directs the Secretary to establish uniform definitions of services for use by the states in preparing the information to be submitted in the annual Social Services Block Grant report. These services are defined in title 45, part 96, appendix A of the code of federal regulations and are reflected in the state of Michigan's Title XX Social Services Block Grant Report

Social Service - 1NC Cash

A) Interpretation: a social service cannot be a cash paymentGish 2 (Melinda, policy analyst Library of Congress, Social services block grant (Title XX of the social security act), Domestic Social Policy Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress,

http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-3415:1, AD: 7/8/9) LS

Specifically, SSBG funds cannot be used for capital purchases or improvements; cash payments to individuals (except that welfare reform allows vouchers for certain families, as described above); payment of wages as a social service; medical care; social services for residents of institutions; public education; child care that does not meet applicable state or local standards; or services provided by anyone excluded from participation in Medicare or other Social Security Act programs.

B) Violation: The plan is material assistance

C) Standards

1. Limits they massively underlimit and increase our research burden to all kinds of services and not just social services

D) T is voting issue for education and fairness. Default to competing interpretations because reasonability is arbitrary and leads to judge intervention

Social Service - EXTCash Supplements

Income supplements and social services are distinct

Shlonsky 8 (Aron, associate professor and Factor-Inwentash Chair in Child Welfare at the University of Toronto, Child Welfare Research, Questia, AD: 7/8/9) LS

Separation was also expected to reduce federal social services expenditures by increasing accountability. As critics of the 1962 amendments rightly pointed out, nowhere in the legislation was the term social services clearly defined. Whether intentional or not, this loophole, was not lost on state policy makers, who recognized that federal reimbursement could be maximized by adopting a broad definition of social services, one that would encompass anything done for, with, or about a client by a social worker (Presidents Commission on Income Maintenance, 1970, p.307; see also Derthick, 1975; Hoshino, 1971b, 1972). Capitalizing on the argument that states were claiming reimbursement for costs that Congress had never intended, proponents of separation contended that if income maintenance and social services were administratively as well as organizationally separate, there would be greater accountability (Dattalo, 1992; Hoshino, 1972).

Federal government considers social services and cash assistance as separate

Allard 7 (Assistant Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, Taubman Center for Public

Policy, Brown University, Getting There or Losing Out: Place, Race, and Access to the Safety Net

http://wcpc.washington.edu/news/seminars/docs/gettingThere2007-12-03.pdf, AD: 7/8/9) LS

Congressional Research Services (CRS) has tracked federal, state, and local expenditures in a small number of social service program areas (job training, child care programs, and the SSBG) over the past thirty years to provide a conservative estimate of trends in social service spending and to compare those expenditures to more salient cash assistance programs. These CRS data are the best available data on annual social service spending, but are substantial underestimates of the public social service sector financed through thousands of programs and administered across thousands of governmental agencies. Nevertheless, these data provide useful insights into the character of the contemporary safety net. According to CRS data, federal, state, and local government spent $18.5 billion (in $2006) on social services in 1975, roughly half that spent on welfare cash assistance ($31.5 billion in $2006). Public expenditures for this narrow definition of social services almost doubled in real dollars between 1975 and 2002, reaching approximately $34 billion (in $2006). In contrast, federal and state welfare cash assistance expenditures have declined by two-thirds during the same period, hovering near $11 or $12 billion (in $2006) for the last several years.

Social Service EXT Cash Supplements - Other Cases

Our interpretation excludes income, TANF, Indians, Child Welfare, VA compensationWork World 9 (Employment Support Institute school of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, all information gathered from the Department of Social Services for Medicaid, VA aged, blind, and disabled income exclusions-Medicaid, April 21, http://www.workworld.org/wwwebhelp/va_aged_blind_and_disabled_income_exclusions_medicaid.htm, AD: 7/8/9) LS

A social service is any service (other than medical) that is intended to assist a handicapped or socially disadvantaged individual to function in society on a level comparable to that of an individual who does not have such a handicap or disadvantage. The following are income, though they may seem to be social services as defined above: Remuneration for work or for activities performed as a participant in a program conducted by a sheltered workshop or work activities center is earned income. Incentive payments to encourage individuals to utilize specified facilities or to participate in specified medical or social service programs are unearned income, to the extent that these payments are unrestricted as to use and are not reimbursement for medical or social services already received. Governmental income maintenance programs are not considered social services programs (e.g., Transitional Aid to Needy Families, Bureau of Indian Affairs General Assistance and/or Child Welfare Assistance, State general assistance, and Veterans Administration compensation or pension benefits). Cash from any insurance policy that pays a flat rate benefit to the recipient without regard to the actual charges or expenses incurred is income. Examples of these types of insurance policies are per diem hospitalization or disability insurance, or cancer or dismemberment policies. Food, clothing, or shelter provided by a non-government medical or social services organization are counted as unearned in-kind income. (All other in-kind items from non-government medical or social services organizations are not income. And note that food, clothing, and shelter provided by a government medical or social services organization are not income.)

Social Service EXT Cash Supplements Medicaid

Social services must address personal well-being, basic needs, and barriers to employment but excludes Medicaid




The Growing Centrality of Social Services to the Safety Net

Although scholars and policymakers frequently discuss place-based, mobility-based, and person-based types of antipoverty assistance, even the most knowledgeable policy expert or community leader may not realize that the manner in which society and communities help low-income populations has changed dramatically in recent years. Even though welfare cash assistance, public housing, or Medicaid may be among the most visible safety net programs, it is social or human service programs that address personal well-being, basic material needs, and barriers to employment that compose a much larger share of public and private safety net expenditures.

Social Service EXT Cash Supplements - Housing

Social services must address personal well-being, basic needs, and barriers to employment but excludes housing






Social Service - 1NC - Native Americans

A) InterpretationIndians are not given social services because they are already allocated services Code of Federal Regulations 8 (http://frwebgate4.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/PDFgate.cgi?WAISdocID=687121277991+79+2+0&WAISaction=retrieve 5 CFR Ch. I (4108 Edition), AD: 7/8/9) LS

20.102 What is the Bureaus policy in providing financial assistance and social services under this part? (a) Bureau social services programs are a secondary, or residual resource, and must not be used to supplement or supplant other programs. (b) The Bureau can provide assistance under this part to eligible Indians when comparable financial assistance or social services are either not available or not provided by state, tribal, county, local or other federal agencies. (c) Bureau financial assistance and social services are subject to annual Congressional appropriations.

B) Violation-the aff gives material aid to Natives

C) Standards

1. Predictabilityour definition is from the USFG

2. Limitsthey open the flood gates and greatly expand the size of the topic by extending social services past status quo legal barriers

3. Neg Ground: all our disads and uniqueness evidence assumes a world where these legal barriers dont allow for the plan. We cant ever get specific links to plan.


Social Service - EXTNative Americans

Extend our Code of Regulations 8 evidenceprefer our evidence its from the agency that normally gives aid to Indians

SS to Indians are considered income NOT social services

Work World 9 (Employment Support Institute school of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, all information gathered from the Department of Social Services for Medicaid, VA aged, blind, and disabled income exclusions-Medicaid, April 21, http://www.workworld.org/wwwebhelp/va_aged_blind_and_disabled_income_exclusions_medicaid.htm, AD: 7/8/9) LS

A social service is any service (other than medical) that is intended to assist a handicapped or socially disadvantaged individual to function in society on a level comparable to that of an individual who does not have such a handicap or disadvantage. The following are income, though they may seem to be social services as defined above: Remuneration for work or for activities performed as a participant in a program conducted by a sheltered workshop or work activities center is earned income. Incentive payments to encourage individuals to utilize specified facilities or to participate in specified medical or social service programs are unearned income, to the extent that these payments are unrestricted as to use and are not reimbursement for medical or social services already received. Governmental income maintenance programs are not considered social services programs (e.g., Transitional Aid to Needy Families, Bureau of Indian Affairs General Assistance and/or Child Welfare Assistance, State general assistance, and Veterans Administration compensation or pension benefits).

Social Service - 1NCEducation

A) InterpretationSocial services exclude education

Burke 4 (Vee, Domestic Social Policy Division, Specialist in Income Maintenance, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, CRS REPORT FOR CONGRESS, Social Service Provisions in the CARE Act and the Charitable Giving Act, REFERENCES, S. 476 (The CARE Act of 2003) as passed by the Senate

http://www.wikileaks.de/leak/crs/RS21713.pdf, AD: 7//8/9) LS

Definition of social service

Defines social services as helping people in need, reducing poverty, improving outcomes of low-income children, revitalizing low-income communities, and services empowering low-income people to become self-sufficient. The term social services does not include programs delivering educational assistance under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act or the Higher Education Act

B) Violationplan increases education

C) Prefer Our Interpretation:

1. PredictabilitySocial services is incredibly broadfederal definitions key check

2. Lit doesnt check there is lit for everything under the sun and leads to ridiculous definitions thus drastically expanding the size of the rez.

Example - Happiness can be a social service

Dubos 82 (Rene, a Pulitzer Prize winning biologist, http://www.tfwallace.com/pages_blocks_v3/images/links/CelebrationofLife.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS

Happiness is contagious. For this reason its expression is a social service and almost a duty. The Buddhists have a saying about this commendable virtue: "Only happy people can make a happy world."

3. Ground they get a massive increase in ground while stealing our good ground, like the politics DA. Who the hell would ever oppose education?


Social Service - 1NC Healthcare

A) Our interpretation is that healthcare is a series of medical tasks, not a social service theyre clearly distinct.

Pollack et al 94 (David A. Pollack, Bentson H. McFarland, Robert A. George and Richard H. Angell Professor for Public Policy, Departments of Psychiatry, Public Health & Preventive Medicine, and Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, OHSU Prioritization of Mental Health Services in Oregon, The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 72, No. 3 (1994), pp. 515-550, AD: 7/8/9) LS

Another contentious issue is the question, What is a health care service and what is a social service? Persons with severe mental illness at different times may need a variety of services, such as case management, supported housing, psychosocial rehabilitation, or psychotropic medications (lamb et al. 1993). Sharfstein and Stoline (1992) build on work by Astrachan, Levinson, and Adler (1976) to define these services from the providers perspective as medical asks, reparative tasks, humanistic tasks, and social controls. Some services (e.g., psychiatric diagnosis, medications, acute inpatient treatment) are clearly medical tasks contained in the health sector, whereas other services (e.g., supported housing) are clearly reparative tasks conducted in the social service sector.

B) Violationplan increases healthcare

C) Standards

1. Predictable limits keyHealthcare is too vague and complicated for the research burden to be fair

Stanley 9 (Howard, Petoskey News Review managing editor, http://www.petoskeynews.com/articles/2009/06/12/columns/doc4a32b83a87c3a105904620.txt, AD: 7/8/9) LS

The health care debate is so multi-faceted, so complex, so stunningly different across the country that its enough to make you want to throw up your hands in frustration.

Healthcare is too big to include all of it

Brownlee 8 (Shannon, award winning writer about medicine and health care, masters degree in biology from University of California. http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2008/5_myths_our_sick_health_care_system_8451, AD: 7/8/9) LS

At 17 percent of gross domestic product, health care is the biggest single sector of the economy, and it's consuming a larger and larger proportion every year.

2. Context--Our authors are professors from the departments of health, public assistance and medicine.


Social Service EXT HealthcareMedical social services are topical

Code of Colorado Regulations No date (http://www.dora.state.co.us/INSURANCE/mcexam/2000/chic98.pdf, AD: 7/9/9) LS

Medical Social Services are those services provided by an individual who possesses a baccalaureate degree in social work, psychology or counseling or the documented equivalent in a combination of education, training and experience, which services are provided at the recommendation of a physician for the purpose of assisting the insured or the family in dealing with [emphasis added] a specific medical condition.

Medical Social Services must assist through diagnosis and treatmentclear limit

Department of Health and Human Services 4 (http://fdsys.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1994-12-20/html/94-31065.htm [FR Doc No: 94-31065] AD: 7/9/9) LSComment: One commenter objected to this section's requirement that covered medical social services must be necessary to resolve social or emotional problems that are expected to be an impediment to the treatment of the beneficiary's medical condition or to his or her rate of recovery. The commenter stated that the services of a social worker may address a wide range of difficulties in addition to those that present an impediment to the treatment of the beneficiary's medical condition. Response: The Act at section 1861(m) specifically defines medical social services as a covered home health service. In addition, section 1862(a)(1)(A) of the Act excludes from Medicare coverage any service that is not reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of the patient's illness or injury. Therefore, Medicare is limited to covering those social services that are provided to treat the patient's medical condition; that is, they are directed at resolving impediments to the treatment of the patient's illness or injury.

Medicare must include treatmentfederal definition

Commerce Clearing House 2 (2004 Medicare Explained, Lexis, AD: 7/9/9) LS

Medical social services are covered as home health services if ordered by a physician and included in the plan of care. The frequency and nature of the services must be reasonable and necessary for the treatment of the Medicare beneficiarys condition. Medical social services are dependent services that are covered only if the beneficiary needs skilled nursing care on an intermittent basis, physical therapy or speech-language pathology services, or occupational therapy or speech-language pathology services, or occupational therapy services on a continuing basis. [42 C.F.R. 409.45(c).] Treatment for a patients social problems will be covered under the program only if (1) the services are necessary to resolve social or emotional problems that are, or are expected to become, an impediment to the effective treatment of the patients medical condition or rate of recovery, and (2) the plan of care indicates how, to be performed safely and effectively, the required services necessitate the skills of a qualified social worker or social worker assistant under the supervision of a qualified medical social worker [42 C.F.R 409.45 (c); Pub. 100-2, Chapter 7 50.3]

This is a good interpretation

Frank and Dawson 0 (BarbaraW.FrankandStevenL.DawsonoftheParaprofessionalHealthcareInstitute,withassistancefromAnd VanKleunenandMaryAnnWilneroftheParaprofessionalHealthcareInstitute,andDorieSeavey,alabor

economistintheBostonarea, Health Care Workforce Issues in Massachusetts http://www.forumsinstitute.org/publs/mass/gt-mhpf_workforce_issue_brief.pdf AD: 7/9/9) LS

Federal and state public payers are influenced by the broader political process of apportioning tax dollars to an array of public serviceshealth care being only one among many. Similarly, private insurers, 13 account- able to purchasers and shareholders who drive prices down, have created capitation arrangements, utilization reviews, and a rigorous definition of what constitutes health care (as distinct from social services) in order to control costs.

Social Service EXT - MedicareMedicare is only topical if they have social workers

Oxford Health Plans 8 (UnitedHealth Group Incorporated NYSE: UNH is a managed health care company, https://www.oxhp.com/secure/policy/home_health_oma_1208.html, AD: 7/8/9) LS

Medical Social Services (MSS)

MSS are used to assess the social and emotional factors related to the patients illness, counseling based on this assessment, and searching for available community resources. Medical social services are provided by a qualified medical social worker when the patient meets the criteria above for home health care agency services and: 1. The services of these professionals are necessary to resolve social and emotional problems that are or are expected to be an impediment to the effective treatment of the patients medical condition or his or her rate of recovery; and 2. The plan of care indicates how the services that are required necessitate the skills of a qualified social worker or a social work assistant under the supervision of a qualified medical social worker to be performed safely and effectively. When the two requirements above are satisfied, services of these professionals that may be covered include, but are limited to: * Assessment of the social and emotional factors related to the patients illness, need for care, response to treatment and adjustment to care; * Assessment of the relationship of the patients medical and nursing requirements to the patients home situation, financial resources and availability of community resources; * Appropriate action to obtain available community resources to assist in resolving the patients problem. * Counseling service which are required by the patient; and * MSS furnished to the patients family member or caregiver on a short-term basis when the home health agency can demonstrate that a brief intervention (that is, two or three visits) by a medical social worker is necessary to remove a clear and direct impediment to the effective treatment of the patients medical condition or to his/her rate of recovery. To be considered clear and direct, the behavior or actions of the family member or caregiver must plainly obstruct, contravene, or prevent the patients medical treatment rate of recovery.

Social workers key check

Connecticut Legislature 96 (Public act no. 96-19, act revises the general statutes to reflect the authority of advanced practice registered nurses and physician assistants, http://www.cslib.org/pa/pa019.htm, AD: 7/9/9) LS

Medical social services are defined to mean services rendered, under the direction of a physician by a qualified social worker holding a master's degree from an accredited school of social work, including but not limited to (A) assessment of the social, psychological and family problems related to or arising out of such covered person's illness and treatment; (B) appropriate action and utilization of community resources to assist in resolving such problems; (C) participation in the development of the overall plan of treatment for such covered person.

Social services are programs that are supervised by the State department of Health Services and preformed by social service workers

Raye 97, (Justice COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT, 57 Cal. App. 4th 784, *; 67 Cal. Rptr. 2d 350 AD: 7/9/9) LS

Section 10051 states: " 'Public social services' means those activities and functions of state and local government administered or supervised by the department or the State Department of Health Services and involved in providing aid or services or both . . . to those people of the state who, because of their economic circumstances or social condition, are in need thereof and may benefit thereby." Section 10052 defines "aid" as "financial assistance provided to or in behalf of needy persons under the terms of this division, including direct money payments and vendor payments." The Department argues FSD provides parents with child support enforcement services, not financial assistance. We agree. FSD's activities do not constitute "aid" as defined by section 10052. Any payments recovered by FSD are not provided by the FSD but by the errant parent. Section 10053 defines "services" AS: "those activities and functions performed by social work staff and related personnel of the department and county departments with or in behalf of individuals or families, which are directed toward the improvement of the capabilities of such individuals or families maintaining or achieving a sound family life, rehabilitation, self-care, and economic independence." The Department argues child support services provided by the district attorney do not qualify as services under section 10053 because (1) they are not provided by social work staff and related personnel, but by attorneys, and (2) these attorneys are not "personnel of the department or county departments," but are personnel of the district attorney's office. We find the Department's argument persuasive. Section 10053 contemplates social services of a type performed by social workers, not collection services performed by legal personnel. As we discuss in greater detail, the family support division is not the "County Department" referred to in section 10053. The child support enforcement services offered by a district attorney are not "public social services" as the phrase is used in section 10950. To qualify as a public social service a state or local government function must constitute either "aid" or "services." Child support enforcement services provided by a district attorney are neither

Social Service - 1NC - Food Stamps

A) Interpretation:

1) Food stamps are distinct from social services because it is income maintenance

Allard 7 (Scott, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, Taubman Center for Public Policy, Brown University, Getting There or Losing Out: Place, Race, and Access to the Safety Net,http://wcpc.washington.edu/news/seminars/docs/gettingThere2007-12-03.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS

Even though social services are categorized as person-based assistance, they have a distinct spatial or place component. Promoting economic self-sufficiency and greater well-being through a service-based safety net hinges on how accessible services are to those in need. Place matters more in a service-based safety net reliant upon local governmental and nonprofit agencies than a system that primarily provides assistance through cash assistance of income maintenance programs. Unlike welfare cash assistance, the EITC, or food stamps, social services cannot be mailed or electronically transferred to an individual.

2) And, this is distinct from social services.






B) Violation the plan increases food stamps, which is a type of income maintenance

C) Prefer our interpretation:

1. Limits by expanding the topic to include income assistance they greatly increase our research burden. If you allow food stamps then you justify allowing bad cases like_______________________.

2. Predictability Income assistance is definitely not a social service they massively increase our research burden

D) Extra Topicality the affirmative goes beyond the resolution by offering income assistance it proves that the resolution isnt enough and kills our ground. The aff can always garner advantages from the extra topical portion. This is a reason to vote neg


Social Service - Excludes (EITC)

Social services are a perquisite EITC is not topical




Perhaps surprisingly, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has expanded to become the largest means-tested program providing cash assistance to low-income households in America. Yet, at $40 billion in credits in 2002 (in $2006), the EITC still lags far behind public investments in social services (House Committee on Ways and Means 2004). Moreover, individuals can only receive the EITC if they are working. Social service programs that alleviate barriers to work are critical to many low-income households if they are to find a job and take advantage of the assistance available through the EITC. When looking at Figure 1, it is important to keep in mind that the CRS estimates capture only a fraction of publicly funded social services. More accurate estimates of public expenditures for the broader array of social or human services available to low-income populations would certainly exceed $100 billion annually.

Social Service Excludes List

Social services are basic needs and not housing, water, healthcare, food, or sanitation

Regional Civil Society Forum 8 (Caribbean Sub Regional Civil Society Forum in Preparation for the Fifth Summit of the Americas: Securing our Citizens Future by Promoting Human Prosperity, Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability, www.sasod.org.gy/files/FinalCaribCSForumPreliminaryreportofrecommendations.doc, 10/18, AD: 7/8/9) LS

Replace the phrase social services as used throughout this section with either amenities or basic needs given that water, housing, healthcare, food and sanitation are key to human survival and if one can achieve that then they move to the next level which is that of social services

.

Social Service Excludes List Excludes health, education, housing, and income maintenance

Salomon 3 (Lester, leading expert on alternative tools of government action and on the nonprofit sector in the U.S., Ph.D in government from Harvard and B.A. in economic and policy from Princeton, The State of Nonprofit America, p.152, AD: 7/8/9) LS

The field of nonprofit social services is diverse and has many subsectors. Indeed, the makeup of this field remains a matter of dispute. The term social services came into widespread use in the post-World War II period, especially in the United Kingdom, where the term personal social services referred to the governmentally supported provision of a wide range of services designed to promote the health and well-being of the community. In the United States, the term social services has generally referred to those services rendered to individuals and families under societal auspices, excluding the major independent fields of service (that is, excluding health, education, housing, and income maintenance)). Thus, in practical terms, social services refer to the social care provided to deprived, neglected, or handicapped children and youth, the needy, elderly, the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, and disadvantaged adults. These services include daycare, counseling, job training, child protection, foster care, residential treatment, homemakers, rehabilitation, and sheltered workshops.

Social Service - Excludes Military and Institutional

Federal government does not include military families and people in institutions

US Bureau of the Census No date (http://www.data.gosap.governor.virginia.gov/GOSAP_App/DocumentsUploaded/20050606132236.Poverty%20All%20Ages.pdf, AD: 7/9/9) LS

Persons Living in Poverty

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program.

Definition: The total number of people in poverty.

Limitations: Estimates exclude all persons living in military families and the population residing in institutional group quarters. Some examples of institutional group quarters are correctional facilities, juvenile institutions, and nursing homes. However, the estimates do include persons residing in non-institutional group quarters, such as college dormitories, fraternity, and so