topic : general characteristics of extremophiles

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Topic : Topic : General characteristics of General characteristics of extremophiles extremophiles presented by :- presented by :- Gaurav Kumar pal Gaurav Kumar pal M.Sc. Applied microbiology M.Sc. Applied microbiology

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Topic : General characteristics of extremophiles presented by :- Gaurav Kumar pal M.Sc. Applied microbiology. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

Topic :Topic :

General characteristics of General characteristics of

extremophilesextremophiles

presented by :-presented by :- Gaurav Kumar palGaurav Kumar pal M.Sc. Applied M.Sc. Applied

microbiology microbiology

Page 2: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

Contents :-Contents :- EXTREMOPHILEEXTREMOPHILE

SS1.Thermophiles1.Thermophiles2.Psychrophiles2.Psychrophiles3.Osmophiles 3.Osmophiles 44. . MethanogensMethanogens5. 5. METHYLOTROPHSMETHYLOTROPHS

66. . AlkaliphilesAlkaliphiles7. Acidophiles7. Acidophiles

8. 8. HalophilesHalophiles9. 9. ReferenceReference

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EXTREMOPHILES :-

Having optimal condition outside the normal environment.

These organism are not only survive in extreme or unusual enviroment on the earth but also reproduced & grow.

Mostly extremophiles are ARCHAEA. They are used in BIOTECHNOLOGY

&VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

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Thermophiles – Heat Loving

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THERMOPHILESTHERMOPHILES

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS :- :- "Thermopiles" are heat loving microorganisms which "Thermopiles" are heat loving microorganisms which

can grow in the temperature 55-65 can grow in the temperature 55-65 °C°C minimum growth temperatureminimum growth temperature:- 45°C:- 45°C optimal growth temprature:-55- 65optimal growth temprature:-55- 65°C °C Maximum growth temperature:-Maximum growth temperature:- 110 110 °C °C They contain heat-stable enzymes.They contain heat-stable enzymes. Used in biotechnology & medicine.Used in biotechnology & medicine. Example:-Example:- Thermos aquaticsThermos aquatics and and Thermococcus Thermococcus

littoralslittorals are used as sources of the enzyme DNA are used as sources of the enzyme DNA polymerase, for the PCR technique in DNA fingerprinting. polymerase, for the PCR technique in DNA fingerprinting.

Page 6: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

PSYCHROPHILESPSYCHROPHILES - - Cold Loving

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PSYCHROPHILES :-PSYCHROPHILES :-

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS :- :- Most psychrophiles are bacteria or archaea.Most psychrophiles are bacteria or archaea.PsychrophilesPsychrophiles are also called as are also called as CryophilesCryophiles . .found in Arctic and Antarctic oceans & deep ocean.found in Arctic and Antarctic oceans & deep ocean.They are capable of growth and reproduction in cold They are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures, ranging from 4°C to +15°C. temperatures, ranging from 4°C to +15°C. They having the cold –active enzyme. They having the cold –active enzyme. Having special proteins or Having special proteins or cryoprotectantscryoprotectants called antifreeze called antifreeze proteins.proteins. Examples are Examples are ArthrobacterArthrobacter sp sp., ., psychrobacter sppsychrobacter sp.,., and and members of the genera members of the genera HalomonasHalomonas,, Pseudomonas Pseudomonas,, HyphomonasHyphomonas,, andand SphingomonasSphingomonas . .Used Used Psychrophilic Psychrophilic bacteriabacteria Rhodococcus spRhodococcus sp.. in in biodegradation. biodegradation.Also used in pharma, baking , & fermentation industry . Also used in pharma, baking , & fermentation industry .

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OSMOPHILESOSMOPHILES :- :- SUGAR LOVING SUGAR LOVING ORGANISMORGANISM

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OSMOPHILESOSMOPHILES Osmophillic organismsOsmophillic organisms are are extremophiles

that are able to grow in high sugar that are able to grow in high sugar concentration .concentration .

osmophiles protect themselves against this osmophiles protect themselves against this high osmotic pressure by the help of high osmotic pressure by the help of osmoprotectants such as alcohols and amino osmoprotectants such as alcohols and amino acids .acids .

Osmophile are important because they cause Osmophile are important because they cause spoilage in the sugar and sweet goods industry.spoilage in the sugar and sweet goods industry.

Example of osmophiles is Example of osmophiles is AspergillusAspergillus, , SaccharomycesSaccharomyces, , Enterobacter aerogenesEnterobacter aerogenes and and MicrococcusMicrococcus. .

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Methanogens :-Methanogens :- Methane producing Methane producing organismorganism

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METHANOGENS :-METHANOGENS :- Methanogens belong to the Archaea group Methanogens belong to the Archaea group

of the Prokaryotes.of the Prokaryotes. Methanogens are bacteria that produce Methanogens are bacteria that produce

methane gas. methane gas. Methanogens require anaerobic conditions. Methanogens require anaerobic conditions. Many require warm conditions to work best. Many require warm conditions to work best. Methanogens are chemoautotrophs.Methanogens are chemoautotrophs. They can be used as sources of biogas gas.They can be used as sources of biogas gas. This would be a renewable source of This would be a renewable source of

energy. energy.

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Using acetate that may be derived from the Using acetate that may be derived from the

decomposition of cellulose:decomposition of cellulose:

CHCH33COOCOO++ + H + H-- CH CH44 + CO + CO22 +36 kJ mol+36 kJ mol-1-1

OROR Using hydrogen and carbon dioxide produced Using hydrogen and carbon dioxide produced

by the decomposers:by the decomposers:

4 H4 H22 + CO + CO22 CH CH44 + 2 H + 2 H22OO +130.4 kJ mol+130.4 kJ mol-1-1

Examples:-Examples:- Methanobacterium formicumMethanobacterium formicum

Methanococcus deltaeMethanococcus deltae

Page 13: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

METHYLOTROPHSMETHYLOTROPHS:-:- METHANE DEGRADING METHANE DEGRADING ORGANISMORGANISM

Page 14: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

METHYLOTROPHSMETHYLOTROPHS:-:- They are aerobic organism .They are aerobic organism .are microorganisms that can are microorganisms that can use to reduced use to reduced one carbon compounds,one carbon compounds, such as methanol or such as methanol or methane. methane. The used carbon source for their growth. The used carbon source for their growth. may grow on other organic molecules may grow on other organic molecules including Organic acids Ethanol And sugars .including Organic acids Ethanol And sugars .can degrade the methane, and called can degrade the methane, and called methanotrophs. methanotrophs. Methylococcus capsulatusMethylococcus capsulatus is used to degrade is used to degrade methane and other pollutants .methane and other pollutants .Example:Example: Methylosinus spMethylosinus sp.& .& Methylococcus capsulatusMethylococcus capsulatus

Page 15: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

Alkalophiles:-Alkalophiles:-

Page 16: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

Alkalophiles:-Alkalophiles:-

They grow at the Ph 9 and above. They grow at the Ph 9 and above. isolated from alkaline environments. isolated from alkaline environments. cell surface play a key role in keeping the cell surface play a key role in keeping the

intracellular pH value in the range intracellular pH value in the range between 7 and 8.5 .between 7 and 8.5 .

Used:-Used:- Biological detergents.Biological detergents. Enzyme production. Enzyme production. ExampleExample :- :- bacillus bacillus

okhensis ,alkalibacterium iburienseokhensis ,alkalibacterium iburiense

Page 17: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

Acidophiles:-Acidophiles:- acid loving acid loving organismorganism They grow at pH 3 or They grow at pH 3 or

below .below . these organisms have these organisms have

the ability to pump the ability to pump hydrogen ions out of hydrogen ions out of their cells .their cells .

The internal ph of the The internal ph of the cell is about 6.5 & cell is about 6.5 & external ph is about external ph is about 2.5 or less2.5 or less

Used:- Enzyme Used:- Enzyme production.production.

Example:-Example:-sulfolobus ,picrophilsulfolobus ,picrophilus ,ferroplasmaus ,ferroplasma

Page 18: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

HalophilesHalophiles

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Halophiles:-Halophiles:- salt loving salt loving organismorganism are organisms that live in high salt are organisms that live in high salt

concentrations.concentrations. halophile means “salt loving”.halophile means “salt loving”. most halophiles are aerobic and most halophiles are aerobic and

heterotrophic.heterotrophic. some are anaerobic and photosynthetic. some are anaerobic and photosynthetic. They are pinkish in colour.They are pinkish in colour. Having carotenoids for ultraviolet Having carotenoids for ultraviolet

protection. protection. Example :- Example :- halobacterium , halococcushalobacterium , halococcus

Page 20: Topic  : General characteristics of                                     extremophiles

ReferenceReference Prescott & harley ,klein (2002) ,Microbiology second Prescott & harley ,klein (2002) ,Microbiology second

edition ,Arehaeobacteria, wm.C.brown edition ,Arehaeobacteria, wm.C.brown publishers(497-504).publishers(497-504).

Tortora J.G., Funke R.b. ,Christine l. case, Tortora J.G., Funke R.b. ,Christine l. case, (1997),microbiology an introduction sixth (1997),microbiology an introduction sixth edition ,microbial growth ,Addison wesley longman edition ,microbial growth ,Addison wesley longman (154-158).(154-158).

ALCAMO I. EDWARD(2001), Fundamentals of ALCAMO I. EDWARD(2001), Fundamentals of microbiology fifth edition ,bacterial structure and microbiology fifth edition ,bacterial structure and growth ,jones and bartlett publishers (112-115,122 ).growth ,jones and bartlett publishers (112-115,122 ).

Wistreich A.G.,MAX. D.lechtman(1988) Microbiology Wistreich A.G.,MAX. D.lechtman(1988) Microbiology fifth edition ,microbial ecology and environmental fifth edition ,microbial ecology and environmental activities, Collier macmillan publishers activities, Collier macmillan publishers LANDON(406-408).LANDON(406-408).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/halophile.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/halophile.html

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THANKSTHANKS