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TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS

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Page 1: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

TOPIC 3.2MOLECULES OF CELLS

Page 2: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES

3.2.1

ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure

INORGANIC MOLECULES : molecules which do not have C in its structure.

Page 3: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES
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A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules

• An organic compound has unique properties that depend upon the– size and shape of the molecule and

– groups of atoms (functional groups) attached to it.

• A functional group affects a biological molecule’s function in a characteristic way.

• Compounds containing functional groups are hydrophilic (water-loving).

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 5: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules

• The functional groups are– hydroxyl group—consists of a hydrogen bonded to

an oxygen,

– carbonyl group—a carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom,

– carboxyl group—consists of a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group,

– amino group—composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton, and

– phosphate group—consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 6: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

Table 3.2

Page 7: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules

• An example of similar compounds that differ only in functional groups is sex hormones.– Male and female sex hormones differ only in

functional groups.

– The differences cause varied molecular actions.

– The result is distinguishable features of males and females.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 8: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES
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ORGANIC MOLECULES3.2.2

Monomer: smallest unit of an organic molecules e.g: glucose

Dimer: two monomers

Polymer: many monomers are linked to each other to form macromolecules.

How are they linked to each other? condensation

How are they broken down? hydrolysis

Page 10: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

CONDENSATION 3.2.5

Page 11: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

HYDROLYSIS 3.2.5

Page 12: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

3.2.2

Page 13: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

CARBOHYDRATES 3.2.3

FUNCTIONS:

1- main energy source for cells

2- structural elements

STRUCTURE: consist of C, H,O

Monosaccharide, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Page 14: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

3.2.3. Monosaccharides

Hexoses (6C sugars)

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Pentoses (5C sugars)

Ribose

Deoxyribose

They are soluble in water. Why?

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3.2.3. Disaccharides

Glucose + Glucose Maltose

Fructose + Glucose Sucrose

Galactose + Glucose Lactose

They are less soluble than monosaccharides.

Page 17: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

Polysaccharides 3.2.4

Starch

Glucose + Glucose + Glucose +..... Glycogen

CelluloseChitin is a N containing polysaccharide which is

found in the exoskeleton of insects and cell wall of fungi.

They are not soluble or slightly soluble.

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3.2.4

Page 19: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

Polymerization by dehydration synthesis

+ + +

+

ATP H2O H2O H2O

monosaccharide, amino acid or nucleotide

polysaccharide, protein or polynucleotide

enzyme

monomers polymer

Page 20: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

Polymerization

1. Happens by dehydration synthesis

2. Monomers are joined by covalent bonds to form polymers

3 different covalent bonds can be formed:

Glycosidic bond between monosaccharides

Peptide bond between amino acids

Phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

Page 21: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

Polymerization

4. Enzymes are used

5. ATP is required

6. 1 H2O molecule is released for each bond made between monomers

Page 22: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

+ + +

H2O H2O H2O

monosaccharide, amino acid or nucleotide

polysaccharide, protein or polynucleotide

Depolymerization by hydrolysis

enzyme

monomerspolymer

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Depolymerization

1. Happens by hydrolysis

2. Polymers are broken down into monemers by adding a water.

3. Energy is not used

4. Enzymes are required.

Example: digestion

Page 24: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

LIPIDS 3.2.6

• Do all living things have lipids?

• Which elements do lipids contain?

• Are lipids hydrophilic?

Page 25: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

What are the functions of lipids? 3.2.6

• Storage of energy

• Structural elements (cell membrane, hormones, myelin sheat)

• Thermal insulation. How?

Page 26: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES
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Fatty acidsEssential fatty acids

Page 30: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES
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Saturated fats vs.

Unsaturated fats

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cocoa_butter_p1410148.JPG
Page 32: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

• 3.2.6

• Triglyceride (oil or fat)

Natural fats, found in the fat tissue of animals, seed and fruit of plants.

• Phospholipids

Main component of the cell membrane

• Steroids– Cholesterol, sex hormones

• WaxWater proof material around fruits, leaves.

Page 33: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES
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Triglycerides

Page 35: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

Cholesterol

• Essential component of animal cell membranes

• Precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D and steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen

• Important for the metabolism of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

Page 36: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES
Page 37: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES

Phospholipids

Page 38: TOPIC 3.2 MOLECULES OF CELLS. ORGANIC and INORGANIC MOLECULES 3.2.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES: molecules containing C and H in their structure INORGANIC MOLECULES
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