topic 3 – human population, carrying capacity, and resource use topic 3.1- population dynamics
TRANSCRIPT
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Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying Capacity, and
Resource Use
Topic 3.1- Population Dynamics
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Current Human Population
• There are about 7 billion people living on Earth
• For about 200,000 years, there were between 1-15 million people on Earth
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Milestones
• 1 Billion: 1804• 2 Billion: 1927• 3 Billion: 1960• 4 Billion: 1974• 5 Billion: 1987• 6 Billion: 1999• 7 Billion: 2012
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Demographics• If you reduce the worlds population to a village of
100 people, how many would:• Be Male• Be White• Be Christian• Live in substandard housing• Be able to read• Be malnourished• Be without access to safe water• Have internet access• Have a college education• Have HIV• Be US citizens• Control 1/3 of the wealth
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Predicted Growth
• Some predict a stabilization of human population, while others predict a continued increase
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Calculating Rates
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)• The number of live
births per 1000 people
• Equation:
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Calculating Rates
• Crude Death Rate (CDR)• The number of deaths
per 1000 people
• Equation:
• Natural Increase Rate (NIR)• CBR-CDR
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Calculating Rates
• Fertility• The average number of
births per women of child-bearing age
• Equation:
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Calculating Rates
• Doubling Time• The amount of time it
takes for a population to double
• Equation:
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Population Pyramids
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Population Pyramids
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Population Pyramids
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Population Pyramids
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Demographic Transition Model
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Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying
Capacity, and Resource Use
Topic 3.2- Resources – Natural Capital
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Natural Capital
• Natural resources/natural assets
• Can become natural income• Goods or
services
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Resources• Non-renewable• Cannot be
replenished at the same rate they are used
• Renewable• Can be replenished at
the rate they are used via human processes
• Replenishable• Non-living resources
that can be replenished via natural processes
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Nature of a Resource
• The value of a resource changes with human technology/culture
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Sustainability• Using resources at a
rate that allows natural regeneration
• Living within the means of nature
• Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying Capacity, and
Resource Use
Topic 3.3 – Energy Resources
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Making Energy
• Electricity is delivered to homes and businesses via alternating current (AC)
• AC power is generated when electromagnets are spun using a turbine
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Energy Sources Worldwide
• 90% of the worlds energy comes from fossil fuels.
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Fossil Fuels
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Nuclear Power
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Wind Power
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Hydropower
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Solar Power
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Geothermal Power
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Biofuels
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Oil Palms
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Future Solutions
• Hydrogen
• Nuclear Fusion
• Carbon Sequestration
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Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying Capacity, and
Resource Use
Topic 3.4 – Soil Systems
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Soil
• Soil is eroded rock, nutrients, decaying organic matter, and water
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Soil Formation• Soil is produced by:• Weathering of rock• Deposition of sediments by erosion• Decomposition of organic matter in dead organisms
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• Soils generally have distinct horizons:
• A horizon• Humus (decaying organic
matter with mineral particles)
• E horizon• Not always present, pale
layer where minerals have been leached
• B horizon• Organic matter and mineral
deposits
• C horizon• Weathered rock/bedrock
Soil Horizons
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• Soil type depends on the particle size• Sand = Biggest• Silt = Medium• Clay = Smallest
Soil Texture
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Soil Texture
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Soil Types
Potential to hold organic matter
Drainage Water holding capacity
Air Spaces
Plants and animals
Primary Productivity
Sandy Soil
Low Very Good
Low Large Few Low
Clay Soil Low Poor Very High
Small Few Very Low
Loam Soil
Medium Good Medium Medium
Many High
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Nutrients
• Macronutrients• Nitrogen (needed for
chlorophyll)• Phosphorous (needed
for photosynthesis)• Potassium (needed
for fruiting and growth)
• Calcium• Magnesium• Sulfur
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• Micronutrients• Boron• Copper• Chloride• Iron• Manganese• Zinc
nutrients
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• Atmospheric Nitrogen has to be ‘fixed’ (usually by bacteria) for plants to use it.
Nitrogen cycle
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• Water erosion• Wind erosion• Acidification• Groundwater use• Pollution• Desertification• Climate change• Overgrazing• Deforestation• Roads
Soil Degradation
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Soil Degradation
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Soil Degradation
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• Mechanical/physical barriers
• Organic farming
• Afforestation
• Contour plowing
• Terracing
• Crop rotation
• Soil conditioners
Soil conservation
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