Topic 2: Nation BuildingMs. Xiques

Background• Idea- Division of powers between states and provinces

America- republican form of government Canada- parliamentary confederation responsible to GB Brazil- Constitutional Monarchy Mexico- Dictatorship- Constitutionals Monarchy- Republican form of gov’t

Latin America Colonial Spanish viceroys replaced by new nations and borders making regional differences and

political borders more complex than North America. French colonies remained (except Haiti). Spanish colonies seized by the British and Dutch would remain colonies into 20th Century.

1. Liberals- influenced by Enlightenment and US Revolution, free-trade con, rule of law, hierarchical and limited civil rights, and reduced power of Catholic Church

2. Conservatives- strong link between church and state, traditional institutions with advantages for elite

Class Issues- Across the board• Slavery

Those countries who depended on them for agriculture and had an entrenched economic base like US, Cuba, Puerto Rice, and Brazil found it difficult to abolish.

Larger mestizo populations were incorporated into body politic, however were still left out in cultural and social restrictions.

The poor, landless, illiterates were mostly excluded, regardless of color.

America• The Articles of Confederation vs. The US Constitution

• Shays Rebillion and the Philadelphia Convention

• Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

• Ratification and the Federalist Papers

Latin America• The Caudillo Phenomena

Caudillo- Spanish or Latin American dictator: in a Spanish-speaking country, a military or political leader, especially a dictator

Historical Arguments= “New version” integrates progressive political practices with traditional roles vs. “Older” tyrants using political anarchy without elections

Problem= Regionalism Conservatism vs. Liberalism

Peons (former soldiers of the independence armies) + municipalities= sources of success

Liberal-Conservative Hostility

Guatemala

• Liberal Revolution

• Targeted Roman Catholic Church Against Economic Power of the

Church Expelled Jesuits Abolished Tithes Recognized Civil Marriages Sanctioned Divorces Religious Toleration

• Power of Municipalities Tradition of colonial rule, cabildos

(council), and Indian customs

Rafael Carrera

• Municipalities disagreements with anti-church movements led to his rise

• Repealed laws against est. Church

• Kept Religious toleration

• Returned Jesuits to increase education 1852 Catholicism exclusive religion

and only doctrine taught in schools Lasted until 1871 revolution

Dismissing the Stereotype

Brazil- Countess de Barral

• Strong conservative elite controlled institutions of slavery and commerce until late 19th Century

• Monarcy strong in salons

• “No other woman of that era had as much social and political power.”

- Pinho

- Impact

1. Influenced abolitionist movement

2. Protested imprisonment of Catholoic bishops

3. Declared freedom of her female slaves’ children in 1860’s

4. Freed all her slaves in 1880

Argentina- Manuel de Rosas

• “In the matter of public funds, Rosas never touched one peso for his own benefit, he lived soberly and modestly and died in poverty.”

-Mejia

• Views

• Against independent voice/freedom of speech, a Constitution (Republic), Ruled with an iron hand, Supported by the Catholic Church

• Promoted Customs Laws (protected agriculture, ranchers (gauchos), and industry) Pro-Middle Class

• Alienated Native Americans = downfall

• By empowering the rural peonage, “…the leader of a bourgeois revolution that has a ranching and rural base, and not, like the metropolitan countries, an industrial and urban base.”

The War of 1812Impact

Improve relations with GB and the US US turned attention to slavery,

westward expansion, and BNA Path to “Nationhood”

a large group of people united by common language, culture or economic life

Causes

• USS Chesapeake (1807)

• Battle of Trafalgar 1805, Non-Importation Acts, Embargo Act 1807

• Henry Clay’s “War Hawks” vs. “War Doves”

• British in Canada, Impressment, Native Americans in Ohio River Valley

• Symbolic impasse broken with Napoleon 1810

• Tippecanoe 1811

• Napoleonic Wars- Britain and the Duke of Wellington distracted

Long-Term Effects• Treaty of Ghent (12/24/1814)

Armistice vs. Treaty Vietnam?

Return to pre-1812 borders Nothing about US war aims

POBLEMS= Acquisition of Native American lands in the West, search and seizure, or impressment!!!!!)

• Emergence of “Old Hickory”- Andrew Jackson- The Battle of New Orleans

• Heightened sense of unity and nationhood for Canada- The Battle of Queenston Heights

Key Things to Remember

1. Ended British operations in US

2. Creation of frontiersmen

3. False sense of invincibility by defeating the British at The Battle of New Orleans

4. Democracy vs. Imperialism- Manifest Destiny

5. 1819 Rush-Bagot Treaty

6. Rideau Canal

Star Spangled Banner

Canada- Evolutionary vs. Revolutionary

• July 1, 1867- Confederation achieved under “Peace, Order and Good Government” Self-governing within British Empire Federal + provincial powers

• Rebellions of 1837 “The Family Compact” vs. Elected Legislative

Assembly (Torie refugees) vs. (farmers, US

immigrants)

• Rebellion of Upper Canada, 1837-38 William Lyon MacKenzie The Constitution vs. “Ten

Resolutions”

• Rebellion of Lower Canada, 1837-38 Joseph Papineau “no taxation without representation

The Durham Report

The Durham Report• Lord Durham, a British politician, was sent to North America in 1838 to investigate

the causes of the twin rebellions the previous year in the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada.

• Problem- Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were uninterested in uniting under a joint confederation of BNA colonies

• Importance?- Eventually spurred the move to confederation with the intention of assimilating French-Canadians into English Canadian culture

Durham’s Suggestions Britain’s Actions

the creation of municipal governments

A single Colony (Upper and Lower)

a supreme court in the BNA colonies

Responsible Government- ending appointed legislative council

a resolution of the land question in Prince Edward Island

Canada Videos• Canada Day vs. Independence Day

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeBVPCLyqYY

• History of Canadian Independence

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AysZAXoNbA

US- Mexican War• https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkdF8pOFUfI

Key Themes/Ideas

• Manifest Destiny

• 1st War fought on “foreign soil

• Henry David Thoreau- Civil Disobedience

• Slave State/Free-State

• California! The Alamo!

• Whigs vs. Democratic-Republicans

• Abraham Lincoln- Presidential Check?

• Nativism

• Know-Nothings- Change in Political Parties

• The Gold Rush

• Immigration and Native American Displacement

Manifest Destiny

• Historical Context

• Thousands of Chinese workers immigrated to California during the gold rush. Though it was one of the most ethnically diverse regions of the country, the Chinese were subject to discrimination in the gold fields. They were often relegated to doing only the most menial labor and, in 1852, they became subject to a tax on foreign miners. Anti-Chinese sentiment continued in the following decades culminating in 1882, when Chinese immigration was outlawed by Congress with the adoption of the Chinese Exclusion Act.

• Attached Documents

• In the excerpts below, author Hinton Rowan Helper offers a strikingly xenophobic caricature of Chinese immigrants in California, employing sweeping stereotypes of the laborers that were shared by many during this period. He concludes that no "inferior race of men can exist in these United States without becoming subordinate to the will of the Anglo-Americans," expressing a common conception of the determinism of race in the social and economic order.

• Questions to Consider

• 1. What similarities and differences can you identify in the attitudes of some Americans toward the Chinese and the criticisms levied against other minority groups at different times? Do any of the accusations made by Helper allude to a specific threat caused by the presence of Chinese immigrants?

• 2. How did ideas about race relate to the politics of Manifest Destiny?

Chinese Immigration During the Gold Rush

Canada Independence• The Province of Canada- 1840 Act of Union

Spurred by the US Civil War and The Durham Report Canada East (French majority) Canada West= Lower and Upper Maritime Colonies were pressured for cost-saving to eliminate three smaller

legislatures

• A mari usque ad mare The Canadian national motto

“He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth.”

-King James Bible

• The Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 with the US Rapid economic growth and prosperity Changing relationship with GB from dependence to self-assurance

Canada Becomes a Nation• Why did Canada not trust the

US? War of 1812 Mexican War Annexation of its defeated territories Republican ideals Support for Slavery Claims of Manifest Destiny

• Why were things tense between US and GB? GB supported the South in the Civil

War Removed troops in Canada-

Canadians felt betrayed

• The Charlottetown Conference, 1864

• The Quebec Conference, 1864

• The US Civil War

• The London Conference, 1866

Native Americans- The Trail of Tears• Trail of Tears- Indian Removal Act 1830

• They Knew They Were Wrong

• Interactive Map