tools for stream restoration: morphology & structures
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures Greg Jennings, PhD, PE, Jennings Environmental LLC
![Page 2: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fluvial Geomorphology: study of landforms and the fluvial processes that shape them
![Page 3: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fluvial Processes: associated with flowing water, including sediment erosion,
transport, and deposition
![Page 4: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Channel (bed & banks) • Floodplain • Water • Sediment • Plants & animals
Stream: A system of fluvial forms & habitats
Photo Credit: Eve Brantley, Auburn University
![Page 5: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fluvial Forms • Bar • Channel • Confluence • Cutoff channel • Delta • Floodplain • Gorge • Gully • Meander • Oxbow lake • Pool • Riffle • Stream • Valley • Waterfall • Watershed
![Page 6: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sediment Deposition: bars, benches, fans, & floodplains • Point bar • Lateral bar • Mid-channel bar • Transverse bar • Delta • Alluvial fan • Inner berm
![Page 7: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Point Bar
Lateral Bar
![Page 8: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mid-channel Bar
Transverse Bar
![Page 9: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stream Morphology: size and shape of channel & floodplain (dimension, pattern, profile)
![Page 10: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Floodplain
Left Bank Right Bank
Downstream
Terrace
Streambed
Thalweg
![Page 11: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Incised Stream System: Floodplain Creation
Floodplain
Terrace
![Page 12: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Colluvium: loose sediment transported by gravity and deposited down slope Alluvium: sediment deposited by flowing water in a channel or floodplain Alluvial valleys occur where sediment particles are dropped by slow-moving water
Valley type affects stream morphology
![Page 13: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Valley Type II Moderately steep, gentle sloping side slopes often in colluvial valleys
From EPA Watershed Academy: Fundamentals of the Rosgen Stream Classification System
Valley Types: www.epa.gov/watertrain/stream_class
![Page 14: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Valley Type VIII Wide, gentle valley slope with well-developed floodplain adjacent to river terraces
From EPA Watershed Academy: Fundamentals of the Rosgen Stream Classification System
Valley Types: www.epa.gov/watertrain/stream_class
![Page 15: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Meandering Stream: Alluvial Forms
Point Bar
Scarp Bankfull Stage
Thalweg
Flow Downstream Floodplain
Riffle
Pool
Right Bank
Left Bank
![Page 16: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pool Cross-Section (Meandering Stream)
Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
![Page 17: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Bankfull Stage: “incipient flooding” “corresponds to the discharge at which channel maintenance is the most effective, that is, the discharge at which moving sediment, forming or removing bars, forming or changing bends and meanders, and generally doing work results in the average morphologic characteristics” (Dunne & Leopold,1978)
Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
![Page 18: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bankfull Discharge
• Flow fills active channel and spreads onto floodplain
• Represents break between channel & floodplain processes
• For channel in equilibrium, assumed to equal effective discharge
• Typical Return Period 1 to 2 yrs
![Page 19: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Bankfull
![Page 20: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bankfull
![Page 21: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bankfull
![Page 22: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Channel Evolution (Succession) Response to incising forces
Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
![Page 23: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Bankfull Terrace
![Page 24: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Equilibrium Controlling Variables • Width • Depth • Slope • Velocity • Discharge • Flow resistance • Sediment size • Sediment load
Leopold et al (1964)
![Page 26: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Dimension (cross-section)
• Area • Width • Depth • Width/Depth Ratio • Entrenchment Ratio • Bank Height Ratio
![Page 27: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dimension: Cross-Section
![Page 28: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Riffle Dimensions
Bankfull
Wbkf
Abkf
Measure Bankfull Width (Wbkf) and Bankfull Area (Abkf)
Mean Depth, dbkf = Abkf / Wbkf
Width to Depth Ratio, W/d = Wbkf / dbkf
dbkf
![Page 29: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Bankfull Width, Wbkf = 9.3 ft; Bankfull Area, Abkf = 13.9 ft2
Mean Depth, dbkf = Abkf / Wbkf = 13.9 / 9.3 = 1.5 ft
Width to Depth Ratio, W/d = Wbkf / dbkf = 9.3 / 1.5 = 6.2
![Page 30: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Bankfull Width, Wbkf = 36 ft; Bankfull Area, Abkf = 112 ft2
Mean Depth, dbkf = Abkf / Wbkf = 112 / 36 = 3.1 ft
Width to Depth Ratio, W/d = Wbkf / dbkf = 36 / 3.1 = 11.5
![Page 31: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Entrenchment Ratio, ER = Wfpa / Wbkf
Bankfull 2 x dmbkf
above thalweg
Wfpa
Wbkf
dmbkf
Wfpa = Width of Flood Prone Area measured at the elevation twice bankfull max depth above thalweg
Wbkf = Width of Bankfull Channel
![Page 32: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ER = Wfpa / Wbkf = 75 / 15 = 5.0
![Page 33: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Flood water flows onto floodplain several times each year
Rocky Branch Phase II Reach 2: Priority 2 (floodplain excavation, C channel)
Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 90/20 = 4.5
![Page 34: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Rocky Branch Phase II Reach 1: Priority 3 (floodplain excavation, Bc channel) Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 40/20 = 2
![Page 35: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Bank Height Ratio, BHR = LBH / dmbkf
Bankfull LBH
dmbkf = Max Depth from bankfull stage to thalweg
dmbkf
LBH = Low Bank Height (Max Depth to thalweg)
![Page 36: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
BHR = 5.3 / 2.5 = 2.1
![Page 37: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100
Cross-‐section Area (sq ft)
Drainage Area (sq mi)
Hydraulic Geometry Regional Curves
NC Piedmont
NC Mtn
MD Alleghany
MD
NY
VT
OH 01
OH 05
OK
SW OR
Pacific NW
AZ
AZ & NM
![Page 38: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
y = 18.786x0.6724 R² = 0.99815
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cro
ss-S
ectio
nal A
rea
(squ
ar fe
et)
Drianage Area (square miles)
Concept NOT FOR DESIGN USE Auburn Alabama and Tuskegee NF Mini-Regional Relationship
Prepared by DAB 11-29-07
Mini Regional Relationship NC Rural Piedmont Curve NC Coastal Curve Power (Mini Regional Relationship)
![Page 39: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Alluvial (low-gradient) streams naturally meander across a valley with a somewhat predictable pattern
Pattern (plan form)
![Page 40: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pool Run
Point Bar (deposition)
Glide
Riffle
Meandering Stream: Alluvial Forms
![Page 41: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Oxbow Formation in Meandering
Streams
Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
![Page 42: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Chute cutoff across tight meander bend
![Page 43: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Sinuosity = stream length / valley length K = 1850 / 980 = 1.9
Valley Length
![Page 44: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Plan Form Relationships
![Page 45: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Meander Length Ratio = meander length / width = 78/15 = 5.2 Meander Width Ratio = belt width / width = 57/15 = 3.8
Radius of Curvature Ratio = radius / width = 23/15 = 1.5
Meander Length
Belt Width
![Page 46: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Stream Bedform Variability: Slope Substrate size Velocity Oxygenation Shear stress Habitats
![Page 47: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
www.wildlandhydrology.com
![Page 48: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Ecosystem Restoration: “activities that initiate or accelerate the recovery of ecosystem health, integrity, and sustainability” (SER, 2004)
![Page 49: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Planning a Stream Project: • Goals? Stability, Habitat, Recreation? • Constraints? Access, Land Availability, Utilities? • Feasibility? Will it Work? • Constructability? Equipment, Materials, Time/$?
![Page 50: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
1. Channel & Floodplain Morphology
2. In-stream Structures
3. Habitats & Vegetation
4. Site & Watershed Conditions
5. Hydrologic & Hydraulic Analysis
6. Implementation
7. Monitoring, Maintenance, & Education
Restoration Components
![Page 51: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
1. Channel & Floodplain Morphology Dimension, Pattern, Profile, Floodplain Connection
2005 NCSU Rocky Branch 2009
![Page 52: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
High-quality “reference” streams serve as design templates
![Page 53: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Floodplain Structure • Regular (every year) flooding to relieve stress
• Floodwater retention & riparian wetlands
• Stormwater discharge retention & treatment
![Page 54: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Priority 1: lift channel
Incised Stream
Priority 2 & 3: lower floodplain
Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
![Page 55: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
2006 Town Creek Tributary 2007
Priority 1: Raise channel to existing valley and construct new meandering channel
Rain will come during and immediately following construction!
ER = 15; W/d = 12
![Page 56: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
2008 Town Creek Tributary
Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 150/10 = 15
![Page 57: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Priority 2: Excavate lower floodplain and construct new meandering channel
2008 White Slough 2010
ER = 6; W/d = 11
![Page 58: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
White Slough 2010
Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 90/15 = 6
![Page 59: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Priority 2: Excavate lower floodplain and construct new meandering channel
2004 NCSU Rocky Branch 2005
![Page 60: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Flood water flows onto floodplain several times each year
Rocky Branch Phase II Reach 2: Priority 2 (floodplain excavation, C channel)
Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 90/20 = 4.5
![Page 61: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
2003
2000
2003
2001
![Page 62: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
2005 NCSU Rocky Branch 2006
Priority 3: Excavate narrow floodplain benches in confined systems
ER = 2.2; W/d = 12
![Page 63: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Rocky Branch Phase II Reach 1: Priority 3 (floodplain excavation, Bc channel) Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 40/20 = 2
![Page 64: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
2008 NCSU Rocky Branch
![Page 65: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Priority 3: Excavate narrow floodplain benches in confined systems
2009 Little Shades Creek 2010
ER = 1.6; W/d = 15
![Page 66: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 60/38 = 1.6
![Page 67: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Riffle Morphology: Bankfull Width = 15 ft; Depth = 1.2 ft
Floodprone Width = 33 ft
Entrenchment Ratio, ER = 33/15 = 2.2
![Page 68: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
2. In-Stream Structures (Logs & Rocks) • Streambank protection • Habitat enhancement (pools, aeration, cover) • Grade control • Sediment transport
![Page 69: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Structure Criteria: • Natural materials • Habitats & passage for aquatic organisms • Natural sediment transport (alluvial systems)
Do you like these?
![Page 70: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Boulder J-Hook Vane
![Page 71: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Runaway Truck Ramp
![Page 72: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Roaring River, Stone Mt State Park (2000-10) • Trout Stream: Channel Realignment, Structures, Planting
10 years later
![Page 73: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Boulder J-Hook Vane • 3-5 % arm slopes
• 20-25 degree arm angles
• Boulder footers & non-woven geotextile
• 0.5 ft drops over j-hook inverts
![Page 74: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Boulder Vane 20-25 degree angles
3-5 % arm slopes
20-25 degrees
3-5 % arm slopes
![Page 75: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Chinking Boulders to Prevent Piping
![Page 76: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Geotextile Curtain to Prevent Piping
![Page 77: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Boulder
J-Hook Vane
![Page 78: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Log J-Hook Vane
![Page 79: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Log J-hook Vanes for flow direction & habitat
![Page 80: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Log Vane • 2-4 % arm slopes
• 20-25 degree arm angles
• Sealed with woven geotextile & backer logs
![Page 81: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Log J-Hook Vane: Flow direction, bank protection, habitat
Arm slope = 1.2 / 30 = 4%; Arm angle = 25 degrees
![Page 82: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Storm Flow: Flow direction + Bank protection
![Page 83: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Toe Wood for bank protection, roughness, habitat
![Page 84: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Toe Wood for bank protection, roughness, habitat
![Page 85: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Log J-hook: Habitat enhancement
![Page 86: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Log J-hook Installation
1. Root wad 2. Header log 3. Backer log 4. Chinking 5. Geotextile
![Page 87: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Log J-hook Installation
6. Backfill gravel 7. Wash in 8. Boulder hook 9. Chinking 10. Geotextile
![Page 88: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Log J-hook with Toe Wood
![Page 89: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Multiple Log Vanes
Saugahatchee Creek
2007
2008
![Page 90: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Multiple Log Vanes
Saugahatchee Creek
2009 January
2009 July Photo Credit: Dan Ballard, Town of Auburn
![Page 91: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Multiple Log Vanes: Saugahatchee Creek
Photo Credit: Dan Ballard, Town of Auburn
![Page 92: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Boulder Cross Vane: Flow Concentration
![Page 93: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Cross Vanes for flow direction & grade control
![Page 94: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Cross Vane • Direct flow in new channel alignment • Grade control and scour pool • Footer boulders & geotextile
![Page 95: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Cross-Vane (Double-Drop): Flow direction straight & center
Arm Angles: 25 degrees from parallel to bank
![Page 96: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Cross-Vane (Double-Drop): Limit drop over each step to 0.5 ft
![Page 97: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Cross-Vane (Double-Drop): Grade control, flow direction, scour
Arm slope = 1.8 / 36 = 5%
Max drop over each step = 0.5 ft
![Page 98: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Cross-Vane (Double-Drop): Grade control, flow direction, scour
Arm slope = 2.5 / 50 = 5%; Arm angles = 25 degrees
Max drop over each step = 0.5 ft
![Page 99: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
• Undercut bed 2 ft and backfill with gravel, cobble, boulders, wood
• Cut thalweg 0.5 ft deep
Cross Vane (logs embedded)
![Page 100: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Multiple Cross Vanes in Straight Urban Stream
![Page 101: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Double-Drop Boulder Cross Vane
Photo Credit: Darrell Westmoreland, North State Environmental, Inc.
![Page 102: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Double-Drop Boulder Cross Vane
![Page 103: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Offset Boulder Cross Vane at a Bridge
![Page 104: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Boulder W-Vane: Bridge Pier Protection
![Page 105: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Boulder Double Wing Deflector
![Page 106: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Constructed Riffle
![Page 107: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Stream Competence (www.epa.gov/WARSSS)
![Page 108: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
1st Order Streambed Transplant • Substrate transfer from old channel to new channel
![Page 109: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
![Page 110: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Constructed Riffle • Undercut bed 2 ft and backfill with gravel, cobble,
boulders, wood • Cut thalweg 0.5 ft deep
![Page 111: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Constructed Riffle with Embedded Wood
![Page 112: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Vanes, Toe Wood, Transplants
![Page 113: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Riffles with Bouder/Log Steps
![Page 114: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Step-Pool: Boulder Cascade
![Page 115: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
April, 2011
March, 2011
![Page 116: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
August, 2011 Early Succession
Forest
March, 2011 Native Riparian Plants
![Page 117: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Illinois River Site 5: Tahlequah – Kaufmann Boulders & logs in new
channel
![Page 118: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Step-Pool: Stormwater Conveyance Chapel Hill, NC Bolin Creek Watershed
![Page 119: Tools for Stream Restoration: Morphology & Structures](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021816/589d78f51a28ab864a8b9c34/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Step-Pool: Stormwater Conveyance, Maryland