toksik hazardawareness

7/27/2019 toksik HazardAwareness

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Chemical Risk Management

Session 3Laboratory Safety Training


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Toxic effects of Laboratory

Chemicals

In order to minimize the hazardsassociated with chemicals used in thelaboratory the researcher must investigatemany sources of information to safely

design the experiment. There are manyways to do this. The starting point shouldbe with a review of the MSDS.


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Hazard Communication

Hazard Communication Standard

29CFR 1910.1200

OSHA published in 1988, requires, chemicalmanufacturers or importers to evaluate the

hazards of the products they supply and

summarize this information on Material Safety

Data Sheets (MSDS), shipping labels, and

product warnings


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Employers must supply this information to theiremployees and provide training on:

The chemical hazards found in their work place. Thisincludes training on reading hazard labels and MSDS,

physical and health hazards of the chemicals, how to

detect releases, the use of any required personal

protective equipment (PPE), and the details of the

hazard communication program.


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Specific laboratory requirements include:

Ensuring all incoming chemical containers are

labeled,

MSDS are received with incoming chemicals and are

readily accessible to laboratory employees at all times,

while working in their labs,

Ensure all laboratory, employees are trained on the

physical and health hazards associated with the

chemicals used including:


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Methods and observations that may beused to detect the presence or release

hazardous chemicals in the work area, The measures employees can take to

protect themselves from chemical hazards,such as work practices, emergencyprocedures, and PPE.


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Laboratories that ship hazardous chemicalsare considered either a chemical

manufacturer or distributor under thisstandard and must also comply with theshipping requirements, including labelingcontainers, using proper shipping names

and preparing an MSDS to be provided tothe recipients


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Each MSDS must contain the

following information:1. Suppliers name,

address, ph #, date,

2. Chemical name, CAS

# of all hazardousingredients if it is > 1%of the product,

3. Physical and chemicalcharacteristics, vp., fp.,

4. Physical hazards,including reactivity,

5. Health hazards,

including signs andsymptoms ofexposure, medicalconditions that

might be aggravatedby exposure,


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Each MSDS must contain the

following information:

6. Primary routes of

entry,7. PELs, RELs, TLVs

10. Toxicity data,

11. Storage and

handling data,

12. Emergency and firstaid procedures,

13. Disposalconsiderations

14. Transportation

information


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Additional sources of hazard

information

National Fire Protection Association NFPA 704

National Institute of Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH) RELs.

American Council of Governmental Hygienists(ACGIH) TLVs

International Agency for Cancer Research,(IARC)


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Additional sources of hazard

informationNational library of Medicine (NLM)

Toxline, Medline

Hazardous substance Data Base (HSDB)

Registry of Toxic Effects of ChemicalSubstances (RTECS)

MSDS database e.g. SIRIhttp://www.SIRI.org
http://www.siri.org/http://www.siri.org/


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Red=Flammability

4-Materials with a flashpoint below73 F (22 C) and a boiling point below 100 F.

3-Materials with a flashpoint below 73 F and a boilingpoint greater than or equal to 100 F (38 C) or aflashpoint above 73 F and less than 100 F.

2-Materials with a flashpoint above 100 F, but notexceeding 200 F (93.3 C).

1-Materials with a flashpoint above 200 F.

0-Materials which normally won't burn.


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Blue-Health Hazard

4-Materials with an oral LD50 of less than or equal to 5mg/kg.

3-Materials with an oral LD50 above 5, but less than 50mg/kg.

2-Materials with an oral LD50 above 50, but less than 500mg/kg.

1-Materials with an oral LD50 above 500, but less than2000mg/kg.

0-Materials with an oral LD50 above 2000mg/kg.


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Yellow=Reactivity Hazard

4-Material is capable of explosion or detonation atnormal temperature and pressure.

3-Material is capable of explosion, but requires astrong initiating source, or the material reacts

with water.

2-Material undergoes violent chemical changes atelevated temperature and pressure.

1-Normally stable, but can become unstable atelevated temperatures.

0-Normally stable.


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White = Special Hazard

W Water Reactive

Ox Oxidizer

CORCorrosive

Radiation


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Routes of Exposure

Inhalation - Most common route ofexposure, lungs are designed for maximumtransport and adsorption of vapors, largesurface area (1000 sf)

Dermal Second most common route ofexposure, lipid (pass with greater ease) and

water soluble chemicals can pass throughthe skin. Has 20 sf surface area.


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Routes of Exposure

Ingestion can occur through foodcontamination, eating drinking in lab, poor

hygiene, mucociliary transport of vaporstrapped in upper air ways,

Injection Can occur through injury andneedle sticks


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Lethal Concentration

Lethal Concentration- LC-50, pertains toinhalation hazards. It is the concentration

of a material in air that will kill 50% of thetest subjects when administered as a singleexposure (typically 1 to 4 hours). Thisvalue gives you an idea of the relative

toxicity of the material. This value appliesto vapors, dusts, mists and gases.


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Lethal Dose

An LD50

value is the amount of a solid orliquid material that it takes to kill 50% oftest animals in one dose. The dose may beadministered orally (by mouth), orinjection into various parts of the body.The value is usually reported along withthe administration method.


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Acute Toxicity Levels

Toxicity LD-50

(rats)

LD-

50(rabbits)

LC- 50

(rats)

Probable lethal

human dose

Extremely

Toxic


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Acute Toxins

Acute toxicity is the ability of a chemicalto cause harm after a single exposure.

They can cause local, or systemic effectsor both. Chemicals that have a high levelof acute toxicity (very low LD, LC-50s)are defined as particularly hazardous

substances by the Lab Standard andrequire special handling procedures to beadded to the lab CHP.


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Acute Toxins

These include: acrolein, arsine, chlorine,diborane, diazomethane, hydrogen

cyanide,hydrogen floride, sodium cyanide,dimethyl mercury, etc.


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Chronic Toxicity

Harm occurs through repeated usuallylower levels of exposure. Includes most

carcinogens, reproductive hazards, someheavy metals. Many have a long latencyperiod. Generally the longer the exposurethe greater the hazard.


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Factors affecting toxicity

The potential for toxic effects isdetermined by the dose, the duration, the

frequency and the route of exposure. Synergistic effects - the combination of the

toxic effects of two substances may besignificantly greater than the toxic effect of

either substance alone.


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Reproductive toxins

Reproductive toxins are those that have anadverse effect on reproduction including:

fertility, gestation, lactation and generalreproduction performance. Mutagensaffect the genetic material. Teratogenseffect the development of the fetus.

Ethylene dibromide anddibromochloropropane are well knownmale reproductive toxins. Others include:


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Reproductive toxins cont.

vacetaldehyde, acrylicacid, aflatoxins, anilinearsenic, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, cadmium,carbondisulfide, chromic acid, chloroform,

chloroprene, N,N-dimethylacetamide,dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO), dinitrooctylphenol ,di-sec-octyl-

phthalate, diphenylamine, dithane, estradiol, 2-ethoxyl ethanol, 2-ethoxyetyl acetate, ethyl

thiourea, 2-ethylhexanol, formaldehyde,formamide, glycol ethers, halothane,hexachlorobenzene, hexafluoroacetone,hydrazine(s),


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Reproductive toxins cont.

iodoacetic acid, karathane, lead compounds,mercury compounds, 2-methoxy ethanol, 2-methoxy- ethylacetate, methylchloride, N-

methyl-2-pyrolidone, nitrobenzene, nitrousoxide,phenol, polychlorinated and polybrominatedbiphenyls, propylene glycol, monomethyl ether,propylene glycol, monomethyl ether acetate,propylene oxide, systhane,

TOK(herbicide),toluene, trichloroethylene, vinyl-chloride, xylene

Additional information @ Reproductive Hazards
http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/reproductivehazards/index.htmlhttp://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/reproductivehazards/index.html


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Medical Surveillance programs

Use of certain chemicals at particularexposure levels require the participation a

medical surveillance programs. Medical Screening/Surveillance
http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/medicalsurveillance/index.htmlhttp://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/medicalsurveillance/index.html


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Carcinogens

Chemical capable of causing changes inthe DNA resulting in uncontrolled growth

of cells or cancer. They are insidiousbecause no immediate harmful effects arefelt. Latency period can be from 20-30years

Usually results from chronic exposures


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Carcinogens

Defined in the Lab Standard as a chemical thatis:

Regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen,

It is listed by the National Toxicology Program,

It is listed as a group 1 under IARC (international

agency on cancer research),

It is listed as a group 2A, or 2B under IARC probableand possibly carcinogenic to humans.


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Carcinogens

Examples of"Select Carcinogens

Examples of Classes of Carcinogens
http://www.auburn.edu/administration/safety/LBSF7.htmlhttp://www.auburn.edu/administration/safety/LBSF8.htmlhttp://www.auburn.edu/administration/safety/LBSF8.htmlhttp://www.auburn.edu/administration/safety/LBSF7.html


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Conclusion

Risk assessment for use of hazardouschemicals includes:

1. Identify chemicals to be used and

circumstances of use,

2. Consult sources of information,3. Evaluate type of toxicity,


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Conclusion

4. Consider possible routes of exposure,

5. Evaluate quantitative information on toxicity,

6. Select appropriate procedures to minimizeexposure following hierarchy of protection,

a. Eliminate the hazard

b. Substitute or reduce the hazard


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Conclusion

c. Engineering ControlsFume Hood, Glove boxes

d. Administrative ControlsCHP, SOPs

e. Personal Protective Equipmentgloves, goggles

7. Prepare for contingencies.

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