tofel
TRANSCRIPT
1
EXTRA MATERIAL FOR UPPER ADVANCED AND TOEFL
1. OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION 2. APPOSITIVES 3. PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES 4. CONNECTORS 5. NOUN CLAUSES 6. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 7. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES 8. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES 9. ARTICLES 10. PREPOSITIONS 11. MAKE AND DO 12. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 13. QUANTIFIERS 14. MODAL VERBS 15. PASSIVE VOICE 16. ADVERBS OR ADJECTIVES
2
1. OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
The Preposition
A preposition relates its object to some other word in a sentence. A preposition never appears alone. It is always used with a word or word group of word called its object.
The car stalled on the bridge. Your ticket is in this envelope.
preposition: on object: bridge
preposition: in object: envelope Here are some frequently used prepositions: at before by since off about behind concerning through in above down to like on after beneath during toward near against beside except under of along between for underneath with among beyond from until up around without upon past over Identifying Prepositions and Their Objects. Underline each preposition in the following sentence, and draw an arrow to its object. Remember, there are many more prepositions than those listed above. Example: John found his baseball glove under the apple tree. 1. Turn at the first light.
2. Can you come to my house after school?
3. They fought gallantly against the foe.
4. My father always takes a nap after dinner.
5. This is a painting by an unknown artist.
6. Bob watched the performance through a peephole.
7. The wise old owl sat in the oak tree.
3
8. Near the lake, the weather is always cooler.
9. The man in the blue suit is a car salesman.
10. For six years that house has been empty.
11. My grandfather tells fascinating stories about his years in the Navy.
12. Gordon crept cautiously up the wall, then peered below.
13. The sunken galleon now rests at the bottom of the sea.
14. My cat sleeps during the day, then prowl at night.
15. Before the game, the officials explained the rules.
16. The water leaked through the dam and spread across the fields.
17. Mother treated her fragile china with great care.
18. I come from Alabama with a banjo on my knee.
19. The manuscript was hidden among a stack of papers.
20. I found a wallet without any identification in it.
21. It rained hard during the night.
22. The boy climbed carefully up the tree.
23. Mary and Betty were the best golfers on the team.
24. I’d like a red jacket like yours.
25. Our basketball team will play against yours tonight.
26. They lived in Wisconsin across the state line.
27. The gift was placed inside a beautifully decorated box.
28. For six summers I’ve vacationed in Colorado.
29. What is the name of your favourite book?
30. The dome above our heads looked like the sky.
31. If you sit near me, you may catch my cold.
32. Have you seen the new exhibit in the Field Museum?
33. They live down the street from us.
34. Put the camera on the table.
35. The boxer fell outside the ring.
36. She waited through the long night at the hospital.
37. Don’t go without your briefcase.
38. Phil jumped from the porch onto the grass below.
39. We’ve lived behind the store for ten years.
40. Everyone except Sue took the test.
4
APPOSITIVES
1. Define APPOSITIVE in your own words
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. Identify the appositives
1. John Reed, an American journalist, helped found the
Communist Labour Party in America.
2. My sister, who is a supervisor at Munchies, drives a company
car.
3. I took a cookie from Gretel, who is the woodcutter's daughter.
4. I took a cookie from Gretel, the woodcutter's daughter.
5. Og, the King of Bashan, was saved from the flood by climbing
onto the roof of the ark.
6. I once saw Margot Fonteyn, the famous ballerina.
7. Elkie Fern, who is a professional botanist, led the kids on a
nature hike.
8. Elsa, a good country woman, has a daughter named Ulga.
9. Paul Revere, who was a silversmith and a soldier, is famous
for his "midnight ride."
10. I read a biography of Disraeli, the 19th-century statesman
and novelist.
5
Appositive Exercise
Underline and punctuate the appositives in the following
sentences. Not all require punctuation.
1. My son, the policeman, will be visiting us next week.
2. The captain ordered the ship's carpenters to assemble the shallop,
a large rowboat.
3. Walter, the playboy and writer, is very attached to his mother,
Mrs. Hammon.
4. The actor Paul Newman directed only one picture.
5. Elizabeth Teague, a sweet and lovable girl, grew up to be a
mentally troubled woman.
6. Sweetbriar a company known throughout the South is considering
a nationwide advertising campaign.
7. An above-average student and talented musician John made his
family proud.
8. The extremely popular American film Titanic was widely criticized
for its mediocre script.
9. The greatest American film ever made Citizen Kane won only one
Academy Award.
10. 60 Minutes the TV news magazine program featured a story on
the popular singer Whitney Houston.
6
PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES
Choose the sentence with the correct use of the present or past participle.
a) Everyone stood still and tried to take in the amazing view from the
mountain top.
b) Everyone stood still and tried to take in the amazed view from the
mountain top.
Choose the sentence with the correct use of the present or past participle.
a) Following the trail up the mountain was a bit confusing.
b) Following the trail up the mountain was a bit confused.
Choose the sentence with the correct use of the present or past participle.
a) Along the way, some hikers became exhausting and had to rest.
b) Along the way, some hikers became exhausted and had to rest.
Choose the sentence with the correct use of the present or past participle.
a) The brown-bag lunches we had packed to take with us were hardly
satisfying.
b) The brown-bag lunches we had packed to take with us were hardly
satisfied.
Choose the sentence with the correct use of the present or past participle.
a) Before we started our trek, we listened to our guide, who had a
pleasing voice to listen to.
7
b) Before we started our trek, we listened to our guide, who had a
pleased voice to listen to.
Revise the adjectives in the paragraph as needed to
distinguish between present and past participles. Write
“correct” after any sentence that is correct as given.
Many critics found Alice Walker’s novel The Colour Purple to be a
fascinated book, though the reviews were mixed. 2 One otherwise
excited critic wished that Walker had deleted the scenes set in Africa.
3 Another critic argued that although the book contained many
depressed episodes, the overall effect was pleased. 4 Responding to
other readers who had found the book annoyed, this critic pointed out
its many surprising qualities. 5 In the end most critics agreed that
the book was a pleased novel about the struggles of an African
American woman. 6 For many, the movie made from the book was
less interested. 7 Some viewers found the entire movie irritated,
criticizing it for relying on tired feelings. 8 Other viewers thought that
Whoopi Goldberg did an amazed job of creating Celie, the central
character. 9 Some critics congratulated Steven Spielberg, the
director, for creating a fulfilling movie.
8
Practice Exercise
In the sentences below, fill in the correct participles of the
verbs in parentheses.
1. People who constantly complain are very __________ (annoy) to
me.
2. Whenever Adrian gets __________ (bore), he goes fishing.
3. The students were __________ (confuse) by the Professor’s
lecture.
4. Most of the news on television is __________ (depress).
5. The Ruttles were very ________ (excite) to learn that their concert
was sold out.
6. Babysitting young children can be __________ (exhaust) for many
people.
7. Steve was so __________ (fascinate) by the book that he finished
it in one evening.
8. Would you be __________ (frighten) if you saw a vampire?
9. After eating a __________ (satisfy) meal, the cat washed her face.
10. When Dagmar looked in the mirror, she was __________
(surprise) to see that she had a leaf in her hair.
9
Underline the correct participle – past or present – in these
sentences:
1. Caught / catching in the traffic, Sarah knew she was going to be
late for work.
2. Caught / catching the ball, the dog ran off to chew it quietly under
a tree.
3. Made / making soup, Robert accidentally burnt his hand.
4. Made / making in Japan, the car was on sale at a very competitive
price.
5. Explaining / explained in detail, the instructions seemed very
complicated.
6. Explaining / explained the working of the new machinery, David
kept consulting his notes.
7. Writing / written the letter, she couldn’t help crying a little.
8. Drinking / drunk in moderation, this whisky will not do you any
harm.
9. Finishing / finished in metallic gold, the car certainly looked as if it
was worth a lot of money.
10. Looked / looking for his number in the phone book, Susie was
getting more and more nervous.
11. Looked at / looking at by millions every year, the ‘Mona Lisa’ is
the most famous painting in the world.
10
12. Played / playing in a good location, a street musician can make a
lot of money.
Exercise Combine each of these pairs of sentences into one sentence. Use a
participle clause if it is possible.
1. Jenny phoned me. I was in the bath.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Jenny phoned me. She sounded very upset.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The students talked and laughed. They waited for the train.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The students talked and laughed. An old lady told them not to make so much noise.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Someone invented the mobile phone in 1973. It has now become part of everyday life.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. They make the best watches in Switzerland. My uncle had one which kept wonderful time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. My mother drove to the supermarket yesterday. She got a flat tyre.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Our car was bought from a second-hand car dealer. It’s always going wrong.
11
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. My granny is quite old now. My mum usually takes her to the supermarket.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. My granny was born in South Africa. She lived most of her life in Scotland.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. My granny is quite old now. She can’t see properly without her glasses.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Our car was bought from a second hand dealer. He’s called Derek and he drives a pink Cadillac.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Celia got into the car. She tore her stocking.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. My watch was made in Switzerland. It has lasted my entire life.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Celia got into the car. It was a red Alfa Romeo.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12
CONNECTORS
1. Knowledge is becoming the new source of power, but lifelong learning is the only
way to remain competitive in today's rapidly changing job market. (However)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Automation affects the number of workers in factories. It also affects the type of
work that is done. (not only... but also)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Engineering is still a male area of study. However, things are changing. (Although)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. British students are far away from their family and friends. However, they like the
idea of taking a year off. (In spite of)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. I had the necessary qualifications. However, I didn't get the job. (Despite)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13
Fill in the blanks with a logical or sequence connector each
1. There is no more food left. _______________ there is plenty of drinks.
2. The Interact Club has done well to help the poor. _____________ the
Welfare Club has done well too.
3. The documents will be scrutinized by the police. _____________ they
will be sent back tot he relevant authority.
4. The retailer has been making losses ______________he intends to
wind up his business.
5. Wash the potatoes first. ___________ you can boil them.
6. We have been trying to contact Michael for the past few days.
______________we managed to trace him to a hotel in town.
7. Life in the country may not be as exciting as life in the city.
___________ you are close to nature which provides peace and quietness.
8. The dog will bark without fail every time the ice-cream man passes by.
___________ it will start howling.
9. Let us not be complacent with ourselves. ___________ we may lose
out in the final round.
10. Lopez has experienced poverty and hardship before. _____________
he has a sympathetic heart towards the poor and needy.
14
SORT OUT THE CONNECTORS ACCORDING TO WHAT THEY
EXPRESS.
In addition (to), even though, however, moreover, on the other hand,
nevertheless, as well as, in spite of, and, on the one hand, also, but,
furthermore, although, despite
ADDITION CONTRAST
Read the pairs of sentences below. Which pair expresses
similar ideas? Wich pair expresses contrasting ideas?
1. Their team has got the best players. Moreover, their coach is
fantastic. ____________________
2. Their team has got the best players. Nevertheless, they lost the
last game. ___________________
15
Choose the correct connector
1. Lorena seems to be quite clever. ......., she often gets low marks.
a) Nevertheless
b) Furthermore
2. The service at this restaurant is excellent. .........., the food is
delicious.
a) However
b) In addition
3. I've never been to Argentina, .........having relatives there.
a) as well as
b) despite
10. Jordi is a careful driver. .........., he’s had several accidents.
a) Moreover
b) However
5. Cristina loves playing sport, ........ she’s not very good at it.
a) But
b) And
6. Anna is talented at music.......... art.
a) as well as
b) in spite of
16
Write the possible grammatical structures that follow
these connectors. Give an example in each case.
Despite and in spite of are followed by
a) _________________________________
Example:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
b) _________________________________
Example:
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
c) _________________________________
Example:__________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Identify the connector and name the grammatical structure
that follows it.
• We did not wear coats despite the cold weather.
__________________________________________________
• I tried to look happy in spite of feeling terrible.
___________________________________________________
17
Even though and although are followed by
a) ____________________________
Example:_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________
Example:_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
c) _____________________________
Example:_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Identify the connector and name the grammatical structure
that follows it.
• My car constantly needs repairs even though it’s new.
___________________________________________________
• My cousin and I aren’t very close, although we’re the same age.
___________________________________________________
18
Choose the correct connector.
1. We're studying now despite/even though there's an interesting film on TV.
2. I’d like to talk to you although/in spite of I know you’re busy.
3. Despite/Although her efforts, she failed the exam.
4. Even though/In spite of we were having difficulties, we felt optimistic.
5. We didn’t win the game although/in spite of all our hard work.
Rewrite the following sentences using the connector in brackets.
1. Isabel apologised several times. Nevertheless, Pau wouldn’t speak to her. (but)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. We decided to walk even though it was raining. (in spite of)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Roger works very hard to help his parents. He’s also a good student. (In addition)
(Two different sentences)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. I’m keen on Ice cream. In addition, I’m keen on chocolate. (as well as)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. You’re late again. Furthermore, you haven’t brought your books. (and)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
19
BECAUSE – SO – ALTHOUGH
Complete the sentences with because / so.
1. Perez can’t help you at the moment ______________________ he is busy.
2. Bill has got a lot of money ________________________ he can buy a plane.
3. I haven’t got much time __________________________ I can’t go out with you.
4. Lydia is an intelligent girl_______________________ she is able to solve these math
problems.
5. They can’t go abroad __________________________ they haven’t got a passport.
6. Alex has seriously injured ______________________ he won’t be play in the following
match.
7. We can’t understand his French________________________ he speaks very fast.
8. He forgot to set up the alarm clock ___________________he was late to the meeting.
9. ______________________ he worked hard this month, his boss rewarded him with two
weeks off.
10. _______________________ the weather was terrible; Mark and his friends went out.
Complete the sentences with a suitable contrast connector
1. Murat didn’t wake up. The telephone rang many times.
______________________________________________________________________.
20
2. Kazim didn’t play in the match. He recovered from an injury.
______________________________________________________________________.
3. It was snowing. I drove without snow chains.
______________________________________________________________________.
4. Carlos took a nap. He still feels very tired.
______________________________________________________________________.
5. Peter didn’t get hurt. He fell down the stairs.
______________________________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences by yourself.
1. Although I wasn’t thirsty _______________________________________________.
2. My shirt still has coffee stains on it although _______________________________.
3. Although my father is a careful driver ____________________________________.
4. The referee showed him a red card because _________________________________.
5. They played very well so _______________________________________________.
Rewrite these sentences, using the l inking words in brackets
1. Everyone was pushing because they wanted to get to the front of the queue.
(order to)
21
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2 A lot of people learn English because they want to study in England. (in
order to)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Try to write clearly. That way you will avoid being misunderstood. (so as to)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. What do I need to know, if I want to be a good doctor? (in order to)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. She turned up early because she wanted to get the room ready (in order to)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. If you want to have a hundred students, you will need at least three teachers.
(in order to)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7. I came to live in the country because I wanted to have trees around me
instead of buildings. (so as to )
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. They had to eat grass and drink melted snow if they wanted to stay alive. (in
order to)
22
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. He wanted to keep his car out of sight so he left it in the road. (in order to)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10. I wanted to get to Madrid on time, so I had to travel overnight from
Barcelona (to)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Rewrite these sentences using in order to. Follow the example.
1. We spoke quietly, because we didn’t want to disturb anyone.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. She moved carefully, because she didn’t want to wake the children.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. He sat quietly on the corner, because he didn’t want to be seen.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. I gave up sugar and butter, because I didn’t want to put on weight.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Now write these sentences using so as to
23
1. She used both hands, because she didn’t want to drop anything.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. We went over everything carefully, because we didn’t want to make any mistakes.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. She left quietly, because she didn’t want to make any trouble.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. We covered the furniture, because we didn’t want to get paint all over it.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Rewrite these sentences using so that
1. He lifted me up because he wanted me to see what was happening.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. The houses were knocked down to build car parks and office blocks.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. I sat next to the window, because I wanted to see out.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. He tied a knot in his handkerchief, because he didn’t want to forget her
message.
24
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. I waved my arms. I wanted them to see me.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. He wanted the report early, because he wanted to discuss it with colleagues.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7. We will take a telescope. We want to see the birds without getting too close.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. I’ll fasten the donkey, because I don’t want it to escape.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. She left her address. She wanted us to forward her letters.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10. He wears a disguise. He didn’t want his friends to recognise him.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
25
D. Rewrite as indicated below
He does gymnastics in the bathroom to keep fit.
a) He does gymnastics in the bathroom in order to
_____________________________________________________________________________
b) He does gymnastics in the bathroom so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. She chose her words very carefully. She didn’t want to offend him.
a) She chose her words very carefully so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. The secretary gave her all the instructions. She wanted to apply for the job.
a) The secretary gave her all the instructions so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. He drove as fast as he could. He wanted to reach the airport in time.
a) He drove as fast as he could so as to
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. He took a taxi to the airport. That way he didn’t miss the plane.
a) He took a taxi to the airport so as to
____________________________________________________________________________
b) He took a taxi to the airport so that
____________________________________________________________________________
6. He took all the due precautions. He didn’t raise any suspicions.
a) He took all the precautions so as not to
_____________________________________________________________________________
26
7. He took a medicine. He wanted to recover
a) He took a medicine in order to
_____________________________________________________________________________
b) He took a medicine so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. The teacher spoke very clearly. He wanted the students to fulfil his instructions exactly.
a) The teacher spoke very clearly so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. I told him everything. I wanted him to know how to do it.
a) I told him everything so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
b) She is singing sweetly, so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. He is looking for a second job. He wants to make some extra money.
a) He is looking for a second job so as to
_____________________________________________________________________________
b) He is looking for a second job so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
12. I brought him some books. I wanted him to choose the one that interested him the most.
a) I brought him some books so that
_____________________________________________________________________________
27
Rewrite these sentences using in order to
1. We spoke quietly, because we didn’t want to disturb anyone.
______________________________________________________________________
2. She moved carefully, in order not to wake the children.
______________________________________________________________________
3. He sat quietly on the corner, in order not to be seen.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. I gave up sugar and butter, in order not to put on weight.
____________________________________________________________________
5) Now write these sentences using so as to
____________________________________________________________________
6. She used both hands, because she didn’t want to drop anything.
____________________________________________________________________
7. She used both hands, so as not to drop anything.
___________________________________________________________________
8. We went over everything carefully, so as not to make any mistakes.
___________________________________________________________________
9. She left quietly, so as not to make any trouble.
____________________________________________________________________
10. We covered the furniture, so as not to get paint all over it.
28
___________________________________________________________________
Noun Clause Exercise Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state whether they are subjects or objects
1. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death. ____________________________________________________________ 2. He said that he would not go. __________________________________________________________ 3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to us. ____________________________________________________________ 4. He said that he was not feeling well. ____________________________________________________________5. I cannot rely on what he says. ____________________________________________________________ 6. I don’t know where he has gone. ____________________________________________________________ 7. He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes. ____________________________________________________________ 8. The news that he is alive has been confirmed. ____________________________________________________________ 9. The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal. ____________________________________________________________ 10. It is certain that we will have to admit defeat. ____________________________________________________________ 11. It was fortunate that he was present. ____________________________________________________________ 12. The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true. ____________________________________________________________
29
Noun Clauses Activities…
Change the questions to a noun clause.
1. What time is it?
I would like to know ____________________________________________________.
2. Why don’t they like go dancing?
__________________________________________________ is a mystery.
3. Who left open the door of the car?
He doesn’t saw ________________________________________________________.
4. Who is the lady in the black dress?
I wonder to know ______________________________________________________.
5. Whose car is this?
Does he know _______________________________________________________?
6. What time did the flight arrive?
She would like to know _______________________________________________.
7. How much cost the T-‐shirt?
Tom didn’t ask ______________________________________________________.
8. Which one is the capital of India?
_______________________________ was the question that the teacher made.
9. When is mother’s day?
Melissa doesn’t remember ____________________________________________.
10. Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?
Her mother can understand ___________________________________________.
30
Directions: A "that clause" may directly follow a form of the "be" verb. Complete the sentences with your own ideas by using "that clauses."
1. He says he is twenty-one, but the truth is ____________________________________________ He says he is twenty-one, but the truth is that he is only eighteen.
2. There are two reason why I don't want to go out tonight. The first reason is _______________________________________________________. The second reason is _______________________________________________________.
3. There are several reasons why I am studying English. One reason is _______________________________________________________. Another reason is _______________________________________________________. A third reason is _______________________________________________________.
4. I have had three problems since I came here. One problem is _______________________________________________________. Another problem is _______________________________________________________. The third problem I have had is ______________________________________________________.
5. One advantage of owning your own car is ______________________________________________________.Another advantage is _______________________________________________________. One disadvantage, however, of owning your own car is _______________________________________________________.
31
Adjective clauses Combine each of the following pairs of simple sentences into one complex sentence containing an adjective clause. 1. The theft was committed last night. The police has caught the man. _________________________________________________________________
2. The French language is different from the Latin language. Latin was once spoken throughout Europe. _________________________________________________________________
3. You are looking upset. Can you tell me the reason? _________________________________________________________________
4. He had several plans for making money quickly. All of them have failed. _________________________________________________________________
5. The landlord was proud of his strength. He despised the weakness of his tenants. _________________________________________________________________
6. This is the village. I was born here. _________________________________________________________________
7. You put the keys somewhere. Show me the place. _________________________________________________________________
8. Paul was an old gentleman. He was my travelling companion. _________________________________________________________________
9. A fox once met a crane. The fox had never seen a crane before. _________________________________________________________________
10. The shop keeper keeps his money in a wooden case. This is the wooden case. _________________________________________________________________
32
Adjective Clauses Quiz
1. Julie, ___ is my director in the play, is my inspiration for performing well. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 2. God, __I adore, is my inspiration in life, helps me whenever I am down. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 3. Mom, __ was in the seat next to me, was not photographed well in the picture. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 4. The cat, __ was in the cart, was not fully recovered yet. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 5. The cards, __ would probably be in the paint-filled table, should be cleaned up. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 6. The plants, __ will be dried up soon, due to neglect, must be restored. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 7. The plans,__ will be implemented soon,due to haste, must be monitored. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 8. The lovebirds are the ones __ sing so sweetly whenever it’s springtime. a. whom b. which c. that d. who
33
9. Step-brother,__ I like very much, promises to bring something from Japan,soon. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 10. The artwork is the winning entry __ Ning-Ning,my artist-niece, made. a. whom b. which c. that d. who 11. The girl ______ is wearing a blue dress is my sister. a. that b. whom c. who d. which
34
ADJECTIVE AND NOUN CLAUSES
Complete each sentence with what or that. In this particular exercise, what is used for noun clauses and that is used for relative adjective clauses:
1. he said is not important. 2. The book I'm reading is very interesting. 3. I'm not responsible for you do. 4. P1: Do you believe he told us? P2: Yes, I think he was telling the truth. 5. The world needs more people help animals. 6. Tom's parents care about he watches. 7. Many of the people saw that movie were disappointed. 8. You have to let me know you plan to do. 9. The coffee you made is very strong. 10. We loved the story you told in class.
35
Adjective (Relative) Clause Practice Choose all the possible correct answers to complete the sentence. Most sentences have more than one correct response. 1. Sam is the boy _____ shaved his head--he is completely bald now.
a. who b. that c. which
2. The food ____ she is buying looks healthy.
a. who b. that c. which
3. A dishwasher is a machine ____ washes dishes.
a. who b. that c. which
4. The bat is the only mammal ___ can fly.
a. who b. that c. which
5. Look! That's the singer ___ mother is from my hometown.
a. whose b. who c. that d. who's
6. I don't like dogs ___ jump on me.
a. whose b. that c. whom
7. I felt bad for the guy ___ failed the exam.
a. that b. which c. who
8. Jasmine is a flower ____ is white and very fragrent.
a. which b. who c. that
9. They are filming the girl ___ birthday is today.
a. whose b. that c. who
10. There's the couple ___ dancing you liked so much.
a. whose b. that c. who
36
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES 1. My suitcase is (+ large) than your suitcase. ____________________________________________________________ 2. This scarf is (+ beautiful) than the one in the window. ____________________________________________________________ 3. The palace Hotel was (+ expensive) than the Grosvenor. ____________________________________________________________ 4. John is a (+ good) gardener than Stuart. ____________________________________________________________ 5. They are not going to the (+ bad) hotel. ____________________________________________________________ 6. The palace is the (+ expensive) hotel. ____________________________________________________________ 7. John is the (+ good) gardener. ____________________________________________________________ 8. These are the (+ beautiful) colours. ____________________________________________________________ 9. Mr.Smith is (+ bad) today than yesterday. ____________________________________________________________
COMPLETE WRITING THE CORRECT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE
1. A lion is _____________________ (big) than a cat . 2. Oh fine, it was raining yesterday but today the weather is ____________ (good) . 3. I have just a little money, then I'll have the ____________(cheap) menu . 4. She thinks that Chinese is _________________ (difficult) than English . 5. Water is ________________ (expensive) than champagne . 6. It's awful , we have got _______________ (bad) weather in the world. 7. Your car is old ! it is __________________ (dangerous) than mine. 8. Jane is 8 and Kim is 10 ; Jane is ________________ (young) than Kim . 9. Don't be in a hurry , walk ______________ (slowly). 10. You'd better get up ________ (early) tomorrow, or you'll be late again. 11. Speak __________ (loud), I can't hear you. 12. What a stupid boy you are! you are _____ (intelligent) than a monkey.
37
COMPLETE BY WRITING THE ADJECTIVE IN THE CORRECT FORM USING A SUPERLATIVE
OR A COMPARATIVE 1. Greenland is the __________________ (large) island in the world. 2. Travelling by plane is ____________ (fast) than travelling by train. 3. Boracay Island in the Philippines has _________(good) beaches I have ever seen. 4. Jamaica is _____________ (sunny) than Norway. 5. Fjordland in New Zealand is __________ (wet) place in the world. 6. Rain in the wet season is _________ (heavy) than during the rest of the year. 7. Easter Island is ________ (interesting) island I have ever visited. 8. A holiday in Thailand is ______________ (exciting) than a holiday in Spain. 9. Santa Cruz is the second ___________ (large) island in the Galapagos. 10. The Galapagos are one of the ________ (expensive) places in the world to visit.
38
Reduce the following adjective clause
1. George is the man who was chosen to represent their committee. ____________________________________________________ 2. All of the money that was accepted has already been released. _____________________________________________________ 3. Those papers that are on the table belong to Patricia. _____________________________________________________ 4. The man who was taken to the police station confessed to the crime. _____________________________________________________ 5. The girl who is drinking coffee is Mary Allen. _____________________________________________________ 6. My wife, who is a professor, has written some papers on this subject. _____________________________________________________ 7. The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle. _____________________________________________________ 8. The book that is on the top shelf is the one that I need. _____________________________________________________ 9. The number of the students who have been counted is quite high. _____________________________________________________ 10. Leo Evans, who is a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day. _____________________________________________________
39
Choose the best answer that best completes the sentence! 1. The phone ……. started ringing A. which next door B. was next door C. next door D. it was next door 2. The chessman, …………, are displaying in a glass case A. which from ivory B. which carved from ivory C. carved from ivory D. carving from ivory 3. The man ……… the wheelbarrow ignored our pupils. A. who pushing B. pushing C. was pushing D. pushed 4.The noise of the trains …. into the station was deafening. A. that come B. which was coming C. coming D. that coming 5. The letter …… our guests’ intention to visit came after their arrival. A. it announcing B. announcing C. had announced D. that announcing 6. A political campaign …….. will be costly. A. which for months least B. lasts for months C. lasting for months D. will last for months 7. My best friend, …. quickly, told the teacher I was home sick. A. who thinking B. be thinking C. think D. thinking 8. The barn, ……. with hay, went up in flames. A. loaded B. loading C. it was loaded D. which loaded
40
CHOOSE THE CORRECT RESPONSE Q1 - It's better ____ I thought.
a. as b. then c. than d. like
Q2 - Brazil is _____ England.
a. biger than b. bigger as c. bigger than d. biger as
Q3 - She is _____ in the class
a. the best b. best c. better than d. as good as
Q4 - I'm not as successful ___ she is.
a. as b. like c. than d. then
Q5 - It was ______ expensive restaurant I've ever been to.
a. more b. the more c. most d. the most
Q6 - I'd like some ____ information.
a. farther b. further
Q7 - It's ____ art collection in Europe.
a. finer b. finest c. the finer d. the finest
Q8 - It was ____ than I was expecting.
a. cheaper b. cheapest
Q9 - This is the ______ kitchen I've ever seen.
a. dirtyest b. dirtiest
41
Q10 - Which is ____ of the two? a. more difficult b. most difficult
Q11 - She finished ____ than everyone else.
a. more quickly b. quicker
Q12 - The underground is ____ buses.
a. more expensive b. most expensive c. the most expensive d. more expensive than
Q13 - The plane would be _____ than the coach.
a. more quickly b. quicker
Q14 - It was ____ test I have ever done.
a. the most hard b. the hardest
Q15 - There were ____ people at the game than expected. a. most b. more c. many
Q16 - The _____ difficult thing was communication.
a. more b. most
42
Reduced adjective clauses
1. The perpetrators ________________________have not been apprehended.
A. responsible for the vandalism at the high school B. are responsible for the vandalism at the high school C. who responsible for the vandalism at the high school D. been responsible for the vandalism at the high school
2. Star Wars,___________________, is considered one of the greatest science fiction movies ever made.
A. directing by George Lucas B. directed by George Lucas C. was directed by George Lucas D. which directed by George Lucas
3. ____________________, Star Wars is considered one of the greatest science fiction movies ever made.
A. Directing by George Lucas B. The film was directed by George Lucas C. Directed by George Lucas D. Is directed by George Lucas
4. John Grisham has written many novels, _______________________.
A. included The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren B. it includes The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren C. which was included The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren D. including The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren
5. ______________________, Martha is going to advance her already existing dental skills in an endeavor to increase her earning potential.
A. A student studying the U.S. B. A student studies the U.S. C. A student is studying the U.S. D. She studies the U.S.
6. Professor Hyun, _____________________, has been a great help to many students at CSUSB.
A. always well prepared for her class lectures B. who always well prepared for her class lectures C. always is well prepared for her class lectures D. always well preparing for her class lectures
43
7. The student __________________ is a friend of Tomo.
A. studying in the library B. is studying in the library C. studied in the library D. that studying in the library
8._________________________, the eager students were finally able to purchase the tickets to the concert.
A. Have stood in line for over three hours B. Having been stood in line for over three hours C. Having stood in line for over three hours D. They have stood in line for over three hours
9. The professors ______________________ will need to finish their work by 5:30 PM.
A. conducted research in the Biology Building B. are conducting research in the Biology Building C. who conducting research in the Biology Building D. conducting research in the Biology Building
10. ________________, Ronald Reagan is said to have been a very influential politician during the 1980s.
A. He is a prudent man B. A prudent man is C. A prudent man who is D. A prudent man
11. Jimmy Carter,________________, became president of the U.S. in 1976.
A. which is a farmer who grew peanuts in Georgia B. a farmer who grew peanuts in Georgia C. a farmer which grew peanuts in Georgia D. who a farmer grew peanuts in Georgia
12. ___________________, the Mississippi River is America's most important fresh water source.
A. It flows southward from Minnesota to Louisiana B. Flowed southward from Minnesota to Louisiana C. Flowing southward from Minnesota to Louisiana D. Flows southward from Minnesota to Louisiana
44
13. The levees ___________________________ are designed to prevent it from overflowing its banks during heavy periods of rain.
A. constructing along the Mississippi River B. were constructed along the Mississippi River C. which constructed along the Mississippi River D. constructed along the Mississippi River
14. __________________________, Indonesia is the world's fifth most populated country.
A. It is a country with a population of more than 200 million people B. which a country is with a population of more than 200 million people C. A country with a population of more than 200 million people D. A country with a population of more than 200 million people which is
15. China, ____________________, has more than 1.5 billion people.
A. is the world's most populated country B. the world's most populated country C. which the world's is most populated country D. the world's most populated country that
16. ___________________________, the Siberian Husky has a great deal of endurance.
A. Enjoys sled racing in subzero temperatures B. Enjoyed sled racing in subzero temperatures C. Enjoying sled racing in subzero temperatures D. which enjoying sled racing in subzero temperatures
17. The Christmas tree__________________ was purchased at Sam's Club in San Bernardino.
A. decorating with many ornaments B. decorated with many ornaments C. is decorated with many ornaments D. decorated with many ornaments which
18. _____________________, Ronnie Millsaps has forty number one hits.
A. He is a country singer from North Carolina B. A country singer from North Carolina who is C. A country singer from North Carolina D. A country singer who from North Carolina
45
19. Elvis Presley,____________________________, Mississippi, had a great impact on the rock and roll music genre.
A. was a singer who was reared in Tupelo B. a singer who was reared in Tupelo C. who a singer is who was reared in Tupelo D. a singer who reared in Tupelo
20. ______________________, Elvis Presley had a great impact on the rock and roll music genre.
A. Rearing in Tupelo, Mississippi B. Reared in Tupelo, Mississippi C. He was reared in Tupelo, Mississippi D. Reared in Tupelo, Mississippi he was
46
Reduced adjective clauses
1. __________________________, Celine Dion has recorded many successful hits.
A. Often singing about love B. Often sings about love C. Often she is singing about love D. Often singing about love, she
2. The music _________________________has proven to be very popular among fans of all ages.
A. recorded by Celine Dion B. recording by Celine Dion C. is recorded by Celine Dion D. which were recorded by Celine Dion
3. ______________________________, Mami Higashi's successful learning strategies are helping her to master the English language.
A. A student from Japan B. A student is from Japan C. A student from Japan who is D. A student from Japan, she
4. The popular TOEFL book___________________________ was written by Jolene Gear.
A. was read by many ESL/EFL students B. read by many ESL/EFL students C. reading by many ESL/EFL students D. who was read by many ESL/EFL students
5. ___________________________, Jolene's Gear TOEFL book is aimed at helping advanced English learners pass the TOEFL.
A. It was read by many ESL/EFL students B. Read by many ESL/EFL students C. Reading by many ESL/EFL students D. Her book was read by many ESL/EFL students
6. Hossam Hassan, ________________________________, has been in the U.S. for almost 18 months.
A. an Egyptian student he is completing a Master's degree in Computer Science B. an Egyptian student who is completing a Master's degree in Computer Science C. an Egyptian student is completing a Master's degree in Computer Science D. an Egyptian student completed a Master's degree in Computer Science
47
7. ______________________________, the pyramids of Egypt are truly one of the seven wonders of the world.
A. Constructing more than 2,000 years ago B. It was constructed more than 2,000 years ago C. C Constructed than 2,000 years ago. D. Constructed more than 2,000 years ago
8. The Colorado River ____________________________ has cut deep into the rock, a geological wonder which attracts tourists from all over the world.
A. runs through the Grand Canyon B. it runs through the Grand Canyon C. is running through the Grand Canyon D. running through the Grand Canyon
9. ___________________________________, the General Sherman Redwood Tree is the largest living thing on earth.
A. A Redwood tree that almost 350 feet tall B. A Redwood tree is almost 350 feet tall C. A Redwood tree that is almost 350 tall feet D. A Redwood tree that is almost 350 feet tall
10. The General Sherman Redwood tree, an incredibly huge tree found in Central California, ______________________________________ .
A. which has been alive since before the birth of Jesus Christ B. it has been alive since before the birth of Jesus Christ C. that has been alive since before the birth of Jesus Christ D. has been alive since before the birth of Jesus Christ
11. _____________________________, the General Sherman Redwood tree is the largest living thing on earth.
A. Towered above the rest of the trees in the forest B. It towers above the rest of the trees in the forest C. Towers above the rest of the trees in the forest D. Towering above the rest of the trees in the forest
12. ___________________________ ,Jim Carrey's screen characters often have less than average intelligence.
A. Loud spoken and always obnoxious, he B. He is Loud spoken and always obnoxious C. Loud spoken and always obnoxious D. Loud spoken and always is obnoxious
48
13. Tupelo High School, ________________________, has been rebuilt to withstand winds in excess of 350 miles per hour.
A. it was damaged by the Tornado B. damaged by the Tornado C. damaging by the Tornado D. damaged by the Tornado it
14. _____________________________, Scotia D. Buckhoff has been the strength to keep her family together.
A. A woman of courage and determination she is B. She is a woman of courage and determination C. A woman of courage and determination who is D. A woman of courage and determination
15. Scotia D. Buckhoff, _____________________________, was voted employee of the month at her job.
A. a poet, a mother, a wife, and a businesswoman B. is a poet, a mother, a wife, and a businesswoman C. she is a poet, a mother, a wife, and a businesswoman D. a poet, a mother, a wife, and the businesswoman
16. ______________________________, California State University, San Bernardino is a tax supported institution that serves more than 12,000 students.
A. Located at the base of the San Bernardino mountains B. Locating at the base of the San Bernardino mountains C. The school is located at the base of the San Bernardino mountains D. Located at the base of the San Bernardino mountains
17. The students_____________________________, San Bernardino often work during the day while studying at night.
A. study at California State University B. studied at California State University C. they study at California State University D. studying at California State University
18. _________________________, Mel Gibson became an acclaimed actor after doing Braveheart.
A. He is an actor from Australia B. An actor is from Australia C. An actor from Australia D. An actor from Australia he is
49
19. Tom Buckhoff, _______________________________, completed his doctoral studies at the University of Kentucky.
A. is a professor at North Dakota State University B. a professor at North Dakota State University C. a professor at North Dakota State University he has D. a professor at North Dakota State University who has
20. ______________________________, Kunie Kaminaka has proven to be one of the best students ever to come from her country of Japan.
A. Succeeding in her ESL and university studies B. Succeeds in her ESL and university studies C. Succeeded in her ESL and university studies D. She has succeeded in her ESL and university studies
50
Comparatives and Superlatives Exercise at Auto-English
Circle the correct answer.
1 Diana was much taller _______ Charles.
A as B like C than
6 Texas is big but Alaska is _______ .
A more big B biger C bigger
2 This one is better _______ that one.
A as B like C than
7 American Beauty was the _______ film that year.
A worse B best C better
3 This hamburger is bad, but that one is _______ .
A badder B worst C worse
8 Of all the sofas I've seen so far, this one is _______ .
A nicer B the nicest C most nice
4 Moscow is a long way away but Ulan Batur is even _______ .
A further B more far C father
9 I'm not short. I'm just _______ tall as Hans.
A as B like C than
5 She's beautiful I agree, but her mother is _______.
A beautifuller B most beautiful C more beautiful
10 Samantha is just as rich _______ David.
A as B like C than
51
REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING INVERSIONS
1. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed. ____________________________________________________________ 2. I have seldom heard such a talented singer. ____________________________________________________________ 3. If John had known that she liked curry, he would have brought her to an Indian restaurant. ____________________________________________________________ 4. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice. ____________________________________________________________ 5. He had never felt so depressed. ____________________________________________________________ 6. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property. ___________________________________________________________ 7. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony. ____________________________________________________________ 8. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face. ____________________________________________________________ 9. She never at any time said that she was allergic to cats. ____________________________________________________________ 10. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances. ____________________________________________________________
52
Fill the gaps using the words in the box
has · before · than · audience · then · was started · will · can · did · so many · had
1. Hardly ever ________ an athlete won so many medals in such a short time. 2. Little______ we realise what a social faux-pas we had committed. 3. Scarcely ___________ the match started when the trouble began. 4. Only by standing on tip-toe _________ I able to see anything at all. 5. Seldom can an __________ have heard a better interpretation of this symphony. 6. Hardly had the controversial opera __________ when people began to walk out. 7. Only if we leave now __________ we be in time to catch the train. 8. Never have I seen _________ people turn out for this event. 9. Rarely __________ a remark have been more ill-judged. 10. Only ________ did it become clear what the extent of the damage was. 11. Barely had we had time to pack up the picnic things______ the heavens opened 12. No sooner had we asked for a quieter room, ____ we were given one
Fill the gaps using the words in the box
Else · way · did · circumstances · nothing · such
nor · until · would · account · only · even
1. At no time_______ he seem to realise what an idiot he was making of himself. 2. At no time before have I heard _____ arrant nonsense. 3. Nowhere ________ do they charge you so much for water 4. On no ________ should you miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. 5. Under no _________ must this door be left unlocked. 6. Not ___________ she apologises for what she said will I speak to her again. 7. Not _______ if they halved the price would I buy such a heap of old rubbish. 8. Not for all the money in the world _________ I do what you're suggesting. 9. Not _________ do I know you're wrong, but I can also prove you're wrong. 10. Neither was the food up to standard _______ was the service particularly good. 11. Everyone except me got soaked. Not for ______ do I always carry an umbrella. 12. No ________ am I going to jump into that icy cold water!
53
Make inverted sentences from the sentences given, using the words in brackets ().
1. You shouldn't tell him about my trip to China. (On no ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 2. You are not going to get me to eat that! (No way ... !) ______________________________________________________________________ 3. I have seldom seen such a brilliant goal. (Seldom ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Such a hurricane has rarely happened in Hereford. (Hardly ever ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 5. I wouldn't want to hurt your feelings for all the world. (Not ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 6. They were never aware of the danger that threatened them. (At no time ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 7. This must not leak out to the press. (Under ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 8. He wasn't rich and he wasn't handsome. (Neither ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 9. We haven't often witnessed such artistry. (Rarely ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 10. The bridge collapsed as soon as we managed to get across. (No sooner ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 11. We were only able to cross the border by offering him a bribe. (Only ...) ______________________________________________________________________ 12. Immediately he opened his mouth he started complaining about everything. (Barely ... before ...) ______________________________________________________________________
54
Choose the correct verb so that subject and verb agree
1: The rhythm of the pounding waves _____ calming. (Clue: Make the subject and verb agree when words intervene between them.)
is are
2: All of the dogs in the neighborhood _____ barking. (Clue: Make the subject and verb agree when words intervene between them.)
were was
3: A high tax, not to mention unemployment, _____ votes. (Clue: The grammatical number of the subject does not change with the addition of expressions beginning with such words as the following: accompanied by, along with, as well as, in addition to, including, no less than, not to mention, together with.)
influence influences
4: My friends and my mother _____ each other. (Clue: Subjects joined by and are usually plural.)
like likes
5: The team and the band _____ on the field. (Clue: Subjects joined by and are usually plural.)
was were
6: Building a good marriage and building a good log fire _____ similar in many ways. (Clue: Subjects joined by and are usually plural.)
is are
7: John or Doris _____ to us regularly. (Clue: Singular subjects joined by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor take a singular verb.)
write writes
8: Either Patty or Tom _____ asked to lead the meeting. (Clue: Singular subjects joined by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor take a singular verb.)
was were
55
9: Neither Carol nor Ted _____ excluded from the meeting. (Clue: Singular subjects joined by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor take a singular verb.)
is are
10: Neither the basket nor the apples _____ expensive. (Clue: If one subject is singular and one is plural, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.)
was were
11: Neither the apples nor the basket _____ expensive. (Clue: If one subject is singular and one is plural, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.)
was were
12: Either Maria or you _____ late for class. (Clue: The verb also agrees with the nearer subject in person.)
was were
13: Either you or Maria _____ late for class. (Clue: The verb also agrees with the nearer subject in person.)
was were
14: Hardest hit by the high temperatures and drought _____ the farmers. (Clue: Do not let inverted word order cause you to make a mistake in agreement.)
was were
15: Neither of them _____ going to the show. (Clue: When used as subjects, such words as each, either, one, everybody, and anyone regularly take singular verbs.)
like likes
16: Each of them _____ a good seat. (Clue: When used as subjects, such words as each, either, one, everybody, and anyone regularly take singular verbs.)
has have
17: Everybody in the class _____ tickets. (Clue: When used as subjects, such words as each, either, one, everybody, and anyone regularly take singular verbs.)
56
has have
18: Every silver knife, fork, and spoon _____ to be counted. (Clue: Every or each preceding singular subjects joined by and calls for a singular verb.)
has have
19: Each cat and each dog _____ its own toy. (Clue: Every or each preceding singular subjects joined by and calls for a singular verb.)
has have
20: The committee _____ meeting today. (Clue: Collective nouns take a singular verb when they refer to the group as a unit.)
is are
21: Ten million gallons of oil _____ a lot of oil. (Clue: Collective nouns take a singular verb when they refer to the group as a unit.)
is are
22: The jury _____ today. (Clue: Collective nouns take a singular verb when they refer to the group as a unit.)
vote votes
23: The number _____ very small. (Clue: Collective nouns take a singular verb when they refer to the group as a unit.)
is are
24: A number of students _____ absent. (Clue: Collective nouns take a plural verb when they refer to individuals or parts of the group.)
was were
25: Ten million gallons of oil _____ spilled. (Clue: Collective nouns take a plural verb when they refer to individuals or parts of the group.)
was were
26: The majority of us _____ in favor. (Clue: Collective nouns take a plural verb when they refer to individuals or parts of the group.)
57
is are
27: Statistics _____ an interesting subject. (Clue: Some nouns (such as athletics, politics, series, deer, and sheep) can be either singular or plural depending on meaning.)
is are
28: Statistics _____ often misleading. (Clue: Some nouns (such as athletics, politics, series, deer, and sheep) can be either singular or plural depending on meaning.)
is are
29: The sheep _____ when the gate is left open. (Clue: Some nouns (such as athletics, politics, series, deer, and sheep) can be either singular or plural depending on meaning.)
stray strays
30: Sheep _____ when the gate is left open. (Clue: Some nouns (such as athletics, politics, series, deer, and sheep) can be either singular or plural depending on meaning.)
stray strays
|
58
Articles: A or AN?
Choose the correct article 1. I am going to ________ concert tomorrow.
a. a b. an
2. My boyfriend is ________ actor.
a. a b. an
3. Her cousin has ________ very good job. a. a b. an
4. That was ________ interesting game. a. a b. an
5. She is ________ honest person. a. a b. an
6. We had ________ really good time yesterday. a. a b. an
7. Bring ________ umbrella. It is going to rain. a. a b. an
8. Tomorrow will be ________ hot day. a. a b. an
9. Mary is ________ good friend. a. a b. an
10. I want to eat ________ apple. a. a b. an
59
Articles: A or AN? Part 2 Choose the correct article
1. I spoke to her for ________ long time yesterday.
a. a b. an
2. She was wearing ________ old dress. a. a b. an
3. Sarah is ________ excellent teacher! a. a b. an
4. That's ________ very funny joke. a. a b. an
5. She is ________ really good cook. a. a b. an
6. We have ________ exam tomorrow. a. a b. an
7. I have ________ appointment at 3:00 PM. a. a b. an
8. She wants ________ puppy for her birthday. a. a b. an
9. I waited for ________ hour. a. a b. an
10. The doctor had ________ friendly smile. a. a b. an
60
Articles: A or THE? Choose the correct article
1. Did you see ________ man that I told you about? a) the b) a 2. Did you get ________ birthday card that I sent you? a) the b) a 3. He is ________ very good friend. a) the b) a 4. We ate ________ wonderful meal yesterday. a) the b) a 5. ________ meal that we ate yesterday was wonderful. a) The b) A 6. I have ________ test tomorrow morning. a) the b) a 7. Which shirt do you like? ________ blue one? a) The b) A 8. I have three shirts - a yellow one, an orange one, and ________ black one. a) the b) a 9. You must always tell ________ truth! a) the b) a 10. I cannot understand how ________ person like him can become president. a) the b) a
61
ARTICLE or NO ARTICLE?
1. ________ Chinese is a difficult language to learn. 2. ________ general's army attacked the city at night. 3. I like to play ________ basketball. 4. My parents gave me ________ basketball for my birthday. 5. She is ________ prettiest girl in the school. 6. I have ________ idea! Let's go bowling. 7. I have borrowed ________ money from her before. 8. My first apartment was on ________ Orange Street. 9. ________ dress she is wearing is blue. 10. He is ________ real gentleman.
62
ARTICLE or NO ARTICLE?
For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with either “a”, “an”, “the”, or “no article”. 1. ________ Seoul is the capital of South Korea. 2. Most people who live in ________ small town are happy. 3. I have been playing ________ tennis for three years. 4. We had ________ really good time at the park. 5. I am ________ only person here who speaks German. 6. Look at ________ time! We're going to be late! 7. I have borrowed ________ money from her before. 8. Most people who live in ________ Italy are Catholic. 9. I have ________ horse. 10. I've never been to ________ mountains.
63
ARTICLES: Mixed Articles For each blank space, choose the proper article (a, an, the, or no article):
1. I moved to __________ USA when I was 15 years old. a) a b) the c) no article 2. I can spell as well as __________ most students. a) a b) the c) no article 3. He is __________ most famous actor I know. a) a b) the c) no article 4. Hurry up. We don’t have __________ lot of time. a) a b) the c) no article 5. I live around here = I live in __________ neighborhood. a) a b) the c) no article 6. I don’t know at all = I don’t have __________ clue. a) a b) the c) no article 7. I have __________ idea! a) an b) the c) no article 8. ___________ tea in my cup is too hot to drink. a) A b) The c) no article 9. The US President lives in __________ White House. a) a b) the c) no article 10. My parents live in __________ white house. a) a b) the c) no article
64
MIXED ARTICLES
Fill in the blanks below with either a, an, the, or no article
1. Q: Is dad picking us up today? A: Nope, _________________ mom's picking us up. 2. Q: Who's that? A: That's _________________ guy I told you about last week. 3. Q: Why are you so upset? A: I'm not upset. You're _________________ one who's upset. 4. Q: Is this _________________ bad time? Should I call you later? A: Yes, please call me in 30 minutes. 5. Q: How do you like my dress? A: Wow! That's _________________ one beautiful dress! 6. Q: Why won't your brother talk to me? A: Because you told him he was stupid! That was _________________ very mean thing to say. 7. Q: Do you like cats or dogs? A: I like them both, but I think I like _________________ cats more than _________________ dogs. 8. Q: Is this _________________ road to San Francisco? A: Yes, it is. 9. Q: Do you know the name of _________________ artist who painted this portrait? A: Yes, it's Henri 10. Q: We'll never make it on time! A: Sure we will! I know _________________ shortcut.
65
TOPIC: MIXED ARTICLES
Fill in the blanks below with either a, an, the, or no article
1. Q: What did you get for your birthday? A: I got _________________ lot of good presents. 2. Q: What did you get for your birthday? A: I got _________________ lots of good presents. 3. Q: Where are you going for your vacation? A: I'm going to _________________ Dominican Republic. 4. Q: What do you think of Mexico? A: I think it's _________________ very beautiful country. 5. Q: Do you have a scarf I could borrow? A: Yes, I have two. _________________ blue one and _________________ beige one. 6. Q: How is your grandfather? A: He's _________________ little sick, but it's nothing serious. 7. Q: Where were you _________________ last night? I called you three times. A: Oh, sorry. My mobile phone was off all day yesterday. 8. Q: Do you think he's lying? A: No, he's the kind of _________________ guy that always tells the truth. 9. Q: Do you remember _________________ exact date when the war started? A: No, I don't. 10. Q: Are you watching _________________ Lakers-Celtics game? What's _________________ score? A: The Lakers are winning by 15.
66
(GET EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS)
QUICK CHECK
1. There is a law in France, which says that only the family has the right to decide what _______ or not known about the health of a patient.” A. must be known B. must have known C. must have been known D. must have been being known 2. A top US disease expert said this week that killer virus "Bird Flu" was the world’s number one health threat and should _______ .
A. be took serious B. be took seriously C. be taken serious D. be taken seriously 3. After much criticism, the politician _______ his controversial statement of the previous day.
A. quickly retracted B. quickly retracted to C. quickly was retracted D. quickly has retracted 4. The vague and misleading instructions _______ in two entirely opposite ways.
A. could been interpreted B. could be interpret C. could easily be interpreted D. could easily interpreted
5. The beginning of the Symbolist movement in art __________ having begun in the late 1880's.
A. is regarded as B. is regarded C. is regarding D. regarded as
67
PREPOSITIONS AFTER ADJECTIVES Choose the best preposition to use in each of the sentences
1. Don't be cruel ________________ him. a) to b) at c) for 2. I'm not being cruel! I'm always nice ________________ him. a) at b) to c) for 3. I'm furious with him ________________ doing this! a) for b) around c) at 4. She's not worried _______________ her test. a) for b) with c) about 5. Your brother is really good ________________ tennis. a) with b) on c) at 6. Who is responsible _______________ this mess? a) for b) about c) in 7. Rome is beautiful, but it's always crowded _______________ tourists. a) among b) with c) by 8. I'm ashamed ________________ what I did. a) with b) of c) in 9. I'm not really interested _______________ this kind of music. a) on b) of c) in 10. Her test was full _______________ mistakes. a) with b) of c) off
68
Prepositions after adjectives
1. I don't remember names well = I'm not good ________________ names. a) with b) in c) around 2. He's really tired ________________ being told what to do. a) of b) at c) with 3. I'm sorry. It was stupid ________________ me to have said that. a) on b) under c) of 4. The students are bored ________________ his exercises. a) of b) in c) with 5. Are you excited ________________ your trip? a) with b) on c) about 6. Don't be frightened _______________ him. He's harmless. a) of b) at c) about 7. I'm a little short ________________ cash these days. a) on b) in c) with 8. This version is different ________________ the one I saw yesterday. a) of b) in c) from 9. Are you surprised _______________ the outcome of the game? a) by/around b) by/in c) by/at 10. I'm not guilty _______________ this crime! a) of
b) with
c) in
69
PREPOSITIONS
Choose the correct preposition for each sentence.
1. I'm off for two weeks ________ August. a) on b) in c) at 2. The dog is asleep ________ the tree. a) over b) against c) under 3. I have lived in this apartment ________ 2001. a) in b) since c) at 4. My friend ________ work is from Japan. a) at b) in c) around 5. I wake up ________ 6 AM every morning. a) around b) on c) in 6. Thank you ________ telling me about this. a) in b) by c) for 7. Who did you buy this ________? a) from b) on c) in 8. The factory workers have been ________ strike since January. a) on b) in c) about 9. ________ you and me, I don't think he's a very good teacher. a) Through b) Between c) Among 10. P1: Did you do it ________ purpose? P2: No, it was an accident! a) by b) in c) on
70
PREPOSITIONS
Choose the correct preposition for each sentence. 1. It's ________ time you told him the truth! a) on b) in c) about 2. The soccer player was ejected because he had done something that was ________ the rules. a) against b) without c) outside 3. Another way of saying 'old-fashioned' is '________ the times'. a) beside b) behind c) outside 4. You shouldn't pick ________ him just because he's different. a) on b) to c) with 5. Being a nurse is hard work, especially if you're ________ call all the time. a) in b) with c) on 6. The animal hospital? It's somewhere ________ that big blue building. a) around b) about c) on 7. She's the kind of girl who knows everything ________ everyone. a) about b) on c) in 8. She is, ________ a doubt, the best student in the class. a) outside b) without c) about 9. ________ our visit to Japan, we saw a lot of interesting places. a) While b) During c) Through 10. ________ the year, I've spoken to her five times. a) In b) During c) Throughout
71
PREPOSITIONS
For each sentence, fill in the blank with either on, at, or in.
1. Howard was late again. He never comes _____ time. 2. I have a lot of things to do _____ work today. 3. We bought these clothes _____ sale. 4. What did you learn _____ class today? 5. Hey didn't I see you _____ the Killers concert? 6. Children! Don't play _____ the street! It's dangerous! 7. The most expensive stores are located _____ Fifth Avenue. 8. If someone is always busily moving around, you can say they're “_____ the go”. 9. I didn't like her _____ first, but we ended up becoming friends. 10. I hate standing _____ line. I'm very impatient.
72
PREPOSITION OR NO PREPOSITION?
For each sentence, fill in the blank with the correct response.
1. I am going ________ home in about half an hour. a) NO PREPOSITION b)to c)at 2. I've been ________ work for the past two hours. a) NO PREPOSITION b)to c)at 3. I'm going ________ camping this weekend. a) NO PREPOSITION b)to c)at 4. I have to go ________ work in about ten minutes. a) NO PREPOSITION b)to c)at 5. I saw Sarah on the street ________ yesterday. a) NO PREPOSITION b)on c)in 6. I saw her ________ the fourth of July. a) NO PREPOSITION b)on c)in 7. I saw her ________ last week. a) NO PREPOSITION b)on c)in 8. I saw her ________ the mall in Glendale. a) NO PREPOSITION b)at c)to 9. We are planning to go ________ Santa Monica beach this afternoon. a) NO PREPOSITION b)at c)to 10. We are planning to go ________ swimming this afternoon. a) NO PREPOSITION b)at c)to
73
Make and Do
General rules and examples
Word Explanation Example
make to create sth. (you often use your hands) We make birdhouses every winter. The pupils make a lot of noise in the break. She makes me happy.
do an action you do not mention by name; mostly mental work; mostly referred to the topic "work"
They do their homework in the afternoon. I often do the shopping in the evenings.
There are no clear rules whether to use "do" or "make": Have a look in a good dictionary, like to OALD, or use make it is more likely to be right.
make an exception make arrangements make a telephone call make a decision make a mistake make noise make money make an excuse make an effort
do one's best do good do harm do a favour do business
do housework do the ironing do the dishes do a job
74
MAKE OR DO
Choose the correct answer.
1) to _________ do make a journey
2) to _________ do make the shopping
3) to __________do make the beds
4) to_________ do make fun of someone
5) to _________ do make an exercise
6) to _________ do make one's best
7) to _________ do make a speech
8) to _________ do make a good job
9) to _________ do make a mistake
10) to _________ do make the homework
75
76
77
make / do
Complete the sentences below with make or do (in the correct tense).
1. If you set up a business, it's generally to _______ money.
2. I can't give the answer right away. I'll have to ______ some research.
3. I'm very pleased with the result. You ______ a great job!
4. When I ________ a mistake, my teacher corrects me and explains why.
5. What are you studying? I'm __________ a degree in history.
6. You'll have to work hard if you want to ________ progress.
7. Stop ________ fun of my accent - it's not my fault!
8. It doesn't have to be perfect - just ______ your best.
9. I've got a toothache. I'm going to ring the dentist to ___________ an appointment.
10. It's not easy to _________ business with people of different nationalities.
78
Make or Do
Click the answer button to see the answer
I have to ___ a telephone call.
a. do
b. make
2. She didn't ___ her best so she felt sad.
a. do
b. make
3. It was the first time she didn't ___ the beds.
a. do
b. make
4. She was late so she didn't ___ breakfast for them.
a. do
b. make
5. He ___ the assignment, but forgot to bring it to school.
a. did
b. make
6. He has to ___ the housework before he can go.
a. do
b. make
7. There are so many decisions to ___.
a. do
b. make
Did you ___ a reservation for tonight?
a. do
b. make
79
8. Did he ___ the doctor's appointment yet?
a. do
b. make
9. He was busy ___ the food shopping.
a. doing
b. making
10. He ___ a lot of research.
a. does
b. makes
11. The people wanted to ___ peace.
a. do
b. make
12. The children are ___ too much noise.
a. doing
b. making
13. It was a pleasure ___ business with you.
a. doing
b. making
14. I must ___ my homework before I go to bed.
a. do
b. make
15. Why does he always ___ a promise and then break it?
a. do
b. make
16. A famous movie star is going to ___ an appearance here tonight.
a. do
b. make
80
17. I will ___ the dinner dishes.
a. do
b. make
18. You can ___ the dinner.
a. do
b. make
19. You are going to have to ___ some changes here.
a. do
b. make
20. Can you tell me how much money he ___?
a. does
b. makes
21. Can you ___ me a favour and lend me some money?
a. do
b. make
22. She spends too much time ___ her hair and nails.
a. doing
b. making
23. I think he is trying to ___ trouble for you.
a. do
b. make
24. Hurry up and ___ a decision.
a. do
b. make
81
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Fill in each space with either the gerund ("-ing") or the infinitive (to ...) form of the verb. (part 1)
example: “I love walking in the park (walk)”
1. You are not allowed _________ on the airplane. (smoke)
2. I couldn't help _________ when he tripped! (laugh)
3. I enjoy _________ to clubs. (go)
4. She expects people _________ her, but she never helps anyone! (help)
5. My doctor advised me _________ smoking. (quit)
6. Please stop _________. I can hear you fine! (shout)
7. I don't feel like _________. Let's go out to a restaurant. (cook)
8. Would you mind _________ the window? It's very hot in here. (open)
9. My remote control doesn't work. Try _________ the batteries. (change)
10. In Los Angeles, _________ is not allowed in any building. (smoke)
82
GERUND or INFINITIVE? (part 2)
Fill in each space with either the gerund ("-ing") or the infinitive (to ...) form of the verb.
example: “I love walking in the park (walk)”
1. Sometimes _________ the truth can be difficult. (tell)
2. I don't understand why you have_________ so much. (swear)
3. Don't forget _________ the lights when you leave the room. (to turn off)
4. You need _________ your hair. It's getting very long. (cut)
5. Stop _________ him and let him finish saying what he wants to say.
(interrupt)
6. Hey, do you want _________ to the movies tonight? (go)
7. Hey, how about _________ to see a movie tonight? (go )
8. I'm not interested in _________ an expensive car. (buy)
9. It's true that _________ English can be fun. (learn)
10. I suggest _________ a vacation. (take)
83
Gerund or Infinitive? (part 3)
Chose either the gerund ("-ing") OR the infinitive (to ...) form of the verb
1. When I mentioned __________ married, she didn't say anything.
a) getting b) to get
2. If he keeps __________ things from work, he's going to get fired.
a) to steal b) stealing
3. Bill enjoys __________ mystery novels.
a) to read b) reading
4. I plan __________ to college in the fall.
a) to go b) going
5. I plan on __________ to college in the fall.
a) to go b) going
6. I suggested __________ to a restaurant after the movie.
a) to go b) going
7. The doctor wants __________ with you.
a) to speak b) speaking
8. I really miss __________ as a flight attendant.
a) to work b) working
9. The little boy's teacher asked __________ with his mother.
a) to talk b) talking
10. I don't mind __________ with your cat. I love cats.
a) playing b) to play
84
GERUND or INFINITIVE? 4
Choose either the gerund ("-ing") OR the infinitive (to ...) form of the verb.
1. _____ is bad for your health.
a) To smoke b) Smoking
2. What do you want _____ tonight?
a) to do b) doing
3. Her daughter decided _____ a veterinarian.
a) to become b) becoming
4. I have decided on _____ a veterinarian.
a) to become b) becoming
5. I hope _____ to Brazil this summer.
a) to travel b) travelling
6. The man from Venezuela appears _____ the best dancer in the group.
a. to be b) being
7. I learned _____ French while I was living in Switzerland.
a) to speak b) speaking
8. I remember _____ her at the beach last week.
a) to see b) seeing
9. Don't forget _____ your mother!
a) to call b) calling
10. She promised _____ to the theatre with me.
a) to go b) going
85
In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:
much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few
1. It seems to me that we haven't had assignments in English this term. 2. How material can we be expected to read in one week? 3. I've unfortunately had headaches already because of stress. 4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too weeds. 5. I didn't use fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference. 6. Also, I've paid very attention to how rain we've had. 7. I'm afraid it's rained times this summer, and that is why the grass is turning brown and dying. Farmers are very upset. 8. How good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves? . 9. of the advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been useless. 10. They said that just help could make a big difference. 11. people know as much about computers as Tomas does. 12. It does us good when the banking system collapses.
86
Quantifiers
In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:
A FEW | A GREAT DEAL | A LITTLE | A LOT | A LOT OF | A MAJORITY OF | ENOUGH | MANY | MUCH OF | PLENTY |
SEVERAL OF | SOME When you've gotten all the answers right, see if you can substitute
other quantifiers from the list.
1. I'm having of trouble passing my driving exam. 2. the movies were rated PG. 3. information proved to be outdated. 4. We're close to the project deadline, but there is still time left. 5. Although there are brilliant students in this state -- thousands, even, only will choose to remain in the state after graduation. 6. We were able to destroy the parasites with our antigen, but of them survived to cause trouble. 7. a student has passed through these doors. 8. Although of the lawn is open to the sun, there are of shade trees to make it comfortable. 9. I think he drank wine last night. 10. the evidence was taken from the police safe last night.
87
Choose the correct quantifier
1. They have had _________________________homework in mathematics recently.
2. How_________________ time do you need to finish the work?
3. There are too _____________________ students in the library.
4. Have you visited ___________________ foreign country?
5. Although he's very ill, he didn't take _____________medicine.
6. ______________ people know as much about linguistics as John does.
7. They say ___________ knowledge is a dangerous thing.
8. He's having ____________ of trouble passing his driving test.
9. I spend ________________ of my time reading novels.
10. He knows ______________ English. He knows enough English to manage.
88
QUANTIFIERS
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate quantifier. There may be more than one choice.
a few a little a lot of
a. We have got _______ cheese. b. We have got _______ sugar in the bowl. c. We have got _______ milk. d. We have got _______ honey. e. We have got _________ bottles of milk in the fridge. f. There are ______ plates on the table. g. Mr. Thomas has got ______ students.
Cross out the wrong alternative:
1. a little a few We have got _________ money.
2. a lot of much She has got _________ friends.
3. much many How ________ cheese is there in the fridge?
4. a lot of much Hasn’t Mrs. Aktepe got ________ children?
5. some many They have got _______ butter in the tub.
6. a few any Mr. Blank hasn’t got _______ grandchildren.
7. much many I haven’t got ________ money this month.
8. a little a few Gary has got ________ pencils in his pencil box.
89
Choose the correct alternative:
1. Have we got (any / a little) honey jars in the fridge?
2. There (are / is ) (a little / many) ice cream.
3. Have we got (any / a few) cheese in the fridge?
4. We haven’t got (a little / any) apples in the basket.
5. There are (a little / a lot of ) children in the garden.
6. Sandy has got (a few / a lot of ) money in the bank.
7. Ahmet, is there (a few / any) milk in that bottle?
8. Susan, how (many / much) bottles of apple juice
(is /are) there in the fridge?
9. They have got (a few / a little) cats in their garden.
10. There (are / is ) (a little / many) ice cream cones in the box.
90
MINI TEST ON QUANTIFIERS
1. This bag is very heavy because it has got __________ books in it.
A) a little B) a lot of C) a few
2. Meral and Ahmet have got _________ friends from America.
A) any B) much C) a few
3. Have we got _________milk in the fridge, mother?
A) many B) a few C) any
4. How ______money have you got in your purse?
A) many B) any C) much
5. My mother has got _________ friends.
A) a little B) a lot of C) much
6. We have got ________ apples and ________ oranges in the fridge.
A) a little / some B) many / a little C) a few / some
7. Are there ________ children in the school garden?
A) a little B) any C) much
8. My teacher hasn’t got _________ 6th grade student this year.
A) some B) any C) a few
9. Sam, ____ there _____ milk in the fridge?
A) are / any B) is / any C) is / a few
10. How _______ cheese has she got in the basket?
A) many B) much C) any
11. There are _______ English teachers at this school this year.
A) many B) much C) a little
12. We haven’t got ______ toothpaste but we have got _______ toothbrushes.
A) some / some B) some / any C) any / some
91
CHOOSE THE CORRECT RESPONSE
Another, The Other, The Others, Others 1. There's no ___ way to do it.
other
the other
another Some people like to rest in their free time. ___ like to travel.
Other
The others
Others This cake is delicious! Can I have ___ slice, please?
other
another
others Where are ___ boys?
the other
the others
others The supermarket is on ___ side of the street.
other
another
the other There were three books on my table. One is here. Where are ___ ?
others
the others
the other Some of the speakers went straight to the conference room. ___ speakers are still hanging around.
The other
The others
Another This is not the only answer to the question. There are ___ .
the others
others
another Please give me ___ chance.
other
the other
another He was a wonderful teacher. Everyone agreed it would be hard to find ___ like him.
another
other
the other
92
Complete the sentences using the words listed in the box below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers. Don't forget to capitalize when necessary. Some gaps may
have more than one correct answer. can could have to must might should
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He be exhausted after
such a long flight. He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you walk downtown and explore the waterfront.
3. Hiking the trail to the peak be dangerous if you are not well prepared for
dramatic weather changes. You research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you leave small objects lying
around. Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
5. Dave: you hold your breath for more than a minute? Nathan: No, I can't.
6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune. 7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water,
they die.
8. I speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I
knew as a child. Now, I just say a few things in the language.
9. The book is optional. My professor said we read it if we needed extra credit.
But we read it if we don't want to.
10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It be in this drawer but it's not here. Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer.
It be in there. That's the only other place it be.
11. You take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news
said there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this afternoon.
12. we pull over at the next rest stop? I really use the bathroom and
I don't know if I hold it until we get to Chicago.
13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He have left it here last night.
14. Ned: I borrow your lighter for a minute?
Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.
15. I believe she said that to Megan! She insult her cooking in
front of everyone at the party last night. She have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.
16. Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick
93
watching you eat that piece of pizza. 17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody
has left the mansion this evening, so the killer be someone in this room.
It be any one of us!!! 18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.
Pamela: It have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.
19. you always say the first thing that pops into your head? you think once in awhile before you speak? 20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room.
It be lying around here somewhere. Where it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
94
Make negative sentences. Use the verbs in brackets.
This car be expensive. It's five years old. (can)
You hurry. We have plenty of time. (must)
I am afraid I help you now. (can)
Well, I don't know. He like it. (may)
I play the piano. (can)
You wash up today. (must)
You must try hard. You give it up. (may)
She go out on Monday. (can)
95
Mixed Modals (Can, Should, Must)
Choose the correct, most natural sounding option
1. Why ________ I care about your problems?
a) can b) should
2. Tom and Rebecca give their daughter a lot of presents. They ________ really love her.
a) can b) must
3. We ________ go out to that new Italian restaurant tonight.
a) should b) must
4. Everyone who crosses the border ________ show his/her passport.
a) must b) should
5. P1: When is Tom coming? P2: He's on his way. He ________ be here any minute.
a) must b) should
6. P1: ________ my friend sleep over? P2: Yes, but he'll have to get permission from his parents.
a) Can b) Should
7. ________ you always be so mean to everyone?
a) Can b) Must
8. ________ you please try to be nicer to your brother?
a) Must b) Can
9. I ________ get here earlier because of the traffic on the freeway.
a) shouldn't b) couldn't
10. P1: Which language ________ I learn - French or Italian? P2: I think you ________
learn French.
a) should b) must
96
Complete the following sentences with one of the following words:
can | could | may | might | should | ought to | shall | will
(Some sentences offer two possibilities.)
1. The article stated that he ___________ read at the age of three.
2. You ____________ take a sweater in case it gets cold.
3. It's going to rain all afternoon. ___________ we go to the cinema?
4. Scott ________ be 21 at the end of the month.
5. Julie said they traffic was heavy, so she ___________ be late for the meeting.
6. You look a bit confused. ________ I help you?
7. You stole a CD from a friend? You _____________ be ashamed of yourself!
8. I don't know the meaning of this word. _______ I borrow your dictionary?
97
For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.
a. It's your birthday? You ____ have told me. I would have got you a present. b. You ____ be joking! I'm not going to lend him my new car. c. I think you __ at least offer to help me. After all I've done for you, it's only fair. d. I ___ do that , if I were you. There'll be all manner of trouble if you do. e. We ____ as well go home now. The shops are all closed. f. If you're looking for a good restaurant and can afford to pay a little extra, ___ I
suggest the "Mangled Carrot" in Old Market Street. It's excellent. g. ____I have a quick word with you Brian? It's nothing serious. h. Is ten pounds enough for a taxi.... I ___ think so. It's less than two miles. i. Was it Paul who took the last piece of cake without asking? He ____ . That's so
typical of him, putting himself first as usual. j. You're saying it was a mistake that they forgot about our party? You ____ have
fooled me. I'm sure they didn't want to come. k. Who ____ that be, knocking at the door at this time of night? l. What's her sister's name? How on earth ___ I know? I didn't even know she had
a sister.
1. A
would B
must C
can D
should
2. A
might B
must C
could D
should
3. A
must B
might C
may D
would
4. A
mustn't B
mightn't C
can't D
wouldn't
5. A
must B
can C
might D
could
6. A
should B
would C
might D
will
7. A
Could B
Should C
Would D
Must
8. A
might B
should C
may D
could
9. A
might B
should C
could D
would
10. A
would B
Could C
can D
should
11. A Would B
Must C
should D
can
12. A Should B
Would C
can D
might
98
PASSIVE VOICE
• In active voice sentences the subject does the action.
• Example: Liz played the piano.
• In passive voice sentences the subject receives the action.
• Example: The piano was played by Liz.
- The sentence that uses the active voice is stronger, uses fewer words, and clearly shows who performs the action.
- The sentence that uses the passive voice is weaker and less direct. It is, however, not incorrect to use the passive voice.
• Sometimes the doer of the action is omitted in passive voice sentences.
• Example: The piano was played.
Decide whether the following sentences are written in the active or passive voice.
Then write the doer of the action on the line to the right. If the doer is unknown,
write a question mark (?).
1) Thomas feeds his dog. active / passive ____________
2) The dog is fed by Thomas. active / passive ____________
3) The family went to the beach. active / passive ____________
4) The letter was written by Marshall. active / passive ____________
5) The game had been won by the blue team. active / passive ____________
6) The problem was solved. active / passive ____________
7) The stunt man risked his life. active / passive ____________
8) The fire was extinguished. active / passive ____________
9) The car was being cleaned by its owner. active / passive ____________
10) It gets cold here during the winter. active / passive ____________
99
Passive Voice Exercises
Read the paired sentences aloud. Write "A" in the blank beside the sentence in the active voice, "P" in the blank beside the sentence in the passive voice.
a. _______ Louise made the coffee.
b. _______ The coffee was made by Louise.
c. _______ The package was advertised by the travel agent.
d. _______ The travel agent advertised the package.
Rewrite these sentences to put them in the active voice.
a. The sugar water was relished by the hummingbirds.
_____________________________________________________
b. Jogging is done by many people for exercise.
_____________________________________________________
c. A standing ovation was given to the guitar player.
_____________________________________________________
d. The syllabus was handed out by the professor.
_____________________________________________________
100
Rewrite the following paragraph in the active voice.
Last summer our house was painted by me. The job took about two weeks. First, the exterior was washed using warm water and a mild detergent. Then all the chinks and pores in the walls were sealed with putty. After the putty had had a chance to dry, the exterior could be painted. A latex paint was used because it is easy to apply and cleans up with water. A whole week was needed to finish this part of the job. I was very careful to apply the paint evenly because I did not want to have to apply two coats. A colour was used that was very close to the original colour. Our house is a two-story house, which meant that a tall ladder was needed to do the second story. The paint had to be balanced on the top rung of the ladder while I worked. When the job was finished, a great deal of satisfaction was felt by me. I had to pat myself on the back. Even my dad said that a good job was done.
101
Each of the sentences below is in the PASSIVE VOICE.
Write the correct form of each
1. Tom was ______________ many times to stop talking in class. (tell)
2. He was ______________ by the movie. (disappoint)
3. He was ______________ by his brother to go to the beach. (convince)
4. The present was ______________ to her by her co-worker. (give)
5. The thief was ______________ by the police. (catch)
6. This book is being ______________ by all the students. (read)
7. "Jitterbug Perfume" was ______________ by Tom Robbins. (write)
8. A new shopping mall is going to be ______________ in Pasadena. (build)
9. Many mistakes were ______________ by the students. (make)
10. The meeting was ______________ in the conference room. (hold)
102
The first sentence is in the ACTIVE VOICE.
Choose the most correct way of saying the same thing in the PASSIVE VOICE:
1. They were interviewing her for the job.
She ________________ for the job.
a) was being interviewed b) was interviewed c) has been interviewed
2. Tom is writing the letter.
The letter ________________ by Tom.
a) was written b) is being written c) has been written
3. Everyone understands English.
English ________________ by everyone.
a) is understood b) has been understood c) was understood
4. The employees brought up this issue during the meeting.
This issue ________________ by the employees during the meeting.
a) has been brought up b) is brought up c) was brought up
5. The professor told him not to talk in class.
He ________________ by the professor not to talk in class.
a) has been told b) was told c) was being told
6. They say that women are smarter than men.
Women ________________ to be smarter than men.
a) were being said b) were said c) are said
7. The fire has destroyed the house.
103
The house ________________ by the fire.
a) has been destroyed b) was being destroyed c) is destroyed
8. She would have told you.
You ________________ by her.
a) would have been told b) would be told c) were being told
9. She would reject the offer.
The offer ________________ by her.
a) will have been rejected b) would be rejected c) will be rejected
10. This surprises me.
I ________________ by this.
a) would have been surprised b) will be surprised c) am surprised
104
THE PASSIVE VOICE
The first sentence is in the ACTIVE VOICE. Choose the most correct way of saying the same thing in the PASSIVE VOICE
1. They passed me up for that position. Æ I ________________ for that position.
a) was passed up b) was being passed up c) am passed up
2. By tomorrow, I will have bought the car. Æ By tomorrow, the car _______________ by me.
a) was being bought b) will have been bought c) was bought
3. John bought the Picasso painting. Æ The Picasso painting _____________ by John.
a) was bought b) will have been bought c) is bought
4. Most students misunderstand this story. Æ This story ________________ by most
students.
a) was misunderstood b) has been misunderstood c) is misunderstood
5. My brother carried the groceries into room. Æ The groceries ________________ by
my brother into the room.
a) were being carried b) have been carried c) were carried
6. Juan is preparing the enchiladas. Æ The enchiladas ________________ by Juan.
a) are being prepared b) were being prepared c) are prepared
7. His brother was telling him to calm down. Æ He ________________ to calm down by his brother.
a) is being told b) was being told c) is told
8. A dog bit me. Æ I ________________ by a dog.
a) was being bitten b) was bitten c) have been bitten
9. The movers have delivered the furniture. Æ The furniture ________________ by the
movers.
a) will have been delivered b) would be delivered c) has been delivered
10. This city will surprise you. Æ You ________________ by this city.
a) are surprised b) will be surprised c) will have been surprised
105
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
1 - She played _____.
a. beautiful
b. beautifuly
c. beautifully
Q2 - The TV's far too ____.
a. loud
b. loudly
c. Either could be used here.
Q3 - She speaks so very ____.
a. quick
b. quickly
Q4 - She's a ____learner.
a. quick
b. quickly
Q5 - I know them quite ____.
a. good
b. well
c. Either could be used here.
Q6 - Check your work ____.
a. careful
b. carefuly
c. carefully
Q7 - I've been having a lot of headaches ____.
a. late
b. lately
Q8 - He's a ____ actor.
a. terrible
106
b. terribly
Q9 - He should pass the test _____.
a. easy
b. easily
c. easilly
Q10 - He's really lazy and _____ tries.
a. hard
b. hardly
c. Either could be used here.
Q11 - The newspapers were very _____ of the scheme.
a. critical
b. critically
Q12 - He's ____ill.
a. critical
b. critically
Q13 - I don't ____ agree with you.
a. full
b. fuly
c. fully
Q14 - I was _____ shocked.
a. complete
b. completely
Q15 - It was a ____ mess.
a. complete
b. completely
Q16 - They messed things up ____.
a. complete
b. completely
107
Q17 - It was a ____ day for us all.
a. sad
b. sadly
Fill in the words in brackets as adjective or adverb like in the example.
Example: Peter works ______ (slow).
Answer: Peter works slowly.
1) The bus driver was _________ injured. (serious)
2) Kevin is ________ clever. (extreme)
3) This hamburger_________ tastes . (awful)
4) Be __________ with this glass of milk. It's hot. (careful)
5) Robin __________ looks . What's the matter with him? (sad)
6) Jack is _______ upset about losing his keys. (terrible)
7) This steak smells_________. (good)
8) Our basketball team played __________ last Friday. (bad)
9) Don't speak so _______ . I can't understand you. (fast)
10) Maria _________ opened her present. (slow)
108
Worksheet #1 on Chapters 11-12: Adjectives and Adverb (3 pages) Circle the correct option. Then give a rationale for your choice. 1. He found his way (easy, easily) even in the dim light. 2. He is (good, well) to her. 3. She did very (good, well) on the last test. 4. They marched down the street (valiant, valiantly). 5. There are some (real, really) fine writers in this class. 6. We do not have (near, nearly) enough time to finish. 7. She is (bad, badly) about leaving the lid off the jelly. 8. I feel (bad, badly) about leaving my dog at the kennel. 9. Janice takes her job (serious, seriously). 10. Don’t take this (personal, personally), but your husband is a jerk. 11. He seems (different, differently) from what I imagined. 12. Professor Bates is one of the most (wide, widely) read people I know. 13. His homework assignments (sure, surely) are some of the most challenging in our university. 14. The sound of the bells carried so (good, well) that everyone in town could hear them. 15. Although I am walking on crutches, I’ll get there (slow, slowly) but (sure, surely). 16. She has a very (sweet, sweetly) smile. 17. Probably no one can tell a story as (good, well) as my father can. 18. My mother looked (scornful, scornfully) at the untidy waiter. 19. My mother looked (awful, awfully) in her new chartreuse hat.
109
20. I feel (awful, awfully) (bad, badly) that we forgot to invite the Kanazagas to the clambake. Worksheet #2 Adjectives, Adverbs, and Prepositions If a sentence contains an error, make the necessary corrections. If, however, a sentence has no error, write C to indicate that the sentence is grammatically correct. ___ 1. “It was not real kind of you to laugh so loudly when I dropped my books,” said Loni. ___ 2. After the food arrived, the grumpy drama students brightened noticeably. ___ 3. The service in the restaurant seemed much more slower tonight than it was last Friday. ___ 4. Economic conditions being slightly uncertain at this time, we have begun to invest conservative. ___ 5. When I saw how happily Aunt Mabel was to see me, I was certainly glad that I had come. ___ 6. Tom Brown’s quiet confidence that he could quite easy find his way off the island soon became a great joke. ___ 7. Our efforts to leave early for our picnic failed when Joan, the most skilled of our two drivers, overslept. ___ 8. I can’t remember where I left my keys at when I came into the house last night. ___ 9. Mark’s stereo certainly sounds differently now that he actually has both speakers hooked up correctly. ___ 10. Aunt Bess was especially proud that her two young children had behaved so mature at the concert. ___ 11. Jordan spent four hours trying to write her programming assignment, and she was real tired when she finished.
110
___ 12. We all want to express our gratitude and appreciation for the team managers this season. Worksheet #3 on Chapters 11-12: Adjectives and Adverbs I. Underline the one-word adjectives and the adverbs in the following sentences and label them. Adj Adv Example: It is not easy for Margot to accept compliments graciously. 1. Cher is an excellent singer and a pretty good actress. 2. Hank thinks his rich uncle will send him a big check soon. 3. His brutal remark will not go unnoticed. 4. Frankly, the woman in that horrible caftan knows little about high fashion. 5. Lying at the side of the road was a plastic bag full of garbage that some tourists had apparently thrown from their car. II. Underline the dependent clauses in these sentences and label their use as adjective or adverb. 6. The book which I am currently reading is by Annie Proulx. 7. Tomatoes that are grown in California are bigger than the ones that are grown in Mexico. 8. Louise found her bracelet right where she had left it. 9. After she finished her homework, Carmen went to the gym for a vigorous workout. 10. Whenever I feel depressed, I try to think of something beautiful and incredibly musical. 11. On the way to the mall we stopped off at Betty’s place because Betty serves the best ribs in town. 12. Once you get here, we will start the party in earnest. 13. While I was sleeping, you walked out the door and left me, so I’ll never forgive you.
111
14. The plane which I was supposed to take left at 8:30; the plane that I actually took left at 8:25. 15. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones--or garbage--at anybody.
Participles as Adjectives Practice
Select the correct past or present participle used as an adjective for each blank.
1. Babette thinks jogging is____________.
A. tired
B. tiring
2. Every time she jogged, her knees _______.
A. ached
B. aching
3. Science-fiction movies can be very ______________.
A. excited
B. exciting
4. We all wonder if meeting aliens would be as ___________ as the movies show.
A. frightened
B. frightening
5. Joe Jones has an_____________ hobby.
A. interested
B. interesting
6. He collects old __________ pans.
A. cooked
B. cooking
7. The sun was so hot, that Martha was almost ________ after playing tennis.
A. fainting
B. fainted
8. Gerry was __________ to get his new car.
A. pleasing
B. pleased
9. Aunt Tilly received a lovely _________ vase for her birthday.
A. painted
B. painting
10. Grandmother is __________ by kickboxing.
A. fascinated
112
B. fascinating
Parallel Structures
1. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and she has an extremely pleasant personality.
Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and a pleasing personality.
2. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
In English class, Tashonda learned to read poems critically and to appreciate good prose.
In English class, Tashonda learned to read poems critically and she appreciated good prose.
3. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph.
Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph's.
4. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
He wanted three things out of college: to learn a skill, to make good friends, and to learn about life.
He wanted three things out of college: to learn a skill, to make good friends, and learning about life.
113
5. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
Coach Espinoza was a brilliant strategist, a caring mentor, and a wise friend.
Coach Espinoza was a brilliant strategist, a caring mentor, and friend.
6. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
We found the film repulsive, offensive, and we thought it was embarrassing.
We found the film repulsive, offensive, and embarrassing.
7. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
Mr. Nguyen kept his store clean, neat, and he made it conveniently arranged.
Mr. Nguyen kept his store clean, neat, and conveniently arranged.
8. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
Professor Ali rewarded his students for working hard on the final project and going beyond the call of duty.
Professor Ali rewarded his students for their hard work on the final project and going beyond the call of duty.
9. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.
114
There's nothing I like better than finding a good trout stream, setting up camp, and spending a couple of days fishing.
There's nothing I like better than finding a good trout stream, setting up camp, and to spend a couple of days fishing.
When to use: alike, unlike, dislike, like, likeness
sensible, sensitive, or practice, play Check out the definitions here below and then take the following test. Like: 1. to be fond of, to appreciate, to enjoy. 2. One similar to or like another. Used with the. 3. as if 4. to want to have What would you like? 5. for example (slang)
Alike: 1. similar, parallel, resembling. 2. with the same form or manner. Comparable, identical.
Unlike: 1. different from, not at all equal to. Not typical of, dissimilar.
Dislike: 1. to hate, detest, abhor. The opposite of like. disapproval to look at with disgust or aversion
Likeness: 1. a portrait or portrayal, a semblance an image of
Sense: 1. any one of the faculties used to perceive the world: hearing, touch, sight, smell, taste. 2. to feel 3. to understand to make sense of some task or problem.
Sensitive 1. Susceptible to the emotions, thoughts, or situations of others. Prone to empathy. 2. easily offended, grouchy
Practice: 1. to perform or do again and again an action to perfect a skill or ability, to drill. 2. to usually do something: H makes a practice of going to market on Thursday.
Play: 1. to engage for pleasure or amusement in sports, acting or other
Sensible: 1. reasonable or using good sense or judgment. synonyms: levelheaded,
115
recreation. 2. To be involved in a game. 3. To act in a non serious manner.
prudent
CHOOSE THE CORRECT RESPONSE
1. Can you believe it? Alix _______ corn on the cob, pumpkin pie and carrot cake. He had seconds on each of them. He's getting to be a real American..
A. likes B. unlikes C. dislikes D. alikes E. likeness
2. Yann and Hoel are very much __________. They always wear Levi's jeans. They both drink a lot of beer. And they have the same girlfriend: Aurelie.
A. like B. unlike C. dislike D. alike E. likeness
3. Nicolas was late for your class too? It is so _________ him. He's usually prompt. (on time)
A. like B. unlike C. dislike D. alike E. likeness
4. Carine promised that she'd draw a __________ of me, although she did say that it might not look like me... exactly. I took that to mean that she was going to do a caricature of me.
A. like B. unlike C. dislike D. alike E. likeness
5. Damien says he is going to __________ the entire length of the Loire river..
A. play canoe B. practice canoe C. canoe D. play canoeing E. practice canoeing
6. Celia is incredibly __________ to the emotions and thoughts of animals. It said that she can communicate with them.
A. Sense B. Sensible C. Sensitive
7. Antoine loves to __________ rugby. He positively glows during the game.
A. play B. playing C. practice D. practicing
8. Luc seems like a _________ lad, but appearances can be deceiving. Pierre told me that last night Luc got a tattoo of a dragon on his back, pierced his nose, and married his cleaning lady.
A. Sense B. Sensible C. Sensitive
116
9. Henri is exceedingly diligent, He has _________ for the TOEIC exam every night this week.
A. play B. played C. practice D. practiced
10. I __________ that this will be a great year with the Mindreaders in Rehab. I'm clairvoyant you know.;-))
A. sense B. sensible C. sensitive
WHO, WHOM, WHOSE
Fill in each blank space with who, whom or whose
1. Could you please tell me ________ that was?
2. The men, two of ________ were drunk, walked very slowly.
3. The guy ________ computer I was using moved to Spain.
4. I know ________ did it.
5. She didn’t know when the book was written, or by ________.
6. I didn't know ________ book that was.
7. I don't know ________ gave you that information, but it's inaccurate.
8. The police expert was able to determine ________ fingerprints were on
the knife.
9. These are some of the people ________ have helped me in the past.
10. I have no idea ________ left the lights on all night.
117
Noun Clauses
1. We don't know __________ taught us noun clauses before. (A) if the teacher has (B) the teacher has (C) the teacher hasn't (D) whether teacher 2. The teacher didn't know _______ .
A. which noun clauses teach B. which noun clauses to teach C. why noun clauses to teach D. when noun clauses to teach 3. Can you please tell me ________ ?
A. what time the next bus arrives B. what time arrives the next bus C. when arrives the next bus D. when arrives the bus 4. The judges had an extremely hard time deciding _______ .
A. who's painting was the best B. whose painting was the best C. painting who was the best D. the best painting was who
5. _______ is a mystery. I wish that I could ask him.
A. How did it B. What he did it C. How he did it D. When did it
118
Word Order
1. I think Jane deserved to be fired for her __________ . A. totally behaviour irresponsible B. behaviour totally irresponsible C. irresponsible totally behaviour D. totally irresponsible behaviour 2. _______ appeared to be coming from the science lab next door.
A. The pungent unpleasant odour of burning plastic B. The unpleasant pungent odour of burning plastic C. The pungent unpleasant odour of plastic burning D. The unpleasant odour pungent of burning plastic 3. One of Jane's favourite subjects in school is drama because _______ lots of fun and enjoys being part of it all.
A. has really she B. she really has C. she really is D. is she really 4. Only after they had completed the analysis to that degree _______ how to apply technology to the needs of our enterprise.
A. did they ask to begin B. did they begin to ask C. they did begin to ask D. to ask did they begin
5. The archaeologists were astonished to find such _______ at that particular site.
A. an incredibly rare beautiful artifact
B. a rare incredibly beautiful artifact
119
C. a beautiful artifact incredibly rare
D. an incredibly beautiful rare artifact
1. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership. A. that signed B. that signed it C. which signed D. sign
2. That is a story of hardship _______ our own situation into perspective. A. puts B. it puts C. that it puts D. that puts
3. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now. A. of that he was accused B. that was accused C. whom he was accused D. who was accused
4. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains. (A) imprints (B) that imprints it (C) that imprints (D) that it imprints
120
5. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds. A. whose figures B. those figures C. that its figures D. its figures that
Adverb Clauses
1. __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher. (A) Despite of (B) In spite of (C) Even though (D) Nonetheless
2. _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little known fact on the streets. A. How that B. That C. When D. However
3. _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home. A. Although B. Despite C. In spite of D. Nevertheless
4. _______ the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank drops by X amount. A. Why B. Whenever
121
C. How D. What
5. This method is widely used _______ algorithm is not only effective but also very simple. A. because its B. because C. it is because D. because of its Main Subject
1. It is said he was a man, _________ to have the vision of an eagle and courage of a lion. (A) who appeared (B) he appeared (C) that appears (D) and appears 2. Before Johnson & Smith reached great heights in the business world, ______ encountered many great difficulties in promoting their theories and methods.
A. they B. who C. which D. and
3. After the discovery of the abandoned getaway vehicle, ________ believed to be hiding in the nearby Riverside forest region. A. that the bank robber is B. the bank robber who C. the bank robber is D. the bank robber who is 4. A gifted scientist, Newton _______ some of the most fundamental laws in the history of science.
A. keeps discovering B. who discovered C. the discoverer of D. discovered
122
5. George Washington once said that _______ have virtue enough to withstand the highest bidder.
A. few men
B. the few men
C. few are the men
D. the men are few
Start Test
Time: 7 minutes
1. Popular belief in the United States is
that an early life of hardship and
poverty made Abraham Lincoln to be
the great leader he was.
a. an early
b. made
c. to be
d. he was
2. According to the scientific method, a
scientist must consider ______
outcome.
a. any outcome and to be a
possible
b. any outcome and the possible
c. any outcome a possibility
d. any outcome a possible
3. After her death in 1986 many
documentaries ______ Georgia
O'Keeffe were produced.
a. related the life and work of
b. to relate life and work
c. life and working to relate
d. relating the life and work of
4. ______ the passage of light, many
new plastics are processed using
technologies rivalling those used in the
manufacture of computer chips.
a. To better permit
b. Permitting better
c. For the better of
d. It is better for
5. The architecture exhibited in the
Empire State Building and conveyed us
123
an idea of the prevailing attitudes of the
day is important for the historical and
cultural value it represents.
a. conveyed
b. prevailing
c. is
d. it represents
6. In 2001 George W. Bush, Jr., entered
his first year office as President of the
United States.
a. In 2001
b. entered
c. office
d. as President
7. Similar in climate and geography
many north-eastern cities is Portland,
the largest city in Oregon.
a. in
b. many
c. is
d. largest
8. Uranium, ______ , is an exceedingly
rare and potentially dangerous element.
a. to found in trace quantities
b. found in trace quantities
c. finding in trace quantities
d. to be found in trace quantities
9. The Flower Market in San Francisco
is ______, and was established in the
1930's.
a. home to the country's second
largest flower market
b. home of the second largest
flower market in the country
c. the second flower market in the
country's home of
d. the home to the second country's
large flower market
10. Because of extensive research in the
field of genetic engineers, scientists can
now create plants that farmers can grow
in harsh climates.
a. research
b. engineers
c. farmers
d. harsh
124
TOEFL Test Grammar
1. "You are welcome to order the goods now."
"But payment should be made _____."
A. for advance
B. advancing
C. in advance
D. to advance
2. "Where do you live now?"
"I live in Utah; my _____."
A. parents too do
B. parents do
C. parents do, too
D. parents also do
3. I cannot understand my neighbour's
accent. I wish she would _____.
A. speak clearer
B. clearer speak
C. more clearly speak
D. speak more clearly
4. "Why are you driving so fast?"
"I'm _____."
A. must be hurry
B. in hurry
C. in a hurry
D. hurrying
5. I have your music CD. I think I _____
your concert video.
A. also have
B. have too
C. too have
D. have further
6. I hear you have started a new job. _____
like it?
A. How do you
B. How
125
C. What you
D. What do you
7. I really have to go now. I have _____ the
doctor.
A. appointments to
B. an appointment to
C. appointment with
D. an appointment with
8. I can meet you at Central Station. Will
_____?
A. convenient for you
B. that convenient
C. that be convenient
D. you be convenient
9. I don't have any results for you today. I
_____ tomorrow.
A. have any
B. may have any
C. have some
D. may have some
10. I would rather _____ a quiet cup of
coffee in the office than sit in a noisy cafe.
A. have
B. to have
C. prefer
D. prefer to have
11. "Where _____ last weekend?"
"I went to see my aunt and uncle."
A. are you go
B. do you go
C. have you went
D. did you go
12. I was very surprised _____ that she
didn't pass the exam."
A. hearing
B. to hearing
C. at hearing
D. to hear
13. "Why _____ she isn't speaking to us?"
"We must have done something that upset
her. She is just too sensitive."
A. are you think
B. are you imagine
C. do you think
D. you think
14. I hope that this winter won't be _____
last."
A. as cold as
B. so cold as
C. as cold like
D. so cold like
15. Sorry to be late. I was delayed by
_____."
A. a heavy traffic
B. heavy traffic
C. some heavy traffic
D. traffic being heavy
126
16. The sky is getting dark. It _____ rain is
on its way.
A. looks
B. looks like
C. seems to
D. will be
17. Would you do me a small favour? I
_____ very much.
A. appreciate it
B. would appreciate
C. would be appreciative
D. would appreciate it
18. I am familiar with that product. I don't
know _____ times I've seen it advertised on
TV.
A. how many
B. how often
C. how much
D. many often
19. "When _____ leaving for Toronto,
Canada?"
"We are planning to set out at 10 o'clock."
A. are we
B. will we
C. will us
D. are us
20. I asked Robert when he could fix
my leaking tap. He said that he would
come round and fix it _____.
E. as much as possible
F. as possible as he could
G. as fast as he could possibly
H. as soon as possible
21. "Do you know _____ that building is?"
"I would say that it was built at least 100
years ago."
A. old
B. how age
C. how old
D. which age
22. The man told us that the next train
would arrive _____.
A. at three thirty
B. at three thirty o'clock
C. in three thirty
D. in three thirty o'clock
23. "How _____ a crowd had gathered at
the scene of the accident?"
"I don't know exactly, but there were a lot
of shocked onlookers."
A. large
B. often
C. many
D. much
24. That is the city _____ worst crime
record.
A. on the
B. in the
127
C. with the
D. for the
25. "Where should I put this key?"
"You can _____ it on the shelf."
A. hang
B. deposit
C. sit
D. put
TOEFL Test
1. What year did you _____ university?
A. graduate
B. graduate from
C. graduating
D. graduating from
2. It seems to be getting worse. You had better _____ a specialist.
A. consult
B. consult to
C. consult with
D. consult by
3. Chicago is a large city, _____?
A. aren't it
B. doesn't it
C. won't it
D. isn't it
4. Don't leave your books near the open fire. They might easily _____.
128
A. catch to fire
B. catch the fire
C. catch on fire
D. catch with fire
5. Do you enjoy _____?
A. to swim
B. swimming
C. swim
D. to swimming
6. I have trouble _____.
A. to remember my password
B. to remembering my password
C. remember my password
D. remembering my password
7. Do you have _____ to do today? We could have a long lunch if not.
A. many work
B. much work
C. many works
D. much works
8. My brother will _____ for a few nights.
A. provide us up
B. provide us in
C. put us up
D. put us in
9. When will the meeting _____?
A. hold on
B. hold place
C. take on
D. take place
129
10. The board meeting was held _____.
A. at Tuesday
B. on Tuesday
C. with Tuesday
D. in Tuesday
11. Why don't you _____ us?
A. go to the house party with
B. go together the house party with
C. go the house party with
D. together the house party with
12. That awful accident occurred _____.
A. before three weeks
B. three weeks before
C. three weeks ago
D. three weeks past
13. They didn't _____ John when he explained his decision.
A. agree to
B. agree with
C. agree
D. agree about
14. The social worker _____ the two old sisters who were ill.
A. called to the house of
B. called on the house of
C. called to
D. called on
15. Tomorrow is Paul's birthday. Let's _____ it.
A. celebrate
B. praise
C. honor
130
D. congratulate
16. If you don't understand the text, don't hesitate _____.
A. ask a question
B. asking a question
C. to ask a question
D. to asking a question
17. It's snowing. Would you like to _____ on Saturday or Sunday?
A. skiing
B. go to ski
C. go skiing
D. go ski
18. Our company didn't pay _____ for that banner advertisement.
A. much funds
B. many funds
C. many money
D. much money
19. Do you feel like _____ now?
A. swimming
B. to swim
C. swim
D. to go swimming
20. Tom was thrilled to be _____ such a beautiful and interesting lady.
A. introduced
B. introduced at
C. introduced with
D. introduced to
21. "What happened to them last night? They look depressed"
"I don't think _____ happened."
131
A. nothing
B. everything
C. something
D. anything
22. "It is not very cold. I don't think we need these big jackets."
"I don't think so, _____."
A. anyway
B. neither
C. either
D. too
23. "Bill is not doing well in class."
"You must _____ that he is just a beginner at this level."
A. keep minding
B. keep to mind
C. keep in mind
D. keeping in mind
24. "Excuse me. Do you know where the bus terminal is?"
"It is _____ the large police station."
A. opposite of
B. opposed to
C. opposite with
D. opposite to
25. "Those students will perform the annual school play."
A. "Yes, it is _____ for next week."
B. due
C. scheduled
D. time-tabled
E. put on
132