TOEFL iBT VOCABULARY

DR. HİKMET ŞAHİNER

İÇİNDEKİLER

TOEFL iBT VOCABULARY .................................... 1

TOEFL iBT VOCABULARY TESTS .................... 205

ANSWER KEYS .................................................. 457

TOEFL iBT GLOSSARY OF SYNONYMS .......... 469

ÖNSÖZ

TOEFL iBT VOCABULARY kitabı, TOEFL iBT sınavına hazırlanan kişilerin en fazla sıkıntı yaşadığı TOEFL Kelimelerini öğrenme sürecini en kolay ve sistematik olarak yönetmelerine yardımcı olmak amacıyla Dr. Hikmet Şahiner tarafından 10 yıllık bir emek sonucunda titizlikle hazırlanmıştır.

İki ana bölümden oluşan TOEFL VOCABULARY kitabının ilk bölümünde TOEFL iBT'de başarı için bilinmesi şart olan üst düzey TOEFL kelimeleri eşanlamlı gruplar halinde toplam 33 ünite olarak verilmektedir. Her ünitenin ardından o ünitedeki kelimelerle ilgili otantik ünite testleri vardır.

Kitabın ikinci bölümünde ise toplam 2500 otantik TOEFL iBT Vocabulary sorusu 50şer soruluk 50 Test halinde sunulmaktadır. Kitabın en sonunda ise bu testleri yaparken çok faydalı olacak küçük bir TOEFL Sinonimler sözlüğü bulunmaktadır.

TOEFL VOCABULARY

TOEFL iBT VOCABULARY

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TOEFL VOCABULARY

rigorous = sıkı, dikkatli, titiz The newly developed drug must undergo a rigorous evaluation by the research team. strict = sert Academic policies declare strict punishment for those guilty of plagiarism. harsh = ağır, şiddetli, acımacız Animals usually bury themselves in the ground, where the temperature is less harsh and water is easily found. stringent = sıkı, sert All travelers flying internationally are subject to stringent restriction on items they can bring on board in their carry-on luggage. severe = sert Their research concluded that there was a time of severe drought in the last sixteenth century. rigid = sert, katı The Victorian era promoted rigid forms of etiquette.

vast = çok, büyük, geniş Over 90 percent of the vast amount of petroleum and natural gas we consume is burned up as fuel.

enormous = devasa, büyük The estimated cost of the project was $5 million, which was an enormous sum of money in those days. immense = muazzam, devasa Kings and nobles often hired professional architects to design their immense palaces. massive = büyük, devasa, masif In the North, the machines spinning cotton into textiles were worked by massive waves of immigrants. huge = kocaman, devasa The Earth's crust is divided into huge segments called plates. sizable = büyük, hatırı sayılır The performing arts center regularly receives sizeable donations from wealthy family. bulky = hantal, iri, büyük Pterosaurs were not well adapted for active flight due to their bulky size. mammoth = kocaman, dev gibi These new plants grow into mammoth blossoms that block out the sunlight to the plants beneath. tremendous = çok büyük, muazzam John Dewey's theories on philosophy and education have had a tremendous impact on thinkers. colossal = devasa, kocaman Scientists warn that these colossal bodies of rock and ice could hit Earth anytime. gigantic = kocaman, devasa The rotary press is an automated machine that prints continuously on gigantic rolls of paper.

rigorous I strict I harsh I stringent I severe I rigid

vast I enormous I immense I massive I huge I sizable

I bulky I mammoth I tremendous I colossal

I gigantic

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flourish = gelişmek, serpilmek The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC, boasting an advanced economic system. blossom = gelişmek Major infrastructure projects are underway to help Portugal's economy blossom. boom = gelişmek Due to this new trend, the use of aromatherapy products continues to boom. thrive = gelişmek Many seals thrive off the Californian coast. prosper = gelişmek Due to tourism and its various exports, Hawaii has been able to prosper this past decade.

abundant = bol, çok, dolu Colonists turned to brick making because clay was abundant. plentiful = bol, çok, dolu Fishermen know that fish are not plentiful in muddy and polluted waters. affluent = zengin The affluent move out of a city center when it becomes too congested. copious = bol, çok, dolu

After heavy rainfall, the number of flies and mosquitoes can be copious. profuse = bol, çok There is a profuse amount of thin branches roots at the base of the plant. ample = bol, çok, yeterli Studies on our planets provide ample evidence that they were bombarded by smaller comets or meteorites shortly after they had formed. bountiful = bol, çok The palm tree is bountiful in Middle Eastern countries and North Africa.

sporadic = tek tük, aralıklı The sporadic rainfall produced many small ponds that bred thousands of flies and mosquitoes. patchy = tek tük, aralıklı The animals consume large amounts of short patchy plants like mosses that grow in clusters on top of the frozen ground. spotty = düzensiz, derme çatma The effects of many developing nations' economics growth are spotty, as poor sanitation and heavy unemployment still exist. erratic = düzensiz, değişken The climate has been erratic over the past thousand years, swinging from warm to cold. occasional = arasıra olan, nadiren

flourish I blossom I boom

I thrive I prosper

abundant I plentiful

I affluent I copious I profuse

I ample I bountiful

sporadic I patchy I spotty

I erratic I occasional

I infrequent I intermittent

I irregular I uneven

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TOEFL VOCABULARY

The volcano had occasional steam and ash eruptions in May and June. infrequent = seyrek, nadir Rainstorms in semiarid regions are usually heavy and infrequent. intermittent = aralıklı, kesik kesik Insomnia can occur at intermittent periods during a stressful time. irregular = bozuk, düzensiz Those with irregular heartbeats should be monitored often by doctors. uneven = dengesiz, inişli çıkışlı A growing problem in the world today is the uneven distribution of food resources.

emerge = ortaya çıkmak The art movement known as Dada emerged after the First World War. crop up = ortaya çıkmak Local cinemas began to crop up only after technology evolved to enable image projection. appear = ortaya çıkmak, belirmek Animals associated with water frequently appear in the prehistoric cave drawings. arise = çıkmak, yükselmek The smoke arising from the chimney indicated the family was inside the house.

loom = görünmek, ortaya çıkmak In the North and South, financial problems loomed large. spring up = ortaya çıkmak All over Europe, printing presses began to spring up.

in proximity to = yakın Parents were extremely wary because the crimes occurred in close proximity to the local elementary school. adjacent = yakın, bitişik, komşu Unlike the rest of the country, houses in Pennsylvania and its adjacent areas widely used stone in their construction. adjoining = bitişik The adjoining chamber contained stores of royal treasure. immediate = yakın, bitişik, komşu Residents in the immediate vicinity of the construction site complained about the drastic noise level increase. close to = yakın Most people living close to a large medical facility will receive the best and most immediate care. in the vicinity of = civar, yakınında, etraf Areas in the vicinity of the airport have a lower property value because of the noise from airplanes taking off and landing.

in proximity to I adjacent

I adjoining I immediate

I close to I in the vicinity of

emerge I crop up I appear I arise I loom I spring up

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vital = yaşamsal, hayati Blood is vital to our survival, a fluid necessary to sustain our bodies. essential = köklü, esaslı, temel Essential bodily processes can be shut down if there are severe shortages of hormones. rudimentary = temel The weapons discovered in the cave consisted of rudimentary wooden spears and clubs. indispensable = zaruri, gerekli, vazgeçilmez Kevlar equipment is considered indispensable for police and army work in modern times. fundamental = temel, esaslı Industrialization produced a fundamental change in the very nature of work and how it was organized. necessary = gerekli, elzem, zaruri The non-profit organization gathers necessary supplies for the orphans, such as foods and medicines, and transports them to their villages. critical = gerekli, elzem, zaruri For imprinting to occur in ducklings, it is critical a parent be present during the first 48 hours.

crucial = çok önemli The weight issue in armor construction was crucial. underlying = temel, esas, belli başlı Although the war ended slavery, it failed to resolve the underlying racial and philosophical tensions. integral = bütünleyici, tamamlayıcı Games are an integral part of religious festivals in Greece. mandatory = zorunlu To gain acceptance into the college, it is mandatory that all candidates take the entrance examination. compulsory = zorunlu Since 1991 in Sweden, it became compulsory that 6 year old children must attend school.

extant = hala var olan, kaybolmamış The Dead Sea Scrolls are the oldest extant biblical manuscripts. existent = var olan, mevcut One of the Seven Wonders of the World that is still existent is the Great Pyramid of Giza. existing = mevcut The journalist was sent down to South America to investigate the last existing cannibal tribe known to anthropologists. surviving = geriye kalan The largest surviving medieval building in Finland is Turku castle.

vital I essential

I rudimentary

I indispensable

I fundamental I necessary

I critical I crucial

I underlying I integral

I mandatory I compulsory

extant I existent I existing

I surviving

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TOEFL VOCABULARY

Choose one that is closest in meaning to the shaded word or phrase. 1. A vital skill for stage actors to possess is voice control. The actor must be able to transmit emotions through his or her voice since the whole audience cannot clearly see facial expressions. (A) critical (B) generous (C) rigorous (D) petty 2. Animals in the tundra biome have adapted to reproduce quickly during the short summer period when resources are abundant. After this, the animals migrate south or go into hibernation until the following spring. (A) lavish (B) plentiful (C) rare (D) spacious 3. At sporadic times, magma is ejected through the layers of rock to settle near the surface and create a rock deposit. Underground, the extreme pressure put on subterranean rocks causes shifting in the original strata. (A) bizarre (B) irregular (C) original (D) turbulent 4. Automobile ownership was booming during the post-war era, and it wasn't solely the result of the craving of Americans to drive. The federal government was anxious to secure prosperity, and assisted the consumer industry both directly and indirectly. (A) arousing (B) deflating (C) inspiring (D) prospering

5. Before the pharmaceutical company can apply for a patent, the newly developed drug must undergo a rigorous evaluation by the research team. (A) energetic (B) instant (C) stringent (D) volatile 6. Changes occur in Mars's atmosphere every few months, but nothing accounts for why dust storms on the planet crop up. It has been postulated that chemical reactions shift energy around, disturbing the surface and resulting in the phenomenon. (A) betray (B) compel (C) arise (D) utter 7. Cottontails and grey foxes burrow into shallow dens to seek refuge from predators and the harsh winter. All species learn to use the land and environment surrounding them to their advantage. (A) luminous (B) manual (C) severe (D) slim 8. Exquisite patterns and surface ornamentation were integral parts of late Victorian art and architecture. American designers and artists began incorporating these developments into their overall themes. (A) conceivable (B) critical (C) natural (D) unforeseen 9. In 1900, a crowd of 8,000 people surveyed the "horseless carriages" on the opening day of the New York Auto Show. This was the automobile industry's first chance to show off its wares to a sizable audience. (A) foreign (B) mock (C) rigid (D) vast

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DR. HİKMET ŞAHİNER

10. Once permanent communities were established, the Ancient Puebloans focused on developing their craft culture. As a result, their art flourished, and is exemplified in the variety of crafts and pottery today. (A) arrested (B) flaunted (C) inflated (D) thrived 11. Spotty distribution of food to locations around the world is a large problem. Starvation is widespread in the third world due to a number of factors, and causes the mass migrations of refugees. (A) genial (B) intermittent (C) mundane (D) vacant 12. The circadian rhythm of insects has adapted through evolution to have them emerge from their pupal cases around dawn. The reason for this is that low temperatures and moist air keep the new insect from drying out. (A) appear (B) applaud (C) colonize (D) monitor 13. The lack of impact craters leads scientists to believe that Venus once witnessed intense volcanic activity. Radar images show the presence of many solidified lava flows, but there are few extant active volcanic sites. (A) corrupt (B) existing (C) lengthy (D) pensive 14. The recent research on the prevention of strokes has led to several breakthroughs. Doctors focused on strokes that were caused by erratic heart rhythms produced by blood clots. (A) inane (B) lunatic (C) uneven (D) unpleasant

15. The submarine is very efficient as a weapon of war at sea. Its tremendous size, utility, fire power, and range to navigate the ocean make it one of the twentieth century's greatest inventions. (A) agitated (B) hasty (C) immense (D) popular 16. Even more ominous is the effect that wind turbine facilities have on the function of radar. It is susceptible to interference when used in proximity to wind farm sites. (A) close to (B) in awe of (C) in view of (D) owing to 17. Underground there exists a profuse number of mites and springtails. These minuscule insects lay their eggs on subterranean vegetation. (A) bountiful (B) cruel (C) monotonous (D) keen 18. California law has enforced the use of antipollution devices on vehicles since the 1950s. Plus, during the following two decades, the federal government introduced increasingly stringent emission controls on motor vehicles. (A) adhesive (B) inaccurate (C) negative (D) strict

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