today’s masonry wall · 2018. 4. 19. · today’s masonry wall a synergy in systems name: mark...

Today’s Masonry Wall

A SYNERGY IN SYSTEMS

Name: Mark Erickson

Provider #: H366

Title: Today’s Masonry Wall: Synergy in Systems

Course #: HBJ01WS

Date: April 12, 2018

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content that

may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement

by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or

manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any

material or product. Questions related to specific materials,

methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of

this presentation.

Hohmann and Barnard, Inc. is a registered

provider with The American Institute of

Architects Continuing Education Systems.

Credit earned on completion of this program

will be reported to CES Records for AIA

members. Certificates of completion for non-

AOA members available upon request.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course demonstrates the synergies

between various components required in

masonry construction today by detailing their

interfaces. Topics will include masonry

anchors, flashings, and air barriers.

© 2013 HOHMANN & BARNARD, INC.

OBJECTIVES

▪ Identify key components in masonry construction and how they relate to one another

▪ Discuss various product types and how they may or may not work in various installation applications

▪ Discuss how the introduction of air barrier systems has changed our ability to use certain products or installation methods

▪ Demonstrate the importance of detailing at the interface as critical to the performance of the masonry wall system

WHAT MAKES MASONRY SUSTAINABLE?

▪ Thermal Mass / Energy Efficiency

▪ Recycled Content

▪ Recyclable – Cradle to Grave

▪ Durability – Life Cycle Analysis

▪ Proximity

WHAT MAKES MASONRY VULNERABLE?

▪ Thermal Expansion within the wall

▪ Water Penetration

• Staining

• Spalling

• Degradation of the masonry units

• Degradation of structural components

RAINSCREEN PRINCIPLE

Air enters

Air exits

Open at top

Open at bottom

RAINSCREEN PRINCIPLE

PROBLEMS

▪ Expansion and Movement

• Remedied through wall reinforcing and

anchoring systems

▪ Water Penetration

• Remedied through flashings, drainage plane,

and air barrier system

Truss Reinforcement

Ladder Reinforcement

WALL REINFORCING

Standard

9 ga. Side Rods x 9 ga. Cross Rods

Extra Heavy

3/16" Side Rods x 9 ga. Cross Rods

Super Heavy Duty

3/16" Side Rods x 3/16" Cross Rods

WALL REINFORCING

Side Rod Cross Rod

INTEGRATED ANCHORING

ADJUSTABLE JOINT REINFORCEMENT

• Horizontal eyelets easily clogged with mortar

• Often relies on workmanship to assure proper

engagement of pintle within allowable limits of

eccentricity

• No guarantee that improperly installed pintle

(beyond its allowable eccentricity) will not

separate from reinforcement

• No horizontal movement

• Eyelets not welded shut

EYE-WIRE TRUSS REINFORCEMENT

LOOP-WIRE TRUSS REINFORCEMENT

• Allows in-plane vertical and horizontal movement of masonry

wythes, while restraining tension and compression.

• Loops welded shut to maintain allowable tolerance and system

integrity.

• Vertical configuration of loops not susceptible to

clogging with mortar as construction progresses.

• Foolproof. Mason can not install wire tie beyond

allowable eccentricity.

• Vertical loops have 2 ¼” adjustability. Ideal for

econo or utility bricks.

There are two ways for

moisture to infiltrate the

building envelope.

1. Diffuse flow is a

gaseous vapor that

passes through all

materials.

2. Channel flow is a more

serious concern,

resulting from breaches

in the building envelope.

Channel Flow

Diffuse Flow

DEFINING AIR BARRIERS vs. VAPOR BARRIERS

Channel Flow

Diffuse Flow

▪ An air barrier MUST resist

air leakage or channel flow at

all pressure levels through

the wall assembly.

▪ A vapor barrier MUST resist

the movement of vapor

through diffusion.


▪ An air barrier MUST resist

air leakage or channel flow at

all pressure levels through

the wall assembly.

▪ A vapor barrier MUST resist

the movement of vapor

through diffusion.

▪ NOT ALL AIR

BARRIERS ARE

VAPOR BARRIERS Channel Flow

Diffuse Flow


Channel Flow

Diffuse Flow

Air barriers or permeable

membranes allow the wall

to “breathe” and offer

designers more flexibility

in their placement within

the wall assembly.

The ability to make the

barrier system totally

continuous should be the

main criteria for the

location.


Channel Flow

Diffuse Flow

Vapor barriers or

non-permeable

membranes have a

specific location within

the wall.

Vapor barriers MUST

be completely

continuous to properly

perform their function.


Independent testing to meet

industry requirements

should be a consideration.

AIR BARRIER ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

www.airbarrier.org

ASTM STANDARDSTESTING PROCEDURES

Areas and situations that

require detailing in an

air/vapor barrier system

include:

• Intersections of different

materials

• Expansion joints

• Elevation changes

• Inside & outside corners

• Door & window openings

DETAILING

AIR/VAPOR BARRIER INTEGRATION

The detail between an

air/vapor barrier and the

roofing system is

critical.

INSTALLATION

KEYS TO A SUCCESSFUL AIR/VAPOR BARRIER

CONTINUITY WITH THE

ROOFING SYSTEM

Does the anchoring

system protect the

integrity of the air/vapor

barrier and does the

air/vapor barrier seal

around the anchoring

system?

ANCHORING SYSTEM COMPATIBILITY

KEYS TO A SUCCESSFUL AIR/VAPOR BARRIER

Wall System Liquid Sheet

Steel/Sheathing ✔ ✔

Concrete/ICF ✔ ✔

CMU ✔ ✖

COMPARISON

LIQUID VS. SHEET MATERIALS

Anchoring for Steel Studs

Specify an anchor with rib-stiffened

pronged legs and back plate to seal

sheathing from air and moisture

infiltration. While maintaining

integrity of air barrier.

100% Protection against separation

of wire tie from anchor.(See ACI-530-02 Sec. 6.2.2.5.5.3)

Built-in screw tracks for correct

alignment of screw into stud.

3 3/8” of vertical adjustability

• Takes guesswork out of the laborers’hands.

• Allows for easy installation after

insulation is in place.

SPECIFY THE DETAILS

Built-in

screw track

Built in screw track

3⅜”

Built-in screw track

A 14 gauge anchor

capable of withstanding a

100# load in both tension

and compression without

deforming or developing play

in excess of 0.05”.

Exceeding current standards,

High Strength Anchors

are available for 150# and

200# loads.

14 gauge anchor

high strength anchor

SPECIFY THE DETAILS

Sealing mechanisms to

create a pressure seal

between anchor and

sheathing for added

protection. pressure seal

created by tape

pressure seals

created by

washers

plastic wings provide

thermal break

TIE DIRECTLY TO THE BACKUP

TRADITIONAL 3/16”Ø HOOKS

Load values that develop using

typical 3/16”Ø wire, when the

engagement is offset by more than

1¼”, the system becomes too weak

to sufficiently transfer loads.

Considering these factors

the ACI-530 Code specifies a

maximum eccentricity of 1¼”.

Unfortunately, the maximum

eccentricity of 1¼” of typical 3/16”Ø

hooks could present tolerance

problems during installation under

actual jobsite conditions.

COMPRESSED LEG HOOKS (PINTLES)

3/16”Ø wire is used because it:

• Provided suitable performance in

optimal/near-optimal conditions

• Is cost effective

• Satisfies the code requirement that the

mortar bed must be twice the diameter

of the wire (typical mortar bed 3/8”)

The 1¼” max. eccentricity limit was

addressed by specifying ¼” diam.

hooks, but this conflicts with the

code requirements for mortar

thickness to be twice the diameter of

the wire tie or hook.

An innovative solution to this

problem has, recently, been

developed.

Compressed Leg Hooks

Offering more than twice the

strength of a typical hook while still

maintaining a code-complying 3/16”

diam. to fit in a standard mortar joint.

COMPRESSED LEG HOOKS (PINTLES)

COMPRESSED LEG HOOK

STANDARD 3/16” DIAMETER HOOK (PINTLE)

COMPRESSED LEG HOOKS

COMPRESSED LEG HOOK (PINTLE)

Compressed legs are

machine-tooled to be

exactly centered between

the still rounded outer edges

Precision .020” inside radius at the bend

The modifications result in superior resistance

to lateral loads, up to 100% greater than the

industry standard, while still being fabricated

from 3/16” diameter wire.

ACI-530 Code specifies a maximum eccentricity of 1 ¼”.

The use of traditional 3/16” diameter wire hooks has been

a primary reason for this limitation.

PROBLEM AREAS

▪ Mortar Joints

▪ Weeps

▪ Flashings

▪ Protection During Construction

▪ Unique Construction

▪ Air Barrier Breach

Air Barrier Breach

Continuity is Imperative

Liquid Applied vs. Sheet

On unit faces:

▪ Surface cracks

▪ Surface imperfections

▪ High rate of moisture

absorption

(specific to brick only)

Mortar Details:

▪ Joint finishes

▪ Full head joints

WALL SURFACE DEFECTS

Full head joint in hollow concrete masonry construction is equal to the

thickness (t) of the face shell or 1.25 - 1.50 inches thick.

HEAD JOINTS: REQUIRE “FULL” JOINTS

Properly Mortared Improperly Mortared

Inadequate Head Joint

t

RECOMMENDED MORTAR JOINT FINISHES

PROFILE RAIN

RESISTANCE

GOODCONCAVE*

FAIRV-SHAPE

FAIRWEATHERED

POORFLUSH

VERY POORSTRUCK

VERY POORRAKED

*PREFERRED PROFILE

Obviously, water resistance is the main

attribute.

However, flashing should also be:

▪ Durable and resistant to damage during installation

▪ Resistant to puncturing or tearing

▪ Easily formed into desired shapes

Other Considerations:

▪ Resistance to ultraviolet light

▪ Is flashing material susceptible to corrosion in fresh mortar?

▪ Will flashing material react with adjacent materials?

(such as rigid insulation)

▪ Compatibility with materials such as sealants or adhesives

▪ The minimum expected life of the the flashing materials

should be the anticipated life of the structure

FLASHING PROPERTIES

▪ Longevity

▪ “Install-ability”

▪ Durability

▪ Extended Warranty

FLASHING QUALITIES

▪ Synthetics

▪ PVC

▪ EPDM

▪ Peel and Stick

▪ Flexible Metals

▪ Preformed Rigid

Metals

FLASHING TYPES

PVC

▪ Does not withstand chemical composition

of mortar

▪ Easily punctured on the job site

▪ Turns brittle after a

short period of time

SYNTHETIC FLASHINGS

8 mil Polyethylene Film

40 mils of Bituthene Compound

RUBBERIZED ASPHALT PEEL AND STICK

FLASHINGS

release liner

▪ Favorite among contractors

▪ Polyethylene may deteriorate in mortar

chemicals, leaving a viscous material to

support itself

▪ Extra materials required for installation

▪ Very easily punctured

▪ Susceptible to seepage through joints

PEEL AND STICK FLASHINGS

ASPHALT SEEPAGE

ELVALOYTM

▪ Has decent chemical resistance

• 15 year flashing

▪ Difficult to seam

▪ Easily punctured

EPDM

▪ User friendly - easy to bend and form directly on site.

▪ Increases the life of your structure as well as the drainage system within the wall.

FLEXIBLE METAL FLASHINGS

Traditional Copper

(Coated)

FLASHING EVOLUTION

Asphalt Free

(Self Adhesive/Flexible)

Stainless Steel Flexible

(Self Adhesive/Flexible)

• Allows for use with various air barrier systems

• Lighter, longer rolls for fewer lap joints

• Reduced opportunity for failure

clean and flexible

• Works in all temperatures

• Won’t get brittle or soften

ASPHALT-FREE FLASHINGS

• Drip Plates are recommended

by the BIA for flashings that

cannot be exposed to UV

• Meets BIA requirements

of extending ¼” beyond

face of wall forming a

drip.

• Available in stainless

steel and copper.

*Compatible with Clear Adhesive Flashings ONLY

DRIP PLATES

Flash-Adhere Strip

(with release paper) for precise and

permanent placement of flashing

Compressible filler adhered to the bottom

of drip plate acts as a bond break and

helps prevent air and moisture infiltration.

Recommended to ensure that the top edge of the

flashing will remain attached to the back-up

Sealant

Term Bar

Foam Seal

Flashing

TERMINATION BAR

Used at the top of flashing to

mechanically secure to back-up

wall.

• Type 304 Stainless Steel

• 9/32” holes spaced 8” o.c.

• Size: 1/8” x 1” x 96”

OUTSIDE CORNER

INSIDE CORNER

END DAM

STAINLESS STEEL & COPPER

FLASHING ACCESSORIES

CAVITY WALL PARAPET

SHELF ANGLE DETAIL

AT SHELF ANGLES AT SILLS

OVER OPENINGS

AT ROOF/WALL

INTERSECTIONS

UNDER COPINGS

AT WALL BASE

FLASHING LOCATIONS

AIR FLOW IN CAVITY WALL CONSTRUCTION

Decorative

CMU Veneer

CMU

Backup

MO

IST

UR

E

MOISTURE

Air, while necessary in a cavity wall, may move moisture

from one problem area and create more!

Decorative CMU Veneer

CMU Backup

Baffles at corners and intermittent

locations throughout the length of

the wall will prevent air flow from

carrying moisture through the wall.

Air, while necessary in a cavity wall, may move moisture

from one problem area and create more!

AIR FLOW IN CAVITY WALL CONSTRUCTION

MO

IST

UR

E

Promote Air Circulation,

Not Movement

Strategy works in both double wythe and single wythe

walls to eliminate suction across cavity spaces

MANAGE AIR FLOW IN MASONRY CAVITIES

Weeps at BASE of the Wall(no more than 36” apart)

Weeps at TOP of the Wall (no more than 36” apart)

Proper mortar collection, eliminates

clogged weep locations and

potential damming problems.

Weep devices

should be introduced

at the lowest

flashing elevations.

DRAINAGE DEVICES

FORMER MORTAR COLLECTION METHOD

MORTAR COLLECTION DEVICE

Must suspend mortar at

two distinct heights

“It is suggested that only superior

quality materials [flashings] be

selected, since replacement in the

event of failure will be exceedingly

expensive.”

ACCORDING TO THE B.I.A.

COMPATIBILITY

SUMMARY

▪ Masonry is an effective sustainable building material

provided it is detailed properly

▪ Brick veneer / cavity wall is really little more than a

rainscreen design

▪ Anchoring systems, flashing systems, and air barriers need

to be considered together as a wall system in order to work

correctly

▪ Air Barriers MUST be continuous to be effective

▪ While materials need to be detailed correctly, they also need

to be of quality

▪ Single-Source Responsibility allows for the widest range of

product selections with assurance of product compatibility

and installation sequencing

today’s masonry wall · 2018. 4. 19. · today’s masonry wall a synergy in systems name: mark...

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